Caesarbk1 Beta 27mar13

Caesar's De Bello Gallico I
Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and

Commentary
Geoffrey Steadman
Beta Edition April 2013
Caesar's De Bello Gallico I

Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and Commentary
Beta Edition
2013 by Geoffrey D. Steadman
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How to Use this Commentary
Research shows that, as we learn how to read in a second language, a combination of reading and
direct vocabulary instruction is statistically superior to reading alone. One of the purposes of this book
is to help readers identify the most frequent words and encourage active acquisition of vocabulary.
1. Skim through the book and familiarize yourself with every grammar box and the appendix.
2. Master the core vocabulary list as soon as possible.
A. Develop a daily regimen for memorizing vocabulary and forms before you begin reading.
Start with an intensive review of the running core list on the next page. Although a substantial
number of core vocabulary words come within the first few lessons of the commentary, readers
have already reviewed most of these words in first year Latin and can devote their efforts to
mastering the handful of words in the initial lessons that they have never encountered.
B. Download and use the core list flashcards available online (ppt or jpg format). Research has
shown that you must review new words at least seven to nine times before you are able to commit
them to long-term memory. Flashcards are particularly efficient at promoting repetition. As you
work, delete flashcards that you have mastered and focus your efforts on the remaining words.
Digital flashcards for less frequent vocabulary (occurring 3-4 times) will appear online in time.
3. Read actively and make lots of educated guesses
A. Persistence counts. Caesar is very consistent in his use of vocabulary and grammar, and so
while the readings will maintain the same level of difficulty, you will become a much better
reader with time. The more earnestly you learn vocabulary and new grammar in the early
readings, the more fluently you will be able to read later passages without much preparation.
B. Read in Latin word order. Initially, readers have a tendency both (i) to scan through the
entire Latin sentence quickly to order to attain a sense of the constructions and (ii) to treat the
sentence as a puzzle and jump around the passage from subject to verb to object and so forth.
Ideally, you should read in Latin word order. Whatever method you use, always review the
sentence which you have just translated in Latin word order. Over time, as you acquire more
vocabulary and your comfort with Caesar increases, make reading in Latin word order your
primary method of reading. It is a lot of fun, and with persistence it is very satisfying.
4. Reread a passage or lesson immediately after you have completed it.
Repeated readings not only help you commit Latin to memory but also increase your ability to
read the Latin as Latin. Caesars consistent use of vocabulary and grammar makes it possible for
readers to develop reading proficiency very quickly. Always read the words out loud (or at least
whisper them to yourself). While you may be inclined to translate the text into English as you
reread, develop the habit of reading Latin as Latin and acquiring meaning without using English.
5. Reread the most recent passage or lesson immediately before you begin a new one.
This additional repetition will strengthen your ability to recognize vocabulary, forms, and syntax
quickly, bolster your confidence, and most importantly provide you with much-needed context as
you begin the next selection in the text.
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Caesar Book I Running Core Vocabulary (5 or more times)
The following seven pages includes all 335 words in the Book 1 of Julius Caesars De Bello Gallico that occur
five or more times arranged in a running vocabulary list. The number in the right column indicates the lesson in
which the core word first occurs. The number at the left of the dicitonary entries indicates the numer of
occurrences of the word in Book 1. The author tabulated the frequency lists by counting the words manually.
Digital flashcards are available online.
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, ab: (away) from, 102

absum, -esse, fu: be absent, lack, 9
ad: to, toward; near, at 109
alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 13
animus, - m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 11
appell (1): call, call by name, 5
atque: and, and also, and even, 46
aut: or (aut...aut eitheror), 36
Belgae, -rum m.: Belgians, 5
bellum, -, n.: war, 32
capi, -ere, cp, captum: to take, capture, seize, 8
causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 25
contend, -ere, -, -ntus: strive; hasten; contend, 20
cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 96
d: (down) from; about, concerning, 37
dc, -ere, dx, dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 35
dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsus: divide, distribute, 7
et: and, also, even, 196
etiam: besides, also, even, 17
fnis, -is m./f.: end, border; territory, 38
flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 22
Gallia, -ae f.: Gaul, 51
Gallus, -a, -um: Gallic; subt. a Gaul, 20
Germnus, -a, -um: German, 25
ger, -ere, gess, gestus: carry (on), wage, 8
Helvtius, -a, -um: Helvetian; subst. a Helvetian 64
hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 82
in: in, on (abl.), into, to (acc.) 182
incol, -ere, -u: inhabit, dwell on, 5
inter: between, among (+ acc.), 17
ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 48
is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 286
mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20
noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 40
obtine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold, maintain, 8
omnis, omne: every, all, 70
pars, partis, f.: part, share, side 26
pertine, -re, -tinu: to pertain to; reach, extend to, 6
proelium, -i n.: battle, combat, 33
prohibe, -re, -u, -itus: keep off, prohibit, 11
proptere: on this account, therefore, 15
prvincia, -ae f.: province, 25
proximus, -a, -um: nearest, very close, 12
que: and, 114
qu, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 326
Caesar Running Vocabulary

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reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 20

Rhnus, - m.: Rhine River, 20
Rhodanus, -a, -um: Rhone, 11
saepe: often, 5
s: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 167
Squanus, -a, -um: Sequanian, 33
slus, -a, -um: alone, only, lone, sole, 8
sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be, 79
suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their own, 124
tertius, -a, -um: third, 11
trns; over, across (+ acc.), 7
trs, tria: three, 7
nus, -a, -um: one, 23
virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 15
addc, -ere, dux, ductum: draw to, influence 12
ager, agr m.: field, land; farm, 16
amcitia, -ae, f.: friendship, 12
annus, - m.: year, 7
apud: among, at the house of (acc.), 13
arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtus sum: to judge, think, 6
autem: however, moreover, 8
carrus, - m.: wagon, cart, 7
cvits cvittis, f.: state, city-state, 28
confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 8
confirm (1): make strong, confirm strengthen, 5
constitu, -ere, -u, -tus: decide, establish, resolve, 11
cnsul, -is m.: consul, 6
copia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 28
dc, -ere, dx, ductus: lead, draw, 11
, ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 64
exe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go out, 6
facilis, -e: easy; adv. facile, easily, 9
faci, -ere, fc, factum: do, make, perform; grant, 70
fnitimus, -a, -um: neighboring; subst. neighbors, 5
fi, fier, factus: become, be made, 5
frmentum, - n.: grain, 13
habe, -re, habu, -itus: have, hold; consider, 45
hom, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 22
imperium, - n.: command, power, 9
infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, bring on, 13
iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 33
locus, - m.: place, region, location, 33
M.: Marcus, 7
magnus, -a, -um: great, large; mighty, important, 34
maximus, -a, -um: greatest, largest, 7
mlle pl. mlia, ium n. : thousand, 28
minor, minus: less, smaller, 18
multitdo, inis f.: multitude, population, people, 11
nbilis, -e: noble, renowned, 6
numerus, - m.: number, multitude, 17
Orgetorx, -is m.: Orgetorix, 8
passus, -s: pace, 15
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px, pcis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 6

persude, -re, -sus, -susum: persuade, convince, 8
Ps, Psnis m.: Piso, 5
possum, posse, potu: be able, can, avail, 73
pr: before, for, in behalf of (abl.), 14
proficscor, -, -fectus: set out, depart, 9
regnum, - n.: royal power, kingdom, realm, 8
rs, re, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 71
satis: enough, sufficient, 8
ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 16
ut: as, just as, when (+ ind.); (so) that, in order that, 74
ac: and, and also, and even, 29
accipi: to take without effort, receive, get, accept, 8
Aeduus, -a, -um: Haeduan, Aeduan, 43
amcus, -a, -um: friendly; noun, friend, 8
ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 12
arma, -rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 12
cg, cgere, cog, coctum: to collect; compel, 7
cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, 12
dlig, -ere, -lg, -lectum: choose, elect, select, 6
dis, - m./f.: day, time, season, 38
Divicus, - m.: Diviacus, 13
d, dare, ded, datum: give; grant, 20
Dumnorx, -gis m.: Dumnorix, 10
nunti (1): announce, speak out, divulge, 7
exercitus, -s m.: (trained) army, 27
fds, e f.: faith, honor, 6
frter, -tris m.: brother, 11
dem, eadem, idem: the same, 20
ille, illa, illud: that, those, 18
item: also, likewise, in like manner, 8
is, iris n.: justice, law, right, 11
maxim: exceedingly especially, 5
multus, -a, -um: much, many, 16
n: lest, that not, no, not, 31
neque: and not, nor (nequeneque = neithernor), 50
nn: not, by no means, not at all, 91
ob: on account of, because of (acc.), 7
occup (1): seize, occupy, 11
oportet: it is proper, fitting, necessary, 9
rtio, -ionis f.: speaking, speech, language, 8
pater, patris, m.: father, 6
per: through, across (acc) 33
perfici, -ere: complete, accomplish, 5
pls (plris): more, 7
populus, - m.: people, nation, 47
qun: nay (even), (but) that, 7
Rmnus, -a, -um: of Rome, Roman, 55
sentus, -s m.: senate, council of elders, 21
sequor, -, sectus: follow, pursue, 7
tempus, temporis, n.: time, occasion, 14
Allobrogs, -um: Allobroges, 11

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cnsilium, -i n.: plan, counsel, 12

conveni, -re, -vn, -ventus: come together, assemble, 6
domus, -s f.: house, home, dwelling, 15
duo, duae, duo: two, 12
e, re, v, itum: to go, come, 10
existim (1): judge, consider, think, 13
iube, iubre, iuss, iussum: to order, command, 15
L.: Lucius, 7
mns, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20
nihil: nothing, 8
nllus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 8
omnn: altogether, wholely, entirely, 7
oppidum, - n.: town, 14
par (1): prepare, make ready, 5
perculum, - n.: risk, danger, peril, 10
recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take back, recover, 10
rpa, -ae f.: bank, shore, 5
singulus, -a, -um: one by one, 5
socius, - m.: comrade, ally, companion, 9
sps, - f.: hope, expectation, 10
trnse, -re, -i (v), itus: pass (by), 15
ubi: where, when, 11
tor, t, sus sum: use, employ (abl.), 8
vel: or, eitheror, 7
vide, vidre, vd, vsum: to see, 18
vs, vs, f., pl. virs: force, power, violence, 5
adventus, -s m.: arrival, approach, 7
Caesar, -aris m.: Caesar, 87
certus, -a, -um: certain, reliable, sure, 7
concd, -ere; go away, withdraw, yield, 5
dum: while, as long as, until, 5
facults, -ttis f.: opportunity, power, skill, ability, 5
imper (1): command, order, bid, 9
iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 16
lgtus, - m.: an envoy, legate, 23
legi, -nis f.: legion, (4200 soldiers), 19
licet: impers., it is allowed or permitted, 6
memoria, -ae. f.: memory, 6
mles, mlitis, m.: soldier, 17
mitt, -ere, ms, missus: send, hurl, dismiss, 26
nunti (1): announce, report, 6
pell, -ere, pepul, pulsus: drive, push, 8
perveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: arrive, 8
princeps, -cipis m./f.: chief, leader, 9
put (1): to think, imagine, 7
responde, -re, -d, -nsum: to answer, 10
revert, -ere, revers: turn back, return, 6
rog (1): to ask; tell, 5
s: if (only), whether, in case that, 49
sine: without (abl.), 12
sub: under, below, beneath, underneath, 7
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sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum: take, spend 4

tamen: however, nevertheless, 9
tene, tenre, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep, 13
llus, -a, -um: any, 5
vol, velle, volu: will, wish, be willing, 24
volunts, -ttis f.: will, wish, choice, 10
beneficium, - n.: favor, benefit, kindness, 6
grtia, -ae f.: gratitude; favor, thanks, 13
impetr (1): obtain, accomplish, 5
itaque: and so, 5
novus, -a, -um: new, fresh, young, recent, 9
obss, obsidis m./f.: hostage, 18
opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 6
ostend, -ere, -, ntus: show, promise, 5
patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 6
ps, pedis m.: foot, 5
plrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 6
praesidium, -i n.: guard, protection, 6
propter: on account of, because of, 12
relinqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictum: to leave behind, 6
telum, - n.: projective, weapon, blow, 5
veni, -re, vn, ventus: come, go, 25
auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 12
debe, -re, -u, debitum: to owe, ought, 5
frmentrius, -a, -um: of grain, full of grain, 7
ibi: there, in that place, 7
intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to understand, 13
ita: so, thus, 17
Labinus, m.: Labienus, 7
lber, lbera, lberum: free, 6
prmus -a -um: first, 15
superus, -a, -um: upper, higher, above, 5
trdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead across, cross 9
trns: over, across (+ acc.), 7
Arar, -aris (acc.) -im (abl.) - m.: Arar river (Saone), 5
calamits, -ttis f.: loss, misfortune, calamity, disaster, 5
castra, -rum n.: camp, encampment, 41
explrtor, -ris m.: scout, spy, 5
fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 6
fuga, -ae f.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 12
hostis, -is m./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 38
idic (1): judge, decide, assess, 6
mand (1): order, command, commit, 6
nam: for, 6
necessrius, -a, -um: necessary, inevitable, 5
pblicus, -a, -um: public, common, 6
quartus, -a, -um: the fourth, 5
sed: but, moreover, however, 21
sve, seu: whether, or (if), 6
statu, -ere, statu, stattum: set up, establish; decide, 5
vigilia, -ae f.: watch (1/4 period of night), 5
ag, agere, g, ctum: drive, lead, do, 8

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committ, -ere: commence, commit entrust 10

commove, -re, -mv, mtum: move, disturb, upset, 5
fer, ferre, tul, ltus: carry, bear, endure, 11
maior, maius: greater, 7
qur: wherefore, therefore, why, 5
vetus, veteris: old, experienced, 5
accid, -ere, accid: to happen, fall to, 7
aliqu, -qua, -quod: some, any, definite, 5
consuesc, -ere, -v, -sutum: to accustom, 7
discd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: to go away, depart, 7
di: a long time, long, 9
gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 9
polliceor, -cr, -citus: promise, offer, 6
tam: so, so much, so very, such, 7
time, -re, timu: to be afraid, be scared, 5
tum: then, at that time, 5
amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 7
circiter: (round) about, not far from, 11
coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 10
eques, equitis m.: horseman, rider, 10
equittus, -s m.: cavalry, 17
modus, - m.: way, manner; modo (adv.) only 7
pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 7
quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly, 9
tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large, 11
confer, -ferre, -tul: bring together, gather, 9
dubit (1): waver, be uncertain, hestitate, 5
potests, potesttis f.: power, influence, might, 5
praesum, -esse, -fu: be over, preside over, 5
queror, quer, questum: complain, lament, 5
summus, -a, -um: top of, highest (part of) 18
super (1): surpass, overcome, 9
colloc (1): place together, arrange, set up, 5
concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 6
contr: opposite, facing (acc.), 23
nm, nllus, nmin, -em, nll: no one, 5
quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum: to seek, ask, inquire, 8
reperi, -re, repper, repertum: find (out), discover, 9
animadvert, -ere, -vert, -versum: turn mind to, notice 6
C.: Gaius, 7
cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: to learn, come to know, perf. know, 15
perterre, -re, -terru: terrify thoroughly, 6
pet, petere, petv, pettum: seek, aim at, 12
Valrius, - m.: Valerius, 5
acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 18
equus, - m.: horse, 8
impetus, -s m.: attack, onset, assault, 8
instru, -ere, -strx, -structum: equip, prepare, draw up, 6
timor, -oris m.: fear, dread, anxiety, 9
agmen, agminis n.: battle line, 5
impedmentum, - n.: baggage, impediment, 5
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muni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 5
commodus, -a, -um: convenient, suitable, 5
manus, mans, f.: hand; group, 5
pugn (1): to fight, 10
refer, ferre, tul, ltum: report bring back 6
signum -, n.: sign, signal; gesture, seal, 5
vinc, -ere, vc, victum: conquer, defeat, 14
coici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: to hurl, throw together, 5
intermitt, -ere: to interrupt, discontinue, intervene, 5
nox, noctis, f.: night, 6
redc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: to bring back, 6
sals, -tis f.: safety, refuge; health, 5
ratio, ratinis, f.: calculation, account, 5
infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, 13
nisi: if not, unless 5
sus, -s m.: use, practice; advantage, 6
barbarus, -a, -um: foreign, savage, 5
iterum: again, a second time, 5
postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 12
Ariovistus, - m.: Ariovistus, leader of the Germans, 41
consde, -re, -sd: to sit down, settle, 5
consutdo, -inis f.: custom, habit, 6
ditior: a long time, long, 9
colloquium, -i n.: conversation, talk, 13
uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two) 7
stipendium, -i n.: pay; military service, 5
celer, -eris, -ere: swift, quick, 5
contine, -re, -nu, -tentum: hold or keep together, 5
decimus, a, um: tenth, 5
iam: now, already, soon, 8
To make the ancients speak, we must feed them with our own blood.
- von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff
Lesson 1: Caesar I.1

1.1
Gallia est omnis dvsa in parts trs, qurum nam incolunt Belgae,
aliam Aqutn, tertiam qu ipsrum lingu Celtae, nostr Gall appellantur.
2. H omns lingu, nstitts, legibus inter s differunt. Galls ab Aqutns
Garumna flmen, Belgs Matrona et Squana dvidit.
3. Hrum omnium fortissim sunt Belgae, proptere quod cult atque
hmnitte Prvinciae longissim absunt, minimque ad es merctrs
saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effminands anims pertinent
important, 4. Proximque sunt Germns, qu trns Rhnum incolunt,
quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Qu d caus Helveti quoque reliqus
Galls virtte praecedunt, quod fer cotdins proelis cum Germns
contendunt, cum aut sus finibus es prohibent aut ips in erum finibus
bellum gerunt.
5. Erum na pars, quam Galls obtinre dictum est, initium capit
flmine Rhodan, contintur Garumn flmine, cean, fnibus Belgrum,
attingit etiam ab Squanis et Helvtis flmen Rhnum, vergit ad
septentrins. 6. Belgae ab extrms Galliae fnibus oriuntur, pertinent ad
inferirem partem flminis Rhn, spectant in septentrinem et orientem
slem. 7. Aquitania Garumn flmine ad Pyrenaes monts et eam partem
cean quae est ad Hispniam pertinet; spectat inter occsum slis et
septentrins.
Aquitn, -rum m.: Aquitani, 2
Aquitania, -ae f.: Aquitania, 1
atting, -ere, attig, attctus: touch, reach, border, 1
Celtae, -rum m.: Celts, 1
comme (1): to travel, go to and fro, 1
cotidinus, -a, -um: daily, of every day, 2
cultus, -s m.: culture, refinement, 2
differ, -ferre,: differ, carry different ways, 1
effmin (1): soften, make into women, 1
extrmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 3
fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4
fortis, -e: strong, brave, valiant, 2
Garumna, -e f.: Garumna river, 3
Hispania, -ae f.: Spain, 1
hmnits, hmnittis f.: humanity, culture,
refinement, 2
import (1): bring in, introduce, import, 1
inferus, -a, -um: below, lower, 1
initium, - n.: beginning, entrance, 3

nstitu, -ere, -u, -tum: set, establish, 3
lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 3
lingua, ae f.: tongue, language, 3
longus -a, -um: long, 4
Mtrna, -ae f.: Matrona (Marne) river, 1
merctor, -ris m.: merchant, trader, 2
minim: least of all, least, 2
occsus, -s m.: fall, destruction, 2
cenus, m.: Oceanus, 2
orior, -r, ortus: arise, rise, spring, 3
praecd, -ere, cess, -cessum: surpass, 1
Pyrenaeus, -a, -um: of the Pyrenees, 1
quoque: also, 1
septentrins, -um m.: north, (7 stars), 4
Squana, -ae: Sequana (Seine) River, 1
sl, slis m.: sun, 4
spect (1): watch, observe, behold, inspect, 3
verg, -ere, vers: turn, bend, 1
10
15
20
The Divisions Within Gaul

1 estdvsa: is divided; dvsa is a predicate
adjective and not part of a perfect pass. verb
qurum namaliamtertiam: of which
(parts) one (part)another (part)a third
(part); a genitive at the beginning of the clause
is often, as here, a partitive gen. (gen. of whole)
2 Aqutn: Aquitanians (inhabit); add incolunt
which is missing through ellipsis (omission)
Tertiam (incolunt) qu: (those) who.
(inhabit) the third; the missing antecedent of
the relative clause is subject of missing incolunt
ipsrum lingu: in the language of (these) very
ones; i.e. of the Gauls, ipse usually modifies a
noun, which is missing and must be supplied;
lingu is an ablative of respect (in respect to..)
nostr: in our (language); supply lingu
CeltaeGall: nom. predicates of appellantur
3 lingu, nstitts, lgibus: ininin;
in respect to, all three are abl. of respect
4 Garumna flmen (dvidit): nom. subject, add
dvidit from the next clause
Matrona et Squana: nom. pl. with a 3rd
sg. verb because the rivers form a single
boundary; supply Galls as acc. direct object
5 Hrum omnium: of all these; or among all
these, partitive gen., as in line 1, Caesar often
uses a a genitive at the beginning of a clause
and then specifies the parts within the clause
proptere quod: because; lit. on this account
because, which is a pleonasm (redundancy)
6 Prvinciae: of the Province; i.e. Gallia
Transalpina, the area in southern France
controlled by the Romans. Although the word
prvincia is a general term, the Romans
referred to this province as the Province. This
edition uses the capital P to distinguish it
from other provinces.
6 longissim: very far; superlative adverb long
ad es to those; es is demonstrative
7 ea quae those things which; neut. pl.
ad effminands: for softening; lit. for

courage going to be softened ad + gerundive
(fut. pass. pple) often expresses purpose; when
translating, readers should employ a gerundgerundive flip: translate the gerundive as a
gerund (e.g. softening) and the noun modified
by the gerundive as an object of the gerund
8 Germns: dat. with special adj. proxim
9 quibuscum: cum quibus
Qu d caus: for which reason; concerning
which reason qu modifies caus; as often,
Caesar places the adjective, here a relative adj.,
before the preposition
10 virtte: in (respect to) valor; abl. respect
quod: because
cumprohibentgerunt: since; cum +
indicative, not a preposition of sus fnibus.
11 sus fnibus: from their borders; abl. of
separation (a construction which includes but
is not limited to place from which), governed
by prohibent, (Helvetians) keep
sus: their; Helvetians, reflexive possessive
es: them; i.e. Germans, personal pronoun
ips: (they) themselves; Helvetians
12 erum: their; i.e. Germans
13 erum: of these (three parts); partitive gen.
obtinre: ind. discourse (that clause), Galls
is acc. subj. and quam is acc. d.o.
dictum est: it has been said; as in line 2 above
14 contintur: governs all three abl. of means,
which are missing conjunctions, asyndeton
15 ab Squns: from (the side of)
16 oriuntur: rise; pres. deponent, orior
17 spectant in septentrinem: looks to the
northern; i.e. opens up to the northeast
orientem: eastern; rising sun; pres. pple.
18 eam partem: that part; demonstrative
19 ad Hispniam: near Hispania; with est
spectat: looks to; i.e. opens up to
Gerund-Gerundive Flip
A gerundive (effeminandus,-a,-um in line 7) is a future passive participle. It is an adjective
which agrees with a noun in case, number, and gender. Because it is awkward to translate
(e.g. going to be softened), readers should employ a gerund-gerundive flip and translate
the gerundive as a gerund, a verbal noun (e.g. softening), and the noun modified by the
gerundive as the gerunds object. This is a popular construction in Caesar. So, be prepared.
Ad anims effminands
For courage (going) to be softened
Flip
ad effminandum anims
for softening courage
Lesson 2: Caesar I.2 I.3.2

2.1
Apud Helvtis long nbilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorx. Is, M.

Messl, et M. Psne cnsulibus, regn cupiditte inductus conirtinem
nbilittis fcit et civitt persusit ut d fnibus sus cum omnibus copis
exrent: 2. perfacile esse, cum virtte omnibus praestrent, ttus Galliae
imperi potr.
3. Id hc facilius es persusit, quod undque loc natr Helveti
continentur: n ex parte flmine Rhno ltissim atque altissim, qu
agrum Helvtium Germns divdit; alter ex parte monte Ir altissim,
qu est inter Squans et Helvtis; terti lac Lemann et flmine Rhodn,
qu provinciam nostram ab Helvetis divdit. 4. Hs rbus fibat ut et minus
lt vagrentur et minus facile fnitims bellum nferre possent; 5. Qu ex
parte homins belland cupid magn dolre afficibantur. 6. Pr multitdine
autem hominum et pr glri bell atque fortitdinis angusts s fns habre
arbitrbantur, qu in longitdinem mlia passuum CCXL, in ltitdinem
CLXXX patbant.
3.1 Hs rbus adduct et auctritte Orgetorgis permt cnstiturunt ea
quae ad proficscendum pertinrent comparre, iumentrum et carrrum
quam maximum numerum coemere, sements quam maxims facere, ut in
itinere cpia frument suppeteret, cum proxims cvittibus pcem et
amcitiam cnfirmre. 2. Ad es rs cnficiends biennium sibi satis esse
dxrunt; in tertium annum profectinem lge cnfirmant.
affici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: to affect, afflict, 3
alter, -era, -erum: other (of two), 1
altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 2
angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 2
auctrits, -ttis f.: influence, clout, 4
bell (1): to wage war, fight, 1
biennium, - n.: a period of two years, 1
coem, -ere, -m, -emptum: buy up, 1
compar (1): prepare, acquire, get ready, 4
conirtio, -nis f.: conspiracy, pact, 1
cupidits, -ttis f.: desire, eagerness for, 3
cupidus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen, 4
ds, dtis adj: rich, wealthy, 1
dolor, -ris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 3
fortitd, -dinis f.: strength, courage, 1
glria, -ae, f.: glory, fame, 1
indc, -ere, -dux, -ductum: to lead in, bring in, 2
imentum, - n.: beast of burden, harnessed animals, 1
Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3
10
15
20
lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2

ltitd, -inis f.: width, breadth, 1
ltus, -a, -um: wide, 2
Lemannus, - m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 2
longitdo, -inis f.: length, width, 1
Messl(l)a, -ae m.: Messala (M. Valerius Messala), 2
ntra, -ae. f.: nature, 3
nbilits, -ttis f.: nobility, renown, 2
pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2
perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2
permove, -re, -mv, -mtus: upset, move deeply, 1
potior, -r, -tus: gain possession of, possess (abl.), 4
praest, -re, -stit, -stitus: to perform; show, 2
profectio, -nis f.: departure, 2
sementis, -is f.: sowing, planting, 1
suppet, -ere, v, tum: suffice, be at hand 2
undque: (from) everywhere, from or on all sides, 3
vagor, -r: wander, roam, go to and fro, 1
Orgetorix Forms a Conspiracy to Emigrate from Helvetia

1 nbilissimus, ditisissimus: superlative adjs.
fuit: pf. sum, esse
M. Messl et M. Psne cnsulibus: when
Marcus Messala and Marcus (Pupius) Piso
were consuls; with Messala and Piso (being)
consuls abl. abs. i.e. 61 BC, Romans named
the year after their annually elected consuls;
since there is no pple. for sum, esse, the subject
and predicate are the abl. abs.
2 regn: for the kingship; objective gen. governed
by cupiditte, equivalent to "he desires kingship
3 persusit ut: persuaded (dative) that; this
common verb in Caesar governs an indirect
command (ut + impf. subj. in secondary seq.)
4 exrent: they come out; impf. subjunctive, exe,
exre in an ind. command, which can often be
translated as an inf.: persuadedto come out
perfacile esse: (and) that it is very easy ;
ind. discourse also governed by persusit
above; asyndeton, supply a conjuction between
the ind. command above and perfacile esse
cumpraestrent: since they excelled ; causal
with impf. subjunctive governing abl. respect
ttius: gen. sg. (-ius) modifying Galliae
5 potr: to possess; dep. inf. potior governs an
ablative object
6 idpersusit: he persuaded them (to do) this
hcquod: by this (reason)because; abl.
of cause
facilius: comparative adv. facilis, facile
7 n ex parte: on one side; from one part
flmine Rhn: abl. means; supply the verb
continentur, an example of ellipsis
8 agrum Helvtium: Helvetian land
alter ex parte: on another side; see line 7
monte Ir: by Iura range; add continentur
9 terti (ex parte): parallel with line 7 and 8
lac Lemann: abl. means, add continentur
10 hs rbus: because of; abl. of cause
fibant ut: it happened that; fi governs ut
+ impf. subjunctive (noun result clause); the
subjunctives are impf. in secondary sequence
because the main verb is impf.
11 vagrentur, possent: impf. subj. vagor and
possum; in result clauses these are translated
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
21
as normal impf. indicatives; vagor is deponent

minus: comparative adverb; minor, minus
facile: easily; irreg. adverb from facilis, facile
fnitims: on neighbors; dat. of compound
verb (the infinitive inferre)
qu ex parte: for which reason; from which
respect
belland: of waging war; gerund, gen. sg. with
the adj. cupid which in turn modifies homins
Prpr: because of; in proportion to or
according to, pr is causal in force
s habre: that they had; ind. discourse in
secondary sequence: angusts fns is acc. d.o.
milia passuum: miles; thousands of paces, a
mile is 1000 steps; subject of patbant
adductpermt: Helvetians influenced
and moved; the participles are nom. pl.
agreeing with a missing subject
ea quae: those (things) which; ea is object of
comparre and is translated as a demonstrative
ea quaepertinrent: those (things) which
pertain; relative clause of characteristic is
often used to limit and characterize general
antecedents (i.e. ea) and governs an impf. subj.
in secondary sequence
ad proficiscendum: for setting out; gerund
(verbal noun) + ad expresses purpose
comparre, coemere, facere, confirmre:
complementary infinitives with cnstiturunt,
supply the missing conjunction et
quam maximum: as great...as possible; quam
+ superlative is frequently translated as X as
possible, here it modifies numerum
quam maxims: see above, with sements
utsuppeteret: so that might suffice; ut +
impf. subj., purpose clause in secondary seq.
adconficiends: for accomplishing; for
those things going to be accomplished ad +
gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rs) often
expresses purpose; when translating, employ a
gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerund
and es rs as the object of the gerund
bienniumesse: that; ind. discourse
sibi: for themselves; dat. of interest/advantage
inannum: into the; i.e. during, 58 BC
Translating Subjunctives
With the exception of purpose clauses (may, might) and conditional sentences (if should, would; if
were, would; if had, would have; see pg. 19), almost all the subjunctive constructions that readers
will encounter do not require a special translation in English. Readers should simply identify the
tense (see verb synopses, pp. 74-81) and translate the subjunctive just as one would an indicative.
Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives are the most common tenses in secondary sequence.
Lesson 3: Caesar I.3.3 I.4

3.3
Ad es rs conficiends Orgetorx dligitur. Is sibi lgtinem ad

cvitts suscpit. In e itinere persudet Castic, Catamantaloedis fli,
Squan, cuius pater rgnum in Squans mults anns obtinuerat et
sent popul Rmn amicus appelltus erat, ut rgnum in cvitte su
occupret, quod pater ante habuerit; 4. itemque Dumnorig Haedu, fratr
Dvicic, qu e tempore principtum in cvitte obtinbat ac maxim pleb
acceptus erat, ut idem cnrtur persudet eque fliam suam in
matrimnium dat. 5. Perfacile fact esse ills probat cnta perficere,
proptere quod ipse suae civittis imperium obtentrus esset: 6. nn esse
dbium quin ttus Galliae plrimum Helveti possent; s sus copis suque
exercit ills regna concilitrum cnfirmat. 7. Hc rtine adduct inter s
fdem et iusirandum dant et regn occupt per trs potentissims ac
firmissims populs ttus Galliae ss potr posse sperant.
4.1 Ea rs est Helvtis per indicium nntita. Mribus sus Orgetorgem
ex vinculs causam dcere cogrunt; damntum poenam sequ oportbat, ut
ign cremrtur.
2. Di cnstitt causae dictinis Orgetorx ad iudicium omnem suam
familiam, ad hominum mlia decem, undque cogit, et omns clients
obaeratsque sus, qurum magnum numerum habbat, edem condxit;
per es n causam dceret s ripuit. 3. Cum cvits ob eam rem incitta armis
is suum exsequ cnrtur multitdinemque hominum ex agrs magistrts
cgerent, Orgetorx mortuus est; 4. neque abest suspici, ut Helveti
arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem conscverit.
Casticus, - m.: Casticus, 1
Catamantloedis, -is m.: Catamantaloedis, 1
cliens, -entis m.: client, dependent, 2
concili (1): win over, unite, 1
condc, -ere: bring together, gather, 1
conscsc, -ere, -scv, -sctum: to agree on, decree, 1
crem (1): burn, consume by fire, 1
damn (1): condemn, punish, convict, 1
decem: ten, 3
dici, dicinis f.: sway, power, sovereignty, 2
dubius, -a, -um: doubtful, wavering, 1
ripi, -ere, -u, reptus: rescue, take from, 4
exsequor, sequ, sectum: follow/carry out 1
fact: to do (supine), 1
familia, -ae f.: family, household, 2
flia, -iae f.: daughter, 4
flius, -i m.: son; child, 3
firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 2
ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 2
incit (1): urge on, incite, 1
indicium, -i n.: information, evidence, 1
10
15
20
iudicium, - n.: decision, judgment; trial 4

irandus, a, -um: to be sworn (is irdanum: oath), 4
lgtio, -nis f.: embassy, envoy, 4
magistratus, -s m.: magistrate, officer, 4
mtrimnium, -i n.: marriage, matrimony, 2
morior, mor, mortuus sum: to die, 1
mors, mortis, f.: death, 3
ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 2
obaertus, -a, -um: indebted, 1
perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2
plebs, plbis, f.: common people, masses, 3
poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 3
potns (potentis): powerful, influential, 2
principtus, -s m.: leadership, rule, 4
prob (1): approve, commend, 1
spr (1): hope (for), expect, 2
suscipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: undertake, receive, 4
suspci, -cinis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4
vinculum, - n.: bond, chain, 1
Orgetorixs Conspiracy Fails

1 adconficiends: for accomplishing; for
those things going to be accomplished ad +
gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rs) often
expresses purpose; when translating, employ a
gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerund
and es rs as the object of the gerund
sibi: for himself; dat. of interest/advantage
2 e: this; demonstrative pronoun
persudet Casticut: persuades Casticus
that; verb governs dat. and ind. command
3 cuius: whose; gen. sg. relative pronoun
mults anns: for; acc. of duration
4 appelltus erat: had been named; + predicate
nominative; the verb behaves as a linking verb
utoccupret: that he occupy; ind. command
with persudet can often, but not always, be
translated as an infinitive: to occupy
5 quodhabuerit: pf. subj., relative clause of
characteristic, the antecedent is regnum
Dumnorg Haedu: (he persuades) Dumnorix
the Aeduan; dat. i.o. of missing persudet in
a construction parallel to Castic above
6 e tempore: at ; abl. of time when
maximacceptus erat: had been especially
(well) received; governs a dative of agent (by...)
7 utcnrtur: that: ind. command
governed by persudet; impf. deponent cnr
idem: the same thing; id-dem, neuter acc. d.o.,
i.e. utoccupret in ll. 4-5
e: to him; dat. sg. indirect object with dat
8 perfacileesseperficere: that it is; ind.
disc. governed by probat; perficere is inf.
subject and perfacile is the pred. adj.
fact: to do; in doing abl. sg. supine (PPP
stem + ) is an abl. of respect qualifying the
adj. perfacile, very easy
ills: for those (men); dat. interest
conta: the things attempted; PPP, neuter pl.
9 proptere quod: because; lit. on this account
because which is a pleonasm (redundancy)
ipse: (he) himself; i.e. Orgetorix
obtentrus esset: would attain; would be
going to attain, fut. pple + sum (here impf.
subj.) is a periphrastic fut. form; verbs in

subordinate clauses in indirect disc. are very
often placed in the subjunctive
nn esse dbium: (that) he did not doubt but
that; he was not doubtful, ind. discourse
10 plrimum possent: would have very much
power; common idiom in Caesar, impf. subj.
11 concilitrum (esse): that they will win over;
fut. infinitive; ind. disc., s is acc. subj.
12 ius-iurandum: a sworn oath; as one or two
words; both decline; gerundive iur , -re
13 ttus: of the entire; gen. sg. with Galliae
ss: that they; acc. subject of posse
potr: to possess; dep. inf., regn as abl. obj.
14 Ea rs: this matter; i.e. Orgetorixs conspiracy
est.nntita: nntita est; pf. passive
per indicium: i.e. through spies and informers
mribus sus: according to their customs;
from their customs, often with ex denotes
a source of action (separation) not abl. cause
15 causam dcere: to plead (his) case; idiom
damntumsequ: that (he) if condemned
follow; deponent inf., PPP is conditional
oportbat: it was necessary that; impersonal
utcremrtur: that; ind. command
ign: ablative of means; i-stem 3rd decl. noun
17 di cnstitt: on the; abl. of time when
causae dictinis: for the pleading of the case
admlia decem: around; ad means up to
or nearly throughout this passage
18 cogit: gathered; cg (co-ag) means (a)
compel or (b) drive together; cf. ll. 15 and 22
19 edem: in the same (place); abl. place where
20 ndceret: so thatnot; neg. purpose. cf. 15
cumconrturcgerent: after; cum
clause with two impf. subjunctives
exsequ: pres. dep. infinitive, exsequor
ob eam rem: on account of this matter
22 mortuus est: died; pf. deponent, morior
ut: as; common translate with indicative
23 quin sibiconscverit: that he broughton
himself; pf. subj. conscisc
Lesson 4: Caesar I.5 I.6

5.1
Post eius mortem nihil minus Helvti id quod cnstituerant facere

cnantur, ut fnibus sus exeant. 2. Ubi iam s ad eam rem parts esse
arbitrt sunt, oppida sua omnia, numer ad duodecim, vcs ad
quadringents, reliqua prvta aedificia incendunt; 3. frmentum omne,
praeter quod scum porttr erant, combrunt, ut domum redtinis sp
sublt partirs ad omnia percula subeunda essent; trium mensum molta
cibria sibi quemque dom efferre iubent. Persudent Rauracs et Tulings et
Latobrgs finitims ut, edem s cnsili, oppids sus vcsque exusts n
cum es proficscantur, Boisque, qu trns Rhnum incoluerant et in agrum
Noricum transerant Noreiamque oppugnbant, recepts ad s socis sibi
adsciscunt.
6.1 Erant omnn itinera duo, quibus itineribus dom exre possent: num
per Squans, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iram et flmen
Rhodanum, vix qu singul carr dcerentur, mns autem altissimus
impendbat, ut facile perpauc prohibre possent; 2. alterum per provinciam
nostram, mult facilius atque expedtius, proptere quod inter fns
Helvtirum et Allobrogum, qu nper pct erant, Rhodanus fluit isque
nnnllis locs vad trnstur.
3. Extrmum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvtirum fnibus
Genava. Ex e oppid pns ad Helvtis pertinet. Allobrogibus ss vel
persusrs, quod nndum bon anim in populum Rmnum vidrentur,
existimbant vel v coactrs ut per sus fns es re paterentur. Omnibus
rbus ad profectinem compartis diem dcunt, qu di ad rpam Rhodan
omns conveniant. Is dis erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Psne, A. Gabni
cnsulibus.
A.: Aulus, 1
aedificium, -i n.: building, edifice, 1
altus, -a, -um: high, lofty, tall, 2
angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 2
April, Aprilis m.: April, 2
ascisc, -ere, ascv, -sctum: to take to, add, 1
Boii, -rum m.: Boians (Bohemians) 4
bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful 2
cibria, -rum n.: rations, rationed food, 1
combur, -ere, -uss, -ustum: burn up, 1
difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 2
duodecim: twelve, 1
effer, -ferre, -tul, ltus: raise, lift up 1
expedtus, -a, -um: unimpeded, fast, 3
exr, -ere, -ss, -stum: to burn up, consume, 1
flu, -ere, flx, flxus: flow, 2

Gabinius, - m.: Gabinius, 1
Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3
hc: to this place, hither, here 1
impende, -re: hang over, threaten, 1
incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2
Kal.: Kalends, 1
Latovc, -rum m.: Latovicians, 3
mensis, -is m.: month, 3
molior, -r, moltum: set into motion, stir, 1
nndum: not yet, 2
Noreia, -ae f.: Noreia, 1
Noricum, - m.: Noricum (modern Austria) 2
nper: recently, lately, newly, 3
oppugn (1): capture by assault, attack, 3
pc (1): to placify, subdue, 1
10
15
20
25
The Helvetians Follow Orgetorixs Plan: Two Possible Routes

perpauc, -ae, -a: very few, 2
pns, pontis m.; a bridge, 3
port (1): carry, bear, bring, 1
post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 2
praeter: beyond, past (+ acc.), 3
prvtus, -a, -um: personal, private, 2
profectio, -nis f.: departure, 2
quadringenti: four hundred, 1
quisque, quidque: each one, each person, 3
1 eius: his; i.e. Orgetorix, gen. sg.

nihil minus: no less; less by nothing, comp.
adverb; nihil is abl. degree of difference
id quod: that which; id is object of facere
2 utexeant: (namely) that; pres. subj. exe,
in a noun purpose clause in apposition to id
ad eam rem: for this matter; expresses purpose
s: that they; acc. subject of parts esse
3 arbitrt sunt: pf. deponent
numer: in number; abl. of respect
ad: around; up to or nearly
5 praeter quod: except (that) which
scum: cum s
porttr erant: were going to carry;
periphrastic fut. (fut. act. pple + impf. sum)
utessent: so that; result, impf. sum
sp sublt: with hope having been carried off;
abl. absolute, pf. pass. pple from toll
6 adsubeunda: for approaching; for all
dangers going to be approached, a gerundive
sube + ad expresses purpose and is best
translated through a gerund-gerundive flip as a
gerund + object: for approaching all dangers
molta: ground; i.e flour, PPP set in motion
8 utproficiscantur: that; an alternative
spelling for ut (note: the pres. inf. for tor is t
with an initial long-u); introducing an ind.
command with pres. subj.
s: having employed; nom. pl. PPP, deponent
tor governs an ablative object
n: altogether; adverb formed from an abl.
10 trnserant: pluperfect of trnse
scis: (as) allies; in apposition to Boisque
12 erant: there were
Raurc, -rum: Rauraci, 2

rediti, -nis f.: return, going back, 1
sube, -re, -i, -itum: approach, undergo, 2
toll, ere, sustul, subltum: raise, destroy, 4
Tuling, -rum m.: Tulingi, 4
V.: Valerius, 1
vadum, - n.: shallows, shoal, ford, 2
vcus, - m.: village, town, 4
vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 1
14
15
16
18
20
21
22
23
24
itinera: routes
quibuspossent: by which; rel. clause of
characteristic; impf. subj. of possum, quibus is
a relative adj. with itineribus, which is
redundant and may be left untranslated
dom: from home; place from which
num: one (route); in apposition to itinera
qu: by which (way); or where, abl. as adv.
qudcerentur: relative clause of
characteristic with impf. subjunctive, the path
is so narrow that carts must pass one at a time
utpossent: so that; result clause, impf. subj.
facile: easily; irregular 3rd decl. adv. facilis, -e
alterum (iter): the other (route); in apposition
to itinera (line 12) and parallel to num
mult: much; lit. by much, abl. degree of
difference modifies comparative adjectives
faclius atque expedtius: comparative adjs.,
neuter singular modifying alterum (iter)
proptere quod: because; 3rd instance so far
vad: in the shallows; in a ford; place where
sspersusrs (esse)coactrs (esse):
that they would persuade or compel; fut. inf.
bon anim: seemed not yet of good will to;
abl. of quality in the predicative position
v: irregular ablative of means, vs
paterentur: they (Allobrogs) allow; impf.
subj. of the deponent patior (3rd-io)
diem dcunt qu di: they name the day on
which (day); ablative time when
a(nte) d(iem) V. Kal(ends) Apr(ilis): 5th day
before the Kalends of April; March 28th, 58
L. Psnecnsulibus: abl. abs; add being
10
7.1
Caesar cum id nntitum esset, es per prvinciam nostram iter facere

cnr, mtrat ab urbe proficsc et quam maxims potest itineribus in
Galliam ulterirem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit. 2. Prvinciae tt
quam maximum potest mlitum numerum imperat (erat omnn in Galli
ulterire legi na), pontem, qu erat ad Genavam, iubet rescind.
3. Ubi d eius advent Helvti certirs fact sunt, legts ad eum mittunt
nobilssims civittis, cuius legtinis Nammeius et Verucloetius principem
locum obtinbant, qu dcerent sibi esse in anim sine ll malefici iter per
prvinciam facere, proptere quod aliud iter habrent nllum: rogre ut eius
voluntte id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memori tenbat L. Cassium
consulem occsum exercitumque eius ab Helvtis pulsum et sub iugum
missum, cncdendum nn putbat; 4. neque hmins inimc anim, dat
facultte per provinciam itineris faciend, tempertrs ab iniri et
malefici existimbat. 5. Tamen, ut spatium intercdere posset dum mlits
qus imperverat convenrent, lgts respondit diem se ad dlberandum
smptrum: s quid vellent, ad Id. April. reverterentur.
April, Aprilis m.: April, 2
Cassius, - m.: Cassius, 3
dlber (1): consider, consult, weigh, 1
Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3
inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 2
intercd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: come or go between, 3
iugum, - n.: yoke, (mountain) range, 4
maleficium, -i n.; wrongdoing, crime, 3
mtr (1): to hasten, make haste, 2
Nammeius, -i m.: Nammeius, 1

occd, -ere, occid, occsus: kill, cut down 4
rescind, -ere, scid, scissum: cut back, 1
spatium, -i n.: space, room, extent, 4
temper (1): refrain from, keep from, 2
ulterior, -ius: farther, 4
urbs, urbis, f.: city, 2
Veruclotius, i m.: Verucloetius, 1
10
15
Caesar Decides to Stop the Helvetians

1 Caesar: to Caesar; Caesar talks about himself
in the 3rd person; dat. sg. of nntitum esset
nntitum esset: plpf. pass. subjunctive in a
temporal clause with cum, after or when
idescnr: this(namely) that they
attempt; acc. subject and deponent inf. (indirect
disc.) in apposition to id
2 quamitineribus: in as rapid marches as
possible; with the greatest marches as it is
possible, quam + superlative is as X as
possible, potest is impersonal: it is possible
3 Gallia ulterirem: further Gaul; i.e. the
Province (Transalpine Gaul) in southern France
contendit: hastens
4 Prvinciae ttimperat: ordered from the
entire Province; dat. indirect object; tt is
dat. sg. of ttus (gen. ttus)
quamnumerum: as great a number of
soldiers possible; a greatest number of
soldiers as it is able; see line 2
4 imperat.(et) pontemiubet: supply the
missing conjunction et, asyndeton, which
suggests that Caesar is quick and decisive
5 ad Genavam: near Geneva
rescind: present passive infinitive
6 eius: his; i.e. Caesars
certirs fact sunt: were informed; were
made more certain, common idiom in Caesar,
certirs is a pred. nominative
7 cuius legtinis: of which embassy; rel. adj.
8 qu dcerent: who would say; relative clause
of purpose, impf. subj. dc, which one may
translate as a regular purpose clause: to say
sibi esse in anim: that he had in mind; + inf.,
there is to him in mind, dat. of possession
9 proptere quod: because; lit. on this account
because, 4th and final instance of this phrase
habrent: they had; impf. subj., subordinate
clauses within indirect discourse govern verbs
in the subjunctive
rogre utlicret: they asked that it be
allowed; historical inf. and ind. command
eius voluntte: with his permission
10 memori tenbat: in memory; abl. of means,
a common idiom for he recalled or he
remembered
L. Cassiumoccsum (esse), exercitumque
pulsum (esse)missum (esse): two
11
12
13
14
15
16
11
separate instances of indirect discourses (two

acc. subjects) governed by tenbat, supply
esse to form pf. passive infinitives
occsum (esse): had been killed; pf. pass. inf.
pulsum (esse): pf. pass. inf. pell
sub iugum missum (esse): had been sent
under the yoke; i.e. had been enslaved
cncdendum nn (esse sibi): that he must
not yield; that it is not going to be yielded by
him, a passive periphrastic (gerundive + form
of sum) which expresses obligation or
necessity, often with a dative of agent
hominstempertrs (esse): that
peoplewould not refrain; fut. inf. governed
by existimbat
inimc anim: of hostile intent; abl. of
description modifying homins
dat facultte: ablative absolute
itineris faciend: of making a journey; of a
journey going to be made gerundive modifies
gen. iter which is better translated through a
gerundive-gerund flip
ab inri..malefici: from; abl. separation
with tempertrs (esse)
ut spatiumposset: so that; purpose
clause with impf. subj.; spatium is subject
ssmptrum (esse): that he; indirect
discourse, supply esse for the future inf.
ad dliberandum: for deliberating; ad +
gerund expressing purpose, which can also be
translated as an infinitive: to deliberate
quid; anything; aliquis, aliquid is a common
indefinite pronoun (anyone, anything), but
quis, quid is commonly used as an indefinite
(who anyone; what anything) after s,
nisi, num, and n. The mnemonic for this
construction is the jingle After s, nisi, num,
and n, all the alis go away (in other words
indefinite aliquid becomes just quid)
svellent,reverterentur: if they should
wish, they could return; in direct disc. a
future less vivid condition (s pres. subj., pres.
subj.) which are placed in impf. subjunctive in
indirect discourse in secondary sequence
ad Id(s) April(is): near the Ides of April; the
13th of April, the Ides denotes the time of the
month when there is a full moon; Ids is 4th
decl. acc. pl. and Aprilis is gen. sg.
12
8.1
Intere e legine, quam scum habbat, mlitibusque, qu ex Prvinci

convnerant lac Lemann, qu in flmen Rhodanum nfluit, ad montem
Iram, qu fns Squanrum ab Helvtis dvidit, mlia passuum decem
novem, mrum in altitdinem pedum sdecim fossamque perdcit. 2. E
opere perfect, praesidia dispnit, castella commnit, qu facilius, s s
invt transre cnrentur, prohibre possit.
3. Ubi ea dis, quam cnstituerat cum lgts, vnit et lgt ad eum
revertrunt, negat s mre et exempl popul Rmn posse iter ll per
Prvinciam dare et, s vim facere cnentur, prohibitrum ostendit. 4. Helvti
e sp diect, nvibus iuncts ratibusque complribus facts, ali vads
Rhodan, qu minima altitd flminis erat, nn numquam interdi, saepius
noct, s perrumpere possent cnt, operis mntine et militum concurs et
tls repuls, hc cnt dstitrunt.
9.1 Relinqubtur na per Squans via, qu, Squans invits, propter
angustis re nn poterant. 2. Hs cum su sponte persudre nn possent,
lgts ad Dumnorgem Aeduum mittunt, ut e dprectre Squans
impetrrent. 3. Dumnorx grti et largtine apud Squans plrimum
poterat, et Helvtis erat amcus, quod ex e civitte Orgetorgis fliam in
matrimnium dxerat et, cupiditte regn adductus, nvs rbus studbat et
quam plrims cvitts su benefici habre obstricts volbat. 4. Itaque
rem suscipit et Squans impetrat ut per fns sus Helvtis re patiantur,
obsidsque ut inter ss dent perficit: Squan, n itinere Helvtis
prohibeant; Helvti, ut sine malefici et iniri trnseant.
altitd, -inis f.: height, depth, altitude, 3
angustia, -ae f.: narrowness, straitness, 4
castellum, - n.: fortress, stronghold, fort, citadel, 1
communi, -re, -i, -tum: to fortify strongly, 1
complres n.: several, 4
contus, -s m.: attempt, effort, 1
concursus, -s m.: running together, gathering, 1
cupidits, -ttis f.: desire, eagerness for, 3
decem: ten, 3
dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: hurl down 1
dprector, -ris m.: interceder, one who intercedes, 1
dsist, -ere, -stit: desist, cease, give up, 4
dispn, -ere: arrange distribute, 1
exemplum, - n.: example, 2
fossa, -ae f.: ditch, trench, 1
influ, -ere, inflx: to flow in, 3
interdi: by day, during the day, 1
interdum: sometimes, now and then, 2
invtus, -a, -um: unwilling, 3
iung, -ere, iunx, iunctum: join, attach, 2
10
15
20

lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2
largti, -tinis f.: generosity, giving much; bribery, 1
Lemannus, - m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 2
maleficium, -i n.; wrongdoing, crime, 3
mtrimnium, -i n.: marriage, matrimony, 2
minimus, -a, -um: very little, 2
ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 2
mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 3
mrus, - m.: (city) wall, rampart, 2
nvis, nvis, f.: ship, boat, 2
neg (1): to deny, say thatnot, 1
noct: by night; abl. as adv. nox, noctis, 1
novem: nine, 1
numquam: never, 3
obstring, -ere, -strinx, -strictum: to confine, bind, 1
perdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead through 1
perrump, -ere, -rp, -ruptum: break through, 1
ratis, ratis f.: raft, 2
repell, -ere, reppul, -pulsum: drive back, repulse, 1
sdecim: sixteen, 2
13
sponte: willingly, voluntarily, 2
stude, -re, u: be eager, strive after, 1
1 scum: cum s; s is a 3rd person reflexive

pronoun, which refers to the subject
(mnemonic: s as in Subject)
3 fns: borders; ends or territory
mlia passuum decem novem: for miles;
thousands of paces; acc. of extent of space
decem novem: XIX; typically there is an et
joined these two numbers, modifies mlia
4 in altitdinem: (up) to a height
pedum sdecim: of; gen. of quality
perdcit: draws up; i.e. builds; the verb
dc is often used for digging and building
walls (to draw up a wall); here the wall and
ditch form a sheer fact of 16 feet; as often,
Caesar is subject of 3rd sg. verbs without a
subject
Eperfect: abl. absolute; e as an adjective
is demonstrative: translate as this or that
5 dispnit (et)commnit: asyndeton (lack of
conjunction) emphasizes Caesars decisiveness
qupossit: that may be able; adverbial
purpose clauses may begin with ut or quo
(whereby = ut e, that thereby)
facilius: comparative adverb
s invt: abl. absolute; add being, without a
pple for sum, subject and pred. assume the abl.
6 cnrentur:
8 negat: he says that not; or denies that
spossedare: that; indirect discourse,
translate dare as to grant or to allow
mre et exempl: by; i.e. in accordance
with; abl. of cause
ll: dat. sg. of llus (gen. llus, dat. ll)
9 vim facere: to carry out force; use force
prohibitrum (esse): fut. inf., supply Caesar
as subject
10 nvibusfacts: two ablative absolutes
ali: others; in apposition to Helvti: some
crossed by boat, others crossed on foot
vads: in the shallows, abl. of place where
11 qu: where
nn numquam: sometimes; not never,
vadum, - n.: shallows, shoal, ford, 2

via, -ae, f.: road, way, path, 3
litotes, parallel to the adverb saepius

saepius: comparative adverb
13 repuls: PPP governs preceding ablatives
hc cnt: from this; abl. of separation
14 qu: where; abl. place where
Squans invts: abl. absolute; add being,
without a pple for sum, just as in line 5; here l
likely conditional in force: if the Sequanians
were unwilling Caesar suggests that the Gauls
would be unwilling to let Helvetians pass
15 Hs: i.e. Sequanians, dat. obj. of persudre
su sponte: by their own will
16 utimpetrret: obtain (what is requested);
purpose
edprectre: this one (being) an
interceder, abl. abs., supply pple for sum
17 grti et largtine: because of; abl. of
cause
plrimum poterat: was very powerful; idiom
19 cupiditte regn adductus: compare the
same description of Orgetorix pg. 4, line 2
novs rebus studbat: was eager for
revolution; eager for new things
20 quam plrims: as many as possible
su benefici: by his favor
obstricts: bound; i.e. by obligations
21 utpatiantur: that allow; noun result
clause; pres. subjunctive patior
22 obsidsqueperficit: normal word order:
perficit ut obsids inter s dent; the ut
clause is another noun result clause
perficit: brings it about that
inter ss: to one another; among
themselves
23 Squan: supply give hostages, which is
missing through ellipsis
nut: so thatso that; negative and
positive purpose clauses
itinere: from; abl. of separation
23 trnseant: pres. subjunctive of transe
Helvti: supply give hostages, which is
14
Caesar renntitur, Helvtis esse in anim per agrum Squanrum et

Aedurum iter in Santonum fns facere, qu nn long Tolstium fnibus
absunt, quae cvits est in Provinci. 2. Id s feret, intellegbat magn cum
pericul Prvinciae futrum ut homins bellicss, popul Rmn inimcs,
locs patentibus maximque frmentris fnitims habret. 3. Ob es causs
e mntin quam fcerat T. Labinum legtum praefcit; ipse in Italiam
magns itineribus contendit, dusque ibi legins cnscrbit, et trs, quae
circum Aquileiam hiembant, ex hberns dcit et, qu proximum iter in
ulterirem Galliam per Alps erat, cum es quinque leginibus re contendit.
4. Ibi Ceutrons et Graiocel et Caturgs, locs superiribus occupts, itinere
exercitum prohibre cnantur. Complribus es proelis pulss, ab Ocel,
quod est citeriris Prvinciae extrmum, in fns Vocontirum ulteriris
Prvinciae di septim pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fns, ab Allobrogibus
in Segsivs exercitum dcit. H sunt extr Prvinciam trns Rhodanum
prm.
11.1 Helvti iam per angustis et fns Squanrum sus cpis
trdxerant, et in Aedurum fns pervnerant erumque agrs
populbantur. 2. Aedu, cum s suaque ab es defendere nn possent, lgts
ad Caesarem mittunt rogtum auxilium: 3. ita s omn tempore d popul
Rmn merits esse ut paene in cnspect exercits nostr agr vstr,
lber erum in servittem abdc, oppida expugnr nn debuerint.
10.1
abduc, -ere, dx, ductum: to lead away, 1

Alps, -ium f.: Alps, 1
Aquilia, -ae f.: Aquileia (city on the Adriatic)
bellicsus, -a, -um: warlike, 1
Caturgs, -um m.: Caturiges, 1
Ceutrons, -um m.: Ceutrones (tribe) 1
circum: around, round about, 2
citerior, -ius: on the other side, hither, 3
conscrib, -ere, -scrips, -scriptum: enlist, register, 2
conspectus, -s, f.: look, sight, view, 3
dfend, -ere, -fend, -fensus: ward off, repel, 4
dcit
dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: lead out, 3
expugn (1): to capture by assault, assault, 1
extr: outside; beyond, outside of (acc), 1
Graiocel, -rum m.: Graioceli (Gallic Alpine tribe), 1
hibernus, -a, -um: of winter, wintry, 3
hiemo (1): spend the winter, pass the winter, 1
inde: from there, then, afterward, 2
10
15
20
inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 2

talia, -ae f.: Italy, 3
meritus, -a, -um: deserved, due, just, 3
Ocelum, - m.: Ocelum (Gallic town), 1
paene: almost, nearly, 3
populor, -r, popultus sum: lay waste, devastate, 2
praefici, -ere, -fc: set over, put in charge over, 3
quinque: five, 3
renunti, (1): bring back word, report, announce, 3
Santons, -um m.: Santones (Gallic tribe on coast) 2
Segusiv, -rum m.: Segusiavi (Gallic tribe), 1
septimus, -a, -um: seventh, 3
servits, servittis, f.: servitude, 3
T.: Titus, 2
Tolsts, -ium m.: Tolosati (Gallic tribe in the
Province), 1
ulterior, -ius: farther, 4
vast (1): lay waste, 1
Voconti, -rum m.: Vocontii (tribe in Province), 1
15
1 renntitur: it is reported; impersonal
Helvtis esse in anim: that the Helvetians
have; to the Helvetians are dat. of possession
in ind. disc., often translated with verb have
2 Santonum: gen. pl. modifying fns
long: far; common translation for this adv.
3 feret: translate in impf. impf. subj. fi, fier
Prvinciae: to the Province; dat. of interest
futrum (esse): it; future inf., sum
4 ut hominshabret: that (the Province)
have; that it have, noun result clause, the
subject of futrum (esse) above
5 locsfrmentris: to places; dat. object of
special adjective fnitims: Helvetians are a
threat because they neighbor the food supply
6 e mntin: this fortification; dat. object
of the compound verb praefcit
7 magns itineribus: with long marches
8 qu: where; abl. place where
9 ulterirem Galliam: farther Gaul
cum es: with these; demonstrative pronoun
10 locsoccuptts: abl. abs.
superiribus: higher; comparative adjective
itinere: abl. of place where
11 Complribuspulss: abl. abs.
12 citeririsulteriris: Nearer Province, just
as Nearer Gaul, is Northern Italy on Romes
14
16
17
18
19
19
20
side of the Alps while Farther Province or

Farther Gaul is Southern France, on the farther
side of the Alps
in Segsivs: among
sus cpis: this word can mean troops, but
the larger context suggests that this group
must include all of the Helvetians, translators
may have to be satisfied with supplies
erumque: andtheir; i.e. the Aeduans
cumpossent: since; causal in sense, impf.
subj. possum
suaque: and their own (property); their own
things neuter pl. parallel to reflexive s,
rogtum: to ask; acc. supine of rog, rogre
often expresses purpose; in English we can
express purpose with an inf.
smerits esse: (namely) that they; ind.
disc. in pf. pass.; in apposition to auxilium
omn tempore: abl. time when; i-stem abl.
abj.; translate tempore as occasion
itautdebuerint: sothat; result clause,
translate pf. subj. debe as a pf. indicative,
agr (debuerint).(et) lber (debuerint)
(et) oppidadebuerint: three subjects rely
on the same verb missing through ellipsis; one
must supply conjunctions missing through
asyndeton
Popular Uses of Subjunctive in Caesar
Practical Note: identify and translate most subjunctives in the tense you find them.
How to identify
ut/n (neg.)
special translation example

may/might
ut Caesar mitteret
so that Caesar might send
2. Result, adverbial
or noun clause
ut/ut nn (neg.)
none
ut Caesar mitteret
that Caesar sent
3. Cum-Clauses
Cum + subjunctive
none
Cum Caesar mitteret

When Caesar sent
4. Indirect Question
interrogatives: e.g. quis, cr
none
nvit qus Caesar mitteret

he learned whom Caesar sent
5. Indirect Command
commanding verb + ut/n (neg.) none
persusit ut Caesar mitteret

he persuaded that Caesar send
6. Relative Clause of
Characteristic
relatives: qu, quod + subj.
none
es qus Caesar mitteret

those whom Caesar sent
7. Verb in Subordinate any subordinate verb in

Clause in Ind. Disc. an acc. + inf. construction
none
es, s id mitteret, lgere

that they read it, if he sent it
8. Future-Less-Vivid
s pres. subj., pres. subj.
should/would
s sit, mittat
if he should be...he would send
9. Pres. Contrafactual
s impf. subj., impf. subj.
were/would
s esset, mitteret
if he werehe would send
10. Past Contrafactual
s plpf. subj., plpf. subj.
had/would have
s fuisset, msisset
if he had beenhe would have
1. Purpose, adverbial
or relative
16
Edem tempore Aedu Ambarr, necessri et cnsanguine Aedurum,

Caesarem certirem faciunt ss, dpopults agrs, nn facile ab oppids
vim hostium prohibre. 5. Item Allobrogs, qu trns Rhodanum vcs
possessinsque habbant, fug s ad Caesarem recipiunt, et dmnstrant
sibi praeter agr solum nihil esse reliqu. 6. Quibus rbus adductus Caesar
nn exspectandum sibi statuit dum, omnibus fortns socirum cnsumpts,
in Santons Helvti pervenrent.
12.1 Flmen est Arar, quod per fns Aedurum et Sequanrum in
Rhodanum nfluit, incrdibil lnitte, ita ut oculs in utram partem fluat
iudicr nn possit. Id Helvti ratibus ac lintribus inctis trnsbant. 2. Ubi
per explrtors Caesar certior factus est trs iam parts cpirum Helvtis
id flmen tradxisse, qurtam fere partem citr flmen Ararim reliquam
esse, d terti vigili cum leginibus tribus castrs profectus ad eam partem
pervnit, quae nndum flmen trnsierat. 3. Es impedits et inopnants
aggressus magnam partem erum concdit: reliqu ss fugae mandrunt
atque in proxims silvs abdidrunt. 4. Is pgus appellbtur Tigurnus: nam
omnis cvits Helvtia in quattuor pagos divisa est.
5. Hic pagus nus, cum dom exsset, patrum nostrrum memori, L.
Cassium cnsulem interfecerat et eius exercitum sub iugum mserat. 6. Ita
sve cs sve cnsili derum immortlium, quae pars cvittis Helvtiae
insignem calamittem popul Rmn intulerat, ea prnceps poens
persolvit. 7. Qu in r Caesar nn slum pblics sed etiam prvts niris
ultus est, quod eius socer L. Psnis avum, L. Psnem lgtum, Tigurn
edem proeli qu Cassium interfcerant.
11.4
abd, -ere, -did, -ditus: to hide, put away, 2

adgredior, -, aggressus sum: attack, 2
Ambarr, -rum m.: Ambarr (tribe in N.W. Gaul), 2
avus, av m.: grandfather, 1
Cassius, - m.: Cassius, 3
csus, -s m.: misfortune, mishap; fall 1
citr: this side of (acc), 1
concd, -ere, -cd, -csum: cut down, kill, destroy, 1
cnsanguineus, -a, -um: related by blood, kindred, 2
consum, -ere, -mps, -mptum: take, use up, spend, 1
dmonstr (1): to show, demonstrate, 1
dpopulor, -r, -tum sum: ravage, lay waste, 1
deus, - m.: god, divinity, deity, 2
exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 3
flu, -ere, flx, flxus: flow, 2
immortlis, -e: immortal, 2
impedi, -re: entangle, ensnare, hinder, hamper, 3
10
15
20
incrdibilis, -e: unbelieveable, 1

influ, -ere, inflx: to flow in, 3
inopnns, inopnantis: un expecting, unawares, 1
nsignis, -e: distinguished, conspicuous, 2
interfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: kill, slay, destroy, 4
iung, -ere, iunx, iunctum: join, attach, 2
lnits, -ttis f.: gentleness, mildness, 1
linter, lintris f.: boat, skiff, 2
nndum: not yet, 2
oculus, -, m.: eye, 2
pgus, - m.: district, canton, 3
persolv, -ere, -solv, -soltum: to pay in full, 1
possessi, -inis f.: possession, 3
prvtus, -a, -um: personal, private, 2
prfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: accomplish, produce, 1
quattuor: four, 4
17
ratis, ratis f.: raft, 2
Santons, -um m.: Santones (Gallic tribe on coast) 2
silva, -ae f.: wood, forest, woodland, 2
socer, socer m.: father-in-law, 1
solum, - b.: soil, ground, land, 1
Tigurn, -rum m.: Tigurini (people of Helvetia), 1

Tigurnus, - m.: Tigurinus (district in Helvetia), 2
ulciscor, -, ultum: avenge, take vengeance 2
uter, utra, utrum: each or one (of two), 4
1 Aedu Ambarr: the Aeduan Ambarri

2 certirem faciunt: inform; make certain a
common double acc., certirem is an acc. pred.
ss: that they; acc. subj. of posse
nn facileposse: that (it is) not easy that
be able; add esse to complete the impersonal
construction with neut. sg. predicate facile
4 fug: in flight
srecipiunt: retreat; take themselves back,
s recipere is an common idiom for retreating
5 sibiesse: that; ind. disc., dat. of possession,
to themis, can be translated as they have
solum: soil; obj. of praeter, modified by agr
nihilreliqu: nothing remaining; partitive
genitive with nihil
Quibus rbus: by these state of affairs; by
which English prefers the demonstrative in
transitions
6 exspectandum (esse) sibi: that he must not;
is going to be waited for by him; ind. disc., a
passive periphrastic (gerundive + sum)
expresses obligation or necessity, often with
dat. of agent; in English translate in the active
7 in: among
9 incrdibil lnitte: of; abl. of quality
in utram partem fluat: ind. question
10 possit: it is able; translate as impersonal
ratibusiuncts: abl. abs., PPP iung
13 trnsbant: impf. trnse
11 certior factus est: see line 2 above
trs parts: acc. object of trdxisse,
Helvtis: acc. subject of trdxisse
12 Id flmen: across; second acc. obj. of the
compound verb, trndxisse
(et) qurtemesse: that a fourthwas; ind.
discouse; asyndeton, add a conjunction
13 d terti vigili: during the 3rd watch; from

the 3rd watch
profectus: deponent PPP, proficscor
14 trnsierat: plpf. trnse
es impedts: those burdened; i.e. with
perhaps supplies, children, and the elderly
15 mand(v)runt: entrusted (acc.) to (dat.);
syncopated form for 3rd pl. pf. mand
17 Helvtia: Helvetian; modifies cvits
18 dom exsset: it had departed from home;
abl. place from which; plpf. subjunctive exe,
patrum nostrrum memori: within the
memory of our fathers; vague abl. of time
within; Cassius was defeated in 107 BC
19 sub iugum: under the yoke (of slavery); hence
the English word subjugate
20 svesve: whetheror
quae parsea: which partthis; relative
adjective, the antecedent is ea below
21 popul Rmn: upon; dat. of compound
verb
intulerat: plpf. infer
ea: this (part); demonstative, nom. subject
prnceps: i.e. was the first to pay
22 qu in r: in this matter; in which matter
nn slumsed etiam: not onlybut also
23 ultus est: pf. deponent ulcscor
eiusavum: the grandfather of his father-inlaw Lucius Piso; eius, his, refers to Caesar;
L. Calpurnius Piso is the father of J. Caesars
wife, Calpurnia
24 edem proeli: abl. place where
qu Cassium (interfcerant): in which; r
relative cl.; abl. place where; supply main verb
also as the missing verb in the relative clause
18
Hc proeli fact, reliqus cpis Helvtirum ut cnsequ posset,

pontem in Arare faciendum crat atque ita exercitum trdcit. 2. Helvti
repentn eius advent commt, cum id quod ips dibus xx aegerrim
confcerant, ut flmen trnsrent, illum n di fcisse intellegerent, lgts
ad eum mittunt; cuius lgtinis Dvic princeps fuit, qu bell Cassin dux
Helvtirum fuerat. 3. Is ita cum Caesare git: s pcem populus Rmnus
cum Helvtis faceret, in eam partem itrs atque ibi futrs Helvtis ubi
es Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset; 4. sn bell persequ
persevrret, reminscertur et veters incommod popul Rmn et prstinae
virttis Helvtirum. 5. Quod imprvs num pgum adortus esset, cum e
qu flmen transissent sus auxilium ferre nn possent, n ob eam rem aut
suae magnopere virtt tribueret aut ipss dspiceret. 6. S ita patribus
maioribusque sus didicisse, ut magis virtte quam dol contenderent aut
insidis nterentur. 7. Qur n committeret ut is locus ubi cnstitissent ex
calamitte popul Rmn et internecine exercits nmen caperet aut
memoriam prderet.
13.1
adorior, -r, -ortus sum: rise up, attack, 2

aeger, -gra, -grum: sick, weary, 1
Cassinus, - m.: of Cassius, 1
consequor, -, sectus: follow after; pursue 3
cr (1): care for, attend to, manage, 1
dspici, -ere, -spex, -spectum: to look down upon, 1
disc, -ere, didic, --: learn, learn how, 1
Dvic, -nis m.: Divico (Helvetian leader), 2
dolus, dol m.: trick, deceit, 1
dux, ducis m../f.: leader, guide, chieftain, 2
imprvs: unexpectedly, suddenly, 1
incommodum, n.: inconvenience, unpleasantness, 1
insidiae, -rum, f.: ambush, plot, trap, 2
interneci, -ciaonis f.: massacre, 1
10
15
magis: more, rather, 4

magnpere: greatly, very much, 1
ntor, nt, nxus sum: to lean, support, strive, 1
nmen, nminis n.: name, 4
persequor, -sequ, -sectus sum: follow up, pursue 2
persever (1): to persist, persevere, 1
pristinus, -a, -um: former, previous, earlier 1
prd, ere, did, ditum: bring forth; betray 1
reminiscor, -,: to recall to mind, remember (gen) 1
repentnus, -a, -um: sudden, unexpected, 1
sn: but if, if however, 1
tribu, -ere, -u, -tum: distribute, bestow, assign, 2
19
1 Hcfact: abl. abs.
reliqusHelvtirum: object of deponent
inf. cnsequ within the purpose clause
2 pontemfaciendum (esse): thatmust be;
(is) going to be made, passive periphrastic
(gerundive + sum) expresses obligation or
necessity, here an inf. in indirect disc.
3 id quod: that which; id is obj. of fcisse
dibus xx: within; abl. of time within
aegerrim: with the greatest difficulty
4 uttrnsrent: (namely) that they crossed
the river; noun result clause, in apposition to id
illumfcisse: that that one; illum is acc.
subj. and refers to Caesar, obj. of the aor. inf. of
faci is id, at the beginning of the cum-clause
n di: within; in contrast to dibus xx
5 cuius lgtinis: of which embassy; cuius is a
relative adjective
bell Cassin: in; abl. of time when, i.e. the
war in which Cassius was consul, see I.12
6 Is: this one; i.e. Divico
git: discussed; i.e. engaged, pf. ag
sfaceretitrs (esse)futrs (esse):
that ifwould make,would gowould be; the
beginning of a long ind. disc. after git; this
clause is a future-more-vivid condition (s fut.
ind., fut. ind.) in ind. discourse in secondary
sequence: impf. subj. faci, fut. inf. e and sum
7 ubiconstituissetvoluisset: where; plpf.
subj. (translate as plpf. ind.)
8 snperservrret, reminscertur: or if he
should, let him remember both; + gen. obj.,
a mixed condition, reminscertur is a jussive
subj. where the pres. subjunctive becomes impf.
bell persequ: abl. of means and deponent inf.
9 incommod: a euphemism for disaster
10 Quod: because
adortus esset: plpf. deponent; translate as
a plpf. indicative; verbs in subordinate
clauses become subjunctive in ind. disc.
e qu: those who; e is nom. sg. of is, ea, id
11 sus: to their own (people); dat. ind. object of
ferre
ferre: complementary inf. fer governed by
possent, impf. subj. of possum
ntribueretdspiceret: let him not either
addor look down upon; negative jussive
clauses (originally pres. subj.) become impf.
subj. in secondary sequence
autaut: eitheror
12 suae virtt: to; dat obj. of tribueret
ipss: i.e. the Helvetians
sdidicisse: (and) that they; s is acc.
subj. and refers to the Helvetians, the inf. is pf.
inf. disc
13 maioribus: ancestors; those greater (in age),
a common meaning for comparative maiors
itaut: sothat they; result clause
magisquam: (they contend) morethan
they contend; verb missing through ellipsis
14 qur: for which reason; by which matter,
an abl. of cause; at the beginning of a queston
Qu r...? means why? or for what reason
n committeret utprderet: let him not
arrange that this place where they had made a
stand receive its name or pass on a memory
from the calamity of the Roman people and
slaughter of the army; a negative jussive subj.
(secondary seq.) introducing a noun result
clause, Divico threatens a battle that will be as
notorious as the battle of Cassius in 107 BC
cnstitissent: they had made a stand
15 exexercits: a single prepositional phrase
Gerundives
A gerundive, a future passive participle (stem + nd + 1st & 2nd decl. endings) agrees with a noun in
case, number, and gender. Though it can be translated many ways: going/about/worthy to be
freed or to be freed, we often employ a gerund-gerundive flip and translate it as a gerund:
Genitive
su liberand
bell inferend caus
Accusative ad nvs reficiends
Ablative
in petend pce
for freeing themselves

for the sake of waging war gen. + caus expresses purpose
for repairing ships
ad + gerundive expresses purpose
in seeking peace
Passive Periphrastic (gerundive + sum ) expresses obligation or necessity and governs a dative of
agent. Translate it with must or has to or ought in the present and had to in the past.
faciendum esset
sibi iter faciendum esse
it had to be done
that a journey must be made by him
in subjunctive
in ind. discourse
20
Hs Caesar ita respondit: e sibi minus dubittinis dr, quod es rs

qus lgt Helvti commemorssent memori tenret, atque e gravius
ferre qu minus merit popul Rmn accidissent: 2. qu s alicuius iniriae
sibi conscius fuisset, nn fuisse difficile cavre ; sed e dceptum, quod
neque commissum s intellegeret qur timret neque sine caus timendum
putret. 3. Quod s veteris contumliae oblvisc vellet, num etiam recentium
inirirum, quod e invt iter per provinciam per vim temptssent, quod
Aedus, quod Ambarrs, quod Allobrogas vexssent, memoriam dpnere
posse? 4. Quod su victri tam nsolenter glrirentur, quodque tam di s
impne iniuris tulisse admrrentur, edem pertinre. 5. Cnsusse enim
des immortls, qu gravius homins ex commttine rrum doleant, qus
pr scelere erum ulcsc velint, es secundirs interdum rs et diturnirem
impnittem concdere.
6. Cum ea ita sint, tamen, s obsids ab eis sibi dentur, ut ea quae
polliceantur factrs intellegat, et s Aedus d iniris qus ipss socisque
erum intulerint, item s Allobrogibus satisfaciant, ss cum es pacem esse
factrum. 7. Divico respondit: ita Helvtis maioribus sus nstituts esse
ut obsids accipere, nn dare, consuerint: eius re populum Rmnum esse
testem. Hc respons dat discessit.
14.1
admror, -r, admrtus: admire, wonder at, 1

Ambarr, -rum m.: Ambarr (tribe in N.W. Gaul), 2
cave, -re, cv, cautrum: to beware, be on guard, 1
commemor (1): to mention, relate, 1
commttio, -tinis f.: change, 1
conscius, -a, -um: conscious, witnessing, 1
contumlia, -ae f.: insult, abuse, 1
decipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: catch, deceive, 1
dpon, -ere, -posu, -positum: put down, 1
deus, - m.: god, divinity, deity, 2
difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 2
diturnus, -a, -um: long-lasting, long, 1
Dvic, -nis m.: Divico (Helvetian leader), 2
dole, -re, dolu: to grieve, suffer, 1
dubittio, -tinis f.: wavering, uncertainty, 1
enim: for, indeed, in truth, 3
glrior, -r, gloritus sum: to boast about, glorify, 1
immortlis, -e: immortal, 2
10
15
impne: without penalty, unpunished, 1

impnits, -ttis f.: impunity, 1
insolenter: unusually, insolently, 1
invtus, -a, -um: unwilling, 3
num: question expecting negative answer, 1
oblvscor, -, -ltus sum: to forget, disregard, 1
recens, recentis adj.: new, fresh, recent, 2
satisfaci, -ere, fc, factum: to do enough 2
scelus, sceleris n.: wickedness, crime, 1
secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 4
tempt (1): to attempt; attack; test, feel, probe, 2
tstis, tstis m.: witness, 2
ulciscor, -, ultum: avenge, take vengeance 2
veh, -ere, vx, vectum: convey, carry, 2
victoria, -ae f.: victory, 3
21
1 Hs: dat. indirect object
equod: for this reason(namely) because;
by this cause, abl. of cause, quod is in
apposition
sibi: dat. ind. object of dr
minus dubittinis: less doubt; less of doubt,
partitive gen., minus is acc. subj. of pass. inf.
dr
2 commemor(vi)ssent: syncopated 3rd pl. pf.
subjunctive, subordinate verb in ind. disc.
memori tenret: remembered; a common
idiom, held in memory, abl. of means
e gravius ferre qu minusaccidissent: that
(Caesar) suffered more gravely the less
deservedly the Roman people had died;
equ are correlatives (demonstrative and
relative) expressing abl. degree of difference
with comparative adverbs; merit is an adv.
formed from the PPP of mere; and accidissent,
plpf. subj. is a euphemism, perhaps, for dying
3 qu scavre: if anyone had been aware of
any injustice, it would not have been difficult fr
them to be on guard; past contrary-to-fact
condition in ind. disc.
4 e dceptum (est), quod: for this reason they
were deceived (namely) because; by this cause,
abl. of cause, quod is in apposition to e; an
impersonal passive may be translated actively
5 commissum (esse) s: that (any crime) had
been committted by themselves; ind. discourse
with pf. pass. inf. governed by intellegeret
qur timret: for which reason one might fear
timendum (esse): that they had to fear; (it)
was going to be feared (by them) passive
periphrastic (gerundive + sum) expresses
obligation or necessity; it is better translated in
the active and in secondary sequence had to
typically replaced must
6 quod s: but if; as to which, if or in respect
to which, if an acc. of respect in transitions
vellet: (Caesar) were willing; impf. subj.
vol
6 num: surely (he would) not (be willing to); a
question expecting a negative respose; supply
form of vol, posse is the complementary inf.
recentium inirirum: modifying memriam
7 quodtemptssent: (namely) thatthey had
tried; a clause of fact in apposition to

inirirum
e invt: him unwilling; i.e. Caesar, abl. abs.
quodquodquod: thatthatthat; all
three clauses of fact employ the verb vexssent
9 Quodquodque: thatand that; both are
acc. subj. of pertinre
stullisse: that that they had carried (out);
pf. inf. fer in ind. disc.
10 edem (mod) pertinre: in the same
(manner) are pertinant
Cnsu(vi)sse: it is customary that; pf. inf. but
pres. in sense
11 qudoleant: so that; whereby, purpose
clause in primary sequence because Caesar is
expressing a general truth (qu is an
alternative to ut)
gravius: comparative adverb
qusvelint: whom(the gods) wish;
homins is the antecedent
12 es: to these; i.e. the homins, dat. obj. of
concdere
secundirsrs: still greater riches;
still second resources comparative adj.; i.e.
the gods allow humans to prosper even more
before punishing them for an old crime
14 Cum ea it sint: Since these things are so; i.e.
as a result causal-cum with pres. subj. sum
utintellegat: so that; purpose, Caesar is
subject.
eafactrs (esse): that the (Helvetians);
ind. disc.; the demonstrative ea, is a neuter pl.
acc. obj. of the infinitive, acc. subj. is missing;
factrs (esse) is the future inf. of faci
15 Aedus (satisfaciant): dat. of compound verb,
supply verb from below
ipss: i.e. the Aeduans
16 intulerint: the Helvetians are subject; pf.
subj. nfer
esse factrum: factrum esse; fut. inf., though
singular the acc. subj. ss (Helvetians) is pl.
17 maioribus: ancestors; greater ones (in age)
18 utconsu(v)erint: so...that...; a result clause
with pf. subjunctive which is present in sense
have been accustomed = are accustomed
eius re: gen. modifying testem
Hcdat: abl. absolute
22
Poster di castra ex e loc movent. Idem facit Caesar, equittumque

omnem ad numerum quattuor mlium, quem ex omn provinci et Aedus
atque erum socis coctum habbat, praemittit, qu videant qus in parts
hosts iter faciant. 2. Qu, cupidius novissimum agmen insecut, alien loc
cum equitt Helvtirum proelium committunt; et pauc d nostrs cadunt.
3. Qu proeli sublt Helvetii, quod qungentis equitibus tantam
multitdinem equitum prpulerant, audcius subsistere nn numquam et
novissim agmine proeli nostrs lacessere coeprunt. 4. Caesar sus
proeli continbat, ac satis habbat in praesenti hostem rapns
pbultinibus popultinibusque prohibre. 5. Ita dis circiter qundecim
iter fcrunt ut inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum prmum nn
amplius quns aut sns mlibus passuum interesset.
16.1 Interim cotdi Caesar Aedus frmentum quod essent pblic pollicit
flgitre. 2. Nam propter frgora, quod Gallia sub septentrinibus, ut ante
dictum est, posita est, nn modo frmenta in agrs mtra nn erant, sed n
pbul quidem satis mgna copia suppetbat: 3. e autem frment quod
flmine Arare nvibus subvxerat proptere t minus poterat quod iter ab
Arare Helvti verterant, quibus discdere nolbat.
15.1

alienus, -a, -um: of another, foreign, 1
audx, audcis: bold, daring, 2
vert, -re, vert, versum: turn away, 4
cad, cadere, cecid, csrum: to fall, 1
cotdi: daily, every day, 2
flagit (1): to demand, 1
frgus, -oris n.: cold, 1
insequor, -sequ, -sectus: follow, ensue, 3
intersum, -esse, -fu: take part in, be in, 1
lacess, -ere, -v: provoke, goad, irritate, 3
mtrus, -a, -um: early; ripe, mature, 4
move, movre, mv, mtum: to move, arouse, 4
nvis, nvis, f.: ship, boat, 2
nl, nolle, nolu: to refuse, be unwilling, 3
numquam: never, 3
10
15
pabulti, -tinis f.: foraging, scavaging, 1

pabulum, - n.: food, fodder, pasture, 1
pon, ponere, posu, positum: to put, place, 3
populti, -tinis f.: ravaging, 1
posterus, -a, -um: following, next, 1
praemitt, -ere: send forward, send ahead, 2
praesentia, -ae f.: presence, 1
prpell, -ere, -pul, -pulsum: drive off, drive back, 1
quattuor: four, 4
qundecim: fifteen, 1
qungent, -ae, -a: five hundred, 2
quin, -ae, -a: five each, 1
rapna, -ae, f.: pillage, rapine; prey, 1
sen, -ae, -a: six each, 1
septentrins, -um m.: north, (7 stars), 4
subsist, -ere, -stit: to make a stand; oppose, 1
subveh, -ere, -vex, -vectum: to carry up, approach, 1
suppet, -ere, v, tum: suffice, be at hand 2
23
1 movent: the shift to present tense makes the
narrative more vivid
Idem: id-dem; neuter acc. sg. of dem, eadem,
idem
2 ad numerum: near the number; up to
suggests an approximation such as about
omn: 3rd decl. i-stem adj. (ei)
3 coctum: PPP cg (co + g), which means
(1) gather, drive together or (2) force; here the
first meaning is relevant
qu videant: relative clause of purpose,
translate pres. subj. vide as would see or
may see
4 qus in partsfaciant: in qus parts, a
relative adjective; parts = directions, and the
verb is pres. subj. in an ind. question
Qu: (those) who; missing antecedent is
subject of committunt
cupidius: too eagerly; comparative adverbs can
often suggest excess
novissimum agmen: rear guard; most recent
column, the superlative often means last
alin loc: in an unfavorable location; abl.
place where
5 proelium committunt: begin battle; idiom
6 qu proeli: by this battle; abl of means, as
often replace a relative with a demonstrative
sublt: elated; raised up not destroyed as it
is translated elswhere; PPP for toll, tollere
equitibus: abl. of means
7 audcius: comparative adv. of audx
nn numquam: sometimes; not never, litotes
8 novissim agmine: abl. means, see note l. 4
9 continbat: was holding back, was restraining
satis habbat held it sufficient to; habe has
the meaning of consider, here with a double

accusative (satis, prohibre) or ind. disc. with a
missing inf. of sum: that (it is) sufficient to
rapnspopultinibusque: from; abl. of
separation
10 disqundecim: for; acc. duration of time
11 utinteresset: so that; result clause with
impf. subj. intersum
nostrum prmum: prmum (agmen) nostrum;
12 qunsmlibus: than; abl. of comparison,
a thousand of paces is one Roman mile
13 Caesarflgitre: Caesar kept demanding; a
historical inf., translate as an finite impf. verb
Aedus frmentum: grain (from) the
Aeduans; flagitre governs a double acc.
essent pollicit: plpf. subj. deponent, polliceor
13 quod: because
14 sub: in the north; the septentrins are a
constellation of stars in the north, thus to dwell
under the septentrins is to dwell up north
ut: as; + indicative
15 nn modosed: not onlybut
frmenta: grain; the neuter pl. is often used
for standing, unharvested, grain
nquidem: not even; these two adverbs
often emphasize the intervening word
16 satis: a noun, acc. obj, pabul is partitive gen.
efrment: abl. obj. of t, inf. of tor
propterequod: because; for this reason
because, a pleonasm
t minus poterat: Caesar is the subj. of this
main verb, impf. possum, with a comparative
adv. and a complementary inf. tr (+ abl)
17 iter: (their) route
18 quibus: from; antecedent is Helvti
Indirect Discourse: Accusative Subject + Infinitive

In secondary sequence, translate a present infinitive as imperfect, perfect as pluperfect, and will as would.
Present
Caesarem mlits mittere
mlits Caesar mitt
Perfect
Caesarem mlits msisse
mlits Caesar misss esse
Future
Caesarem mlits missrum esse
(says) that Caesar is sending soldiers

(said) that Caesar was sending soldiers
(says) that Caesar has sent* soldiers
(said) that Caesar had sent soldiers
(says) that Caesar will send soldiers
(said) that Caesar would send soldiers
(says) that the soldiers are sent by Caesar

(says) that the soldiers were sent by Caesar
(says) that the soldiers has been sent* by C.
(said) that the soldiers had been sent by C.
*alternatives: sent, were sent
24
Diem ex di dcere Aedu: cnferr, comportr, adesse dcere. 5. Ubi s

ditius dc intellexit et diem instre, qu di frmentum mlitibus metr
oportret, convcts erum principibus qurum magnam copiam in castrs
habbat, in hs Divicic et Lisc, qu summ magistrtu praeerant quem
Vergobretum appellant Aedu, qu cretur annuus et vtae necisque in sus
habet potesttem, graviter es accsat quod, 6. cum neque em neque ex agrs
sm posset, tam necessri tempore, tam propinqus hostibus, ab es nn
sublevtur, praesertim cum magn ex parte erum precibus adductus bellum
suscperit, mult etiam gravius quod sit dstittus queritur.
17.1 Tum dmum Liscus rtine Caesaris adductus, quod ante tacuerat
prpnit : esse nn nulls, qurum auctrits apud plbem plrimum valeat,
qu prvtim pls possint quam ips magistrts. 2. Hs sditis atque
improb rtine multitdinem dterrre n frmentum conferant quod
debeant: 3. praestre, s iam principtum Galliae obtinre nn possent,
Gallrum quam Rmnrum imperia perferre; 4. neque dubitre [debeant]
qun, s Helvtis superverint Rmn, n cum reliqu Galli Aedus
liberttem sint reptr. 5. Ab esdem nostra cnsilia quaeque in castrs
gerantur hostibus nuntir: hs s corcr nn posse. 6. Qun etiam, quod
necessriam rem coctus Caesar nntirit, intellegere ss quant id cum
percul fcerit, et ob eam causam quam di potuerit tacuisse.
16.4
accs (1): to accuse, blame, 2

adsum, -esse, -fu: be present, assist, (dat.), 3
annuus, -a, -um.: lasting a year, annual, yearly, 1
antea: before, earlier, formerly, previously, 3
coerce, -re, coercu, -itum: confine, strain, check, 1
comport (1): carry together, collect, 1
convoc (1): to call together, 2
cre (1): to create, 1
dmum: at length, finally, 3
destitu, -ere, -stitu, -stitutum: to set apart, forsake,
betray, 1
dterre, -re, -u: frighten off, prevent, 2
em, emere, m, mptum: to take, buy, 1
improbus, -a, -um: wicked, 1
inst, -re, -stit, set on, take position, press on, 2
lberts, -ttis f.: freedom, liberation, 2
Liscus, -. m.: Liscus (Aeduan leader), 4
10
15
20
metior, metr, mnsum: to measure out, distribute, 1

nex, necis f.: murder, death, slaughter, 1
perfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus: bear, betake, 2
praesertim: especially, particularly, 2
praest, -re, -stit, -stitus: to perform; show, 2
precs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 4
prvtim: privately, in private, 1
propinquus, -a, -um: near, neighboring, 3
prpn, -ere, posu, positum: to set forth, 2
quantus, -a, -um: how great, much, many, 2
seditisus, -a, -um: seditious, treasonable, 1
sublev (1): to lift up, raise up, support, assist 3
tace, -re, -u, -itum: be silent, say nothing, 3
vale, -re, u: be strong, fare well, be able, 3
Vergobretus, - m.: Vergobretus, 1
vta, -ae, f.: life, 2
25
1 Diem ex di dcere Aedu: the Aeduans kept
drawing out one day from the (next) day; i.e.
they kept putting off the day the grain would
arrive; a historical inf. (translate as impf.)
cnferradesse: that; assume missing acc.
subj. frmentum; ind. disc. following dcere,
the asyndeton highlights the Aeduans desire to
change what they are saying to satisfy Caesar
dcere: (the Aeduans) kept saying; another
historical inf. (translate as iterative impf.)
2 dc: was being led along; i.e. deceived
instre: was pressing; stood upon (us)
qu di: abl. time when
metr: i.e. to ration out individual portions to
the soldiers
3 oportret: it was customary; this impersonal
verb (impf. subj.) is found 9 times in this book
convctsprincipibus: abl. abs.
4 in hs: among these; i.e. the princips
Divicic et Lisc: in apposition ot principibus
summ magistrtu: over; dat. of compound
verb (see prae-)
5 appellant: call (x) (y); this verb governs a
double acc.
in sus: over ; supply homins
6 quodsublevtur: that he is being relieved;
pres. subj. of alleged cause or charge
7 posset: supply frmentum as subj. of this impf.
subj. of possum; em, sm are pres. pass. inf.
tam necessrihostibus: two abl. abs.
es: i.e. the Aeduans
8 cumsuscperit: since; causal cum-clause
with pf. subj., Caesar is subject
9 multqueritur: and; asyndeton; add a
conjunction et before mult
mult: much; by much abl. of degree of
difference modifying comparative gravius
quoddstittus: because; subj. of alleged
cause
10 quodtacuerat: (that) which; the missing
antecedent is the obj. of prpnit
11 esse: that there are; ind. sc.
nn nlls: some, not a few; litotes
12
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
18
19
20
plrimum valeat: is very strong; an adverbial

acc. or inner acc. (has very much strength);
plrimum is often used with potest in this way
pls possint: are more powerful; are more
capable, a comparative adv., pres. subj.
quam: than; following a comparative
hsdterrere: that these; ind. disc., the
hs refers to the nn nlls above
sditisrtine: abl. of means
nconferant: from bringing; that they
not bring, n + subj. commonly follows a
verb of hindering, here dterrre
praestrre: that it was better; ind. disc., the
verb is impersonal
Gallrum: supply the word imperia, parallel
to Rmnrum imperia
quam: than
qun: (but) that
superverint: pf. subj. super
sint reptr: would seize; periphrastic fut.
(fut. pple + sum)
Ab esdem: abl. of agent with nuntir
nostra cnsilianuntir: ind. disc.
quaeque: and what things; = et quae; neut.
pl. relative pronoun
s: by him; i.e. Liscus
Qun etiam: nay even; adding an even greater
point
quodnunti(ve)rit: because he, (when)
compelled, told the pressing matter to Caesar;
syncopated pf. subj.
intellegere ss: that he realized; i.e. Liscus,
main verb and acc. subj. in ind. disc.
quantcum percul: cum quant percul,
begins an ind. question with pf. subj. faci
id: this; neuter subject, the antecedent is the
clause quodnuntivit
quam di potuerit: for as long he was able;
how long he was able, a variation of quam +
superlative + form of potest (as X as it is
possible); here the verb is pf. subj. possum
tacuisse: supply s (Liscus) as the acc subj.
26
Lesson 13: Caesar I.18.1 18.9
Caesar hc rtine Lisc Dumnorgem Dvicic fratrem dsignr

sentibat; sed, quod plribus praesentibus es rs iactr nlbat, celeriter
concilium dmittit, Liscum retinet. 2. Quaerit ex sl ea quae in convent
dixerat. Dcit lberius atque audcius.
Eadem scrt ab alis quaerit, 3. reperit esse vra: ipsum esse
Dumnorgem, summ audci, magn apud plbem propter liberlittem
grti, cupidum rrum novrum. Complrs anns portria reliquaque omnia
Aedurum vectglia parv preti redempta habre, proptere quod ill
licente contr licr audeat nm. 4. Hs rbus et suam rem familirem auxisse
et facultts ad largiendum magns comparsse; 5. magnum numerum
equitts su sumpt semper alere et circum s habre; 6. neque slum dom
sed etiam apud fnitims cvitts largiter posse; atque huius potentiae caus
matrem in Biturgibus homin illc nobilissim ac potentissim collocsse, 7.
ipsum ex Helvetis uxrem habre, sorrem ex matre et propinqus sus
nuptum in alis cvitts collocsse. 8. Favre et cupere Helvtis propter
eam affinittem, disse etiam su nmine Caesarem et Rmns, quod
erum advent potentia eius dminta et Dvicicus frter in antiquum
locum grtiae atque honris sit restittus. 9. S quid accidat Rmns,
summam in spem per Helvtis regn obtinend venre: imperi popul
Rmn nn modo d regn sed etiam d e quam habeat grti dsperre.
18.4
affnits, -ttis f.: affinity, relation through marriage, 1

al, -ere, alu, altum: to nourish, sustain, 1
antquus, -a, -um: ancient, 2
audcia, -ae f.: boldness, audacity, 1
audx, audcis: bold, daring, 2
aude, -re, ausus sum: dare, venture, 4
auge, re, aux, auctum: increase, enlarge 1
Biturgs, -um m.: Biturges (tribe in central Gaul), 1
celerits, celerittis f.: speed, 1
circum: around, round about, 2
conventus, -s m.: meeting, assembly, 2
cupi, -ere, -v, -tum: desire, long for, 1
dminu, -ere, -u, -tus: deminish, lessen, 2
dsgn (1): to mark out, designate, 1
dspr (1): to have no hope, give up, 4
dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missus: send (away), 3
familiris, -e: of the family; subst. close friend, 4
fave, -re, fv: to favor, be propitous, 1
honor(s), -ris m.: honor, glory; offering, 2
iact (1): to throw, hurl, cast, 2
illc: there, in that place, 1
largior, largr, -tum sum: give generously, bestow, 1
largiter: generously, 1
10
15
20
lberlits, -ttis f.: courtesy; generosity, 2

liceor, licr, licitum: to bid, make an offer, 2
Liscus, -. m.: Liscus (Aeduan leader), 4
mater, matris f.: mother, 3
nb, -ere, nups, nuptum: be married, marry, veil, 1
d, -isse: to hate, 1
parvus, -a, -um: small, 1
portrium, -i n.: tax, toll, levy, 1
potns (potentis): powerful, influential, 2
potentia, -ae f.: power, might, strength, 2
praesns, -ntis: present, instant, 4
pretium, i n.: price, value, 1
redim, -ere, -m, -mptum: buy back; take back, 3
restitu, -ere, -u, -tum: replace, restore, reestablish 4
retine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold back, keep, maintain 2
scrt: secretly, 2
semper: always, ever, forever, 1
senti, -re, -s, snsum: to feel, realize, 2
soror, sorris f.: sister, 2
sumptus, -s f.: expense, cost, 1
uxor, xris f.: wife, spouse, 2
vectgal, -lis n.: tax, tribute; revenue, 2
verus, -a, -um: true, real, 2
27
1 Lisc: of Liscus
dsignr: was marked out; Caesar thinks that
Liscus was talking about Dumnorix without
mentioning him by name
2 plribus praesentibus: abl. abs.
iactr: to be thrown about (in conversation);
iact is a frequentative form of iaci
2 dmittit, Liscum retinet: asyndeton, a lack of
conjunction makes Caesars actions appear
quick and decisive
3 ex sl: from (him being) alone
ea: those things; demonstrative, neuter acc. pl.
4 lberius atque audcius: comparative adverbs
5 Eadem: acc. obj. (neuter pl.)
ab alis: away from the others; i.e. alone
esse vra: that (these things); ind. disc., supply
a neuter pl. subject
esse: that it is
6 summ audci: of; abl. of quality,
describing Dumnorgem
magngrti: of great influence; abl. quality
7 rrum novrum: revolution; new affairs a
term used to suggest a change of government
complrs anns: for; acc. duration of time
portriaredempta habre: that (Dumnorix)
hadbought; habre governs a double acc.: had
(x) (y); redempta is the PPP of redm
complrs anns: for; acc. duration of time
8 parv preti: at a; abl. of price
proptere quod: because; for this reason
because, a pleonasm
ill licente: abl. abs., ill refers to Dumnorix,
licente is pres. pple of liceor, not licet; during
the collection of taxes, an individual or group
bids to collect taxes, and the state collects from
the highest bidder in advance; the winner pays
the bid and afterward collects taxes in the hope
of collecting extra as profit; without a rival
Dumnorix allegedly bids low and therefore
construction
collects a low level of taxes from the people

9 licr: to bid; deponent inf. liceor
hs rbus: by these affairs; abl. means
rem: property
auxisse: that (Dumorix)ind. disc. pf. auge
10 ad largiendum: for giving generously; ad +
acc. expresses purpose, gerund of largior
11 alerehabre: Dumnorx remains subject in
ind. disc.
neque slumsed etiam: not onlybut also
dom: at home; locative
12 posse: (he) is powerful
13 matremcolloc(vi)sse: he had placed his
mother with; i.e. given his mother in marriage
homin: dat. of compound verb collocvisse
15 nuptum: to marry; to veil, a supine form
(PPP + um) in the acc. expressing purpose
colloc(vi)sse: he had placed; as above, the
verb suggests that he had given them in
marriage
cupere Helvtis: to favor the Helvetians;
long for the Helvetians, dat. of special verb
16 su nmine: by his own account; an idiom
found in business accounting
17 erum advent: by their arrival
dminta (sit): pf. pass., supply sit
18 sit restittus: restittus sit, pf. pass.
s quid: if anything; qu, quid are indefinite
following s, nisi, num and n
18 Rmns: dat. of interest
19 regn obtinend: of obtaining the kingship;
gen. + gerundive: perform a gerundive-gerund
flip and translation as a gen. sg. gerund + obj.,
the gen. modifies spem
venre: Dumnorix is still the subject
imperi: under the command; abl. of place
where or time when
nn modosed etiam: not onlybut also
d egrti: from that influence
Common Uses of the Dative

example
translation
Dative of Indirect Object

Dative of Compound Verbs
Dative of Agent + Pass. Periphrastic
Dative of Purpose
Dative of Possession + sum
Dative of Interest (Advantage)
Dative of Reference
Dative of Special Adjectives
Double Dative (purpose + interest)
e fliam dat
gives his daughter to him
Druidibus praeest
is over the Druids
sibi iter faciendum esse a journey must be made by him
hiberns mntum
fortified for winter-quarters
quae domins sunt
which are to masters (= masters have)
nostrs gravissimus most grievous for our men
mihi vidtur
it seems to me (i.e. from my viewpoint)
fgae similem
similar to flight
magn su nostrs fuit was for a great use to our men
served a great use to our men
28
Reperibat etiam in quaerend Caesar, quod proelium equestre

adversum paucs ante dibus esset factum, initium eius fugae factum
Dumnorge atque eius equitibus (nam equittu quem auxili Caesar Aedu
mserant Dumnorx praeerat): erum fug reliquum esse equittum
perterritum.
19.1 Quibus rbus cogntis, cum ad hs suspicins certissimae rs
accderent, quod per fns Sequanrum Helvtis trdxisset, quod obsids
inter es dands cursset, quod ea omnia nn modo iniss su et civittis
sed etiam inscientibus ipss fcisset, quod magistrt Aedurum
accusrtur, satis esse causae arbitrbtur qur in eum aut ipse
animadverteret aut cvittem animadvertere iubret. 2. Hs omnibus rbus
num repugnbat quod Dvicic fratris summum in populum Rmnum
stdium, summam in s volunttem, gregiam fdem, istitiam,
temperantiam cgnverat; nam n eius supplici Divicic animum
offenderet verbtur. 3. Itaque prius quam quicquam conrtur, Dvicicum
ad s vocr iubet et, cotdins interpretibus remtis, per C. Valerium
Procillum, prncipem Galliae prvinciae, familirem suum, cui summam
omnium rrum fdem habbat, cum e colloquitur: 3. simul commonefacit
quae ips praesente in concili Gallrum d Dumnorge sint dicta, et
ostendit quae spartim quisque d e apud s dxerit. 5. Petit atque horttur,
ut sine eius offensine anim vel ipse d e caus cgnit statuat, vel
cvittem statuere iubeat.
18.10
accd, -ere, -cess, -cessus: approach, 4

accs (1): to accuse, blame, 2
adversus, -a, -um: opposite, in front, 2
colloquor, -qu, -loctum: to converse, 3
commone-faci, -ere, -fc: to call to mind, remind, 1
cotidinus, -a, -um: daily, of every day, 2
cr (1): care for, attend to, manage, 1
gregius, -a, -um: remarkable, outstanding, 2
equester, -ris, -e: equestrian, cavalry, 2
hortor, -r, horttum: encourage, urge, 2
iniuss: without orders, without authority, 1
nscins, nscientis: not knowing, unaware, 1
interpres, interpretis m/f.: messenger, 1
iustitia, -ae f.: justice, fairness, equity, 1
offend, -ere, offend, offnsum: offend, 1

offensi, -sinis f.: obstacle, setback; affront, 1
prius: before, 4
Procillus, - m.: Procillus, 3
quisquam, quidquam: anyone, anything, 4
remove, -re, -mv, -mtus: remove, 3
repugn (1): fight against, oppose, resist, 1
spartim: separately, 2
simul: at the same time (as); together, 1
studium, - n.: zeal, desire, pursuit, 2
supplicium, -i n.: punishment, 3
temperantia, -ae f.: self-control, moderation, 1
vereor, -r, -itus: be afraid, fear; revere, 4
vc (1): call, name, address, summon, 2
10
15
20
29
1 quaerend: gerund (-ing) of quaer
= quod proeliumfactum: as for the
unsuccessful equestrian battle that occurred a
few days before; quod begins a noun clause: as
for the fact that with plpf. pass. of faci;
paucs dibus is abl. of degree of difference:
later by a few days
2 factum (esse): had been made; ind. disc., pf.
pass. inf. (supply esse); initium is acc. subj.
3 equittu: dat. obj. of compound praeerat
auxili Caesar: as help for Caesar; a double
dative (dat. of purpose, dat. of interest)
4 erum fug: i.e. of Dumnorix and the Aeduans
reliquum equittum: acc. subj. of perterritum
esse in ind. disc.
6 Quibus rbus cognts: these matters; abl.
abs., translate the relative as a demonstrative
certissimae rs: very reliable facts
7 accderet: added; suitable for this context
quodquod: because(and) because;
asyndeton, in apposition to rs
8 dands (esse): thathad to be given; (were)
going to be given, passive periphrastic
(gerundive + sum) expressing obligation
cur(vi)sset: syncopated plpf. subj.
ea omnia: all these things; neuter. acc. pl.
nn modosed etiam: not onlybut also
su et civittis: both words are in parallel
expressing possession; the former is an adj. in
agreement, the later a noun in the gen. sg.
9 inscientibus ipss: with (the Aeduans )
themselves not knowing; Caesar suggests that
the Aeduans were unaware of Dumnorixs
actions regarding the Sequanians and Helvetia
10 satisarbitrbtur: (Caesar) thought;
main verb after a length cum-clause
satiscausae: enough of a reason; partitive
gen., satis is an indeclinable noun here
quriubret: why either he himself should
turn attention to him or he should bid the state
(of the Aeduans) to turn its attention (to him);
i.e. the arrest and punish him, qu r, because
of what reason is abl. of cause introducing a

relative clause of characteristic, which
typically governs a subjunctive
11 Hs omnibus rbus: because of; abl. of
cause
12 numquod: one thing(namely) that;
num is neuter subject of repugnbat
10 Dvicic fratris: of his brother Diviacus;
modifies stdium, volunttem, fdem,
istitiam, and temperantiam; Divicus was
Dumnorixs brother, and Caesar uses this
connection to explain why he resisted action
against Dumnorix
in populum Rmnum: among the Roman
people
14 noffenderet: lest; fearing clause
governed by the impf. deponent vereor
eius supplici: eius refers to Dumnorix
15 prius quam: before; earlier than, often
used as one word; comparative adv.
quicquam: anything; neut. acc. obj.
17 cui: for whom
18 cum e: with him; with this one -Diviciacus
simulet: at the same timeand;
19 quae: (the things) which...; missing antecedent
is the obj. of commonefacit, relative clause of
characteristic with dicta sint, pf. pass. subj.
- ipso praesente: abl. abs., ips is Diviciacus
20-quae: (the things) which...; missing antecedent
is the obj. of ostendit, a relative clause of
characteristic with dxerit, pf. subjunctive
d e: about him; i.e. about Dumnorix
apud s: in the presence of him; i.e. Caesar
21 utstatuatiubeat: that; ind. command
eiusanim: without (any) offence to his
feelings; anim is an objective gen. (offend his
feelings)
velvel: eitheror
21 statuatstatuere: decideto decide; take a
stand, i.e. make a legal decision against
Dumnorix and punish him
Caus cgnit: abl. abs.
30
Dvicicus mults cum lacrims Caesarem complexus obsecrre coepit

n quid gravius in fratrem statueret: 2. scre s illa esse vra, nec quemquam
ex e pls quam s dolris capere, proptere quod, cum ipse grti plrimum
dom atque in reliqu Galli, ille minimum propter adulscentiam posset, per
s crvisset; 3. quibus opibus ac nervs nn slum ad minuendam grtiam sed
paene ad perniciem suam tertur. Ss tamen et amre fratern et
existimtine vulg commvr. 4. Quod s quid e Caesare gravius
accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amcitiae apud eum tenret, nminem
existimtrum nn su voluntte factum; qu ex r futrum ut ttus Galliae
anim s verterentur.
5. Haec cum plribus verbs flns Caesare peteret, Caesar eius dextram
prendit; consltus rogat fnem rand faciat; tant eius apud s grtiam esse
ostendit ut et re pblicae iniuriam et suum dolrem eius voluntt ac
precibus condnet. 6. Dumnorgem ad s vocat, fratrem adhibet; quae in e
reprehendat ostendit, quae ipse intellegat, quae cvits quertur prpnit;
monet ut in relquum tempus omns suspicins vtet; praeterita s Dvicic
fratr condnre dcit. Dumnorg custds pnit, ut quae agat, quibuscum
loqutur scre possit.
20.1
adhibe, -re, -u, -itum: admit, apply, 2

adulescentia, -ae f.: youth, 1
amor, -ris m.: love, desire, passion, 1
complector, -plect, complexus sum: embrace, 1
condn (1): to give, deliver up; give over, pardon, 2
consolor, -r, -tus sum: to console, comfort, 1
cresc, -ere, crv, crtum: to grow, increase, 1
csts, cstdis m/f. : guard, watchman, 2
dexter, -tera, -terum: right, the right hand, 3
dolor, -ris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 3
existimtio, -inis f.: judgment, opinion, 1
fle, -re, flv, fltum: weep, lament, bewail, 4
fraternus, -a, -um: of a brother, brotherly, 2
lacrima, -ae f.: tear, 2
loquor, -, loctum: speak, say, 4
minimus, -a, -um: very little, 2
minu, -ere, minu: diminish, ebb, 1
mone, -re, -u, -itum: to warn, advise, 1
nec: and not, nor (nec,nec = neither,nor) 2
10
15
nervus, - m.: sinew, muscle, 1

obsecr (1): beseech, implore, entreat, 1
ops, opis f.: wealth; resources, influence, 1
r (1): plead, pray (for), entreat, 1
pernicis, - f.: destruction, disaster, 2
praetere, -re, -i(v), itum: to pass over, disregard, 1
precs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 4
prnd, -ere, prnd, prnsum: to take hold of, grab 1
prpn, -ere, posu, positum: to set forth, 2
reprehend, -ere, -hend, -hnsum: to seize; blame, 1
sci, -re, -v (i), -tus: know (how), 4
verbum, - n.: word, speech, 2
verus, -a, -um: true, real, 2
vt (1): avoid, evade, shun, 2
vc (1): call, name, address, summon, 2
vulgus, - n.: mass, mob, multitude, 3
31
1 complexus: PPP deponent, complector; likely
embracing his knees
2 n quidstatueret: thatnot anything; neg.
ind. command following obsecrre; quid is
indefinite after s, nisi, num, and n
in: against
scre s: that he; s is acc. subj. of inf. of sci
illa esse vra: that; illa is neuter pl. acc. subj.
3 plsdolris: this comparative serves as the
obj. of capere and a partitive gen.
quam: than; following a comparative adj.
because, a pleonasm
ipse: refers to Diviciacus
grti plrimum (posset): was very powerful
in influence; plrimum potest was very much
capable is a common idiom for power, supply
posset from below; grti is an abl. of respect
4 dom: at home; locative
ille: that one; i.e. Dumnorix
minimum posset: was least powerful; was
least capable, in contrast to plrimum
per s: by himself
5 crvisset: the subject is ille; plpf. subj. cresc
quibus opibus et nervs: which power and
strength; metonomy (sinew indicates strength);
abl. object of impf. tor; Diviciacus is subject
nn slumsed: not onlybut
ad minuendam grtiam: for; ad + acc.
expresses purpose; employ a gerundive-gerund
flip and translate this gerundive (adj) + noun as
a gerund (-ing) and object
6 sscommvr: that he; ind. disc. acc.
subj. ss refers to Diviciacus
7 s quid gravius: if anything more severe had
happened; quid is indefinite after s, nisi, num,
and n (see l. 2); protasis of what in direct disc.
is a future-more-vivid condition (s fut. pf., fut)
e: dat. of interest, refers to Dumnorix
Caesare: at the hands of Caesar; abl. of
source, from Caesar, or abl. of agent, by
Caesar
8 cum ipse: since he himself; i.e. Diviciacus,
cum-clause is causal in sense
locum: position; modified by amcitiae

nminemexistimtrum (esse): apodosis of
what is future-more-vivid condition in direct
disc.; nminem is acc. subj. (nominative nm),
the verb is a fut. inf., supply esse
9 nnfactum (esse): that (it) was done; ind.
disc. with pf. pass. inf., supply esse and a
subject
qu ex r: ex qu r, relative adjective
futrum (esse) ut: it will be that...; a noun
result clause following a fut. inf., supply esse
11 Caesare: from Caesar; abl. Of source
12 (ut) fnemfaciat: that...; an ind. command
governed by rogat, often introduced by ut
rand: gen. sg. gerund (verbal noun), r
tantesse: that...is of such great value; Or it
is worthwhile described generally as a gen. of
quality, tant is specifially a gen. of value in
the predicative position
13 utcondnet: that he forgives; he pardons
result clause, the subject is Caesar
eius: his; i.e. Diviciacus
voluntt et precibus: abl. of means, voluntt
is an 3rd decl. i-stem ablative
14 quae: (the things) which...; the missing neuter.
pl. antecedent is the obj. of ostendit; a relative
clause of characteristic (+ subj.), an alternative
explanation in ll. 14-15
15 quaequae: (the things) which...(the things)
which...; successive relative clauses of
characteristic (+ subj.) governed by prponit
16 utvtet: that he...; ind. command, Dumnorix
is subject of pres. subj. vtet
in relquum tempus: in the future; for the
remaining time
praeterita: the past; things having gone
past, past pple of praetere, obj. of condnre
scondnre: forgives; pardons, ind. disc.
Dvicic fratr: for...; dat. of interest
17 Dumnorgi: for...; dat. of interest
pnit: appoints; i.e. Caesar sets guards over
utpossit: so that...; purpose, pres. possum
quae agat, quibuscum loqutur: two ind.
questions governed by scre
vol, velle, volu: to wish: Regular 3rd Conj. except Infinitive, Present Indicative and Present Subjunctive
pres.
impf.
fut.
perf.
plupf.
fut. pf
vult
volbat
volet
voluit
volerat
volerit
she wishes
she was wishing
she will wish
she wished
she had wished
she will have wished
present indicative
vol
volumus
vs
vultis1
vult
volunt2
1
p. 14, 46
p. 28
present subjunctive
velim
velimus
vels
veltis
velit3
velint4
3
p.52
p. 28, 42, 58, 60
imperfect subjunctive
vellem vellmus
vells
velltis
vellet
vellent5
5
p. 10, 40, 52, 58, 62
32
Lesson 16: Caesar VI.17.2 VI.18
Edem di ab explrtribus certior factus hosts sub monte

cnsdisse milia passuum ab ipsus castrs oct, qulis esset ntra montis et
qulis in circuit ascnsus, qu cognscerent msit. 2. Renntitum est facilem
esse. D terti vigili T. Labinum, lgtum pr praetore, cum dubus
leginibus et es ducibus, qu iter cognverant, summum iugum montis
ascendere iubet; quid su consil sit, ostendit. 3. Ipse d qurt vigili edem
itinere qu hosts ierant, ad es contendit equittumque omnem ante s
mittit. 4. P. Cnsidius, qu re mlitris pertissimus habbtur et in exercit
L. Sullae et poste in M. Crass fuerat, cum explrtribus praemittitur.
22.1 Prm luce, cum summus mns [Luci] Labin tenrtur, ipse ab
hostium castrs nn longius mlle et qungents passibus abesset, neque, ut
poste ex captvs comperit, aut ipsus adventus aut Labin cognitus esset, 2.
Cnsidius equ admiss ad eum accurrit, dcit montem, quem Labin
occupr voluerit, ab hostibus tenr: id s Gallics arms atque nsignibus
cognvisse.
3. Caesar sus copis in proximum collem subdcit, aciem instruit.
Labinus, ut erat e praeceptum Caesare n proelium committeret, nisi
ipsus cpiae prope hostium castra vsae essent, ut undique n tempore in
hosts impetus fieret, monte occupt nostrs exspectbat proelique
abstinbat. 4. Mult denique di per explrtrs Caesar cognvit et montem
sus tenr, et Helvtis castra mvisse, et Cnsidium timre perterritum
quod nn vdisset pr vs sibi renntisse. 5. E di qu consuerat intervll
hosts sequitur, et mlia passuum tria ab erum castrs castra pnit.
21.1
abstine, -re, -u, -tentum: to keep or hold back, 1

accurr, -ere, -cucurr, -cursum: to run to, occur, 1
ascend, -ere, -, -nsus: ascend, mount 1
ascensus, -s m.: ascent, climb, 1
captvus, -a, -um: prisoner, captive, 2
circuitus, -s m.: circuit, circle, 2
collis, -is m.: hill, high ground, 3
comperi, -re, -per, -pertum: find out, 3
Considius, -i m.: Considius, 3
Crassus, - m.: Crassus, 2
denique: lastly, finally, 2
dux, ducis m../f.: leader, guide, chieftain, 2
Gallicus, -a, -um: Gallic, 3
nsignis, -e: distinguished, conspicuous, 2
intervallum, - n.: interval, distance, 3
Lcius, - m.: Lucius, 1
10
15
20
lx, lcis, f.: light, 1

militris, -e: military, of a soldier, 2
octo: eight, 1
P.: Publius, 2
pertus, -a, -um: experienced, skilled, 1
poste: thereafter, afterwards, 4
praecipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: receive in , 1
praemitt, -ere: send forward, send ahead, 2
praetor, praetoris m.: praetor, 1
prope: near; nearly, 1
qualis, -e: which sort, of what sort?, 1
qungent, -ae, -a: five hundred, 2
renunti, (1): bring back word, report, announce, 3
subdc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: draw up,, 2
Sulla, -ae f.: Sulla, 1
T.: Titus, 2
33
1 certior factus: having been informed; having
been made more certain, PPP
hosts...oct: that; ind. disc. with certior
factus; hosts is an acc. subject
2 mlia passuum: miles; thousands of
paces; acc. of extent of space
ipsus: gen. sg. of ipse, refers to Caesar
qulismontis: what was; ind. question
with impf. subj. of sum
3 qulisascnsus: what (was); ind. question,
supply esset, both governed by cognscerent
qu cognscerent msit: Caesar sent (spies)
who might learn; relative clause of purpose
facilem esse: that...; add ascnsum as acc. subj.
4 d terti vigili: during
5 es ducibus: those as guides; predicative
6 d qurt vigili: during
edem itinere: on the same route; place where
7 qu: on which; abl. place where; with plpf. e
8 re mlitris: in military affairs; gen. object of
pertissimus
habbtur: was held (to be); was considered
the passive of habe is often a linking verb
10 Prm luce: at; time when
summus mns: top of the mountain
11 nn longius: no farther; comparative adverb
mlle et qungents passibus: than; abl. of
comparison with longius, equiv. to 1.5 miles
utcomperit: as he discovered; ut +
indicative frequently means as or when
12 aut ipsusaut Labin: either of Caesar
himself or of Labienus; gen. with adventus
construction
13
14
17
18
20
20
21
22
23
nequecognitus esset: plpf. pass. subj.

cognsc in the cum-clause from line 10
equ admiss: with horse at full speed; with
horse having been sent (or let go); abl. abs.,
the riders let the reins go slack and the horses
run as fast as they can without restraint
voluerit: (Caesar) wished; perf. subj. vol,
verbs in subordinate clauses in ind. discourse
are often placed in subjunctive
id scognvisse: that he knew this; id is
the acc. obj. and s (i.e. Considius) the subject
of the pf. inf. cognsc, all governed by dcit
ut erat praeceptum: as it had been ordered;
impersonal plpf. pass., e is dat. sg. is, ea, id
ncommitteret: not to begin; ind.
command; proelium committere is an idiom
nisi ipsus cpiae: unless his own troops
utfieret: in order thatmight; purpose
clause with impf. subj. fi
monte occupt: abl. abs.
nostrs: supply virs or milits
proeli: from; abl. of separation
multdi: late in the day; abl. time when
sus: supply virs or militibus, abl. of agent
quod nn vidisset pr vs rennti(vi)sse:
reported (that) which he had not seen as seen;
i.e. in place of (the thing) having been seen
E di: abl. time when, e is demonstrative
Qu consu(v)erat intervll: within an
distance within which; intervall is the
antecedent of the relative clause qu consuerat
mliatria: see line 2 above
Common Uses of the Ablative

example
translation
Ablative Absolute
Ablative of Means
Ablative of Agent
Ablative of Separation (includes From Which)
Ablative of Manner
Ablative of Accompaniment
Ablative of Place Where
Ablative of Place From Which
Ablative of Time When
Ablative of Respect (Specification)
Ablative of Quality (Description)
Ablative of Cause
Ablative of Comparison
Ablative of Degree of Difference
w/ verbs: potior, utor, fungor, fruor, vescor
w/ adjectives: dignus, indignus
urbe capt
the city having been captured
stil scrbns
writing with a stylus
matre voctur he is called by his mother
timore lbertur she is free from fear
cum dligenti with diligence
cum amcs
with friends
in urbibus
in the cities
ab mar
from the sea
e tempore
at that time
lingu differunt differ in respect to language
est anim bon is of good will
gaudi commtus moved by joy
clrior luce
brighter than light
mult clrior
much brighter
ut gladi
to employ a sword
glri indignus unworthy of glory
34
Postridi eius di, quod omnn bduum supererat cum exercitu

frmentum mtr oporteret, et quod Bibracte, oppid Aedurum long
maxim et cpisissim, nn amplius mlibus passuum xviii aberat, re
frmentriae prspiciendum exstimvit: iter ab Helvetis avertit ac Bibracte
re contendit.
2. Ea rs per fugitvs L. Aemil, decurinis equitum Gallrum, hostibus
nuntitur. 3. Helvti, seu quod timre perterrits Rmns discdere s
exstimrent, e magis quod prdi superiribus locs occupts proelium nn
commsissent, sve e quod r frmentari interclud posse cnfderent,
commutt cnsili atque itinere convers nostrs nvissim agmine
nsequ ac lacessere coeprunt.
24.1 Postquam id animum advertit, cpis sus Caesar in proximum collem
subdcit equittumque, qu sustinret hostium impetum, msit. 2. Ipse interim
in colle medi triplicem aciem nstrxit leginum quattuor veternrum [ita
ut supr]; 3. sed in summ iug dus legins, quas in Galli citerire
proxim conscrpserat, et omnia auxilia collcr, ac ttum montem
hominibus complr, et intere sarcins in unum locum cnferr, et eum ab
es qu in superire aci constiterant mnr iussit. 4. Helvti cum omnibus
sus carrs sect, impedimenta in unum locum contulrunt; ips
cnfertissim aci, reiect nostr equitt, phalange fact, sub prmam
nostram aciem successrunt.
23.1
advert, -re, advert, adversum: turn to, 1

Aemlius, -i m.: Aemilius, 1
Bibracte, -is m.: Bibracte (head town of Aeduans), 2
biduum, - n.: a period of two days, 2
collis, -is m.: hill, high ground, 3
commt (1): to change, 2
comple, -re, -v, -tum: fill up, fill, 1
confertus, a, um: crowded together, dense, 1
confd, -ere: trust, believe, rely upon, 3
conscrib, -ere, -scrips, -scriptum: enlist, register, 2
convert, -ere, -, -rsus: turn (about), 4
copisus, -a, -um: abundant, well-supplied, 1
dcuri, -nis m.: decurion (officer of 10 horse unit), 1
fugitvus, -a, -um: fugitive, 1
intercld, -ere, -cls, clsum: close off, 2
10
15
20

long: far, at a distant, 4
medius -a um: in the middle of, 2
metior, metr, mnsum: to measure out, distribute, 1
phalanx, phalangis f.: phalanx, formation, 3
postquam: after, when, 2
postrdi: the day after, the next day, 3
prdi: on the day before, the previous day, 2
prspici: look forward, survey, look, 1
quattuor: four, 4
reici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: cast off or back, 3
sarcinae, -rum f.: baggage, a soldier's pack, 2
subdc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: draw up,, 2
succd, -ere, -cess, -cessus: go up, approach, 2
supr: above, over, on the top, 3
sustine, -re, -u: hold up, sustain, 4
triplex (triplicis): three-fold, triple, 3
veternus, -a, -um: veteran, old, 1
35
1 postrdi eius di: on the next day; eius
di is superfluous: on the next day of this
day abl. time when
supererat: was remaining; impf. supersum
exercitu: for; dat. of interest
2 metr: i.e. to ration out individual portions to
the soldiers
oportret: it was customary; this impersonal
verb (impf. subj.) is found 9 times in this book
oppid: in apposition to Bibracte
long: by far, far; common translation
3 mlibusxviii: than; abl. of comparison,
a thousand of paces is one mile
re frmentriae: for the grain supply; dat.
with compound verb
4 prspiciendum (esse): he had to provide; it is
going to be provided (by him), passive
periphrastic (gerundive + sum), supply esse
Bibracte: to Bibracte; as often, towns and
cities express place to which without ad
6 Ea rs: this matter; i.e. the lack of grain
fugitvs: i.e. through Gauls serving in the
Roman army that defected to the Helvetians
7 seu sve: whetheror
quodexstimrent: because; impf. subj.
for alleged cause, translate as impf. indicative
Rmns: acc. subject of discdere in ind. disc.
8 e magis quod: all the more because; more
than this because, abl of comparison with a
comparative adverb
proelium commsissent: had begun battle;
idiom, plpf. subj. for alleged cause
9 e quod: for this reason, (namely) because; by
this cause, abl. of cause, quod is in apposition

r frmentri: from the grain supply; abl. of
separation with pass. inf. interclud
cnfderent: impf. subj. of alleged cause
10 commuttconvers: two abl. absolutes
nostrs: supply virs or milits
nvissim: rear; most recent in a military
column is the last or rear column
12 advertit: turned (acc) to (acc); id is acc. obj.
of a compound verb (more usually a dative)
13 qu sustinret: to sustain; who would
sustain relative clause of purpose
14 in colle medi: halfway up the hill; on the
middle of the hill
ita ut supr: just as above
15 iug: ridge
in Galli citerire: on this side of Gaul;
nearer Gaul, i.e. northern Italy
14 proxim: recently; very closely, superlative
adverb is temporal
15 omnia auxilia: all auxiliary (forces)
17 eum: it; i.e. the place (locum)
18 in superire aci: in the upper battle line; i.e.
higher on the hill and farther from the battle
19 secut: deponent PPP, sequor
contulrunt: pf. confer
ips: the men themselves
20 cnfertissim aci: first of 3 successive abl.
absolutes, supply being as the pple
subsuccessrunt: approached upt to;
went up (from under), sub as a prefix often
means up (from under); in this case the
Helvetians are in fact moving uphill
36
Caesar, prmum su deinde omnium ex conspect remts equs, ut

aequt omnium percul spem fugae tolleret, 2. cohorttus sus proelium
commsit. Milits, loc superire pls misss, facile hostium phalangem
perfregrunt. E disiect, gladis dstricts, in es impetum fcrunt.
3. Galls magn ad pugnam erat impediment quod, plribus erum scts
n ict plrum trnsfixs et colligts, cum ferrum s inflexisset, neque
vellere neque, sinistr impedit, satis commode pugnre poterant; 4. mult ut
di iactt bracchi praeoptrent scutum man mittere et nd corpore
pugnre. 5. Tandem vulneribus defess et pedem referre et, quod mns
suberat circiter mlle passuum, e s recipere coeprunt.
6. Capt monte et succdentibus nostrs, Boi et Tuling, qu hominum
mlibus circiter xv agmen hostium claudbant et nvissims praesidi erant,
ex itinere nostrs latere apert aggress circumvnre, et id conspict
Helvti, qu in montem ss recperant, rrsus nstre et proelium
redintegrre coeprunt. 7. Rmn conversa signa bipertt intulrunt: prma
et secunda acis, ut victs ac summts resisteret; tertia, ut venients
sustinret.
25.1

aequ (1): (make) equal, make level, 1
aperi, -re, -u, -ertus: open, disclose, 2
bipertt: in two parts, 1
bracchium, - n.: arm, 1
circumveni, -re: to come around, encircle, 3
claud, -ere, claus, clausum: to close, shut, 1
cohors, cohortis f.: cohort, company, troop 2
collig (1): to bid together, tie together, 1
conspicor, -r, -tum: catch sight of, perceive, 1
corpus, corporis, n.: body, 2
dfessus, -a, -um: wearied, exhausted, worn out, 1
deinde: then, next, from that place, 4
dstring, -ere, -strnx, -strictum: draw (a sword), 1
disici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: scatter, throw away, 1
mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: send away 1
vell, -ere, vell, vulsum: to pull out
ferrum, - n.: iron; sword; tool, 1
gladius, - m.: sword, 3
iact (1): to throw, hurl, cast, 2
ictus, -s m.: strike, blow, 1
10
15
inflect, -ere, -flex, -flexus: to bend (on), 1

inst, -re, -stit, set on, take position, press on, 2
latus, -eris n.: side, flank, 1
ndus, -a, -um: naked, bare, 1
perfring, -ere, -frg, -fractum: to break up, shatter 1
plum, - n.: pilum, javelin, 4
praeopt (1): to prefer, wish first, 1
pugna, -ae f.: battle, fight, 3
redintegr (1): make whole again, renew, 1
resist, -ere, -stit: stand still, halt; oppose (dat) 2
rursus: again, backward, back, 1
sctum, - m.: shield, 3
sinister, -tra, -trum: left (hand), 2
subsum, -esse, -fu: be near, close at hand, 1
succd, -ere, -cess, -cessus: go up, approach, 2
summove -re, -mv, -mtus: move up, drive back 1
tandem: finally, at last, at length, 2
transfg, -fgere, -fx, -fxum: pierce, transfix, 1
vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 4
37
1 prmum su, deinde omnium: first his
own then all (the officers); possessive
modifying equis, within an abl. absolute;
the possessive adj. su modifies equs in the
sg. (equ), while omnium is gen. of possession
uttolleret: in order to destroy; toll may
mean to lift up or, as here, to destroy
2 fugae: for; objective gen. modifies spem
sus: supply virs or mlits
3 commsit: began; an idiom with proelium
superire: higher; comparative adj.
facile: irregular adverb from facilis, facile
4 Edscricts: successive abl. absolutes
along with asyndeton adds to the excitement
of the narrative; e, this, refers to the fem.
sg. phalangem
in: against; a common translation in
battle narratives
5 ad: for; expressing purpose
magnerat impediment: it was of great
hindrance; impedment is abl. of an quality;
Galls is a dat. of interest
6 un ict: with the single strike; single shieds
in a phalanx are overlapping, a spear can
pierce two shields and render them useless
ferrum: subject, i.e. the iron of the spearpoint
7 mult ut: so that many; a purpose clause,
the mult is positioned before ut for emphasis
8 di iactt bracchi: abl. abs., although
bracchi sg. in form, it applies to the individual
arms of many Helvetians: Caesar suggests that
many Helvetian was shaking their arms holding
shields to dislodge spears
nd corpore: i.e. lacking the protection of a
shield
9 etet: bothand
pedem referre: to carry back their step; i.e. to
withdraw,
8 e: (to) there; adverbial

10 s recipere: to retreat; an idiom
11 capt monte: the mountain reached; abl. abs.,
not seized as capi is typically translated
succdentibus nostrs: our (men); abl. abs.
with pres. pple, supply virs
hominum mlibus circiter xv: abl. of means,
hominum is partitive gen. with mlibus
12 agmen claudbant: closed out the battleline;
i.e. were located in the rear of the Helvetian
battleline
nvissims praesidi erant: a double dative
(dat. of interest, dat. of purpose) which in a
raw translation were as protection for the rear
guard but often rendered serve as
protection for the rear guard; nvissims,
most recent (men) refers to the last
soldiers in the battle column
13 ex itinere: from the route
latere apert: on; i.e. the exposed flank of
Caesars forces, abl. place where
aggress: deponent PPP
circumvnre: circumvnrunt, a syncopated
pf. form
conspict: PPP deponent governs id, which
refers to the progress of the Boii and Tulingi
14 ss recperant: see s recipere in line 10
15 conversa signa intulrunt: carried their
reversed standards (upon the enemy); i.e.
fighting on two fronts, the Romans had to turn
their military standards, which always face the
enemy, and turn them toward the new enemy
prma et secunda acistertia: both nom.
subjects, supply signa intulrunt which is
16 victs ac summts: (those); supply a noun
for these two PPPs; dative of compound verb
38
Ita ancipit proeli di atque criter pugntum est. Ditius cum sustinre
nostrrum impets nn possent, alter s, ut coeperant, in montem
recprunt, alter ad impedimenta et carrs sus s contulrunt. 2. Nam hc
tt proeli, cum ab hr septim ad vesperum pugntum sit, versum
hostem vidre nm potuit. 3. Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedmenta
pugntum est, proptere quod pr vll carrs obicerant, et loc superire
in nostrs venients tla coicibant, et nn nll inter carrs rotsque matars
ac trguls subicibant nostrsque vulnerbant. 4. Di cum esset pugntum,
impediments castrsque nostr pott sunt. Ibi Orgetorgis flia atque nus
flis captus est.
5. Ex e proeli circiter hominum mlia cxxx superfurunt, eque tt
nocte continenter erunt: nllam partem noctis itinere intermiss in fns
Lingonum di qurt pervnrunt, cum et propter vulnera militum et propter
sepultram occisrum nostr trduum mort es sequ nn potuissent. 6.
Caesar ad Lingons litters nntisque msit, n es frment nve ali r
iuvrent: qu s ivissent, s edem loc qu Helvtis habitrum. Ipse
trdu intermiss cum omnibus cpis es sequ coepit.
26.1
acriter: sharply, fiercely, 3

anceps, ancipitis: two-headed, on two fronts, 1
continenter: continuously, incessantly, 2
hra, -ae f.: hour, 1
iuv (1): to help, aid, 2
Lingons, -um m.: Lingones (Gallic tribe), 3
littera, -ae f.: letter (of the alphabet); literature, 2
matara, -ae f.: Gallic spear, javelin, 1
moror, -r, -tus: delay, linger; detain, 2
nv: or not, and not, nor, 3
nuntius, -i m.: messenger, message, 2
10
15
obici, -ere, obic, obiectum: cast, hurl, throw (into) 2

rota, -ae f.: wheel, 1
sepultra, -ae f.: burial, 1
subici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw under, place under 1
supersum, -esse, -fu: be over; be left over, survive, 1
trgula, -ae f.: tragula (a Gallic javelin) 1
triduum, - n.: a period of three days, 4
vallum, - n.: wall, fortification, palisade, 1
vesper, vesper m.: evening, 2
vulner (1): wound, injure, 2
39
1 pugntum est: they fought; it was fought (by
them), an impersonal verb that on may
translate in the active in English
ditius: longer; comparative adverb of di
2 nostrrum: supply virrum
alteralter: onethe other; nom. pl. because
there are two groups of men
3 srecprunt: retreated, idiom
ut: as; ut + indicative
s contulrunt: carried themselves; i.e.
proceded
hc tt proeli: within; abl. time within
4 cum: a concessive cum-clause; see line 1 for
a translation of the pf. pass. subj. pugntum sit
versum: turned (in flight); from vert
5 ad multam noctem: (up) to late in the night
because, a pleonasm
7 in nostrs: against our (men); supply virs
nn nll: some, not a few; lit. not none
8 esset pugntum: they had fought; impersonal
plpf. passive subj., see line 1
9 pott sunt: pf. deponent potior governs an abl.
object; nostr (vir) is the subject
hominum: partitive gen. of mlia nom. subject
11 eque tt nocte: during this entire night;
within, abl. time when or within
12 nllam partem noctis: during; acc.

duration of time with itinere intermiss
itinere intermiss: abl. abs.
13 etet: bothand
14 nostr: our (men); subject of potuissent
sequ: deponent inf., complement to potuissent
potuissent: plpf. subj. possum in a cum-clause
15 nnve: that they not.or; -ve, or is an
enclitic (compare que); n introduces either
neg. purpose or, more likely, ind. commands
es frment: add iuvrent
ali r: some other matter; means or abl. of
respect, in respect to any other matter
16 qu s ivissent, shabitrum (esse): if
these had helped, he (Caesar) would hold;
this condition would be a future-more-vivid
in direct speech (s fut. pf., fut.); in ind. disc.
fut. apodosis becomes a fut. inf. and the fut.
pf. protasis becomes a plpf. subjunctive; Latin
may use qu, who, in transitions but English
prefers the demonstrative these
edem loc qu: in the same position in
which (he held the Helvetians); verb missing
through ellipsis
17 trdu intermiss: with three days having
intervened; three days sent inbetween
40
Helvti omnium rrum inopi adduct lgts d deditine ad eum

msrunt. 2. Qu cum eum in itinere convnissent sque ad peds pricissent
suppliciterque loct flents pacem petssent, atque es in e loc qu tum
essent suum adventum exspectre iussisset, parurunt. 3. E postquam
Caesar pervnit, obsids, arma, servs qu ad es perfgissent poposcit.
4. Dum ea conquruntur et conferuntur, nocte intermiss, circiter hominum
mlia sex eius pag qu Verbigenus appelltur, sve timre perterrit, n arms
trdits supplici adficerentur, sve sp saltis induct, quod in tant
multitudine dediticirum suam fugam aut occultr aut omnin ignorr
posse existimrent, prim nocte castrs Helvetirum gress ad Rhnum
fnsque Germnrum contendrunt.
28.1 Quod ubi Caesar resciit, qurum per fns ierant hs ut conqurerent et
reducerent, s sibi purgt esse vellent, impervit: 2. reducts in hostium
numer habuit; reliqus omns obsidibus, arms, perfugs trdits in
dditinem accpit. 3. Helvtis, Tulings, Latovcs in fns sus, unde
erant profect, revert iussit, et, quod omnibus frgibus misss dom nihil
erat qu fmem tolerrent, Allobrogibus impervit ut hs frument cpiam
facerent: ipss oppida vcsque, qus incenderant, restituere iussit.
27.1
adfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: affect, afflict, 3

mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: lose, let go, 2
conqur, -ere, -sv, -qustum: to seek, 2
dditcius, -a, -um: surrendered; subst. captives, 2
dditio, -nis f.: surrrender, capitulation, 2
gredior, -, -gressus: go out, disembark, 2
fams, -is f.: hunger, 1
frx, frugis f.: fruit; fruit of the earth, produce, 1
ignr (1): not know, be unacquainted, 1
incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2
indc, -ere, -dux, -ductum: to lead in, bring in, 2
inopia, -ae f.: poverty, want (of), need, 1
occult (1): hide, conceal, 1
pare, -re, paru: to obey, submit, 1
10
15
perfugi, -ere, -fg: flee, take refuge, 2

posc, -ere, popsc: ask, demand, 2
postquam: after, when, 2
proici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: throw forward, project, 2
purg (1): to cleanse, make clean, 1
rescisc, -re, -v (i), -tus: to learn, discover, 1
servus, -, m.: slave, 1
sex: six, 3
suppliciter: as a suppliant, 1
toler (1): endure, sustain, bear, support, 1
trd, -dere, -did, -ditum: to give over, hand down, 4
unde: whence, from which, 2
Verbigen, -rum m.: Verbigeni (district of the
Helvetians), 1
41
1 omnium rrum: of all resources; modifies
inopi
2 Qu cum: when theses; who when, again,
English prefers demonstratives in transitions
ad peds: at (Caesars) feet
3 loct flents: deponent PPP and pres. pple, the
conjunction is missing (asyndeton)
quessent: in which; abl. place where; impf.
subj. sum; subordinative verbs become
subjunctive in ind. disc.
ad peds: at (Caesars) feet
4 iussisset: change of subject to 3rd sg. (Caesar);
plpf. subj. iube
E: (to) there; adverb
5 obsids, arma, servs: asyndeton, add et
6 ea: demonstrative, neuter plural subject
hominum: partitive gen. modifying mlia
7 svesve: eitheror
nadficerentur: lest; clause of fearing
arms trdits: abl. absolute
8 supplici: abl. of means
9 suam fugamposse: that; fugam is acc.
subject
10 prim nocte: abl. of time when
gress: PPP deponent gredior

12 Quod: this; object of resciit
qurumierant: the antecedent of this
relative clause is hs, the dat. ind. obj. of
impervit
utreducerent: that; ind. question with
impf. subj. governed by impervit
(here hs)
13 sibi: in his eyes; to him, dat. of reference
purgt esse: to be acquitted; to be cleansed
(of offence), the PPP is a predicate noun
vellent: impf. subj. vol
14 obsidibustrdits: abl. abs.
16 erant profect: profect erant; plpf. deponen
proficscor
revert: pass. inf.
omnibusmisss: abl. abs.
dom: at home; locative
17 qutolerrent: wherebymight; purpose
clause introduced with qu instead of ut
impervit: as above, governs a dat. object and
ind. command
hs: for; dat. of interest
18 ipss: (the Helvetians) themselves
42
Id e maxim ratine fcit, quod nluit eum locum unde Helvti

discesserant vacre, n propter bonittem agrrum Germn qu trns
Rhnum incolunt sus fnibus in Helvtirum fns transrent et fnitim
Galliae prvinciae Allobrogibusque essent. 5. Bois, petentibus Aedus, quod
gregi virtte erant cognit, ut in fnibus sus collocrent, concessit; quibus
ill agrs dedrunt, qusque poste in parem iris liberttisque condicinem
atque ips erant receprunt.
29.1 In castrs Helvetirum tabulae repertae sunt, litters Graecs confectae
et ad Caesarem reltae, quibus in tabuls nomintim rati confecta erat, qu
numerus dom exsset erum, qu arma ferre possent, et item spartim
puer, sens muliersque. 2. Qurum omnium rrum summa erat capitum
Helvtirum mlia cclxiii, Tulingrum mlia xxxvi, Latovcrum xim,
Rauricrum xxiii, Boirum xxxii : ex hs qu arma ferre possent, ad mlia
nngint duo.
Summa omnium furunt ad mlia ccclxviii. 3. Erum qu domum redirunt
cns habit, ut Caesar imperverat, repertus est numerus mlium c et
decem.
28.4.

bonits, -ttis f.: goodness; fertility (of land), 1
caput, capitis, n.: head; leader; beginning; life, 2
cnsus, -s f.: census, registration, 1
condici, -cinis f.: arrangement, state, 3
decem: ten, 3
gregius, -a, -um: remarkable, outstanding, 2
Graecus, -a, -um: Greek, 1
lberts, -ttis f.: freedom, liberation, 2
littera, -ae f.: letter (of the alphabet); literature, 2
mulier, mulieris f.: woman, 2
nmintim: by name, 1
nnaginta: ninety, 1
pr, paris: equal, similar, even, 4
puer, puer m.: boy, 1
Raurc, -rum: Rauraci, 2???????????????
rede, -re, -v: go back, return, 1
senex, senis m.: old man, 1
spartim: separately, 2
tabula, tabulae f.: tablet, 2
unde: whence, from which, 2
vac (1): be empty, ve vacant, 1
10
15
43
1 eratinequod: with this calculation
(namely) because; abl. of cause
2 eum locumvacre: that this place; ind.
disc., eum is a demonstrative adjective
undediscesserant: relative clause
ntransrentessent: lest; fearing clause
calculation for, objective genitive
3 transrent: impf. subj. transe
4 GalliaeAllobrogibus: dat. obj. of the special
adjective fnitim, the predicate of essent
petentibus Aedus: the Aeduans seeking; abl.
abs. + ind. command below
5 gregi virtte: because of; abl. of cause
erant cognit: cognit erant; plpf. pass.
cognsc
utcollocrent: that; ind. command
governed by petentibus Aedus above
quibus ill: quibus is dat. ind. obj. and refers to
the Boi, ill is subj. and refers to the Aeduans
6 parem condicinem: equal condition; i.e.
equal rights
7 atque ips erant: as they were; atque with the

adj. parem means as: parem atque = equal as
compare simul ac/atque (the same time as)
receprunt: received, welcomed
9 quibus in tabuls: in quibus tabuls; relative
adjective
qu numerus(et) qu: what number
(and) who; introducing ind. questions
10 dom: abl. place from which
ferre: irregular inf. fer
possent: impf. pass. possum
11 Qurum omnium rrum: Of all these affairs
capitum: lives; heads, partitive genitive
modifying mlia cclxiii
13 possent: impf. pass. possum, relative clause of
characteristic
ad: nearly; up to, an approximation
15 Erum: among these; partitive gen.
16 cns habit: abl. abs.
Gerunds
nd
A gerund (present stem + nd + 2 decl. neut. sg. endings)

is a verbal noun. It can govern an acc. obj. and is easy to
distinquish from a gerundive because a gerund has only
-/-/-um endings and does not modify a nearby noun.
Nominative Navigre est difficile.
Genitive
facults navigand
navigand caus
Dative
tilis navigand
Accusative ad navigandum
Ablative
navigand
in navigand
To sail is difficult.
opportunity for sailing
for the sake of sailing
useful for sailing
for sailing (to sail)
by sailing
in sailing
ulcscend Rmns of avenging the Romans
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
navigand
navigand
navigandum
navigand
of sailing
for sailing
sailing
by sailing
an infinitive not gerund as subject

gen. + caus/grti expresses purpose
dative of purpose
ad + gerund expresses purpose
ablative with or without a preposition
occasionally with an acc. object
44
Lesson 22: Caesar I.30-31.2
Bell Helvtirum confect, ttus fer Galliae lgt, prncips

civittum, ad Caesarem grtultum convnrunt: 2. intellegere ss, tametsi
pr veteribus Helvtirum iniuris popul Rmn ab hs poens bell
repetisset, tamen eam rem nn minus ex s terrae Galliae quam popul
Rmn accidisse; 3. proptere quod e cnsili florentissims rbus doms
sus Helvti relquissent, ut tt Galliae bellum inferrent imperique
potrentur, locumque domicili ex magn cpi dligerent quem ex omn
Galli opportnisimum ac fructusissimum idicssent, reliqusque cvitts
stipendiris habrent.
4. Petirunt ut sibi concilium ttus Galliae in diem certam indcere idque
Caesaris voluntte facere licret: ss habre qusdam rs qus ex commn
consens ab e petere vellent. 5. E r permiss, diem concili cnstiturunt
et ire irand n quis nuntiret, nis quibus commn cnsili mandtum
esset, inter s sanxrunt.
31.1 E concili dmiss, dem princips civittum qu ante fuerant ad
Caesarem revertrunt, petiruntque ut sibi scrt [in occult] d su
omniumque salte cum e agere licret. 2. E r impetrt, ss omns
flents Caesar ad peds proicrunt: nn minus s id contendere et labrre
n ea quae dxissent nuntirentur, quam ut ea quae vellent impetrrent;
proptere quod, s nuntitum esset, summum in crucitum s ventrs
vidrent.
30.1
commnis, -e: common, 4

consensus, -s m.: agreement, consensus, 1
crucitus, -s m.: torture, 3
domicilium, -i n.: dwelling, 2
flrns, -entis: flowering, flourishing, 1
frctusus, -a, -um: fruitful, productive, 1
grtulor, -r, gratultus sum: to congratulate, 1
indc -ere -dx -dictum: declare, disclose, indicate, 1
labr (1): work, toil, labor, strive, 2
occult (1): hide, conceal; subst. secret, 3
opportnus, -a, -um: fit, suitable, useful, 1
10
15
20
permitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: to allow, permit; let

through, 2
potior, -r, -tus: gain possession, win (abl.), 4
proici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: throw forward, project, 2
qudam, quae-, quod-: certain one, someone, -thing 1
repet, -ere, -v, -pettum: seek again, seek back, 2
sanci, -re, snx, snctum: make sacred, sanctify,
ratify, 1
scrt: secretly, 2
stpendirius, -a, -um: tributary, pay, 2
tametsi: even if, although, though, 1
terra, -ae. f.: earth, ground, land, 2
45
1 ttus: gen. sg., ttus, a pronomial adjective
2 grtultum: to show favor; a supine form (PPP
+ um) in the acc. expressing purpose
ss: that they; ind. disc. with intellegere
3 HelvtirumRmn: injustices of the
Helvetians toward the Roman people; both are
gen., subjective and objective gen. respectively:
the Helvetians' injustice for the Roman people
ab hs: i.e. the Helvetians
4 repeti(vi)sset: plpf. subj. both because it is a
concessive clause governing subjunctive and
subordinate clauses in ind. disc. govern a subj.
eam remaccidisse: ind. disc. governed by
ss intellegere above
quam: than; here after minus, comparative adv.
5 proptere quod: because; for this reason
because, a pleonasm
e cnsiliut: with this plan(namely) that;
an abl. of cause, ut introduces a purpose clause
in apposition to e cnsili
6 florentissims rbus: in.times; or
incircumstances equiv. to abl. time when
sus: modifies the feminine irreg. noun doms
utinferrentdligerenthabrent: so
that.might; extended purpose clause. impf.
tt Galliae: dat. of compound verb, pronomial
ttus takes ius in gen. sg. and in dat. sg.
pf. dep. inf. proficscor, governed by arbitrr
5 potrentur: impf. subj. deponent potior in the
purpose clause, governs an abl.
domicili: for; dat. of purpose
quemidic(vi)ssent: relative clause of
characteristic governs a subj., here plpf.
10 ut sibilicret: that; indirect command
licet is impersonal and often governs a dat. of
interest
in diem certam: on an appointed day
voluntte: with permission; by the will
11 ss habre: (they said that) they have; add
a main verb to govern ind. disc.
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
qusvellent: impf. subj. vol (irreg. inf.

velle) in a relative clause of characteristice
E r permiss: abl. absolute
concili: for; dat. of purpose
iure-iurand: by a sworn oath; as one or two
words; both decline; gerundive iur, -re
nnuntiret: neg. ind. command
quis; anyone; aliquis, aliquid is a common
indefinite pronoun (anyone, anything), but
quis, quid is commonly used as an indefinite
indefinite aliquis becomes just quis)
nisimandtum esset: except (those) to
whom; plpf. becomes subj. in a subordinate
clause in the ind. command above
dem: the same; edem, modifies princips
utlicret: ind. command, see also line 10
d: about
agere: to discuss; as often with d, about
Caesar: (before) Caesar; dat. of compound
nnuntirentur: so that; neg. purpose
clause; compare to line 13 above
ea: those things; neut. pl. demonstrative
quae dxissent: plpf. subj., relative clause of
characteristic often follows vague pronouns
quam ut: than that.; the subject and object of
comparison are both purpose clauses
vellent: impf. subjunctive of vol (inf. velle)
in a relative clause of characteristic
s nuntitum esset,vidrent: if it
had beenthey would; a mixed contrary-tofact condition;
summum: modifies crucitum
s ventrs (esse): fut. inf. in ind. disc.
46
Locutus est pro his Diviciacus Aeduus: Galliae totus factines esse
duas: harum alterius principatum tenere Aeduos, alterius Arvernos. 4. Hi cum
tantopere de potentatu inter se multos annos contenderent, factum esse uti ab
Arvernis Sequanisque Germani mercede arcesserentur. 5. Horum primo
circiter milia xv Rhenum transisse: posteaquam agros et cultum et copias
Gallorum homines feri ac barbari adamassent, traductos plures : nunc esse in
Gallia ad centum et viginti milium numerum. 6. Cum his Aeduos eorumque
clientis semel atque iterum armis contendisse; magnam calamitatem pulsos
accepisse, omnem nobilitatem, omnem senatum, omnem equitatum amisisse.
7. Quibus proeliis calamitatibusque fractos, qui et sua virtute et populi
Romani hospitio atque amicitia plurimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos
esse Sequanis obsides dare nobilissimos civitatis et iure iurando civitatem
obstringere, sese neque obsides repetituros neque auxilium a populo Romano
imploraturos neque recusaturos quominus perpetuo sub illorum dicione
atque imperio essent. 8. Unum se esse ex omni civitate Aeduorum qui adduci
non potuerit ut iuraret aut liberos suos obsides daret. 9. Ob eam rem se ex
civitate profugisse et Romam ad senatum venisse auxilium postulatum, quod
solus neque iure iurando neque obsidibus teneretur.
31.3
adam, -re, -v, -tum: fall in love, covet, 1

mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: lose, let go, 2
arcess, -ere, -v, itum: summon, send for, 1
centum: one hundred, 2
cliens, -entis m.: client, dependent, 2
facti, -nis f.: faction, party, 1
ferus, -a, -um: wild, savage, fierce, 3
frang, -ere, frg, frctus: break, 1
hospitium, - n.: hospitality; guest-host tie, 2
implr (1): implore, beseech, beg, 3
ir (1): to swear, take an oath, 1
lber, -rum m.: children, 2
10
15
mercs, mercdis f.: pay, wages, 1

nbilits, -ttis f.: nobility, renown, 2
nunc: now, at present, 2
obstring, -ere, -strinx, -strictum: to confine, bind, 1
perpetuus, -a, -um: constant, everlasting, 3
postequam: after (+ indicative), 2
potenttus, -s m.: political power, 1
profugi, fugere, fg, fugitum: to flee, escape, 2
recs (1): to object to, refuse, reject, 3
repet, -ere, -v, -pettum: seek again, seek back, 2
Roma, -ae f.: Rome, 1
semel: once, 2
tantopere: with such great effort, so earnestly, 1
vgint: twenty, 1
47
1 Locutus est: pf. deponent loquor, introducing
an ind. discourse
pr hs: i.e. the Gauls
Galliae ttus: of all of Gaul; partitive gen.;
ttus is a gen. sg. of a pronomial adj. ttus
esse: (there are); ind. disc. governed by locutus
sum
2 hrum: i.e. of the factins, partitive gen.
alterus: gen. sg. of the pronomial adj. alter
alterus Arverns: supply principtum tenre
missing through ellipsis, another ind. discourse
governed by locutus sum above
3 H cumcontenderent: when these; cumclause within the ind. discourse
factum esse: it happened that; it had been
done ind. disc. governed by locutus sum
tarcesserentur: that; noun result clause
4 Hrum: i.e. of the Germans; paritive gen.
5 trnsisse: trns(iv)isse; pf. inf. trnse
adamssent: adam(vi)ssent; plpf. subj.
6 trducts (esse) plrs: ind. disc., plrs is
acc. subj. and trducts (esse) is pf. pass. inf.
esse: (there) is
7 adnumerum: near the number; up to
suggests an approximation such as about
cum hs: with these
Aedusamsisse: lengthy ind. disc. with
locutus sum in 31.3
10 quibus proelis: by these battles.; a relative
is used for transitions where we prefer a
demonstrative pronoun in English
fracts: (those) broken; supply a missing
acc. subj. for coacts esse
plrimumpotuissent: would have had very
much power; common idiom in Caesar, plpf.
subj. possum
11 coacts esse: were forced; cg can mean (1)
to gather or, as here, (2) to compel; pf. pass.
12 Sequns: dat. indirect object
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18

ssrepetitrs (esse)implortrs
(esse)recstrs (esse): (namely) that they
(themselves)would; ind. disc. with fut.
infinitives clarify the oath in line 12
quominusesset: from being.; by which
the less they might be; quominus or quo
minus (neut. abl. relative + comparative adv.)
is used after verbs of preventing and begins a
noun clause of ind. command;
perpetuimperi: under the perpetual
sway and command of those
num s esse: that he was one; i.e. that
Diviciacus was; reflexive acc. subj. refers to
Diviciacus in line 31.3, the ind. discourse is
covered by loctus sum
qupotuerit: who has not been able; pf.
subj. (not fut. pf. indicative); in a relative
clause of characteristic
addc: to be influenced; pres. passive inf.
ut iurretdaret: to swearor to give; that
he swearor give ind. command, impf. subj.
Ob eam rem: on account of this matter
sprfgisse: that he; i.e. Diviciacus, ind.
disc.
Rmam: to Rome; locative; towns and cities
do not employ ad for place to which
auxilium postultum: to request; supine
(PPP + um) in the accusative expresses
purpose, which in English is often expressed
with an infinitive
quod: because; subordinate clauses in ind.
disc. govern a subjunctive, here an impf. subj.
solus: (he) alone
48
Lesson 24: Caesar 1.31b
Sed peius victoribus Sequanis quam Aeduis victis accidisse, propterea

quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in eorum finibus consedisset tertiamque
partem agri Sequani, qui esset optimus totius Galliae, occupavisset et nunc
de altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere iuberet, propterea quod paucis
mensibus ante Harudum milia hominum xxiiii ad eum venissent, quibus
locus ac sedes pararentur. 11. Futurum esse paucis annis uti omnes ex Galliae
finibus pellerentur atque omnes Germani Rhenum transirent: neque enim
conferendum esse Gallicum cum Germanorum agro neque hanc
consuetudinem victus cum illa comparandam. 12. Ariovistum autem, ut semel
Gallorum copias proelio vicerit, quod proelium factum sit Admagetobrigae,
superb et crudeliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi cuiusque liberos poscere,
et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque edere, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad
voluntatem eius facta sit. Hominem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium:
13. non posse eius imperia diutius sustinere. 14. Nisi quid in Caesare
populoque Romano sit auxili, omnibus Gallis idem esse faciendum quod
Helvetii fecerint, ut domo emigrent, aliud domicilium, alias sedes remotas a
Germanis petant fortunamque quaecumque accidat experiantur. 15. Haec si
enuntiata Ariovisto sint, non dubitare quin de omnibus obsidibus qui apud
eum sint gravissimum supplicium sumat. 16. Caesarem vel auctoritate sua
atque exercits vel recenti victoria vel nomine populi Romani deterrere
posse ne maior multitudo Germanorum Rhenum traducatur, Galliamque
omnem ab Ariovisti iniuria posse defendere.
31.10
Admagetobrga, -ae f.: Admagetobriga, 1

crdlis, -e: cruel, bitter, bloody, 1
dcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: depart, withdraw, die, 2
dterre, -re, -u: frighten off, prevent, 2
domicilium, -i n.: dwelling, 2
d, -ere, -did, -ditus: to put forth, give out, 1
migr (1): to move out, 1
exemplum, - n.: example, 2
experior, -r, expertus sum: to experience, try, 2
Hards, -um: Harudes (Germanic tribe), 3
rcundus, -a, -um: full of anger or passion,
passionate, 1
lber, -rum m.: children, 2

nunc: now, at present, 2
ntus, -s m.: a nod, 1
optimus, -a, -um: best, noblest, finest, 3
peior, peius: worse, 1
posc, -ere, popsc: ask, demand, 2
qucumque, quae-, quod-: whosoever, 4
recens, recentis adj.: new, fresh, recent, 2
rx, rgis m.: king; adj. ruling, royal, 4
sds, -is f.: seat, 3
semel: once, 2
superbus, -a, -um: proud, arrogant, bold, 1
temerrius, -a, -um: rash, inconsiderate, 1
victor, -ris m.: conquerer, vanquisher, 3
victus, -s m.: living, way of living; food, 1
10
15
20
49
1 peiusaccidisse: a worse eventhappened;
neut. comparative employed as a substantive
and acc. subj.
SequnsAedus: forfor; dat. of interest
quam: than
because, a pleonasm
2 erum: i.e. the Sequanians
consdisset, occupvisset, iubret: subj. in a
subordinate clause in ind. discourse
3 esset: relative clause of characteristic governs a
subj., impf. sum
4 paucs mensibus ante: a few months before;
before by a few months, abl. of degree of
difference
5 quibus: for whom; dat. of interest
6 futrum esseutpellerenturtrnsrent:
will have been drivenwill have crossed; it
will be thatwere drivencrossed, this is a
periphrastic form of the future pass. in ind. disc.
(futrum esse + noun result clause)
paucs anns: within; abl. of time within
8 conferendum esse Gallicum (agrum): Gallic
(land) must not be compared; is going to be
compared, passive periphrastic (gerundive +
sum) expresses obligation or necessity, here an
inf. in indirect disc.
9 victs: of living, of way of life
comparandum (esse): must not be compared;
see line 8, consutdinem is the acc. subject.
utvcerit: when he conquered; ut + pf. ind.
made subjunctive as a subordinate clause in
ind. disc.
10 quod proelium factum sit: which battle
happened; was done, pf. pass. subj.
Admagetobrigae: at; locative case.
11 imperre: Ariovstum above is acc. subj.
obsids: as hostages
nbilissim cuiusque: of each most noble
person
12 qua rs: any thing; aliqu, aliqua, aliquod is an
indefinite adj. (anyone, anything), but qu,
14
15
15
16
17
18
19
21
qua, quod is commonly used as an indefinite

ad ntum aut ad volunttem eius: at his nod
and at his will
nn posse: it is not possible (for us);
impersonal use of inf. in ind. disc.
ditius: any longer; comparative adv. di
nis: unless
quidauxil: some help; something of help,
partitive gen., quid is indefinitie after nis, see
line 12
omnibus Galls: by; dat. of agent with
passive periphrastic
esse faciendum: must be done; ind. disc.
passive periphrastic, neuter idem is acc. subj.
quodfcerint: which; the antecedent is
idem, neuter sg.; pf. subj. in a relative clause
of characteristic
ut dom migrentexperiantur: (namely)
that they; in apposition to idem
(et) aliud domicilium, alis: supply a
conjunction between migrent and petant;
alis seds is in apposition to domicilium
quaecumque accidat: whatsoever happens
haec: these things; subj. of nuntita sint
nn dubitre quin: there is not doubt (but)
that; or (I) do not doubt but that
apud eum: among him
sumat: he will exact; nn dubitre quin
governs a subj., here a pres. subj. that is future
in sense
Caesrem: (you) Caesar; acc. subj., the
addressee of this lengthy ind. disc. is Caesar
su atque exercits: his and the armys; i.e.
Caesars, the acc. subject of this clause
ntraductur: so thatnot; neg. purpose
clause
Cum-Clauses
Cum haec verba audvit
1. temporal
When he heard the words
Cum haec verba audvisset
2. circumstantial
3. causal
4. concessive
When/After he had heard these words

Since/Because he had heard these words
Although he had heard these words
50
Hac oratione ab Diviciaco habita, omnes qui aderant magno fletu

auxilium a Caesare petere coeperunt. 2. Animadvertit Caesar unos ex
omnibus Sequanos nihil earum rerum facere quas ceteri facerent sed trists
capite demisso terram intueri. Eius rei quae causa esset miratus ex ipsis
quaesiit. 3. Nihil Sequani respondere, sed in eadem tristitia taciti permanere.
Cum ab his saepius quaereret neque ullam omnino vocem exprimere posset,
idem Diviciacus Aeduus respondit: 4. hoc esse miseriorem et graviorem
fortunam Sequanorum quam reliquorum, quod soli ne in occulto quidem
queri neque auxilium implorare auderent absentisque Ariovisti crudelitatem,
velut si coram adesset, horrerent; propterea quod reliquis tamen fugae
facultas daretur, 5. Sequanis vero, qui intra fins suos Ariovistum
recepissent, quorum oppida omnia in potestate eius essent, omnes cruciatus
essent perferendi.
33.1 His rebus cognitis, Caesar Gallorum animos verbis confirmavit,
pollicitusque est sibi eam rem curae futuram: magnam se habere spem et
beneficio suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum finem iniuriis facturum. 2.
Hac oratione habita concilium dimisit.
32.1
absns, absentis: absent (pple from absum), 1

adsum, -esse, -fu: be present, assist, (dat.), 3
caput, capitis, n.: head; leader; beginning; life, 2
cter, -ae, -a: the remaining, rest, others, 2
cram: face-to-face, before (+ abl), 1
crdlits, -ttis (1): cruelty, 1
cra, -ae f.: concern, worry, care, 2
dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: drop, sink, 1
exprim, -ere, -press, -pressum: press out, force out 1
fltus, -s m.: weeping, crying, 1
horre, -re, horru: to dread, avoid; shudder, bristle 1
10
15
intr: within, among (+ acc.), 1

intueor, -tur, -tuitus sum: look upon, 1
mror, -r, -tus sum: to wonder, be amazed at, 1
miser, misera, miserum: wretched, miserable, 1
occult (1): hide, conceal; subst. secret, 3
perfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus: bear, betake, 2
permane, -ere, -mans: to remain, stay, 1
tace, -re, -u, -itum: be silent, say nothing, 3
terra, -ae. f.: earth, ground, land, 2
tristis, -e: sad, sullen, sad, 1
tristitia, -ae f.: sadness, 1
velut: just as, even as, as, 1
verbum, - n.: word, speech, 2
vr: in truth, truly, in fact, to be sure, 2
vx, vcis, f.: voice; utterance, word, 3
51
1 hc ortinehabit: abl. abs., ortinem
habre is an idiom: to make a speech
aderant: impf. adsum
magn flt: with; abl. of manner
2 ns: each one; or one by one
3 erum rrum: of these things; demonstrative
qus...facerent: relative clause of characteristic
trists: modifies acc. subj. Sequns
4 capite dmiss: abl. abs. dmitt often means
drop in this context
Eius reesset: ind. question, impf. subj. sum
4 Eius re: of this matter; obj. gen. of causa
5 Sequn (possunt): supply a main verb
6 Cumposset: when; impf. subjunctives
saepius: comparative adv. saepe
7 hcquod: for this reasonbecause; by this
cause, abl. of cause,
fortnam: that the fortune; acc. subj. of esse
8 quam relqurum: than (the fortune) of the
rest; supply fortnam
nquidem: not even; often emphasizing
the intervening words
quer: to complain; dep. inf. queror
9 audrenthorrrent: impf. subj. aude and
horre, subordinate clause in ind. disc.
velut sadesset: as if openly he were present;

i.e. Ariovistus, impf. contrary-to-fact
10 proptere quod: because; for this reason
because, a pleonasm
11 Sequns: by the Sequan; dat. of agent after
the passive periphrastic below
13 essent perferend: had to be endured; were
(going) to be endured, passive periphrastic
necessity; often translated with must, in the
present, in the past it is translated had to
14 hs rbus cognts: abl. absolute
15 pollicitus est: pf. deponent, polliceor
sibifutram (esse): ind. disc. with fut. inf.
of sum, pf. deponent, polliceor
sibicurae: a concern for him; double dative
(dat. of purpose, dat. of interest), here as a
predicate of futram (esse)
s: that he; i.e. Caesar, acc. subj. of habre
etet: bothand; the ind. disc. that follows
et beneficifactrum (esse): this ind. disc.
is in apposition to spem, hope
16 fnemfactrum (esse): will make an end to
the injustices
17 hc ortine habit: see note for line 1
Ablative Absolute in Translation

Absolutes are circumstantial, causal, or concessive in sense, even if the translation does not reveal it.
Cum-Clauses are just as versatile and can have a similar variety of uses within a Latin sentence.
verbs audts
1. raw translation
2. Circumstantial
3. Causal
4. Concessive
(with) the words having been heard

When/After the words had been heard
Since/Because the words had been heard
Although the words had been heard
Caesar audiente
1. raw translation
2. Circumstantial
3. Causal
4. Concessive
(with) Caesar listening

When/While Caesar is/was listening
Since/Because Caesar is/was listening
Although Caesar is/was listening
52
Et secundum ea multae rs eum hortbantur qur sibi eam rem cogitandam

et suscipiendam putret; in primis quod Aeduos, fratres consanguineosque
saepe numero a senatu appellatos, in servitute atque in dicione videbat
Germnrum tenr erumque obsds esse apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos
intellegebat; quod in tanto imperio populi Romani turpissimum sibi et rei
publicae esse arbitrabatur. 3. Paulatim autem Germanos consuescere Rhenum
transire et in Galliam magnam eorum multitudinem venire populo Romano
periculosum videbat. 4. Neque sibi homines feros ac barbaros temperaturos
existimabat quin, cum omnem Galliam occupavissent, ut ante Cimbri
Teutonique fecissent, in provinciam exirent atque inde in Italiam;
contenderent, praesertim cum Sequanos a provincia nostra Rhodanus
divideret; quibus rebus quam maturrime occurrendum putabat. Ipse autem
Ariovistus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam arrogantiam sumpserat ut ferendus non
videretur.
34.1 Quam ob rem placuit e ut ad Ariovistum legatos mitteret qui ab eo
postularent uti aliquem locum medium utriusque colloquio deligeret: velle
sese de re publica et summis utriusque rebus cum eo agere.
arrogantia, -ae f.: arrogance, insolence, 2
Cimbr, -rum m.: Cimbri (Germanic tribe), 2
cogit (1): to think, ponder, turn over, 2
cnsanguineus, -a, -um: related by blood, kindred, 2
inde: from there, then, afterward, 2
medius -a um: in the middle of, 2
occurr, -ere: run to meet, attack, 1
paultim: gradually, little by little, 2
10
15
perculsus, -a, -um: risky, dangerous, perilous, 1

place, -re, placu, placitum: impers., it is pleasing,
is agreed 1
praesertim: especially, particularly, 2
secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable; prep. and adv.
secundum, in accordance with, following 4
spritus, -s m.: spirit, breath, breathing; courage, 1
temper (1): refrain from, keep from, 2
Teuton, -rum m.: Teutoni, Teutonian (Germanic
tribe), 2
turpis, turpe: ugly, shameful, 1
53
1 secundum ea: in accordance with these things
qurputret: whereby he thought; qu r
for which reason, one expects ind. command
with ut governed by the verb hortor
sibi: by him; i.e. by Caesar, dat. of agent with
passive periphrastic
cogitandum (esse) et suscipiendum (esse):
must bemust be; passive periphrastic
2 in prms quod: in particular, because
3 numer: in (the same) group
4 erum: i.e. of the Aeduans
apudSquns: with.; among
erum: i.e. of the Aeduans
quodturpissimumesse arbitrbtur:
which he judged was; quod is a neuter
relative pronoun (the previous clause is the
antecedent) and acc. subj. of esse
sibipblicae: dat. of interest
7 perculsum (esse) vidbat: he saw that (it
was) very dangerous that the Germans;
perculsum is a acc. predicate; supply esse
tempertrs (esse)quinexrent: would
refrain from...going out; fut. inf., quin + subj.
follows verbs expressing prevention or refusal
9 cumoccupvissent: plpf. subj.
utfcisset: just as; ut + plpf. indicative in
direct disc. is here made plpf. subjunctive as a
subordinate clause in ind. disc.
12 quibus rbus: because of these things;
13
15
16
17
because of which things, abl. cause

quam matrrim: as timely as possible;
quam + superlative adv.
occurrendum (esse): passive periphrastic (see
line 1); one may assume Ariovistus is the acc.
subject: that Ariovistus must be encountered
sibi: to himself
spirits, tantam arrogantiam: in apposition
or a conjunction et is needed
utvidretur: so that he seemed; result
clause with impf. subj., videor, I am seen
may be translated as the linking seem
ferendus: endurable, tolerable; (going) to be
endured gerundive (fut. pass. pple); predicate
quam ob rem: for which reason; on account
of which reason or because of which thing
e: to him; dat. sg. governed by impersonal
placuit, it was pleasing
utmitteret: that; noun result clause
governed by pf. of placet
utdeligeret: that; ind. command
medium utrusque: inbetween each of the
two; i.e. Ariovistus and Caesar
colloqui: for a conversation; dat. purpose
velle ss: that he wanted; the preceding
ind. command becomes ind. statement
d.agere: to discussabout; to carry on
with him about usual idiom for ag, agere
54
Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit: si quid ipsi a Caesare opus esset, sese

ad eum venturum fuisse; si quid ille se velit, illum ad se venire oportere. 3.
Praeterea se neque sine exercitu in eas partis Galliae venire audere quas
Caesar possideret, neque exercitum sine magno commeatu atque molimento
in unum locum contrahere posse. 4. Sibi autem mirum videri quid in sua
Gallia quam bello vicisset aut Caesari aut omnino populo Romano negoti
esset.
35.1 His responsis ad Caesarem relatis, iterum ad eum Caesar legatos cum
his mandatis mittit: 2. quoniam tanto suo populique Romani beneficio
adfectus, cum in consulatu suo rex atque amicus a senatu appellatus esset,
hanc sibi populoque Romano gratiam referret ut in colloquium venire
invitatus gravaretur neque de communi re dicendum sibi et cognoscendum
putaret, haec esse quae ab e postularet: 3. primum, ne quam multitudinem
hominum amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam traduceret; deinde obsides quos
haberet ab Aeduis redderet, Sequanisque permitteret ut quos illi haberent
voluntate eius reddere illis liceret; neve Aeduos iniuri lacesseret neve his
sociisque eorum bellum inferret. 4. Si id ita fecisset, sibi populoque Romano
perpetuam gratiam atque amicitiam cum eo futuram: si non impetraret, sese,
quoniam M. Messalla M. Pisone consulibus senatus censuisset ut
quicumque Galliam provinciam obtineret, quod commodo rei publicae
facere posset, Aeduos ceterosque amicos populi Romani defenderet, se
Aeduorum iniurias non neglecturum.
34.2
affici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: to affect, afflict, 3

cnse, -re, cnsu, cnsum: to judge, estimate,
decree, 1
cter, -ae, -a: the remaining, rest, others, 2
commetus, -s m.: conveying; supplies, provisions 4
consultus, -s f.: consulship, 1
contrah, -ere, -trax, -tractum: to draw together,
constract, 1
grav, -re, -v, -tum: weigh down, burden, 1
invt (1): to invite, 1
Messl(l)a, -ae m.: Messala (M. Valerius Messala), 2
10
15
20
mrus, -a, -um: wonderful, marvelous, 2

mlmentum, - m.: trouble, 1
negleg, ere, -lx, neglctum: to neglect, 2
negtium, i n.: business, task, 2
nv: or not, and not, nor, 3
permitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: to allow, permit; let
through, 2
posside, -re, possd, possessum: hold possess, 1
praetere: besides, hereafter, 3
quoniam: since, inasmuch as, 4
redd, -ere, -did, -ditus: give back, return, 4
55
1 E: this; demonstrative adjective
tribunes of the soldiers whom; tribns is
antecedentnot part ofqushabbat
s quidopus esset: if he had any need from
Caesar...; if there were any need from Caesar
for (Ariovistus) himself opus est, there is a
need governs a dat. of the person needing; in
direct speech we would expect dat. mihi, the
clause is contrary-to-fact
ssventrum fuisse: he would have come
to him; i.e. Ariovistus to Caesar ; the apodosis
of a contrary-to-fact is often a fut. pple + fuisse
2 s velit, oportere: present general
condition, pres. ind. vol, oporteret is 3rd sg.
impersonal it is fitting; ille, illum refer to
Caesar, s to Ariovistus
3 qus Caesar possidrent: impf. subj., in a
5 Sibi autem mrum vidr: it seemed amazing
to him; mrum is a acc. predicate
quidnegt esset: ind. question, plpf. subj.
6 quam bell vcisset: which; relative clause
8 Hsrelts: abl. absolute
iterum: again; not a form of iter, itineris n.
9 tant su populque Rmn benefici: by so
great a kindess from him and the Roman
people; su, a reflexive possessive adj. and gen.
sg. popul are equivalent to a subjective gen.
10 in consult su: in his consulship; i.e.
Caesars consulship in 58 BC
rex.amcus: nom. pred. of appelltus esset
12 ut...gravrtur: that he; result clause with
sarcasm, Caesar says that Ariovistus returns
the gratitude expressed by Caesar and the
Romans by being relucant to meet
d commun r: i-stem 3rd decl. ablative sg.
dicendum (esse)cognscendum (esse): that
he must not talk or think; it is not going to be
said and thought by him passive periphrastic
(gerundive + missing esse) in ind. discourse
governed by putret; sibi is dat. of agent
13 haec esse: it is these things; neut. pl.
quaepostulret: subj. of relative clause of
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
characteristic
prmum: first (of all); adverbial acc.
ntrduceret: that he not.; neg. ind.
command governed by postularet
quam multitdinem: any multitude; aliqu,
aliqua, aliquod is an indefinite adj. (anyone,
anything), but qu, qua, quod is commonly
used as an indefinite (who anyone; what
anything) after s, nisi, num, and n. The
mnemonic is the jingle After s, nisi, num,
deinde: parallel with prmum, supply ut for
the following ind. command
ab Aedus: governed by qus habret
Squnsque permitteret: and that he permit
the Sequanians; governs the following ind.
question
qushabrent: (those) whom; missing
antecedent is the obj. of redere
liceret: it be allowed; impersonal, as often
nvenve: neither that.nor that; neg.
indirect commands with postulret above
sibifutram (esse): that he and the Roman
people would have; that to him and tothere
will be dat. of poss., the fut. inf. of sum
is sg. but the acc. subj. is plural
impetrret: i.e. Caesar obtain Ariovistus
pledge or cooperation
sssneglectrum (esse): (he said) that
hehe would not neglect; acc. subj. ss is
repeated as s after a subordinate clause
M. Messallaconsulibus: with Messalla and
Piso (being) consuls; 61 B.C., abl. absolute
expressing time when; without the pres. pple
for sum, the subj. and pred. are placed in the
abl. and the pple being must be added in the
English
quodposset: as far as he was able to do in
the interest of the republic; commod is an
abl. of respect, re pblicae may be dat. of
interest or gen. possession
56
Ad haec Ariovistus respondit: ius esse belli ut qui vicissent eis quos
vicissent quem ad modum vellent imperarent: item populum Romanum
victis non ad alterius praescriptum sed ad suum arbitrium imperare
consuesse. 2. Si ipse populo Romano non praescriberet quem ad modum suo
iure uteretur, non oportere sese a populo Romano in suo iure impediri. 3.
Aeduos sibi, quoniam belli fortunam temptassent et armis congressi ac
superati essent, stipendiarios esse factos. 4. Magnam Caesarem iniuriam
facere, qui suo adventu vectigalia sibi deteriora faceret. 5. Aeduis se obsides
redditurum non esse, neque his neque eorum sociis iniuri bellum inlaturum,
si in eo manerent quod convenisset stipendiumque quotannis penderent: si id
non fecissent, longe his fraternum nomen populi Romani afuturum. 6. Quod
sibi Caesar denuntiaret se Aeduorum iniurias non neglecturum, neminem
secum sine sua pernicie contendisse. 7. Cum vellet, congrederetur:
intellecturum quid invicti Germani, exercitatissimi in armis, qui inter annos
xiiii tectum non subissent, virtute possent.
36.1

arbitrium, -i n.: judgment, decision, 1
congredior, -, -gressus sum: gather, walk together, 4
dnunti (1): announce, 1
dterior, -ius: worse, 1
exercittus, -a, -um: trained, practiced, disciplined, 1
fraternus, -a, -um: of a brother, brotherly, 2
invictus, -a, -um: unconquered, unconquerable, 1
long: far, at a distant, 4
mane, -re, -s, mnsus: remain, await 1
negleg, ere, -lx, neglctum: to neglect, 2
10
15
pend, -ere, pepend, pensum: pay, weigh 2

pernicis, - f.: destruction, disaster, 2
praescrb, -ere, -scrps, -scriptum: to direct,
prescribe, 3
quotannis: every year, year by year, 1
stpendirius, -a, -um: tributary, pay, 2
tectum, - n.: roof; shelter, 1
tempt (1): to attempt; attack; test, feel, probe, 2
vectgal, -lis n.: tax, tribute; revenue, 2
57
1 is esse bell: it is the right of war that
utimperrent: noun result clause
qu vcissent: (these) who; missing antecedent
is subject of imperrent
es qus: those whom; es, obj. of imperrent
2 quem ad modum: according to what manner,
in what manner
vellent: impf. subj. vl, relative clause of
characteristic
populumconsusse: ind. disc., with pf. inf.
3 victs: (those) conquered; obj. of imperre
adad: according toaccording to
alterus: gen. sg. of a pronomial adjective
4 ipse: i.e. Caesar
popul Rmn: dat. obj. of compound verb
quem ad modum: see line 2
4 teretur: impf. deponent tor governs an abl.
object; ind. question
5 nn oportere: it is not fitting; impersonal verb
ssimpedr: that he; i.e. Ariovistus
6 tempt(vi)ssent: sycopated plpf.
6 congress (essent): plpf. pass. subjunctive
stipendris: acc. predicate after facts esse
7 iniriam facere: committed an injustice
qufaceret: who made the tribute worse;
detrira is a predicate; subordinate clause
made subj. in ind. discourse
8 Aedus: to the Aeduans; dat. indirect object of
fut. inf. redditrum esse

9 neque hs nequesocis: neither on these nor
on their allies; dat. of compound verb
iniria: with injustice; abl. of manner
inlatrum (esse): fut. act. inf. infer; supply a
missing subject (s) from above
10 in equod convnisset: in that (condition)
which it has been agreed; impersonal
sfcissentif they had not done this; i.e.
continued to pay tribute
11 longfutrum (esse): the Roman people's
name of a brother would be far absent for
these; fut. inf. absum; i.e. they would not find
help
quodneglectrum: (as for the fact) that
12 sneglectrum (esse): acc. subj., i.e. Caesar
13 scum sine su pernici: with him (i.e.
Ariovistus) without his (i.e. neminem) ruin;
reflexives have different antecedents
Cum vellet, congredertur: if he wished, he
could join them; i.e. Caesar, the Aeduans
14 intellectrum (esse): he would realize
quidpossent: what....were capable of; or
what power had inner acc. or adverbial
acc. in an ind. question
interxiiii: equivalent to duration of time
15 subissent: had gone under; plpf. subj. sube
virtte: in valor; abl. of respect
Impersonal Verb Constructions

Impersonal verbs are found in the 3 sg. and translated with the subject it. The passive of an intransitive verb
(e.g. ventum est) is often used impersonally with dat. of agent but should be translated actively.
rd
accidit
constat
fs est
fit
licet
oportet
potest
videtur
it happens + ut (noun result clause)

it is agreed
it is right + inf.
it happens/is done + ut (noun result clause)
it is allowed + inf.
it is desirable/fitting/necessary + inf.
it is possible
it seems +ut (noun result clause)
cnsurgitur
perventum est
pugnrtur
pugntum est
resistitur
ventum est
p. 18, 20, 28, 32, 48, 50, 56

p. 18, 34
p. 28
p. 56
p. 10, 32, 46, 52, 58
p. 6, 18
p. 10, 50
p. 52
they rise (it is arisen)

they arrived (it was arrived)
they were fighting (it was fought)
each side fought (it was fought by each side)
our men resisted (it was resisted by our men)
they came (it has been come)
p. 46
p. 38
p. 52, 64
p. 14
p. 56
p. 16, 38
58
Haec eodem tempore Caesari mandata referebantur, et legati ab

Aeduis et a Treveris veniebant: 2. Aedui questum quod Harudes, qui nuper in
Galliam transportati essent, fins eorum popularentur; sese ne obsidibus
quidem datis pacem Ariovisti redimere potuisse: 3. Treveri autem, pagos
centum Sueborum ad ripas Rheni consedisse, qui Rhenum transire
conarentur; his praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium fratres. 4. Quibus rebus
Caesar vehementer commotus maturandum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova
manus Sueborum cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese coniunxisset, minus
facile resisti posset. 5. Itaque re frumentaria quam celerrime potuit
comparata, magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum contendit.
38.1 Cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ariovistum cum suis
omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum
Sequanorum, contendere triduique viam a suis finibus profecisse. 2. Id ne
accideret, magno opere sibi praecavendum Caesar existimabat. 3. Namque
omnium rerum quae ad bellum usu erant summa erat in eo oppido facultas;
4. idque natur loci sic muniebatur ut magnam ad ducendum bellum daret
facultatem, propterea quod flumen Dubis ut circino circumductum paene
totum oppidum cingit; 5. reliquum spatium, quod est non amplius pedum M
sescentorum, qu flumen intermittit, mons continet magna altitudine, ita ut
radices montis ex utraque parte ripae fluminis contingant. 6. Hunc murus
circumdatus arcem efficit et cum oppido coniungit. 7. Huc Caesar magnis
nocturnis diurnisque itineribus contendit, occupatoque oppido ibi praesidium
collocat.
37.1
altitd, -inis f.: height, depth, altitude, 3

arx, arcis f.: citadel, hill top, 1
centum: one hundred, 2
Cimberius, -i m.: Cimberius (individual), 1
cing, -ere, cnx, cnctus: surround, 1
circinus, - m.: a pair of compasses, 1
circumd, -are, -ded, -datus: surround, put around, 2
circumdc, ere, dx, ductum: lead or draw around 1
coniung, -ere, -jnx, -junctus: join, 2
conting, -ere, -tg, -tctum: touch on, happen, 2
diurnus, -a, -um: by day, during the day, 1
Dbis, -is m.: Dubis river (off the Arar river)
effici, -ere, -fc, -fectus: make, form, 1
mtr (1): to hasten, make haste, 2
mrus, - m.: (city) wall, rampart, 2
namque: for, 1
Nasuas, Nausae, -m.: Nasaus (individual), 1
10
15
20
nocturnus, -a, -um: nocturnal, nightly, 1

populor, -r, popultus sum: lay waste, devastate, 2
praecave, -re, -cv, -cautum: before beforehand, 1
prcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum; proceed, 1
rdx, rdcis f.: root; foot, base, 1
resist, -ere, -stit: stand still, halt; oppose (dat) 2
sescent, -ae, -a: six hundred, 3
sc: thus, in this way, 2
Sub, Subrum m.: Swabians, Suebi (Germanic), 4
transport (1): carry over, take across, 1
Trvr, -rum m.: Treveri (Belgian tribe), 2
triduum, - n.: a period of three days, 4
vehementer: vehemently, strongly, violently, 3
Vesonti, Vesontinis m.: Vesontio (Sequanian city) 2
via, -ae, f.: road, way, path, 3
59
1 Haecmandata: these commands; having
been commanded neuter pl.
edem tempore: at; abl. time when
2 Aedu (venibat) questum: the Aeduans were
coming to complain; a supine (PPP + or
um) in the acc. expresses purpose
quodpopulrtur: because; likely impf.
subj. in subordinate clause with ind. disc.
(sspotuisse)
qutrasportt essent: plpf. pass. subj. in a
3 fns: borders
sspotuisse: that; pf. inf. possum
n obsidibus quidem dts: with not even
hostages having been given; abl. absolute,
nquidem emphasizes the intervening word
4 Trevr (venibant questum): Treveri were
coming to complain that
6 hs praeesse: that.were in charge of these;
dat. of compound verb
Nasuam et Cimberium: names of two
brothers; acc. subj.
quibus rbus: because of these matters; which
matters abl. of cause
7 commtus: as often emotional rather than
physical movement
maturandum (esse) sibi: that he must hasten;
it is going to be hastened by him pass.
periphrastic (gerundive + esse) with dat. of
agent expresses obligation or necessity
nposset: lest (Ariovistus) be able; impf.
subj. in a clause of fearing
nova manus: a new group; in the protasis of a
past contrary to fact condition
8 minus facile: less easily; comparative adv. and
positive adv.
resist: pass. pres. infinitive
9 r frumentricompart: with the grain
supply; abl. abs.
quam celerrim potuit: as quickly as it was
possible; quam + superlative (adv.)
10 magns itineribus: in long marches; i.e.
forced marches; 25-30 miles per day
contendit: hastened
11 tridu viam: for a journey of three days; acc.
of extent
nuntitum est e: it was announced to him;
12
13
11
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
i.e. to Caesar, impersonal pf. pass. and dat. i.o.

Ariovistumcontendereprofcisse:
that Ariovistus; ind. disc.
ad occupandum Vesontinem: for
occupying; for Vesontio going to be
occupied ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple)
often expresses purpose; when translating,
employ a gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a
gerund and Vesontinem as the object
triduque viam: see line 11
Id n accideret: lest it might happen; clause
of fearing with praecavendum esse
magn opere: with great effort; sometimes as
one word magnpere, greatly
sibi praecavendum (esse): that; passive
periphrastic + dat. agent; see line 7 above
omnium rrum: of; partitive gen.
ad bellum: for war
usu erant: were of use; were for a use; dat.
of purpose, 4th declension dat. sg.
idque: and it; subject of munibtur
scut: in such a way that; result clause
magnam: modifies faculttem
ad ducendum bellum: for drawing out the
war; see line 12
because, a pleonasm
ut circin circumductum: as if drawn around
by a pair of compasses;
estpedum M sescentrum: is more than
1600 paces; is more of 1600 paces gen. of
description following est; amplius is a
comparative that, just as minus and pls, often
does not change the case of what follows to an
abl. of comparison, which is what one would
typically expect, but retains the original case
quintermittit: where
mns continet: the mountain contains
magn alitudine: with great height; or of
great height, abl. of quality
ita ut: in such a way that; result clause
ex utrque parte: on both sides
hunc: this (mountain); obj. of circumdtus
coniungit: take hunc (montem) as object
magnsitineribus contendit: see line 10
Indicative Conditions In Secondary Sequence: Direct and Indirect Discourse

Simple Present (Pres., Pres.)
dix s credis, errs.
I said, if you believe this, you are wrong
dix s haec creders, t errre

I said that, if you believed this, you were wrong.
60
Dum paucos dies ad Vesontionem rei frumentariae commeatsque

caus moratur, ex percontatione nostrorum vocibusque Gallorum ac
mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibili virtute
atque exercitatione in armis esse praedicabant (saepe numero sese cum his
congressos ne vultum quidem atque aciem oculorum dicebant ferre
potuisse), tantus subito timor omnem exercitum occupavit ut non mediocriter
omnium ments animosque perturbaret. 2. Hic primum ortus est a tribunis
militum, praefectis, reliquisque qui ex urbe amicitiae caus Caesarem secuti
non magnum in re militari usum habebant; 3. quorum alius ali caus inlt
quam sibi ad proficiscendum necessariam esse diceret, petebat ut eius
voluntate discedere liceret; non nulli pudore adducti, ut timoris suspicionem
vitarent, remanebant. 4. Hi neque vultum fingere neque interdum lacrimas
tenere poterant: abditi in tabernaculis aut suum fatum querebantur aut cum
familiaribus suis commune periculum miserabantur. 5. Vulgo totis castris
testamenta obsignabantur. Horum vocibus ac timore paulatim etiam ei qui
magnum in castris usum habebant, milites centurionesque quique equitatui
praeerant, perturbabantur. 6. Qui se ex his minus timidos existimari volebant,
non se hostem vereri sed angustias itineris et magnitudinem silvarum quae
intercederent inter ipsos atque Ariovistum, aut rem frumentariam, ut satis
commode supportari posset, timere dicebant. 7. Non nulli etiam Caesari
nuntiabant, cum castra moveri ac signa ferri iussisset, non fore dicto
audients milites neque propter timorem signa laturos.
39.1
abd, -ere, -did, -ditus: to hide, put away, 2

audi, -re, -v, audtum: to hear, listen to, 3
centuri, -inis m.: centurion, 4
corpus, corporis, n.: body, 2
exercittio, -inis f.: training, practice, 2
ftum, - n.: fate, death, 1
fing, -ere, finx, fictum: make up, imagine, 1
incrdibilis, -e: unbelieveable, 1
ingns (ingentis): huge, immense, vast, huge, 1
lacrima, -ae f.: tear, 2
mgnitd, -tdinis f.: size, greatness, 2
medicriter: ordinarily, moderately, 1
mens, mentis f.: mind, intent, purpose, thought, 2
merctor, -ris m.: merchant, trader, 2
militris, -e: military, of a soldier, 2
10
15
20
miseror, -r, -tus sum: to pity, take pity on, 1

moror, -r, -tus: delay, linger; detain, 2
obsgn (1): to put a seal on, seal, 1
oculus, -, m.: eye, 2
orior, -r, ortus: arise, rise, spring, 3
paultim: gradually, little by little, 2
percontti, -nis f.: inquiry, 1
perturb (1): confuse, disturb, throw into confusion, 2
praedc (1): proclaim, publish, declare, 2
pudor, pudoris m: sense of shame, honor or decency 2
remane, re, mans, mansum: remain, 1
silva, -ae f.: wood, forest, woodland, 2
subit: suddenly, 2
support (1): to carry up (from under), 2
tabernculum, - n.: tent, tabernacle, 1
testamentum, - n.: will, testament, 1
timidus, -a, -um: fearful, shy, 1
tribnus, - m.: tribune, military tribune, 3
urbs, urbis, f.: city, 2
61
Vesonti, Vesontinis m.: Vesontio (Sequanian city) 2
vt (1): avoid, evade, shun, 2
vx, vcis, f.: voice; utterance, word, 3
1 paucs dis: for; acc. of duration

re frumentriaecaus: for the sake of grain
supplies and provisions
2 nostrrum: of our (soldiers)
vocibus: talks, conversation
3 ingent magnitdineincredibil virtte
exercittine in arms: with; or of, abl.
of qualityas a predicate of esse in ind. disc.
4 sspotuisse: that they; i.e. the Gauls, ind.
disc. governed by dicbant
cum hs: i.e. with Germans
5 congresss: having met (in battle); pf. dep. pple
nquidem: not even; emphasizes intervening
word
aciem: the stare
ferre: to endure; irreg. inf. fer
6 utperturbret: (so) that; result clause
hic (timor): this (fear)
prmum: first; adverbial acc.
ortus est: pf. deponent orior
8 amicitiae caus: for the sake of friendship
sect: having following; pf. deponent pple
9 in r militr: in military affairs
qurum: among whom; partitive gen.
alius ali caus inlat: some with some reason
having brought up, others with another reason
having been brought up; each with a different
reason brought up the use of two forms of alius
suggests a distributive sense
10 quamdiceret: which (each) said; relative
clause of characteristic; antecedent is caus
and the understood subject of diceret is alius
sibi: for himself; dat. interest
ad proficiscendum: for; ad + gerund (-ing)
expressing purpose
petbat ut: requested that; ind. command
eius voluntte: with his permission; Caesars
11 liceret: it be allowed; impersonal

vultus, -s m.: face, expression, 2
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
nn nll: some; not none, litotes

utvitrent: so that; purpose clause
nequeneque: neithernor
vultum fingere: to put on a brave face; to
fashion an expression
autaut: eitheror
cum familiribus sus: with their comrades
commune: neuter acc. modifying perculum
vulg: by the majority
ttis castrs: in the entire camp; place where
Hrum: of these; possessive gen.
vocibus ac timre: by the words; means
etiam e: even those.; demonstrative subject
mlits..quque: in apposition to e in line 15
quque: and (those) who; supply a missing
antecedent to this relative pronoun
equittu: dative obj. of compound praesum
quvolbant: (those) who; the missing
antecedent is the subject if the sentence
minus timids: less timid; comparative
adverb and acc.predicate of existimr
sverr: that they did not fear; the main
verb dicbant is below, verr is pres. dep. inf.
quae intercederent: subordinate clause in ind.
disc. is by default subjunctive
rem frmentriam: grain supply
utposset: that it not be able; ut = n nn
introduces a fearing clause; ut (n nn) means
that the positive is desired and negative feared
nn nll: some; litotes, not none
nn foremilits: that the soldiers would not
be heeding to his command; ind. dsc. Fore is
fut. inf. of sum (alternate to futrs esse),
audients is predicate and can govern a dative;
dict is a substantive formed from the pf. pple
signa latrs (esse): that they would not carry
the standards; i.e. advance with military
standards in hand; fut. inf. of fer
Subjunctive Conditions In Secondary Sequence: Direct and Indirect Discourse

Fut. Less Vivid (pres. subj., pres. subj.)
dix s creds, errs.
dix s haec creders, t errtrum esse
I said, if you should believe, you would be wrong I said that, if you were to believe, you would be...
Present Contrary-to-fact (impf. subj., impf. subj.)
dix s creders, errrs.
dix s haec creders, t errtrum esse
I said, if you believed, you would be wrong
I said that, if you believed, , you would be wrong.*
Past Contrary-to-fact (plpf. subj. plpf. subj.)
dix s credisss, errvisss.
dix s haec credisss, t errtrum fuisse.
I said, if you had believed, you would have been I said that, if you had believed, you would have
62
Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio omniumque ordinum ad

id consilium adhibitis centurionibus, vehementer eos incusavit: primum, quod
aut quam in partem aut quo consilio ducerentur sibi quaerendum aut
cogitandum putarent. 2. Ariovistum, se consule, cupidissime populi Romani
amicitiam appetisse: cur hunc tam temere quisquam ab officio discessurum
iudicaret? 3. Sibi quidem persuaderi cognitis suis postulatis atque aequitate
condicionum perspecta eum neque suam neque populi Romani gratiam
repudiaturum. 4. Quod si furore atque amentia impulsus bellum intulisset, quid
tandem vererentur? aut cur de sua virtute aut de ipsius diligentia desperarent?
5. Factum eius hostis periculum patrum nostrorum memoria, cum, Cimbris et
Teutonis a C. Mario pulsis, non minorem laudem exercitus quam ipse
imperator meritus videbatur; factum etiam nuper in Italia servili tumultu, quos
tamen aliquid usus ac disciplina quae a nobis accepissent sublevarent. 6. Ex
quo iudicari posse quantum haberet in se boni constantia; propterea quod quos
aliquamdiu inermos sine causa timuissent hos postea armatos ac victores
superassent. 7 Denique hos esse eosdem quibuscum saepe numero Helvetii
congressi non solum in suis sed etiam in illorum finibus plerumque superarint,
qui tamen pares esse nostro exercitui non potuerint.
40.1
adhibe, -re, -u, -itum: admit, apply, 2

aequits, -ttis f.: equity, fairness, justice, 1
aliquamdi: for some time, 1
mentia, -ae f.: madness, 1
appet, -ere, -v, -pettum: draw near, 3
armtus, -a, -um: armed, armor-clad, 1
bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful 2
Cimbr, -rum m.: Cimbri (Germanic tribe), 2
cogit (1): to think, ponder, turn over, 2
constantia, -ae f.: steadfastness, constancy, 1
convoc (1): to call together, 2
cr: why, 3
denique: lastly, finally, 2
diligentia, -ae f.: diligence, attentiveness, 1
disciplna, -ae f.: training, instruction, 1
furor, -ris m.: rage, fury, madness, 1
impell, -ere, -pul, -pulsus: drive on, impel, 1
impertor, -oris m.: commander, leader, 3
incs (1): to blame, accuse, 1
inermis, -e: unarmed, 1
10
15
laus, laudis f.: praise, adulation, 1

Marius, -i m.: Marius, 1
ns: we, 2
officium, -i, n.: duty, obligation, 4
ord, -inis m.: order, line, array; status, 2
perspici, -ere, -spex, -spectum: perceive, 2
plrumque; for the most part, mostly, commonly, 1
quantus, -a, -um: how great, much, many, 2
repudi (1): to reject, repudiate, 1
servlis, -e: slavish, servile, of a slave, 1
tandem: finally, at last, at length, 2
temere: heedlessly, blindly, without cause, 1
Teuton, -rum m.: Teutoni, Teutonian (Germanic
tribe), 2
tumultus, - m.: commotion, uprising, 1
63
1 convoct cnsili: abl. absolute
omniumque ordinum: of all ranks; modifies
centrinibus
2 ad id cnsilium: to this council; i.e. meeting
adhibits centrinibus: abl. abs. includes
omniumcnsilium
prmum: first; adverbial acc.
quodputrnt: because they thought; a
subordinate clause in ind. disc. is subjunctive
3 autautducerentur: either into what
direction or with what plan they were led; ind.
question governed by passive periphrastics
sibi quaerendum (esse) aut cogitandum
(esse): that they must ask and consider; it is
going to be asked and going to be considered
by them; ind. disc., a passive periphrastic
necessity, often with dat. of agent; in English
translate in the active
4 s consule: while he was consul; with him
(being) consul; i.e Caesar, 59 BC; abl. abs. of
subject and predicate, supply being as pple;
cupidissim: most eagerly; superlative adv.
5 criudicret: why anyone is to judge; ind.
question, originally a deliberative subjunctive
huncdiscessrum (esse): that this one; i.e.
Ariovistus, acc. subj., fut. inf. of discd
6 Sibirepuditrum (esse): that Caesar was
persuaded that, with his demands known and
the fairness of the conditions considered, he
would repudiate neither his own nor the Roman
peoplefavor; acc.-inf. construction
eumrepuditrm (esse) with accompanying
ablative absolutes are subject of sibi persudr,
(direct discourse sibi persudtur), even the
pass. inf. persude governs a dat. ind. object
8 quod siintulisset: but if he had waged; pf.
subj. infer
quidverrentur: what should they?
9 crdesperrent: why should they despair?
10 Factum (esse)perculum: that the danger
of our enemy had been experienced; danger
11
12
13
14
14
16
16
17
18
was done i.e. the Romans had faced the

danger of the enemy
patrum nostrrum memori: in the memory
of our fathers; ca. 102 B.C.
Cimbrspulss: abl. absolute
exercitusmeritus (esse) vidbtur: the
army seemed to have deserved; impf. videor
serves as a linking verb
quam ipse impertor: than; following the
comparative minorem, an obj. of comparison
is in the same case as the subj. of comparison
Factum (esse perculum): that (the danger of
our enemy) had been experienced; ellipsis,
supply esse and subject perculum from above
servl tumult: in the slave uprising; i.e.
Spartacus in 73-71, abl. of time when
qus (servs): which (slaves)
aliquidsublevrent: gavesome help; or
helped some; adverbial acc. or inner acc.
posse: it is possible; quantumconstanti, an
ind. question is subject
quantumbon: how much good; hom much
of good, partitive gen.
because, a pleonasm
qustimuissent hs: these whom(the
Romans) had feared; the antecedent of hs is
qus, relative clause of characteristic
super(vi)ssent: they had overcome; i.e. the
Romans overcame Spartacuss forces
hs esse esdem quibuscum: that these are
the same with whom
numercongress: having come together in
rank(s); i.e. fought
nn solumsed etiam: not onlybut also
super(e)rint: overcame, defeated; perfect
subjunctive, relative clause of characteristic
prs: predicate of esse, inf. sum governed by
potuerint
nostr exercitu: dat. with special adj. prs
potuerint: pf. subjunctive, relative clause of
characteristic
Purpose Constructions
There are a variety of ways to express purpose in Caesars Commentaries. Notice how Caesar uses
purpose clauses (adverbial and relative) in early books and other constructions in later ones. The
dat. of purpose is often used with sum or with dat. interest in a double dative construction.
ut/n + subj.
qu + subj.
ad + gerund
ad + noun + gerundive
ut/n audret
qu audret
ad haec audiendum
ad haec audienda
so that he might (not) hear

who should hear
for hearing
for these things to be heard
examples
pp. 4, 6, 8, 10, 46, 70
pp. 10
p. 10, 18
pp. 2-8, 10, 18-20, 24
64
Lesson 32: Caesar I.40b
Si quos adversum proelium et fuga Gallorum commoveret, hos, si

quaererent, reperire posse diuturnitate belli defatigatis Gallis Ariovistum,
cum multos menss castris se ac paludibus tenuisset neque sui potestatem
fecisset, desperants iam de pugna et dispersos subito adortum magis ratione
et consilio quam virtute vicisse. 9. Cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque
imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare nostros exercitus capi
posse. 10. Qui suum timorem in rei frumentariae simulationem angustiasque
itineris conferrent, facere arroganter, cum aut de officio imperatoris
desperare aut praescribere viderentur. 11. Haec sibi esse curae: frumentum
Sequanos, Leucos, Lingones sumministrare, iamque esse in agris frumenta
matura; de itinere ipsos brevi tempore iudicaturos. 12. Quod non fore dicto
audientes neque signa laturi dicantur, nihil se ea re commoveri; scire enim,
quibuscumque exercitus dicto audiens non fuerit, aut male re gesta fortunam
defuisse aut aliquo facinore comperto avaritiam esse convictam: suam
innocentiam perpetu vit, felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam. 13.
Itaque se quod in longiorem diem collaturus fuisset repraesentaturum et
proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra moturum, ut quam primum intellegere
posset utrum apud eos pudor atque officium an timor valeret. 14. Quod si
praeterea nemo sequatur, tamen se cum sola decima legione iturum, de qua
non dubitaret, sibique eam praetoriam cohortem futuram. 15. Huic legioni
Caesar et indulserat praecipue et propter virtutem confidebat maxime.
40.8

adversus, -a, -um: opposite, in front, 2
an: or, 3
arroganter: arrogantly, 1
audi, -re, -v, audtum: to hear, listen to, 3
avritia, -ae f.: greed, avarice, 1
brevis, -e: short, 1
convinc, -ere, -vc, -victum: conquer, overcome, 1
cra, -ae f.: concern, worry, care, 2
dfatg, -re, -v, -tum: weary, tire; discourage 1
dsum, -esse, -fu, -futrum: be lacking, lack, fail, 1
disperg, -ere, -spers, -spersum: to scatter, disperse 1
diturnits, -ttis f.: long duration
facinus, facinoris n.: deed; bad deed, crime 1
flcits, -ttis f.: good fortune, happiness, 1
impertus, a, um: unskilled, inexperienced, 2
indulge, -re, -duls: to favor; indulge; concede, 1
10
15
20
innocentia, -ae f.: innocence, 1

Leuc, -rum m.: Leuci, 1
Lingons, -um m.: Lingones (Gallic tribe), 3
male: poorly, badly, 1
pals, paldis f.: swamp, marsh, 1
perspici, -ere, -spex, -spectum: perceive, 2
praecipu; especially, 1
praescrb, -ere, -scrps, -scriptum: to direct,
prescribe, 3
praetere: besides, hereafter, 3
praetrius, --a, -um: praetorian, of a praetor, 1
pudor, pudoris m: sense of shame, honor or decency 2
repraesent (1): to do at once, do in present time, 1
simulti, -nis f.: pretense, deceit, 1
65
spr (1): hope (for), expect, 2
subit: suddenly, 2
sumministr (1): to provide, furnish, attend to, 1
1 s qus: if anyone; qus is indefinite after s,

nisi, num, and n
adversum: unfavorable
2 reperre posse: would be able to discover
diutunitte bell: abl. of cause
dfatgts Galls: abl. absolute
Ariovistum: acc. subject ov vcisse
3 mults menss: for; acc. of duration
castrs ac paludibus: in; abl. place where
s: himself; Ariovistus is the understood subject
su potesttem fcisset: had not employed his
power; su is a subjective gen. of s
4 desperantsdisperss: modifies the missing
Helvtis, object of adortum and vcisse
subit adortum: suddenly having attacked;
pf. deponent pple adorior modifies Ariovistum
magis rtine et cnsili quam virtte:
more because of calculation and planning than
because of valor; ablative of cause
5 cu ratinlocus fuisset, hc (ratine): for
this strategy there had been room, by this
stategy; cu is a relative adjective, supply fem.
abl. sg. ratine with hc
6 n ipsum quidem: not even (Ariovistus)
himself; emphasizing the intervening words;
Ariovistus is the missing acc. subject of sperre
cap: to be captured; passive inf. capi
7 quconferrent: (those) who brought; relative
clause of characteristic, the missing antecedent
is acc. subj. of facere
re frumentriae: of the grain supply
8 facere arroganter: are acting arrogantly
cumvidrentur: since they seemed; causal
cum-clause
praescribere: i.e. tell Caesar what to do
Haec sibi esse curae: that these things serve as
a concern for him; these things are as a care
for himself sibicurae is a double dative
(dat. interest and dat. of purpose)
frumentum: that; acc. obj. of sumministrre
10 frumenta: crops; acc. subject of esse
11 ipss: at; abl. of time when
brev tempore: at; abl. of time when
iudctrs (esse): future inf. iudc

vta, -ae, f.: life, 2
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
quod nn foremilits (dicantur): (as for)

that they are said that they would not be
heeding to his command; ind. disc. Fore is fut.
inf. of sum (alternate to futrs esse),
audients is predicate and can govern a dative;
dict is a substantive formed from the pf. pple
neque signa ltr dicantur: nor are said (to
be) about to carry the standards
nihil: not at all; inner acc. of commvr
s: that he; i.e. Caesar, acc. subject.
e r: by this matter; abl. of cause
scre enim: for (he) knew
quibuscumque: with whomsoever
dict audinsfuerit: see above, pf. subj.
autaut: eitheror
male r gest fortnam defuisse: with the
matter having been conducted poorly their
fortune has failed; abl. abs., pf. inf.
aliqu facinre compert: with some crime
having been discovered; convictam esse is pf.
pass.
esse convictam: has been proven
suam innocentiam: that his...; i.e. Caesar
esse perspectam: has been seen
srepraesenttrum (esse)mtrum
(esse): that he
quodfuisset: (that) which he would have
deferred to a further day; fut. pple + plpf subj.
proxim nocte: at; abl. time when
d quart vigili: during the fourth watch
utposset: so that; purpose clause
quam prmum: as soon as possible
utruman.valret: whetheror
prevailed; ind. question
apud es: among them
Quod s: but if
sitrum (esse): fut. inf. e
cumlegine: sola means alone
d qu: about which (legion)
sibifutram (esse): that he would have;
and to him would be, dat. possession
huic leginmaxim: this sentence is
outside the ind. discourse
66
Hac oratione habita, mirum in modum conversae sunt omnium mentes,

summaque alacritas et cupiditas belli gerendi innata est; 2. princepsque
decima legio per tribunos militum ei gratias egit quod de se optimum
iudicium fecisset, seque esse ad bellum gerendum paratissimam confirmavit.
3. Deinde reliquae legiones cum tribunis militum et primorum ordinum
centurionibus egerunt uti Caesari satisfacerent: se nec umquam dubitasse
neque timuisse neque de summa belli suum iudicium sed imperatoris esse
existimavisse. 4. Eorum satisfactione accepta et itinere exquisito per
Diviciacum, quod ex aliis ei maximam fidem habebat, ut milium amplius
quinquaginta circuitu locis apertis exercitum duceret, de quarta vigilia, ut
dixerat, profectus est. 5. Septimo die, cum iter non intermitteret, ab
exploratoribus certior factus est Ariovisti copias a nostris milibus passuum
quattuor et xx abesse.
42.1 Cognito Caesaris adventu, Ariovistus legatos ad eum mittit: quod
antea de colloquio postulasset, id per se fieri licere, quoniam propius
accessisset, seque id sine periculo facere posse existimare. 2. Non respuit
condicionem Caesar iamque eum ad sanitatem reverti arbitrabatur, cum id
quod antea petenti denegasset ultro polliceretur; 3. magnamque in spem
veniebat pro suis tantis populique Romani in eum beneficiis, cognitis suis
postulatis, fore ut pertinacia desisteret. Dies colloquio dictus est, ex eo die
quintus.
41.1

alacrits, -ttis f.: eagerness, ardor, 2
antea: before, earlier, formerly, previously, 3
aperi, -re, -u, -ertus: open, disclose, 2
circuitus, -s m.: circuit, circle, 2
dneg (1): to refuse, reject, 1
exqur, -ere, -qusv, -qustus: seek out, inquire, 1
inntus, -a, -um: inborn; innate, 1
mens, mentis f.: mind, intent, purpose, thought, 2
mrus, -a, -um: wonderful, marvelous, 2
10
15
20
nec: and not, nor (nec,nec = neither,nor) 2

ord, -inis m.: order, line, array; status, 2
pertincia, -ae f.: stubbornness, obstinacy, 1
quattuor: four, 4
quinquaginta: fifty, 1
quintus, -a, -um: fifth, 1
respu, -ere, -u: to reject, refuse, spit back, 1
snits, -ttis f.: soundness, sanity, 1
satisfaci, -ere, fc, factum: to do enough 2
satisfaci, -inis f.: amends, reparation, apology, 1
tribnus, - m.: tribune, military tribune, 3
ultr: voluntarily; of one's will; beyond, 2
umquam: ever, 1
67
1 habit: having been pleaded; in an abl. abs.
mrum in mdum: in any amazing way
2 bell gerend: of waging war; of war (going)
to be waged a gerundive in gen. sg., when
translating, employ a gerund-gerundive flip:
translate as a gerund bell as the obj. (bellum)
innta est: agrees with closest subject
princeps: first; i.e. 10th Legio first responded
3 e: to him; i.e. to Caesar
gratis git: gave thanks
quodfcisset: because; plpf. subj. of
alleged cause (i.e. the cause is the tribunes
explanation, not the speaker Caesars)
d s: about them; i.e. about the 10th legion
4 ad bellum gerundum: for; see line 2
primrum ordinum: of the first ranks
6 grunt ut: forced that; pf. ag governs
an ind. command
dubit(vi)sse: did hesitate
7 d summesse: that the judgment about the
most important matters of war was theirs rather
than the commanders
8 erum satisfactine accept, itinere exquist
per Divicicum: two abl. abs.
9 ex alis: i.e. among the others
e: in him; i.e. Diviciacus, to him governed by
fdem
9 habbat: Caesar is subject
utduceret: so that; result clause
mliumcircuit: by a circuit of more (than)
50 miles; amplius is a comparative that, just as
minus and pls, often does not change the case
of what follows to an abl. of comparison,
which is what one would typically expect, but
retains the original case
10 locs aperts: abl. of place where
d quart vigili: during

11 ut dxerat: as; ut + indicative
profectus sum: pf. deponent proficscor
septim di: abl. time when
intermitteret: did interrupt
12 certior factus est: was informed; was made
more certain, pf. pass. and nom. predicate
copisabesse: that the troops; acc. subj.
nostrs: from our (men)
mlibus passsum: bymiles; abl. of degree
of difference
14 cogntadvent: abl. abs.
quodid: that which; as for that which
quod introduces a relative clause
15 posul(vi)sset: he had demanded; plpf. subj.
in a relative clause of charactistic
idlicere: that it is allowed through him that
thatbe done; governed by mittit
16 squeexistimre: and that he (Ariovistus)
thinks that
17 eumrevert: that he (Ariovistus) is returned
to sanity; Caesar thinks that Ariovistus has
come to his senses
id quod: that which
18 spem: expectation; in magnam spem
19 prbenefcis: in return for
in eum: toward him
cogntspostults: abl. abs.
20 fore utdsisteret: that he would desist
from his obstinacy; it would be that he desist
from his obstancy, this is a periphrastic form
of the future in ind. disc. (futrum esse +
noun result clause)
colloqui: for the conversation; dat. purpose
dictus est: was appointed
ex e di quintus: the fifth day from this day
Compound Verbs: the Importance of Prefixes

a/abadconddis/exininter perpraeproresub-
away from
to, toward
together with
from , down from
different directions
out from
in, on, into
between
through
before, ahead
forth, in advance
back, again
(up from) under
mitt, -ere: send, 20

mitt: lose, let go away, 2
admitt: admit, allow, 2
committ: begin, entrust, 4
dmitt: send down, sink, 1
dmitt: send away, 3
mitt: send off, 1
immitt: launch into, 1
intermitt: interrupt, leave off, 5
permitt: let through, allow, 0
praemitt: send ahead, 2
prmitt: send forth, untertake, 0
remitt: send back, 4
submitt: send up, 1
cd, ere: withdraw, move, 2

accd: approach, 5
concd: withdraw, yield, 2
dcd: depart, withdraw, 4
discd: go away, depart, 9
excd: go out, depart, 3
incd: walk, march, 0
intercd: come between, 1
praecd: surpass, go ahead, 1
prcd: go forth, 3
recd: go back, withdraw, 1
succd: go up, approach, 3
68
Lesson 34: Caesar I.42-43
Interim saepe ultro citroque cum legati inter eos mitterentur, Ariovistus
postulavit ne quem peditem ad colloquium Caesar adduceret: vereri se ne per
insidias ab eo circumveniretur: uterque cum equitatu veniret: alia ratione
sese non esse venturum. 5. Caesar, quod neque colloquium interposita causa
tolli volebat neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui committere audebat,
commodissimum esse statuit, omnibus equis Gallis equitibus detractis, eo
legionarios milites legionis decimae, cui quam maxime confidebat,
imponere, ut praesidium quam amicissimum, si quid opus facto esset,
haberet. 6. Quod cum fieret, non irridicule quidam ex militibus decimae
legionis dixit: plus quam pollicitus esset Caesarem ei facere; pollicitum se in
cohortis praetoriae loco decimam legionem habiturum, ad equum rescribere.
43.1 Planities erat magna et in e tumulus terrenus satis grandis. Hic locus
aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat. 2. Eo, ut erat dictum,
ad colloquium venerunt. Legionem Caesar quam equis vexerat passibus
ducentis ab eo tumulo constituit. Item equites Ariovisti pari intervallo
constiterunt. Ariovistus ex equis ut colloquerentur et praeter se denos ut ad
colloquium adducerent postulavit.
42.4
aequus, -a, -um: equal, level; fair, just, 1

citr: to this side, hither, to here, 1
const, -re, -stit: stand together, 3
dn, -ae, -a: ten each, 1
dtrah, -ere, -trx, -trctum: to draw of, pull away,
remove, 1
grandis, -e: large, grand, great, 1
impn, -ere, -posu: to place upon, impose, 4
insidiae, -rum, f.: ambush, plot, trap, 2
interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 3
interpn, -ere, -posu; include, introduce, 1
irridicule: without wit, not wittily, 1
10
15
legionrius, - m.: legionary, soldier in the legion, 2

pedes, peditis m.: foot soldier, 2
plnitis, plniti f.: plain, plateau; flatness, 1
praetrius, --a, -um: praetorian, of a praetor, 1
qudam, quae-, quod-: certain one, someone, -thing 1
rescrb, -ere, -scrps, -scriptum: to write again,
transfer, 1
terrnus, -a, -um: earthen, of earth, 1
tumulus, - m.: mound, hill, 3
ultr: voluntarily; of one's will; beyond, 2
veh, -ere, vx, vectum: convey, carry, 2
69
1 ultr citrque: to and fro; to beyond and to
this side modifies mitterentur
nadduceret: thatnot bring; neg. indirect
command
2 quem: any; indefinite after n
verr s: that he feared; ind. disc. following
postulvit, which also governs ind. command
ncircumvenrtur: at; abl. of time when
3 uterquevenret: let each side come; impf.
subj. would be jussive in dir. speech (veniat)
ali ratine: by another method
4 ventrum (esse): fut. inf.
interposit caus: a reason having been
introduced; abl. abs. i.e. an excuse made
5 toll: be destroyed; pres. pass. inf.
salutem: safety
equittucommittere: to entrustto; dat.
ind. object
6 commondissimum esse: that it is most
suitable; eimponere is the subject of esse
omnibusdtracts: with all the horses drawn
from the Gallic cavalry; abl. abs. equitibus is
dat. obj. of compound dtracts
eimponere: that on there to place; i.e. on
the Gallic horses; Caesar plans to place his own
soldiers on the horses of the Gallic cavalry
7 cu: which; confidbat governs a dat.
quam maxim: as much as possible
8 uthabret: so that; purpose
quam amcissimum: as friendly as possible;
quam + superlative
s quid opus fact esset: if there were any
need for action; opus est I have work with +
abl. is a common expression for there is a need
for + abl.; quid is an indefinite adj. modifying
opus and fact, action is the abl. object
9 quod cum fieret: which this was done; when
which was done Caesar uses a relative where

English prefers a demonstrative
nn irridicule: not without wit; i.e. wittily;
litotes
qudam: a certain one; nom. subject
10 pls quam pollicitus esset: more than he had
promised; plpf. subj.
Caesremfacere: that; ind. disc.
e: for him; dat. interest
pollicitum (esse): that (Caesar) having
promises that; the understood acc.
modifying by pollicitum is acc. subj. of
rescrbere
11 inloc: in the position of; i.e. a high status
habitrum (esse): fut. inf.
ad equum rescrbere: enlists into the calvary
13 aequ fer spati: of almost equal interval;
by almost equal interval, abl. of degree of
difference
E: (to) there
ut: as it has been said; ut + indicative
14 Caesar: subject of vexerat in the relative
clause
equs: on horses; i.e. on horseback
passibus ducentis: at 200 paces; abl. of
degree of difference
15 constituit: (Caesar) stationed
item: likewise
10 par intervall: at an equal interval; abl. of
degree of difference
16 ex equscolloquerentur: (demanded)
that; in command, supply posulvit
praeter s: in addition to themselves; i.e.
Ariovistus and Caesar
dnsadducerent: that; a second inf.
command
Deponent Verbs in the Readings

ntor, nt, nsus sum: to struggle, lean on, 1
gredior, -, -gressum: go out, disembark, 5
contestor, -r, -tum: to call as witness, 1
regredior, -, regressum: step or go back 1
orior, -r, ortum: arise, rise, spring, 3
adipiscor, -, adeptum: get, obtain, reach, 1
arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtum: to judge, 10
corior, -r, cortum: arise, break out, 2
auxilior, -r, auxilitum: to help, assist, 1
patior, -, passum: suffer, endure; allow, 2
confiteor, -r, -fessum: admit, reveal, 1
polliceor, -cr, -citum: promise, offer, 2
cnor, cnr, cntum: to try, 6
potior, -r, -tum: gain, win (abl.), 2
cunctor, -r, -tum: to delay, hesitate 1
proelior, -r, -tum: to give battle, fight, 1
frmentor, -r: to forage, fetch corn, 1
proficscor, -, -fectum: set out, depart, 23
profiteor, -r, -fessum: profess, declare, 1
adhortor, -r, -tum: encourage, urge on, 1
prosequor, sequ, sectum: follow, pursue 1
cohortor, -r, cohorttum: encourage, incite, 3 queror, quer, questum: complain, lament, 1
70
Ubi eo ventum est, Caesar initio orationis sua senatsque in eum

beneficia commemoravit, quod rex appellatus esset a senatu, quod amicus,
quod munera amplissime missa; quam rem et paucis contigisse et pro magnis
hominum officiis consuesse tribui docebat. 5. Illum, cum neque aditum neque
causam postulandi iustam haberet, beneficio ac liberalitate sua ac senatus ea
praemia consecutum. 6. Docebat etiam quam veteres quamque iustae causae
necessitudinis ipsis cum Aeduis intercederent; 7. quae senatus consulta,
quotiens quamque honorifica in eos facta essent; ut omni tempore totius
Galliae principatum Aedui tenuissent, prius etiam quam nostram amicitiam
appetissent. 8. Populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem, ut socios atque
amicos non modo sui nihil deperdere sed gratia, dignitate, honore auctiores
velit esse: quod vero ad amicitiam populi Romani attulissent, id eis eripi quis
pati posset? 9. Postulavit deinde eadem quae legatis in mandatis dederat: ne
aut Aeduis aut eorum sociis bellum inferret; obsides redderet; si nullam
partem Germanorum domum remittere posset, at ne quos amplius Rhenum
transire pateretur.
43.4
aditus, -s m.: approach, entrance, access, 1

affer, -ferre, attul, adltum: carry to, bring, apply, 2
appet, -ere, -v, -pettum: draw near, 3
at: but; mind you; but, you say, 2
auctus, -a, -um: enriched, ample, enlarged, 1
commemor (1): to mention, relate, 1
cnsul, -ere, -sulu, sultum: consult, 2
conting, -ere, -tg, -tctum: touch, border on;
happen, 2
dperd, -ere, -perdid: to lose, destroy, 1
dignits, -ttis f.: worth, merit, worthiness, 1
doce, -re, -u, -ctus: teach, intruct, 2
honrificus, -a, -um: honorific, 1
10
15

iustus, -a, -um: just, fair, 3
lberlits, -ttis f.: courtesy; generosity, 2
mnus, -eris n.: service, duty; tax, gift, 1
necessitd, -inis f.: friendship; bonds, necessity, 1
praemium, - n.: reward, prize, 3
prius: before, 4
quotiens: how often?, 1
remitt -ere -ms -missum: send back, let go, relax 2
tribu, -ere, -u, -tum: distribute, bestow, assign, 2
vr: in truth, truly, in fact, to be sure, 2
71
1 e: (to) there
ventum est: he arrived; it was arrived,
impersonal pass., translate in the active
initi: at the opening; abl. of time when
sua sentsquebeneficia: his and the
senates favors toward him
2 quod...: because
quod amcus (appelltussent): parallel to
previous clause
3 missa (essent): had been sent
quam remcontigisse: that this circumstance
befell few; touched on few governed by
docbat
4 illumconsecutum (esse): that that one
attained; that one pursued i.e. Ariovistus,
cum: although; concessive cum-clause
5 postuland: of demanding, of making the
demand; gen. sg. gerund
suapraemia: those honors from him and the
Senate; his and the Senates honors; i.e. from
Caesar; ea is a demonstrative (those honors)
which is difficult to express in English with
the possessive adjective and genitive form
6 docbat: he told (him); i.e. Caesar told him
7 quam veters quamqueintercederent: how
old and how just the reasons of bonds intervene
for (the Romans) themselves with the Aeduans
ind. question following docbat
quaeconsulta: what resolutions of the
Senate; continuing the ind. question
8 qutinsessent: how many and how
honorific were made for them; neuter plural

agrees with consulta
uttenuissent: howhad held; ind. question
omn tempore: at all times; abl. time when
ttus: gen. sg. pronomial with gen. sg. Galliae
9 prius etiam quam: even before; even
earlier than
10 Popul Rmn: gen. sg. of consuetdinem
utvelit: so that he wishes; result clause
following consuetdinem; pres. subj. vol
11 nn modosed (etiam): not onlybut also
su nihil: nothing f their own; partitive gen.
auctirs: richer in; with abl. of respect
12 quodid: that which; the antecedent id
follows the relative clause
vr: in fact, in truth
idposset: who would be able to endure that
thatbe stolen from them; es is dat. of
compound verb, rip is pres. pass. inf. and
pat is pres. deponent inf.
13 eadem: the same things; neuter plural
ninferret: that he not; neg. ind.
command, subject is Ariovistus
14 Aedussocis: on; dat. of compound
obsids redderet: continuing the ind.
command
15 domum: homeward; place to which
n quspatertur: that they not allow
anyone; neg. ind. command, qus is
indefinite acc. object of patior
amplius: more
72
Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit, de suis virtutibus

multa praedicavit: 2. transisse Rhenum sese non sua sponte sed rogatum et
accersitum a Gallis; non sine magna spe magnisque praemiis domum
propinquosque reliquisse; sedes habere in Gallia ab ipsis concessas, obsides
ipsorum voluntate datos; stipendium capere iure belli quod victores victis
imponere consuerint. 3. Non sese Gallis sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse;
omnis Galliae civitates ad se oppugnandum venisse ac contra se castra
habuisse; eas omns copias a se uno proelio pulsas ac superatas esse. Si
iterum experiri velint, se iterum paratum esse decertare; 4. si pace uti velint,
iniquum esse de stipendio recusare quod sua voluntate ad id tempus
pependerint. 5. Amicitiam populi Romani sibi ornamento et praesidio, non
detrimento, esse oportere, idque se ea spe petisse. Si per populum Romanum
stipendium remittatur et dediticii subtrahantur, non minus libenter sese
recusaturum populi Romani amicitiam quam appetierit. 6. Quod
multitudinem Germanorum in Galliam traducat, id se sui muniendi, non
Galliae impugnandae caus facere: eius rei testimonium esse quod nisi
rogatus non venerit, et quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit. 7. Se prius in
Galliam venisse quam populum Romanum.
44.1
accers, -ere, -sv, -tum: summon, send for, 1

appet, -ere, -v, -pettum: seek, draw near, 3
dcert (1): fight to the finish, fight decisively, 2
dditcius, -a, -um: surrendered; subst. captives, 2
dtrmentum, -, n.: harm, loss, damage, 1
experior, -r, expertus sum: to experience, try, 2
impn, -ere, -posu: to place upon, impose,????????2
impugn (1): attack, fight on, 1
inquus, -a, -um: uneven, unequal, not fair, 2
libenter: gladly, willingly, 1
ornamentum, - n. equipment, 1
10
15
pend, -ere, pepend, pensum: pay, weigh 2

praedc (1): proclaim, publish, declare, 2
prius: before, 4
recs (1): to object to, refuse, reject, 3
remitt -ere -ms -missum: send back, let go, relax 2
sds, -is f.: seat, 3
sponte: willingly, voluntarily, 2
subtrah, -ere, -trx, -trctum: to draw away,
withdraw, 1
testimonium, -i n.; witness, evidence, 1
73
1 postulta: demands
pauca: few things; neuter pl. acc. direct object
2 multa: many things; direct object
ss: that he; acc. subj. (Ariovistus) ind. disc.
su sponte: of his own will; abl. of manner
rogtum, accersitum: having been asked and
having been summoned; pf. passive participles
4 concesss: given up; PPP modifies seds
ipsrum: of the (Aeduans) themselves
5 iure bell: by right of war; abl. cause or means
quod: which; neuter iure is the antecedent
consuerint: were accustomed; pf. subjunctive
in a subordincate clause in ind. discourse
6 ss Galls (bellum intulisse): supply a verb
and inf. (pf. inf. infer); infer governs a dat. of
compound: on the Gauls
7 ad s oppugnandum: for attacking them; for
themselves (going) to be attacked, ad +
acc. + gerundive expressing purpose; employ a
gerundive-gerund flip
8 es omns copis: all these troops; acc. subj.
of pf. pass. pulss (esse) and superats (esse)
9 pace t: to engaged in peace; to employ
peace dep. inf. tor governs an abl. object
10 iniquum esse: it is unjust; recusre is the
inf. subject
quod: which; stipendi is the antecedent
10 su voluntte: by their own will
ad id tempus: until this time; up to
11 pependerint: paid; pf. subj. in a subordinate
clause in indirect discourse
Amcitiamoportere: it is fitting that the
12
13
14
15
16
17
friendship of the Roman people serve for

himself as a ornament and safeguard, not a
harm; is to himself for an ornament
double dative (dative of interest and three
dative of purposes)
idque: andit; i.e. the friendship, obj. of inf.
e sp: with this expectation; abl. of cause
nn minus libenterquam: no less
gladlythan; comparative adv. and positive
adv.
recustrum (esse): fut. inf.
appetierit: he sought (it); pf. subj. following
quam in a comparison; this construction could
also be translated as a relative clause, which
he sought following amicitiam
quod: (as for the fact) that
id sfacere: he did it
su muniendimpugnandae caus: for the
sake of fortifying himself andnot attacking
Gaul; for the sake of himself (going) to be
fortified and for Gaul (going) to be attacked,
caus + preceding genitives, employ a gerundgerundive flip and translate as gerunds and su
and Galliae as objects of the gerunds
eius re: of this matter; demonstrative
quodvnerit: that; pf. subj.
nisi rogtus: except (when) asked
quodintleritdfenderit: that; pf. subj.
infer
priusquam: earlierthan; or before
comparative adv.
74
Lesson 37: Caesar I.44b
Numquam ante hoc tempus exercitum populi Romani Galliae provinciae

finibus egressum. 8. Quid sibi vellet, cur in suas possessiones veniret?
Provinciam suam hanc esse Galliam, sicut illam nostram. Ut ipsi concedi
non oporteret, si in nostros fns impetum faceret, sic item nos esse iniquos
quod in suo iure se interpellaremus. 9. Quod fratres Aeduos appellatos
diceret, non se tam barbarum neque tam imperitum esse rerum ut non sciret
neque bello Allobrogum proximo Aeduos Romanis auxilium tulisse neque
ipsos in eis contentionibus quas Aedui secum et cum Sequanis habuissent
auxilio populi Romani usos esse. 10. Debere se suspicari simulata Caesarem
amicitia, quod exercitum in Gallia habeat, sui opprimendi causa habere. 11.
Qui nisi decedat atque exercitum deducat ex his regionibus, sese illum non
pro amico sed hoste habiturum. 12. Quod si eum interfecerit, multis sese
nobilibus principibusque populi Romani gratum esse facturum: id se ab ipsis
per eorum nuntios compertum habere, quorum omnium gratiam atque
amicitiam eius morte redimere posset. 13. Quod si discessisset et liberam
possessionem Galliae sibi tradidisset, magno se illum praemio
remuneraturum et quaecumque bella geri vellet sine ullo eius labore et
periculo confecturum.
44.7

contentio, -inis f.: struggle, effort, 1
cr: why, 3
dcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: depart, withdraw, die, 2
ddc, -ere: to lead or draw down or away, 2
gredior, -, -gressus: go out, disembark, 2
grtus, -a, -um: pleasing; grateful, 1
impertus, a, um: unskilled, inexperienced, 2
inquus, -a, -um: uneven, unequal, not fair, 2
interpell, -ere, -pepul, -pulsus: interfere, interrupt, 1
labor, labris m.: work, toil, labor, 1
ns: we, 2
numquam: never, 3
10
15
nuntius, -i m.: messenger, message, 2

opprim, -ere, -press, -pressum: crush, overwhelm, 1
possessi, -inis f.: possession, 3
regi, reginis f.: region, area, 1
remneror, -re, -tus sum (1): to repay, pay back, 1
sc: thus, in this way, 2
sicut: just as as, so as, 1
simul (1): to imitate, copy; deceive, feign, 1
suspicior, -r, suspictum: to suspect, 1
75
2 finibus: from; abl. place from which
gressum (esse): even if; i.e. although
quidvellet, crvenret?: what does he
(Caesar) want for himself? Why does he come
into his (Ariovistus) possessions; impf. subj.
for deliberative subj. (pres.) in direct discourse
3 hanc essescut illam: this isjust as that
(is); all else is acc. predicate
utoporteretsc: just as it would not be
fittingso;
ips: for him himself; i.e. Ariovistus
4 in: against
5 quod: in that
s interpellrmus: we hinder him
Quod: As for that
frtrs: predicate of appelts, called
6 diceret: he said; i.e. Caesar
imperitumrrum: inexperienced of affairs
utscret: so that; result clause
7 bellproxim: in the most recent war; abl.
of time when
tulisse: pf. inf. fer
8 ipssss esse: that the Aeduans themselves
did not employ; pf. inf. tor governs abl. obj.
in es: in those; demonstrative
scum: i.e. with the Germans

9 auxili: abl. object of ss esse
simultamiciti: abl. abs.
10 quod: because he had an army in Gaul
su opprimend caus: for the sake of
crushing him; for the sake of himself (going)
to be crushed; employ a gerund-gerundive
flip
habre: had (an army); supply exercitum
11 Qu nisi decedat: unless he departs
12 prhoste: as; in place of
habitrum (esse): would consider
Quod s: but if; with pf. subjunctive
13 gratum esse factrum: would do
(something) pleasing to; fut. inf.
id s.compertum habre: that he
discovered this; that he had it discovered
ab ipss: from (them) themselves
15 Quod s: But if
17 remnertrum (esse): fut. inf.
quaecumquevellet: antecedent of relative
is object of confectrum (esse)
ger: to be waged; pres. pass. inf.
vellet: impf. subj.
18 confectrum (esse): fut. inf., s is acc. subj.
76
Lesson 38: Caesar I.45 - I.46
Multa ab Caesare in eam sententiam dicta sunt quare negotio desistere

non posset: neque suam neque populi Romani consuetudinem pati uti optime
merents socios desereret, neque se iudicare Galliam potius esse Ariovisti
quam populi Romani. 2. Bello superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos ab Q.
Fabio Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovisset neque in provinciam
redegisset neque stipendium imposuisset. 3. Quod si antiquissimum quodque
tempus spectari oporteret, populi Romani iustissimum esse in Gallia
imperium: si iudicium senatus observari oporteret, liberam debere esse
Galliam, quam bello victam suis legibus uti voluisset.
46.1 Dum haec in colloquio geruntur, Caesari nuntiatum est equites
Ariovisti propius tumulum accedere et ad nostros adequitare, lapides telaque
in nostros coicere. 2. Caesar loquendi finem facit seque ad suos recepit
suisque imperavit ne quod omnino telum in hosts reicerent. 3. Nam etsi sine
ullo periculo legionis delectae cum equitatu proelium fore videbat, tamen
committendum non putabat ut, pulsis hostibus, dici posset eos ab se per
fidem in colloquio circumventos. 4. Posteaquam in vulgus militum elatum est
qua arrogantia in colloquio Ariovistus usus omni Gallia Romanis
interdixisset, impetumque in nostros eius equites fecissent, eaque res
colloquium ut diremisset, multo maior alacritas studiumque pugnandi maius
exercitui iniectum est.
45.1

adequit, -re, -v, -tum: to ride (a horse), 1
alacrits, -ttis f.: eagerness, ardor, 2
antquus, -a, -um: ancient, 2
arrogantia, -ae f.: arrogance, insolence, 2
Arven, -rum n.: Arveni (tribe S.W. of Aeduans), 3
dser, -ere, -u, -sertum: to desert, 1
dirim, -ere, -em, -emptum: interrupt, break off, 1
effer, -ferre, -tul, ltus: raise, lift up 1
ets: even if, although, though, 1
Fabius, - m.: Fabius (Gaius Fabius), 1
ignosc, -ere, nv, ntum: to pardon, forgive, 1
inici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: to hurl into, throw in, 1
interdc -ere -dx -dictum: forbid, prohibit, outlaw 2
iustus, -a, -um: just, fair, 3
lapis, lapidis m.: stone, 1
10
15
20

mere, merre, meru, meritum: to earn, deserve, 1
negtium, i n.: business, task, 2
observ (1): watch, observe, attend to, 1
postequam: after (+ indicative), 2
potius: rather, 1
Q.: Quintus, 1
redig, -ere, -g, -actum: to bring back, 1
Rutn, -rum m.: Ruteni (Gallic tribe), 1
sententia, -ae f.: opinion, purpose, 1
spect (1): watch, observe, behold, inspect, 3
studium, - n.: zeal, desire, pursuit, 2
tumulus, - m.: mound, hill, 3
77
1 in eam sententiamqur: to this
opinion(namely) why; qu r, for which \
reason
qurposset: why; ind. question
negti: from the task; abl. separation
2 neqaum suamconsutdinem: neither his
nor the Roman peoples custom (is) to allow
pat: to allow; pres. deponent patior
ut...dsereret: that it; result clause
3 potiusquam: ratherthan
esse Ariovist: to be Ariovistus; Galliam is
acc. subj.
5 quibus: whom; dat. of compound verb
with three verbs
6 Quod s: but if
antiquissimum quodque tempus: some
ancient time; acc. subject of spectr
8 iudcium sents: acc. subj. of observr
lberam: predicate of esse placed at the
beginning of the clause for emphasis
9 quamsus legibus t: which; acc. subject
of t, inf. of tor, which governs an ablative
voluisset: it (Rome) allowed; had be willing
plpf. subj.
10 geruntur: are conducted
nuntitum est: it was announced; impersonal
11 propius: comparative adverb, prope
ad nostrs: to our soldiers
12 in nostrs: against our soldiers
loquend: of speaking; gen. sg. gerund, loquor
srecpit: retreated; an idion
13 sus (militibus): his own men; ind. obj.
nreicerent: that they not; negative ind.
14
15
15
16
17
18
19
20
command
quodtelum: any projective; any spear,
quod is indefinite after s, nisi, num, and n
ets: even if
proelium fore: there would be a battle; fore is
equivalent to fut. inf. of esse, futrum esse
committendum (esse): that he ought to begin
(battle); that (battle) was to be begun (by
him), proelium committere, to commence
battle is an idiom; here, a passive periphrastic
(gerundive + form of esse) that expresses
obligation or necessity and is best translated in
the active
utdc posset: so that it be able to be said;
circumvents (esse) is subject; result clause
escircumvents (esse): that they
(Germans) were surrounded; pf. pass. inf.
in vulgus: among the masses
ltum est: it was spread; pf. pass. effer
qu arrogantiinterdixisset: (with) what
arrogance; qu arroganti is the abl object
of sus, PPP of tor; ind. question, plpf. subj
sus: having employed; tor governs an abl.
omn Galli: from; abl. of separation
in nostrs: against our (men)
eius equits: nom. subject of fcissent
utdiremisset: so that; result, ea res is
subject
mult maior: much greater; comparative adj.
(magnus) and abl. of degree of difference
pugnand: of; gen. sg. gerund
maius: neuter comparative adj. with studium
exercitu: dat. of compound verb, inici
78
Biduo post Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos mittit: velle se de eis rebus

quae inter eos agi coeptae neque perfectae essent agere cum eo: uti aut
iterum colloquio diem constitueret aut, si id minus vellet, e suis legatis
aliquem ad se mitteret. 2. Colloquendi Caesari causa visa non est, et eo magis
quod pridie eius diei Germani retineri non poterant quin in nostros tela
coicerent. 3. Legatum e suis sese magno cum periculo ad eum missurum et
hominibus feris obiecturum existimabat. 4. Commodissimum visum est C.
Valerium Procillum, C. Valeri Caburi filium, summa virtute et humanitate
adulescentem, cuius pater a C. Valerio Flacco civitate donatus erat, et
propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam, qu mult iam
Ariovistus longinqua consuetudine utebatur, et quod in eo peccandi
Germanis causa non esset, ad eum mittere, et M. Mettium, qui hospitio
Ariovisti utebatur. 5. His mandavit ut quae diceret Ariovistus cognoscerent et
ad se referrent. 6. Quos cum apud se in castris Ariovistus conspexisset,
exercitu suo praesente conclamavit: Quid ad se venirent? An speculandi
causa? Conants dicere prohibuit et in catenas coiecit.
48.1 Eodem die castra promovit et milibus passuum sex a Caesaris castris
sub monte consedit. 2. Postridie eius diei praeter castra Caesaris suas copias
traduxit et milibus passuum duobus ultr eum castra fecit, eo consilio uti
frumento commeatuque qui ex Sequanis et Aeduis supportaretur Caesarem
intercluderet.
47.1
adulescens, -ntis m./f.: youth, 2

an: or, 3
biduum, - n.: a period of two days, 2
Cabrus, - m.: Caburus (Gaius Valerius Caburus), 1
catna, catnae f.: chain, fetter, 2
conclam (1): cry out together, shout, 1
conspici, -ere, spex, spectus: see, behold 1
dn (1): to give, grant, provide, 1
Flccus, - m.: Flaccus, 1
hospitium, - n.: hospitality; guest-host tie, 2
hmnits, hmnittis f.: humanity, culture,
refinement, 2
intercld, -ere, -cls, clsum: close off, 2
lingua, ae f.: tongue, language, 3
longinquus, -a, -um; far, distant, remote, 1
10
15
20

Mettius, - m.: Metius (Marcus Metius), 2
obici, -ere, obic, obiectum: cast, hurl, throw (into) 2
pecc (1): to err, injure, 1
post: after, behind (+ acc.); afterward, next, 2
prdi: on the day before, the previous day, 2
prmove, -re, -mv, -mtus: to move forward, push
forward, 1
retine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold back, keep, maintain 2
scientia, -ae f.: knowledge, wisdom, 1
sex: six, 3
speculor, -r, spectultus sum: watch, observe, spy 1
support (1): to carry up (from under), 2
ultr: beyond, more than, besides, 2
79
1 Bidu post: two days later; later by two days,
abl. of degree of difference
velle s: that he; inf. vol governs agere
drbus: about these matters; demonstrative
2 quae: which; relative clause of characteristic
ag: to be discussed; pres. pass. inf. governed
by coeptae (essent) and perfectae essent
agere: to discuss; common idiom with d + abl.
ut: (and he wished) that; ind. command;
governed by velle above
3 colloqui: for conversing; dat. of purpose
s id minus vellet: if he was less willing (to do)
this;
4 colloquend: of conversing; following causa
Caesrvsaest: did not appear to Caesar;
was not seen, i.e. Caesar did not find a good
reason for meeting
e magis quod: the more so because; and
by this (much) more because, abl. of degree of
difference rather than abl. of cause because of
this
5 prdi eius di: the day before (this day);
pleonasm
1 retinrquin: to be restrained from; quin
often follows verbs of hindering
in nostrs: against our (men)
6 Legtum sus: an envoy from his own (men);
i.e. from Caesars men;, obj. of missrum (esse)
ssmissrum (esse)obiectrum (esse):
that he (Caesar) would; Caesar is subject of
the main verb and antecedent of reflexive ss
7 hominibus fers: dat. of compound verb
visum est: it seemed; it was seen
8 summ virtte et humanitte: with; abl. of

quality modifying adulscentem
10 qu multutbtur: whichemployed
fluently; whichemployed much, tor
governs an abl.
longinqu consuetdine: by long custom
11 quod: because
in e: in him
peccand: of causing injury; gen. sg. gerund
12 Germnsesset: the Germans had; were to
the Germans, dat. of possession
13 utbtur: experienced, enjoyed; + abl.s
utcognscerentreferrent: that; ind.
command
quaeAriovistus: (those things) which; the
missing antecedent is obj. of cognscerent
14 qus: these; English prefers the demonstrative
apud s: in his camp; in his domain
15 exercitpraesente: abl. abs.
Quidvenrent?: why?; deliberative
subjunctive in ind. disc.
An speculand causa: or the reason for
spying?; gen. sg. gerund
16 conants: i.e. the Roman envoys, acc. d.o.
17 Edem di: on; abl. of time when
mlibus passum sex: six miles; by six miles,
abl. of degree of difference
18 postrdi eius di: on the next day of this day;
another pleonasm
19 mlibus passum dubus: two miles; by six
miles abl. of degree of difference
e consili ut: with this plan, (namely)
that; purpose clause
80
Ex eo die dies continuos quinque Caesar pro castris suas copias produxit
et aciem instructam habuit, ut, si vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, ei
potestas non deesset. 4. Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum castris
continuit, equestri proelio cotidie contendit. 5. Genus hoc erat pugnae, quo se
Germani exercuerant. Equitum milia erant sex, totidem numero pedites
velocissimi ac fortissimi, quos ex omni copia singuli singulos suae salutis
causa delegerant; cum his in proeliis versabantur. 6. Ad eos se equites
recipiebant: hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant; si qui graviore vulnere
accepto equo deciderat, circumsistebant; 7. si quo erat longius prodeundum
aut celerius recipiendum, tanta erat horum exercitatione celeritas ut iubis
equorum sublevati cursum adaequarent.
49.1 Ubi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne diutius commeatu
prohiberetur, ultra eum locum, quo in loco Germani consederant, circiter
passus sescentos ab his, castris idoneum locum delegit acieque triplici
instructa ad eum locum venit. 2. Primam et secundam aciem in armis esse,
tertiam castra munire iussit. 3. Hic locus ab hoste circiter passus sescentos,
ut dictum est, aberat. Eo circiter hominum numero sedecim milia expedita
cum omni equitatu Ariovistus misit, quae copiae nostros perterrerent et
munitione prohiberent. 4. Nihilo setius Caesar, ut ante constituerat, duas
acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere iussit. Munitis castris, duas
ibi legiones reliquit et partem auxiliorum; quattuor reliquas in castra maiora
reduxit.
48.3
adaequ, -re, -v, -tum: to make equal, be equal, 1

celerits, celerittis f.: speed, 1
circumst, -re, -stet: stand around, 1
concurr, -ere, -curr, -cursus: clash with 1
continuus, -a, -um: continuous, unceasing, 1
cotdi: daily, every day, 2
cursus, -s m.: course, running, haste, 1
dcid, -ere, -cid: fall from, 1
dsum, -esse, -fu, -futrum: be lacking, lack, fail, 1
drus, -a, -um: hard, harsh, 1
exercittio, -inis f.: training, practice, 2
fortis, -e: strong, brave, valiant, 2
genus, generis, n.: origin, kind, sort, 1
idneus, -a, -um: suitable, appropriate, 1
iuba, -ae f.: mane, hair on neck or head, 1
10
15
20

pedes, peditis m.: foot soldier, 2
prde, -re, -i, -itum: advance, go forth, 2
prduc, -ere, -dux, ductum: lead forward 1
prpell, -ere, -pul, -pulsum: drive off, drive back, 1
quattuor: four, 4
quinque: five, 3
sdecim: sixteen, 2
sescent, -ae, -a: six hundred, 3
stius: less, 1
sex: six, 3
totidem: so many, just as many, 1
ultr: beyond, more than, besides, 2
vlx, vlcis: swift, fast, 1
81
1 dis continus quinque: for; acc. duration
2 instructam: drawn up
vellet: were wishing; impf. vol
e: for him; dat of compound with dsum
potests: opportunity
desset: impf. subj. dsum, purpose clause
3 hs omnibus dibus: during; abl. of
time within
castrs: in; abl. of place where
4 proeli: in battle; abl. means
qu: by which (type); abl. means
5 numer: in number; abl. of respect
6 qussinguls: which (foot soldiers) one by
one
ex omn cpi: from all the troops
singul: (the horseman) one by one; i.e. there
was an foot soldier for every horseman
suae saltis caus: for the sake of each
horseman's protection
7 cum hs: with these; i.e. the foot soldier
versbantur: equits are the subject
ad es: i.e. the foot soldiers
s recipibant: retreated; idiom, took
themselves back
8 s quid: if anything; quid is indefinite after s
drius: neuter comparative adjective, drus
s qu: if anyone
gravireaccept: abl. absolute
9 equ: from the horse; dat. of compound
s qu: if than this; Latin uses a relative where
English prefers a demonstrative; abl. of
comparison governed by longius
erat prodeundum(erat) recipiendum: they
had to advance.had to retreat; it was going
to be advanced(was) going to be taken back
(by them) passive periphastic expressing
necessity; here, translated in the active voice
longius, celerius: farther, faster; comparative

adv.
10 hrum: of these (foot soldiers); with celerits
exercittine: because of training; abl. cause
utadaequrent: so that; result clause,
translate impf. subj. as impf.
11 cursum adaequrent: make equal their
running; keep up their course
12 eums tenre: that he (Ariovistus) held
himself in the camp; abl. of place where
n diutiusprohibertur: so that he no
longer
commet: from provisions; abl. of separation
13 ultr eum locum: beyond that place
qu in loc: in qu loc; relative adjective
14 passs sescents: at around 600 paces; acc.
of text
castrs: for a camp; dat. of purpose
aci triplic instruct: a triple battleline
drawn up; abl. absolute
16 passs sescents: see above
ut dictum est: as it was said
17 E: to there
circiterexpedta: around 16,000 light
(soldiers) in number; abl. of respect,
expedta denotes a soldier free from baggage
18 quae cpiaeperterrrentprohibrent:
which troops wouldwould; relative clause
of purpose with impf. subjunctive
nostrs: our (soldiers)
19 munitine: from the fortification; separation
Nihil setius: no less; i.e. nonetheless; abl. of
degree of difference, comparative adv.
20 munts castrs: abl. absolute
21 auxilirum: of auxilaries; i.e. troops
maira: larger; comparative adj. magnus
82
Proximo die instituto suo Caesar e castris utrisque copias suas eduxit
paulumque a maioribus castris progressus aciem instruxit; hostibus pugnandi
potestatem fecit. 2. Ubi ne tum quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter
meridiem exercitum in castra reduxit. Tum demum Ariovistus partem
suarum copiarum quae castra minora oppugnaret misit. 3. Acriter utrimque
usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. Solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus,
multis et inlatis et acceptis vulneribus, in castra reduxit. 4. Cum ex captivis
quaereret Caesar quam ob rem Ariovistus proelio non decertaret, hanc
reperiebat causam, quod apud Germanos ea consuetudo esset ut matres
familiae eorum sortibus et vaticinationibus declararent utrum proelium
committi ex usu esset necne; eas ita dicere: 5. non esse fas Germanos
superare, si ante novam lunam proelio contendissent.
51.1 Postridie eius diei Caesar praesidium utrisque castris quod satis esse
visum est reliquit; omns alarios in conspectu hostium pro castris minoribus
constituit, quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium
numero valebat, ut ad speciem alariis uteretur; ipse triplici instructa acie
usque ad castra hostium accessit. 2. Tum demum necessario Germani suas
copias castris eduxerunt generatimque constituerunt paribus intervallis,
Harudes, Marcomanos, Triboces, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suebos,
omnemque aciem suam raedis et carris circumdederunt, ne qua spes in fuga
relinqueretur. 3. Eo mulieres imposuerunt, quae in proelium proficiscents
passis manibus flentes implorabant ne se in servitutem Romanis traderent.
50.1

lrius, -a, -um: auxiliaries, allies, wing-men, 2
captvus, -a, -um: prisoner, captive, 2
circumd, -are, -ded, -datus: surround, put around, 2
dcert (1): fight to the finish, fight decisively, 2
dclr (1): to declare, make clear, 1
dmum: at length, finally, 3
dc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: lead out, 3
familia, -ae f.: family, household, 2
fs n.: right, divine law, duty, 1
genertim: by tribes, tribe by tribe, 1
legionrius, - m.: legionary, soldier in the legion, 2
lna, -ae f.: moon, 1
Marcoman, -rum m.: Marcomani (Germanic tribe) 1
mater, matris f.: mother, 3
10
15
20
merds, - m.: midday, noon; south, 1

mulier, mulieris f.: woman, 2
necne: or not, 1
Nemets, -um m.: Nemetes, 1
occsus, -s m.: fall, destruction, 2
pand, -ere, pand, passum: to spread, extend, 1
paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 2
progredior, -gred, progressus sum: advance, 1
raeda, -ae, f.: carriage, 1
Sedsi, -rum m.: Sedusii (Seduni, Alpine tribe), 1
sl, slis m.: sun, 4
sors, sortis f.: lot, 3
species, -i f.: sight, appearance, aspect, 1
Tribocs, -um m.: Triboces (Germanic tribe), 1
usque: all the way to, up to, continuously, 2
83
Vangions, -um m.: Vangiones, (Germanic tribe), 2
1 proxim di: on; abl. of time when

institt su: according to his practice; in his
establish (way); variation of abl. of respect
utrsque: each; abl. pl. uterque
2 paulum: a little; adv. acc. with progressus
pugnand: gen. sg. gerund (-ing)
3 potesttem: an opportunity
3 n tum quidem: not even at that time; n and
quidem emphasize the intervening word
es prodre: that; ind. disc.
circiter meridiem: circiter is a preposition
here that governs an acc. object
5 quaeoppugnret: which would; relative
clause of purpose
6 usque ad: up to
pugntum est: they fought; it was fought,
impersonal perfect passive
Solis occs: At sunset; abl. time when
multsvulneribus: abl. absolute; inlts is
pf. pass. pple of infer, here inflict
8 quam ob rem: for what reason; on account of
what thing, a common expresion
proeli: in battle
9 quod: (namely) because; following causam;
quod is an alleged cause and therefore governs
a subjunctive (essent, impf. subj. sum)
apud Germns: among the Germans
ea: this; demonstrative modifying consutd
utdeclrrent: that; result clause
10 utrumessent necne: whetheror not; ind.
question
proelium committ: that the war be begun;
acc. + inf. subject of esset; pres. pass. inf.;
proelium committere, to commence battle is
a common idiom
11 ex s: of use; or of benefit, or of service;
often a predicate of esse
necne: see utrum above; -ne indicates the
second half of an ind. question; nec belongs
to the second half of the question which is
missing ex s esset through ellipsis
es: that they; acc. subject, i.e. the matrs
nn esse fs: that it was not right(eous); as
often, impersonal: fs est; Germns is acc.
subj. of superre
vticinti, -tinis f.: prophesying, prophecy, 1

vesper, vesper m.: evening, 2
12 ante novam lunam: before a new moon

13 postrdi eius di: on the next day; eius
di is superfluous: on the next day of this
day abl. time when
utrsque castrs: for both camps; dat. of
interest
quod: which; praesidium is antecedent
14 vsum est: seemed; was seen pf. pass.
omns alris: all the auxiliary soldiers;
wing soldier non-Roman auxiliary soldiers
were often stationed on the wings of the
battle line
pr castrs minoribus: in front of the smaller
camp; castra is pl. in form, singular in sense
15 quod: because
minusvalbat: was less strong;
comparative adv.
multitdine militum: in; abl. of respect
prnumer: in proportion to
16 uttertur: so that; purpose clause
ad speciem: for the appearance; purpose
alris: abl. object of tor, impf. subj.
ipse: (Caesar) himself
triplic instruct aci: a triple battle-line
having bee drawn up; abl. absolute
17 necessri: by necessity
18 castrs: from; abl. separation or dat. of
compound
paribus intervalls: at equal distances; abl.
of manner
20 raeds et carrs: abl. of means
n qua sps: so that not any; neg. purpose
clause; qua becomes indefinite after n
21 E: on this; dat. of compound verb
muliers: acc. direct object
in proelium proficscents: (the soldiers)
setting out into battle; acc. d.o.
22 passs manibus: with hands outstretched;
abl. abs.; pf. pass. of pand, pandere spread
flnts: (the women) weeping; subject
ntrderent: that they not; ind.
command
s: i.e. the women; subject of implorbant
84
Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et quaestorem praefecit,

uti eos tests suae quisque virtutis haberet; 2. ipse a dextro cornu, quod eam
partem minime firmam hostium esse animadverterat, proelium commisit. 3.
Ita nostri acriter in hostis signo dato impetum fecerunt, itaque hostes repente
celeriterque procurrerunt, ut spatium pila in hostis coiciendi non daretur. 4.
Reiectis pilis comminus gladiis pugnatum est. At Germani celeriter ex
consuetudine su phalange facta impets gladiorum exceperunt. 5. Reperti
sunt complures nostri milites qui in phalangas insilirent et scuta manibus
revellerent et desuper vulnerarent. 6. Cum hostium acies a sinistro cornu
pulsa atque in fugam conversa esset, a dextro cornu vehementer multitudine
suorum nostram aciem premebant. 7. Id cum animadvertisset P. Crassus
adulescens, qui equitatui praeerat, quod expeditior erat quam ei qui inter
aciem versabantur, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit.
53.1 Ita proelium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes terga verterunt neque
prius fugere destiterunt quam ad flumen Rhenum milia passuum ex eo loco
circiter quinque pervenerunt. 2. Ibi perpauci aut viribus confisi tranare
contenderunt aut lintribus inventis sibi salutem reppererunt. 3. In his fuit
Ariovistus, qui naviculam deligatam ad ripam nactus ea profugit: reliquos
omns, equitatu consecuti, nostri interfecerunt.
52.1

adulescens, -ntis m./f.: youth, 2
at: but; mind you; but, you say, 2
comminus: hand to hand, in close combat, 1
corn, -s n.: horn, 3
Crassus, - m.: Crassus, 2
dlig (1): to tie down, fasten, 1
dsuper: down from above, 1
dexter, -tera, -terum: right, the right hand, 3
excipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take out, take, receive, 1
firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 2
fugi, fugere, fg, fugitum: to flee, hurry away, 1`
gladius, - m.: sword, 3
insili, -re, -u --: leap upon, 1
inveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: come upon, find, 1
labr (1): work, toil, labor, strive, 2
linter, lintris f.: boat, skiff, 2
minim: least of all, least, 2
nanciscor, nancisc, nactus: obtain, meet, 1
nvicula, -ae f.: small boat, small ship, 1
10
15
P.: Publius, 2
perpauc, -ae, -a: very few, 2
plum, - n.: pilum, javelin, 4
prem, -ere, press, pressus: check, pursue, control, 1
prius: before, 4
prcurr, -ere, -curr, -cursum: run forward, project 1
profugi, fugere, fg, fugitum: to flee, escape, 2
quaestor, -oris m.: quaestor, 1
quinque: five, 3
repente: suddenly, unexpectedly, 1
revell, -ere, revell, revulsum: pull back, tear away, 1
sctum, - m.: shield, 3
sinister, -tra, -trum: left (hand), 2
subsidium, - n.: assistance, reinforcement, reserves, 1
tergum, - n.: back, hide, rear, 1
tstis, tstis m.: witness, 2
trn (1): to swim across,1
versor (1): be engaged, move about, live, 2
vert, -ere, vert, versum: to turn, 1
vulner (1): wound, injure, 2
85
1 singuls leginibus: over; dat. of compound
verb
2 uthabret: so that each (legion) might have
them as witnesses of their valor; purpose
ipse: Caesar himself
dextr corn: i.e. the right wing or flank of
the battle line
quod: because
eam partemesse: that this part; ind. disc.
3 minim: least; superlative adverb
commsit: commenced; common idiom
4 nostr: our (men)
sign dat: ablative abs.
5 utdartur: so thatwas not given; result
pilacoiciend: of throwing; gen. sg. gerund
with neuter pl. pla as acc. d.o.s
6 reiects pls: with javelins thrown aside; i.e.
they were use at a close interval
pugntum est: they fought; it was fought pf.
pass. impersonal
ex consuetdine su: according to their
custom
7 phalange fact: ablative abs.
excprunt: sustained; took on
8 quinsilrentvulnerrent: who; relative
clause of characteristic with impf. subj.
9 sinistr corn: i.e. from the left wing of the
battle line
10 pulsa (esset): plpf. pass. subjunctive pell

in fugam: to flight
11 surum: of their (men); reflexive possessive
Id: this; object of plpf. subj. animadvertisset
12 praeerat: was in charge over; + dat.
quod: because
expedtiorquam: more unencumbered than;
i.e. not engaged in battle as the other officiers
e qu: those those
laborantibus nostrs subsidi: as assistance
for our struggling soldiers; double dat. (dat. of
ind. object and dat. of purpose)
14 restittum est: was renewed; was restored
15 priusquam: earlierthan; often translated
as a single word priusquam: before
fugere: affects (acc) with (abl.); abl. means
mliaquinque: about five miles; acc. of
extent; circiter is an adverb
16 autaut: eitheror
vribus confs: confident in their strength;
having trusted, pf. participle, abl. respect
17 lintribus invents: abl. absolute
sibi: for themselves; dat. of interest
in hs: among these
18 nactus: having attained; pf. pple of deponent
nancscor
e: with this (boat)
19 equitt consect: modifies nostr, our men
86
Duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una Sueba natione, quam domo secum
duxerat, altera Norica, regis Voccionis soror, quam in Gallia duxerat a fratre
missam: utraeque in ea fuga perierunt; duae filiae: harum altera occisa, altera
capta est. 5. C. Valerius Procillus, cum a custodibus in fuga trinis catenis
vinctus traheretur, in ipsum Caesarem host`s equitatu persequentem incidit.
6. Quae quidem res Caesari non minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem
attulit, quod hominem honestissimum provinciae Galliae, suum familiarem
et hospitem, ereptum e manibus hostium sibi restitutum viderat, neque eius
calamitate de tanta voluptate et gratulatione quicquam fortuna deminuerat. 7.
Is se praesente de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat utrum igni statim
necaretur an in aliud tempus reservaretur: sortium beneficio se esse
incolumem. 8. Item M. Mettius repertus et ad eum reductus est.
54.1 Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suebi qui ad ripas Rheni venerant
domum reverti coeperunt; quos Ubii qui proximi Rhenum incolunt
perterritos senserunt, insecuti magnum ex eis numerum occiderunt. 2. Caesar,
una aestate duobus maximis bellis confectis, maturius paulo quam tempus
anni postulabat in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit; hibernis
Labienum praeposuit; 3. ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad conventus agendos
profectus est.
53.4
aests, aesttis f.: summer, 1

affer, -ferre, attul, adltum: carry to, bring, apply, 2
an: or, 3
catna, catnae f.: chain, fetter, 2
cnsul, -ere, -sulu, sultum: consult, 2
csts, cstdis m/f. : guard, watchman, 2
conventus, -s m.: meeting, assembly, 2
ddc, -ere: to lead or draw down or away, 2
dminu, -ere, -u, -tus: deminish, lessen, 2
grtulti, -nis f.: congratulation, addulation, 1
hibernus, -a, -um: of winter, wintry, 3
honestus, -a, -um: respectable, honorable, 1
hospes, -itis m.: guest-friend, host, guest, 1
ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 2
incid, -ere, -cid: fall into, fall upon, 1
incolumis, -e: safe after danger, uninjured, safe, 1
Mettius, - m.: Metius (Marcus Metius), 2
nati, natinis f.: nation, people, tribe, 1
nec (1): kill, slay, destroy, 1
Noricus, -a, -um.: of Noricum (modern Austria) 2
10
15

paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 2
pere, -re, peri, peritrum: to pass away, perish 1
persequor, -sequ, -sectus sum: follow up, pursue 2
praepn, -ere, posu, positum: to set over, put
forward, 1
reserv (1): lay up, save up, reserve, 1
senti, -re, -s, snsum: to feel, realize, 2
soror, sorris f.: sister, 2
sors, sortis f.: lot, 3
statim: immediately, at once, 1
Subus, -a, -um: Swabian, Suebian, of the Suebi, 1
ter: thrice, 1
trah, -ere, trx, tractum: to draw, drag, 1
trn, -ae, -a: three, threefold, triple
Ubi, -rum m.: Ubii (Germanic tribe), 1
uxor, xris f.: wife, spouse, 2
Vocci, -inis m.: Voccio, 1
volupts, -ttis f.: pleasure, delight, enjoyment, 2
87
1 Ariovist: of Ariovistus; gen. sg.
na Sueba natine: one (was) Sueban by
nation; i.e. uxor, abl of respect
dom: from home; abl. of place from which
scum: cum s
2 alter (uxor) Norica: the other was Norican
regis Voccinis: of King Vocion
3 utraeque: both; each of the two, nom. pl.
hrum alteraaltera: onethe other of these
occsa (est): pf. passive, supply est
5 in ipsum Caesaremincidit: falls into (the
hands of) Caesar himself
hosts equitt persequentem: pres. pple
modifies Caesarem; hosts is acc. d.o.
6 quaeres: This matter; which matter
nn minorem quam: (brought) no less
(pleasure)than; supply volupttem attulit,
missing through ellipsis; comparative parvus
7 attulit: pf. af-fer
quod: because
8 reptum: rescued; snatched the verb ripi is
often used with the sense of rescue
sibi resittum (esse): was restored to him; i.e.
to Caesar; hominem is acc. subject
neque eiusdminuerat: and (Caesars good)
fortune had not in any way diminished from
such great pleasure and joy by his destruction;
i.e. Procillus death; quicquam is an inner acc.,
e.g. made any diminishment, or adverbal acc.,
e.g. in any way or at all as translated above
10 Is: he; i.e. Procillus
s praesente: with him being present; abs.
d sconsultum (esse): it was consulted
three times by lots concerning him; impers. pf.
pass. inf. in indirect disc.

11 utruman: whetheror; ind. question
governed by consultum (esse)
in aliud tempus: until another time
sortium benefici: that because of the favor
of the lots; abl. of cause
12 repertus (est): pf. passive
Hc proelinuntit: abl. abs.
14 domum: to homeward; cities, towns and
domus and rs do not require ad when
expressing place to which
revert: to return; to be turned back pass. inf
qus Ubiperterrits sensrunt: whom the
Ubiisensed were terrified; English prefers a
demonstrative: the Ubisensed that these
were terrified; qus is acc. subj., pf. pass. inf.
15 insecut: They, having pursued, nom. pl.,
supply Ubii as subject
ex es: i.e. from the Sueb
16 n aestte: within one summer; abl. time
within or time whens
dubusconfects: abl. abs.
16 matrius paul quam: a little earlier than;
comparative adv., abl. of degree of difference
17 in Sequans: among the Sequanians
hiberns: over the winter-quarters; dat. of
compound verb
18 ipse: (Caesar) himself
ad convents agends: for conducting
meetings; for meetings going to be
conducted, ad + noun + gerundive expresses
purpose; employ a gerund-gerundive flip and
translate as a gerund + acc. direct object
19 profectus est: pf. deponent proficscor
88
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

1st Declension
2nd Declension (m.)
2nd Declension (n.)
copia
copiae
copiae
copiam
copi
legatus legat
legat legatrum
legat legats
legatum legats
legat legats
proelium
proeli
proeli
proelium
proeli
copiae
copirum
copis
copis
copis
proelia
proelirum
proelis
proelia
proelis
3rd Declension (m/f)
3rd Declension (n.)
mles
mlitis
mlit
mlitem
mlite
iter
itineris
itiner
iter
itinere
mlites
mlitum
mlitibus
mlits
mlitibus
itinera
itinerum
itineribus
itinera
itineribus
4th Declension (m/f)
4th Declension (n.)
manus
mans
manu
manum
man
corn
corns
corn
corn
corn
cornua
cornuum
cornuibus
cornua
cornuibus
mans
manuum
manibus
mans
manibus
5th Declension (m/f)
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
rs
r
r
rem
r
rs
rrum
rbus
rs
rbus
Selected Pronouns
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
is
eius
e
eum
e
he
his
to/for him
him
with/from him
ea
eius
e
eam
e
she
her
to/for her
her
with/from her
id
eius
e
id
e
it
its
to/for it
it
with/from it
Nom.
Gen .
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
e
erum
es
es
es
they
their
to/for them
them
with/from them
eae
erum
es
es
es
they
their
to/for them
them
with/from them
ea
erum
es
ea
es
they
their
to/for them
them
with/from them
*is, ea, id is a demonstrative and in Caesar is often translated as this/that in the singular and these/those in the plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
qu
cuius
cu
quem
qu
quae
cuius
cu
quam
qu
quod
cuius
cu
quod
qu
qu
qurum
quibus
qus
quibus
quae
qurum
quibus
qus
quibus
quae
qurum
quibus
quae
quibus
who, which, that

whose, of whom/which
to whom/which
whom, which, that
by/with/from whom/which
89
Synopsis: Second Conjugation
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
ille
illus
ill
illum
ill
illa
illus
ill
illam
ill
illud
illus
ill
illud
ill
that
of that
to/for that
that
with/from that
hic
huius
huic
hunc
hc
haec
huius
huic
hanc
hc
hoc
huius
huic
hoc
hc
this
of this
to/for this
this
b/w/f this
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
ill
illrum
ills
ills
ills
illae
illrum
ills
ills
ills
illa
illrum
ills
illa
ills
those
of those
to those
those
with/from those
h
hrum
hs
hs
hs
hae
hrum
hs
hs
hs
haec
hrum
hs
haec
hs
these
of these
to these
these
with/from these
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
reflexive pronoun
possessive reflexive adjective
--su
sibi
s
s
suus
su
su
suum
su
sua
suae
suae
suam
su
suum
su
su
suum
su
su
surum
sus
sus
sus
suae
surum
sus
sus
sus
sua
surum
sus
sua
sus
Adjectives and Adverbs

Decl.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
1st/2nd
altus, -a, -um

high (deep)
altior, altius
higher (deeper)
altissimus, -a, -um

highest, very high (deepest)
3rd
fortis, forte
brave
fortior, fortius
fortissimus, -a, -um
braver, more brave
bravest, most brave, very brave
1st/2nd
alt
altius
more deeply
altissim
very deeply
3rd
fortiter
bravely
fortius
more bravely
fortissim
very bravely
deeply
Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs

Positive
bonus, -a, -um
good
Comparative
melior, melius
better
Superlative
optimus, -a, -um
best
magnus, -a, -um

great
maior, maius
greater
maximus, -a, -um

greatest
parvus, -a, -um

small
minor, minus
smaller
minimus, -a, -um

smallest
multus, -a, -um

much
---, plus
more
plurimus, -a, -um

most
90
Synopsis: First Conjugation

am, amre, amv, amtum: to love
active
Indicative
Pres.
am
ams
amat
ammus
amtis
amant
translation
passive
translation
I love
amor
amris
amtur
ammur
ammin
amantur
I am loved
Impf.
ambam ambmus
ambs ambtis
ambat ambant
I was loving
ambar
ambris
ambtur
ambmur
ambmin
ambantur
I was being loved
Fut.
amb ambimus
ambis ambitis
ambit ambunt
I will love
ambr
amberis
ambitur
ambimur
ambimin
ambuntur
I will be loved
Perf.
amv amvimus
amvist amvistis
amvit amvrunt
I have loved
amta sum
amta es
amta est
amtae sumus
amtae estis
amtae sunt
I have been loved

was loved
Plpf.
amveram amvermus I had loved

amvers amvertis
amverat amverant
amta eram amtae ermus

amta ers amtae ertis
amta erat amtae erant
I had been loved
Fut. Pf amver amverimus I will have

amveris amveritis
loved
amverit amverint
amta er
amta eris
amta erit
amtae erimus
amtae eritis
amtae erunt
I will have been

loved
Subjunctive
Pres.
amem
ams
amet
amer
amris
ametur
ammur
ammin
amentur
same as
indicative
ammus
amtis
ament
same as
indicative
Impf.
amrem
amrs
amret
amrmus
amrtis
amrent
amrer
amrris
amretur
amrmur
amrmin
amrentur
Perf.
amverim
amvers
amverit
amvermus
amvertis
amverint
amta sim
amta ss
amta sit
amtae smus
amtae stis
amtae sint
Plpf.
amvissem amvissmus
amvisss amvisstis
amvisset amvissent
Imperative
am
amte
amta essem amtae essmus

amta esss amtae esstis
amta esset amtae essent
love!
Participle
Pres.
amns (gen. amantis)
Perf.
Fut.
amtrus, -a, -um
going to love
Infinitive
Pres.
amre
Perf.
amvisse
Fut.
amtrum esse
to love
amr
to have loved
amtum esse
to be going to loved
loving
amtus, -a, -um

amandus, -a, -um
having been loved

going to be loved
to be love
to have been loved
91
Synopsis: Second Conjugation

vide, vidre, vd, visum: to see
active
Indicative
Pres.
vide
vids
videt
vidmus
vidtis
vident
translation
passive
translation
I see
videor
vidris
videtur
vidmur
vidmin
videntur
I am seen
Impf.
vidbam vidbmus
vidbs vidbtis
vidbat vidbant
I was seeing
vidbar
vidbris
vidbtur
vidbmur
vidbmin
vidbantur
I was being seen
Fut.
vidb vidbimus
vidbis vidbitis
vidbit vidbunt
I will see
vidbr
vidberis
vidbitur
vidbimur
vidbimin
vidbuntur
I will be seen
Perf.
vd
vdist
vdit
I have seen
vsa sum
vsa es
vsa est
vsae sumus
vsae estis
vsae sunt
I have been seen

was seen
Plpf.
vderam vdermus
vders vdertis
vderat vderant
I had seen
vsa eram
vsa ers
vsa erat
vsae ermus
vsae ertis
vsae erant
I had been seen
vsae erimus
vsae eritis
vsae erunt
I will have been seen
same as indicative
vdimus
vdistis
vdrunt
Fut. Pf. vder vderimus

vderis vderitis
vderit vderint
Subjunctive
Pres.
videam
vides
videat
I will have seen vsa er

vsa eris
vsa erit
videmus same as
videtis
videant
videar
videris
videatur
videmur
videmin
videantur
Impf.
vidrem
vidrs
vidret
vidrmus
vidrtis
vidrent
vidrer
vidrris
vidrtur
vidrmur
vidrmin
vidrentur
Perf.
vderim
vders
vderit
vdermus
vdertis
vderint
vsa sim
vsa ss
vsa sit
vsae smus
vsae stis
vsae sint
Plpf.
vdissem
vdisss
vdisset
vdissmus
vdisstis
vdissent
vsa essem
vsa esss
vsa esset
vsae essmus
vsae esstis
vsae essent
Imperative
vid
vidte
see!
Participle
Pres.
vidns (gen. videntis)
Perf.
Fut.
vsrus, -a, -um
going to see
Infinitive
Pres.
vidre
Perf.
vdisse
Fut.
vsrum esse
to see
vidr
to have seen
vsum esse
to be going to see
seeing
vsus, -a, -um

videndus, -a, -um
having been seen

going to be seen
to be seen
to have been seen
92
Synopsis: Third Conjugation

dc, dcere, dx, ductum: to lead
active
Indicative
Pres.
dc
dcis
dcit
dcimus
dcitis
dcunt
translation
passive
translation
I lead
dcor
dceris
dcitur
dcimur
dcimin
dcuntur
I am led
dcbar
dcbris
dcbtur
dcbmur
dcbmin
dcbantur
I was being led
Impf.
dcbam dcbmus I was leading

dcbs dcbtis
dcbat dcbant
Fut.
dcam dcmus
dcs dctis
dcet dcent
I will lead
dcar
dcris
dctur
dcmur
dcmin
dcentur
I will be led
Perf.
dx
dximus
dxist dxistis
dxit
dxrunt
I have led
ducta sum
ducta es
ducta est
ductae sumus
ductae estis
ductae sunt
I have been led
Plpf.
dxeram dxermus
dxers dxertis
dxerat dxerant
I had led
ducta eram
ducta ers
ducta erat
ductae ermus
ductae ertis
ductae erant
I had been led
I will have led
ducta er
ducta eris
ducta erit
ductae erimus
ductae eritis
ductae erunt
I will have been led
dcar
dcris
dctur
dcmur
dcmin
dcantur
same as indicative
Fut.. Pf. dxer dxerimus

dxeris dxeritis
dxerit dxerint
Subjunctive
Pres.
dcam
dcs
dcat
dcmus
dctis
dcant
same as
indicative
Impf.
dcerem
dcers
dceret
dcermus
dcertis
dcerent
dcerer
dcerris
dcertur
dcermur
dcermin
dcerentur
Perf.
dxerim
dxers
dxerit
dxermus
dxertis
dxerint
ducta sim
ducta ss
ducta sit
ductae smus
ductae stis
ductae sint
Plpf.
dxissem
dxisss
dxisset
dxissmus
dxisstis
dxissent
ducta essem ductae essmus

ducta esss ductae esstis
ducta esset ductae essent
Imperative
dc(e)
dcite
lead!
Participle
Pres.
dcns (gen. dcentis)
Perf.
Fut.
ductrus, -a, -um
going to lead
Infinitive
Pres.
dcere
Perf.
dxisse
Fut.
ductrum esse
to lead
dc
to have led
ductum esse
to be going to lead
leading
ductus, -a, -um

dcendus, -a, -um
having been led

going to be led
to be led
to have been led
93
Synopsis: Third-io Conjugation

capi, capere, cp, captum: to take, seize
active
Indicative
Pres.
capi
capis
capit
capimus
capitis
capiunt
translation
passive
translation
I take
capior
caperis
capitur
capimur
capimin
capiuntur
I am taken
capibar
capibris
capibtur
capibmur
capibmin
capibantur
I was being taken
Impf.
capibam capbmus I was taking

capibs capibtis
capibat capibant
Fut.
capiam capimus
capis capitis
capiet capient
I will take
capiar
capiris
capitur
capimur
capimin
capientur
I will be taken
Perf.
cp
cpist
cpit
I have taken
capta sum
capta es
capta est
captae sumus
captae estis
captae sunt
I have been taken

was taken
Plpf.
cperam cpermus
cpers cpertis
cperat cperant
I had taken
capta eram
capta ers
capta erat
captae ermus
captae ertis
captae erant
I had been taken
captae erimus
captae eritis
captae erunt
I will have been

taken
capiar
capiris
capitur
capimur
capimin
capiantur
same as indicative
cpimus
cpistis
cprunt
Fut. Pf. cper cperimus

cperis cperitis
cperit cperint
Subjunctive
Pres.
capiam
capis
capiat
I will have taken capta er

capta eris
capta erit
capmus
capitis
capiant
same as
Impf.
caperem
capers
caperet
capermus
capertis
caperent
caperer
caperris
capertur
capermur
capermin
caperentur
Perf.
cperim
cpers
cperit
cpermus
cpertis
cperint
capta sim
capta ss
capta sit
captae smus
captae stis
captae sint
Plpf.
cpissem
cpisss
cpisset
cpissmus
cpisstis
cpissent
capta essem captae essmus

capta esss captae esstis
capta esset captae essent
Imperative
cape
capite
Participle
Pres.
capins (gen. capientis)
Perf.
Fut.
captrus, -a, -um
Infinitive
Pres.
capere
Perf.
cpisse
Fut.
captrum esse
take!
taking
going to take
captus, -a, -um

capiendus, -a, -um
to take
cap
to have taken
captum esse
to be going to taken
having been taken

going to be taken
to be taken
to have been taken
94
Synopsis: Fourth Conjugation

sci, scre, scv, sctum: to know
active
Indicative
Pres.
sci
scs
scit
scmus
sctis
sciunt
translation
passive
translation
I know
scior
scris
scitur
scmur
scmin
sciuntur
I am known
Impf.
scibam scibmus
scibs scibtis
scibat scibant
I was knowing
scibar
scibris
scibtur
scibmur
scibmin
scibantur
I was being known
Fut.
sciam
scis
sciet
I will know
sciar
sciris
scitur
scimur
scimin
scientur
I will be known
Perf.
scvi
scvimus
scvist scvistis
scvit scvrunt
I have known
scta sum
scta es
scta est
sctae sumus
sctae estis
sctae sunt
I have been known
Plpf.
scveram scvermus I had known

scvers scvertis
scverat scverant
scta eram
scta ers
scta erat
sctae ermus
sctae ertis
sctae erant
I had been known
scta er
scta eris
scta erit
sctae erimus
sctae eritis
sctae erunt
I will have been

known
sciar
sciris
scitur
scimur
scimin
sciantur
scimus
scitis
scient
Fut. Pf. scver scverimus

scveris scveritis
scverit scverint
Subjunctive
Pres.
sciam
scis
sciat
I will have
known
scimus
scitis
sciant
same as
indicative
same as
Impf.
screm
scrs
scret
scrmus
scrtis
scrent
screr
scrris
scrtur
scrmur
scrmin
screntur
Perf.
scverim
scvers
scverit
scvermus
scvertis
scverint
scta sim
scta ss
scta sit
sctae smus
sctae stis
sctae sint
Plpf.
scvissem
scvisss
scvisset
scvissmus
scvisstis
scvissent
scta essem sctae essmus

scta esss sctae esstis
scta esset sctae essent
Imperative
sc
scte
know!
Participle
Pres.
scins (gen. scientis)
Perf.
Fut.
sctrus, -a, -um
going to know
Infinitive
Pres.
scre
Perf.
scvisse
Fut.
sctrum esse
to know
scr
to have known sctum esse
to be going to know
knowing
sctus, -a, -um

sciendus, -a, -um
having been known

going to be known
to be known
to have been known
95
Synopsis: sum and possum

Sum, esse, fu, futrum: to be
Indicative
Pres.
sum
es
es
possum, posse, potu, -- : to be able, can
translation
translation
sumus
estis
estis
I am
possum
potes
potes
possumus
potestis
potestis
I am able, can
Impf.
eram
ers
erat
ermus
ertis
erant
I was
poteram
poters
poterat
potermus
potertis
poterant
I was able, could
Fut.
er
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
I will be
poter
poteris
poterit
poterimus
poteritis
poterunt
I will be able
Perf.
fu
fuist
fuit
fuimus
fuistis
furunt
I have been,
I was
potu
potuist
potuit
potuimus
potuistis
poturunt
I have been able,

I was able, could
Plpf.
fueram fuermus
fuers fuertis
fuerat fuerant
I had been
potueram
potuers
potuerat
potuermus
potuertis
potuerant
I had been able
Fut. Pf. fuer

fueris
fuerit
fuerimus
fueritis
fuerint
I will have been potuer

potueris
potuerit
potuerimus
potueritis
potuerint
I will have been able
Subjunctive
sim
Pres.
ss
sit
smus
stis
sint
same as
indicative
possim
posss
possit
possmus
posstis
possint
same as
indicative
possem
posss
posset
possmus
posstis
possent
Impf.
essem
esss
esset
essmus
esstis
essent
Perf.
fuerim fuermus
fuers fuertis
fuerit fuerint
potuerim
potuers
potuerit
potuermus
potuertis
potuerint
Plpf.
fuissem fuissmus
fuisss fuisstis
fuisset fuissent
potuissem
potuisss
potuisset
potuissmus
potuisstis
potuissent
Imperative
xxx
xxx
Infinitive
Pres.
esse
Perf.
fuisse
Fut.
futrum esse*
to be
posse
to have been
potuisse
to be going to be ----
to be able
to have been heard
* alternative = fore
adsum, -esse, -fu: be present, assist, 3
dsum, -esse, -fu: be lacking, lack, fail, 6
intersum, -esse, -fu: take part in, engage in, 1 subsum, -esse, -fu: be near, close at hand, 1
96
Synopsis: e, re
e, re, i(v), itrum: to go
Indicative
Pres.
active
translation
e
s
it
mus
tis
eunt
I go
Impf.
bam
bs
bat
bmus
btis
bant
I was going
Fut.
b
bis
bit
bimus
bitis
bunt
I will go
Perf.
i
st
iit
iimus
stis
irunt
I went, have gone
Plpf.
ieram
iers
ierat
iermus
iertis
ierant
I had gone
Fut. Pf.
ier
ieris
ierit
ierimus
ieritis
ierint
I will have gone
emus
etis
eant
same as indicative
Subjunctive
Pres.
eam
es
eat
Impf.
rem
rs
ret
rmus
rtis
rent
Perf.
ierim
ieris
ierit
ierimus
ieritis
ierunt
Plpf.
ssem
sss
sset
ssmus
sstis
ssent
te
Imperative
Participle
Pres.
Perf.
Fut.
ins (euntis)
--itrus, -a, -um
going to go
Infinitive
Pres.
Perf.
Fut.
re
sse
trum esse
to go
to have gone
to be going to go
going
Compound verbs
ade, -re, i(v), itus: approach, encounter, 2
ine, -re, i, -itum: go into, enter, 1
intere, -re, -v, -tum: to die, perish, 3
introe, -re, i, -itum: go into, enter, 1
obe, -re, -v, -tum: go to meet, oppose 1
rede, -re, -v: go back, return, 1
97
Synopsis: vol, velle, volu

vol, velle, volu: to wish, want
active
Indicative
Pres.
vol
vs
vult
translation
volumus
vultis1
volunt2
I wish
Impf.
volbam
volbs
volbat
volbmus
volbtis
volbant
I was wishing
Fut.
volam
vols
volet
volmus
voltis
volent
I will wish
Perf.
volu
voluist
voluit
voluimus
voluistis
volurunt
I have wished
Plpf.
volueram
voluers
voluerat
voluermus I had wished

voluertis
voluerant
Fut. Pf. voluer

volueris
voluerit
voluerimus I will have wished

volueritis
voluerint
Subjunctive
Pres.
velim
velis
velit3
velimus
velitis
velint4
Impf.
vellem
vells
vellet
vellmus
velltis
vellent5
Perf.
voluerim
voluers
voluerit
voluermus
voluertis
voluerint
Plpf.
voluissem
voluisss
voluisset
voluissmus
voluisstis
voluissent
Imperative
xxxx
xxxx
Participle
Pres.
volns (gen. volentis)
Perf.
xxxx
Fut.
xxxx
Infinitive
Pres.
velle
Perf.
voluisse
Fut.
xxxx
same as indicative
irregular present tense

1
p. 14, 46
p. 28
irregular present tense (not volam)

3
p.52
p. 28, 42, 58, 60
irregular imperfect tense (irreg. velle)

5
p. 10, 40, 52, 58, 62
wish!
wishing
to wish
to have wished
irregular infinitive
98
Synopsis: Deponent Verb

sequ, sequ, sectus-a-um sum: to follow
deponent
Indicative
Pres.
sequor
sequeris
sequitur
translation
sequimur
sequimin
sequuntur
I follow
Impf.
sequbar
sequbris
sequbtur
sequbmur
sequbmin
sequbantur
I was following
Fut.
sequar
sequris
sequtur
sequmur
sequmin
sequentur
I will follow
Perf.
secta sum
secta es
secta est
sectae sumus
sectae estis
sectae sunt
I have followed
Plpf.
secta eram sectae ermus

secta ers sectae ertis
secta erat sectae erant
I had followed
Fut.. Pf. secta er

secta eris
secta erit
sectae erimus
sectae eritis
sectae erunt
I will have followed
Subjunctive
Pres.
sequar
sequris
sequtur
sequmur
sequmin
sequantur
same as indicative
Impf.
sequerer
sequerris
sequertur
sequermur
sequermin
sequerentur
Perf.
secta sim
secta ss
secta sit
sectae smus
sectae stis
sectae sint
Plpf.
secta essem sectae essmus

secta esss sectae esstis
secta esset sectae essent
Imperative
sequere
sequitor
follow!
Participle
Pres.
sequns (gen. sequentis)
Perf.
sectus, -a, -um
Fut.
sectrus, -a, -um
following
having followed
going to follow
Infinitive
Pres.
sequ
Perf.
sectum esse
Fut.
sectrum esse
to follow
to have followed
to be going to follow
sequendus,-a -um going to be followed
Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse
99
I. Terminology:
If-then clauses are called conditionals or conditional sentences. All conditionals have two
parts
which we will call by the Greek terms in the grammar notes to avoid confusion: (1) the protasis
(premise, if-clause, conditional clause) and (2) the apodosis (result, then-clause,
consequent).
In order to identify a type of condition (note the names in boldface below), we must identify the
tense and mood of the verbs in the protasis and apodosis. If we encounter verbs and moods that
do no fit the modeled conditional sentences below, we call such sentences mixed conditions.
II. Rules in Indirect Discourse
(1) Translate subjunctives in the tense in which you find them.
a. Very often readers modify the translate naturally to fit the context.
b. Identification of the type of condition occurs after, not before or during, translation.
(2) Verbs in the apodosis (if-clause)just as all subordinate verbs become subjunctive.
a. In primary sequence, subjunctive verbs in direct discourse remain the same in indirect.
b. In secondary sequence, almost all verbs become imperfect subjunctive, which makes
it rather difficult for readers to determine the tenses and types of conditions.
c. the protasis of contrafactuals do not change in primary or secondary sequence.
III. Types of Conditional Sentences (see also pp. 59 and 61)
Indicative Conditions
Simple Present: If you believe, you are wrong.
dc s credis, errs.
dix s credis, errs.
dc
dix
s haec creds, t errre

s haec creders, t errre
Future More Vivid: If you (will have) believe(d), you will be wrong.
dc s creds, errbis.
dix s creds, errbis.
dc
dix
s haec creds, t errtrum esse

s haec creders, t errtrum esse
Simple Past: If you believed, you were wrong.

dc s credbs/credidist, errvist.
dix s credbs/credidist, errvist.
dc
dix
s haec creders/credideris, t errvisse.

s haec creders/credidisss, t errvisse.
Subjunctive Conditions
Fut. Less Vivid: If you should believe, you would be wrong.
dc s creds, errs.
dix s creds, errs.
dc
dix
s haec creds, t errtrum esse

Present Contrafactual: If you were believing, you would be wrong.

dc s creders, errrs.
dix s creders, errrs.
dc
dix

Past Contrafactual: If you had believed, you would have been wrong.
dc s credisss, errvisss.
dix s credisss, errvisss.
dc
dix
s haec credisss, t errtrum fuisse.

s haec credisss, t errtrum fuisse.
100
Caesar Book I Alphabetized Core Vocabulary (5 or more times)
The following seven pages includes all 335 words in the Book 1 of Julius Caesars De Bello Gallico that occur
five or more times arranged in an alphabetized vocabulary list. The number at the left of the dictionary entries
indicates the numer of occurrences of the word in Book 1. The author tabulated the frequency lists by counting
the words manually. Digital flashcards are available online.
, ab: (away) from, 102

absum, -esse, fu: be absent, lack, 9
ac: and, and also, and even, 29
accid, -ere, accid: to happen, fall to, 7
accipi: to take without effort, receive, get, accept, 8
acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 18
ad: to, toward; near, at 109
addc, -ere, dux, ductum: draw to, influence 12
adventus, -s m.: arrival, approach, 7
Aeduus, -a, -um: Haeduan, Aeduan, 43
ager, agr m.: field, land; farm, 16
ag, agere, g, ctum: drive, lead, do, 8
aliqu, -qua, -quod: some, any, definite, 5
alius, -a, -ud: other, another, else, 13
Allobrogs, -um: Allobroges, 11
amcitia, -ae, f.: friendship, 12
amcus, -a, -um: friendly; noun, friend, 8
amplus, -a, -um: ample, full, spacious, 7
animadvert, -ere, -vert, -versum: turn mind to, notice 6
animus, - m: mind, spirit; pl. courage, 11
annus, - m.: year, 7
appell (1): call, call by name, 5
apud: among, at the house of (acc.), 13
Arar, -aris (acc.) -im (abl.) - m.: Arar river (Saone), 5
arbitror, arbitrr, arbitrtus sum: to judge, think, 6
Ariovistus, - m.: Ariovistus, leader of the Germans, 41
arma, -rum n.: arms, equipment, tools, 12
atque: and, and also, and even, 46
aut: or (aut...aut eitheror), 36
autem: however, moreover, 8
auxilium, - n.: help, aid, assistance, 12
Belgae, -rum m.: Belgians, 5
bellum, -, n.: war, 32
C.: Gaius, 7
Caesar, -aris m.: Caesar, 87
calamits, -ttis f.: loss, misfortune, calamity, disaster, 5
capi, -ere, cp, captum: to take, capture, seize, 8
carrus, - m.: wagon, cart, 7
castra, -rum n.: camp, encampment, 41
causa, -ae f.: reason, cause; case, 25
Alphabetized Core Vocabulary

celer, -eris, -ere: swift, quick, 5
certus, -a, -um: certain, reliable, sure, 7
circiter: (round) about, not far from, 11
cvits cvittis, f.: state, city-state, 28
coep, coepisse, coeptum: to begin, 10
cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: to learn, come to know, perf. know, 15
cg, cgere, cog, coctum: to collect; compel, 7
coici, -icere, -ic, -iectum: to hurl, throw together, 5
colloc (1): place together, arrange, set up, 5
colloquium, -i n.: conversation, talk, 13
committ, -ere: commence, commit entrust 10
commodus, -a, -um: convenient, suitable, 5
commove, -re, -mv, mtum: move, disturb, upset, 5
concd, -ere; go away, withdraw, yield, 5
concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 6
confer, -ferre, -tul: bring together, gather, 9
confici, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 8
confirm (1): make strong, confirm strengthen, 5
cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, 12
cnsilium, -i n.: plan, counsel, 12
constitu, -ere, -u, -tus: decide, establish, resolve, 11
consuesc, -ere, -v, -sutum: to accustom, 7
consutdo, -inis f.: custom, habit, 6
cnsul, -is m.: consul, 6
contend, -ere, -, -ntus: strive; hasten; contend, 20
contr: opposite, facing (acc.), 23
conveni, -re, -vn, -ventus: come together, assemble, 6
copia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 28
cum: with (+ abl.); when, since, although, 96
d: (down) from; about, concerning, 37
debe, -re, -u, debitum: to owe, ought, 5
decimus, a, um: tenth, 5
dlig, -ere, -lg, -lectum: choose, elect, select, 6
dc, -ere, dx, dictus: say, speak, tell, call, name, 35
dis, - m./f.: day, time, season, 38
discd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: to go away, depart, 7
di: a long time, long, 9
ditior: a long time, long, 9
Divicus, - m.: Diviacus, 13
dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsus: divide, distribute, 7
d, dare, ded, datum: give; grant, 20
domus, -s f.: house, home, dwelling, 15
dubit (1): waver, be uncertain, hestitate, 5
dum: while, as long as, until, 5
Dumnorx, -gis m.: Dumnorix, 10
duo, duae, duo: two, 12
, ex: out from, from, out of (+ abl.), 64
nunti (1): announce, speak out, divulge, 7
eques, equitis m.: horseman, rider, 10
101
102
equittus, -s m.: cavalry, 17

equus, - m.: horse, 8
et: and, also, even, 196
etiam: besides, also, even, 17
exercitus, -s m.: (trained) army, 27
existim (1): judge, consider, think, 13
explrtor, -ris m.: scout, spy, 5
facilis, -e: easy; adv. facile, easily, 9
faci, -ere, fc, factum: do, make, perform; grant, 70
facults, -ttis f.: opportunity, power, skill, ability, 5
fds, e f.: faith, honor, 6
fnis, -is m./f.: end, border; territory, 38
fnitimus, -a, -um: neighboring; subst. neighbors, 5
fi, fier, factus: become, be made, 5
flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 22
fortna, -ae f.: fortune, chance, luck, 6
frter, -tris m.: brother, 11
frmentrius, -a, -um: of grain, full of grain, 7
frmentum, - n.: grain, 13
fuga, -ae f.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 12
Gallia, -ae f.: Gaul, 51
Gallus, -a, -um: Gallic; subt. a Gaul, 20
Germnus, -a, -um: German, 25
ger, -ere, gess, gestus: carry (on), wage, 8
grtia, -ae f.: gratitude; favor, thanks, 13
gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 9
habe, -re, habu, -itus: have, hold; consider, 45
Helvtius, -a, -um: Helvetian; subst. a Helvetian 64
hic, haec, hoc: this, these, 82
hom, -inis m./f.: man, mortal, human, 22
hostis, -is m./f.: stranger, enemy, foe, 38
iam: now, already, soon, 8
ibi: there, in that place, 7
dem, eadem, idem: the same, 20
impedmentum, - n.: baggage, impediment, 5
imperium, - n.: command, power, 9
imper (1): command, order, bid, 9
impetr (1): obtain, accomplish, 5
impetus, -s m.: attack, onset, assault, 8
in: in, on (abl.), into, to (acc.) 182
incol, -ere, -u: inhabit, dwell on, 5
infer, -ferre, -tul, illtum: wage, carry on, bring on, 13
iniria, -ae f.: wrong, insult, injustice, 16
instru, -ere, -strx, -structum: equip, prepare, draw up, 6
intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to understand, 13
inter: between, among (+ acc.), 17
intermitt, -ere: to interrupt, discontinue, intervene, 5
ipse, ipsa, ipsum: -self; the very, 48

is, ea, id: this, that; he, she, it, 286
ita: so, thus, 17
itaque: and so, 5
item: also, likewise, in like manner, 8
iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 33
iterum: again, a second time, 5
iube, iubre, iuss, iussum: to order, command, 15
idic (1): judge, decide, assess, 6
is, iris n.: justice, law, right, 11
L.: Lucius, 7
Labinus, m.: Labienus, 7
lgtus, - m.: an envoy, legate, 23
legi, -nis f.: legion, (4200 soldiers), 19
lber, lbera, lberum: free, 6
licet: impers., it is allowed or permitted, 6
locus, - m.: place, region, location, 33
M.: Marcus, 7
magnus, -a, -um: great, large; mighty, important, 34
maior, maius: greater, 7
mand (1): order, command, commit, 6
manus, mans, f.: hand; group, 5
maxim: exceedingly especially, 5
maximus, -a, -um: greatest, largest, 7
memoria, -ae. f.: memory, 6
mles, mlitis, m.: soldier, 17
mlle pl. mlia, ium n. : thousand, 28
minor, minus: less, smaller, 18
mitt, -ere, ms, missus: send, hurl, dismiss, 26
modus, - m.: way, manner; modo (adv.) only 7
mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20
mns, montis m.: mountain, mount, 20
multitdo, inis f.: multitude, population, people, 11
multus, -a, -um: much, many, 16
muni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 5
nam: for, 6
n: lest, that not, no, not, 31
necessrius, -a, -um: necessary, inevitable, 5
nm, nllus, nmin, -em, nll: no one, 5
neque: and not, nor (nequeneque = neithernor), 50
nihil: nothing, 8
nisi: if not, unless 5
nbilis, -e: noble, renowned, 6
nn: not, by no means, not at all, 91
noster, nostra, nostrum: our, 40
novus, -a, -um: new, fresh, young, recent, 9
nox, noctis, f.: night, 6
nllus, -a, -um: none, no, no one, 8
numerus, - m.: number, multitude, 17
nunti (1): announce, report, 6
ob: on account of, because of (acc.), 7
obss, obsidis m./f.: hostage, 18
obtine, -re, -u, -tentum: hold, maintain, 8
occup (1): seize, occupy, 11
103
104
omnn: altogether, wholely, entirely, 7

omnis, omne: every, all, 70
oportet: it is proper, fitting, necessary, 9
oppidum, - n.: town, 14
opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 6
rtio, -ionis f.: speaking, speech, language, 8
Orgetorx, -is m.: Orgetorix, 8
ostend, -ere, -, ntus: show, promise, 5
par (1): prepare, make ready, 5
pars, partis, f.: part, share, side 26
pater, patris, m.: father, 6
pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 7
px, pcis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 6
pell, -ere, pepul, pulsus: drive, push, 8
per: through, across (acc) 33
perfici, -ere: complete, accomplish, 5
perculum, - n.: risk, danger, peril, 10
persude, -re, -sus, -susum: persuade, convince, 8
perterre, -re, -terru: terrify thoroughly, 6
pertine, -re, -tinu: to pertain to; reach, extend to, 6
perveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: arrive, 8
ps, pedis m.: foot, 5
pet, petere, petv, pettum: seek, aim at, 12
Ps, Psnis m.: Piso, 5
plrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 6
pls (plris): more, 7
polliceor, -cr, -citus: promise, offer, 6
populus, - m.: people, nation, 47
postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 12
potests, potesttis f.: power, influence, might, 5
praesidium, -i n.: guard, protection, 6
prmus -a -um: first, 15
princeps, -cipis m./f.: chief, leader, 9
pr: before, for, in behalf of (abl.), 14
proelium, -i n.: battle, combat, 33
proficscor, -, -fectus: set out, depart, 9
prohibe, -re, -u, -itus: keep off, prohibit, 11
propter: on account of, because of, 12
proptere: on this account, therefore, 15
prvincia, -ae f.: province, 25
proximus, -a, -um: nearest, very close, 12
pblicus, -a, -um: public, common, 6
pugn (1): to fight, 10
put (1): to think, imagine, 7
quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum: to seek, ask, inquire, 8
qur: wherefore, therefore, why, 5
quartus, -a, -um: the fourth, 5

que: and, 114
queror, quer, questum: complain, lament, 5
qu, quae, quod (quis? quid?): who, which, that, 326
quidem: indeed, in fact, certainly, 9
qun: nay (even), (but) that, 7
ratio, ratinis, f.: calculation, account, 5
recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take back, recover, 10
redc, -ere, -dx, -ductus: to bring back, 6
refer, ferre, tul, ltum: report bring back 6
regnum, - n.: royal power, kingdom, realm, 8
relinqu, -ere, -lqu, -lictum: to leave behind, 6
reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 20
reperi, -re, repper, repertum: find (out), discover, 9
rs, re, f.: thing, matter, affair, business, 71
responde, -re, -d, -nsum: to answer, 10
revert, -ere, revers: turn back, return, 6
Rhnus, - m.: Rhine River, 20
Rhodanus, -a, -um: Rhone, 11
rpa, -ae f.: bank, shore, 5
rog (1): to ask; tell, 5
Rmnus, -a, -um: of Rome, Roman, 55
saepe: often, 5
sals, -tis f.: safety, refuge; health, 5
satis: enough, sufficient, 8
s: himself, herself, itself, themselves, 167
sed: but, moreover, however, 21
sentus, -s m.: senate, council of elders, 21
Squanus, -a, -um: Sequanian, 33
sequor, -, sectus: follow, pursue, 7
s: if (only), whether, in case that, 49
signum -, n.: sign, signal; gesture, seal, 5
sine: without (abl.), 12
singulus, -a, -um: one by one, 5
sve, seu: whether, or (if), 6
socius, - m.: comrade, ally, companion, 9
sps, - f.: hope, expectation, 10
statu, -ere, statu, stattum: set up, establish; decide, 5
stipendium, -i n.: pay; military service, 5
sub: under, below, beneath, underneath, 7
summus, -a, -um: top of, highest (part of) 18
sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum: take, spend 4
super (1): surpass, overcome, 9
superus, -a, -um: upper, higher, above, 5
suus, -a, -um: his, her, its, their own, 124
tam: so, so much, so very, such, 7
tamen: however, nevertheless, 9
tantus, -a, -um: so great, so large, 11
telum, - n.: projective, weapon, blow, 5
tempus, temporis, n.: time, occasion, 14
tene, tenre, tenu, tentum: to hold, keep, 13
tertius, -a, -um: third, 11
105
106
time, -re, timu: to be afraid, be scared, 5

timor, -oris m.: fear, dread, anxiety, 9
ttus -a, -um: whole, entire, 16
trdc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead across, cross 9
trns; over, across (+ acc.), 7
trns: over, across (+ acc.), 7
trs, tria: three, 7
tum: then, at that time, 5
ubi: where, when, 11
llus, -a, -um: any, 5
nus, -a, -um: one, 23
uterque, utraque, utrumque: each (of two) 7
tor, t, sus sum: use, employ (abl.), 8
Valrius, - m.: Valerius, 5
vel: or, eitheror, 7
veni, -re, vn, ventus: come, go, 25
vetus, veteris: old, experienced, 5
vide, vidre, vd, vsum: to see, 18
vigilia, -ae f.: watch (1/4 period of night), 5
vinc, -ere, vc, victum: conquer, defeat, 14
virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 15
vs, vs, f., pl. virs: force, power, violence, 5
vol, velle, volu: will, wish, be willing, 24
volunts, -ttis f.: will, wish, choice, 10

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Caesar's De Bello Gallico I

Latin Text with Facing Vocabulary and

Beta Edition April 2013

Caesar's De Bello Gallico I

, ab: (away) from, 102

Caesar Running Vocabulary

reliquus, -a, um: remaining, left (over), 20

Caesar Running Vocabulary

px, pcis f.: peace, quiet, rest, 6

Caesar Running Vocabulary

cnsilium, -i n.: plan, counsel, 12

Caesar Running Vocabulary

sum, -ere, sumps, sumptum: take, spend 4

Caesar Running Vocabulary

committ, -ere: commence, commit entrust 10

Caesar Running Vocabulary

Lesson 1: Caesar I.1

initium, - n.: beginning, entrance, 3

The Divisions Within Gaul

ad effminands: for softening; lit. for

Lesson 2: Caesar I.2 I.3.2

Apud Helvtis long nbilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorx. Is, M.

lacus, -s m.: lake, pond, pool, 2

Orgetorix Forms a Conspiracy to Emigrate from Helvetia

as normal impf. indicatives; vagor is deponent

Lesson 3: Caesar I.3.3 I.4

Ad es rs conficiends Orgetorx dligitur. Is sibi lgtinem ad

iudicium, - n.: decision, judgment; trial 4

Orgetorixs Conspiracy Fails

subj.) is a periphrastic fut. form; verbs in

Lesson 4: Caesar I.5 I.6

Post eius mortem nihil minus Helvti id quod cnstituerant facere

flu, -ere, flx, flxus: flow, 2

The Helvetians Follow Orgetorixs Plan: Two Possible Routes

1 eius: his; i.e. Orgetorix, gen. sg.

Raurc, -rum: Rauraci, 2

Lesson 5: Caesar I.7

Caesar cum id nntitum esset, es per prvinciam nostram iter facere

Nammeius, -i m.: Nammeius, 1

Caesar Decides to Stop the Helvetians

separate instances of indirect discourses (two

Lesson 6: Caesar I.8 I.9

Intere e legine, quam scum habbat, mlitibusque, qu ex Prvinci

Ira, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3

1 scum: cum s; s is a 3rd person reflexive

vadum, - n.: shallows, shoal, ford, 2

litotes, parallel to the adverb saepius

Lesson 7: Caesar I.10 I.11.3

Caesar renntitur, Helvtis esse in anim per agrum Squanrum et

abduc, -ere, dx, ductum: to lead away, 1

inimcus, -a, -um: hostile, unfriendly, 2

side of the Alps while Farther Province or

Popular Uses of Subjunctive in Caesar

special translation example

Cum Caesar mitteret

interrogatives: e.g. quis, cr

nvit qus Caesar mitteret

commanding verb + ut/n (neg.) none

persusit ut Caesar mitteret

relatives: qu, quod + subj.

es qus Caesar mitteret

7. Verb in Subordinate any subordinate verb in

es, s id mitteret, lgere

s pres. subj., pres. subj.