The Text Encoding nitiative

and the Study of Literarure

James

mings

ntroductron

lt

n.od]ng niiaje (TE) an ]ncnaiona] .onsor]um hi.h dedi.aed

o aintaining dle TE Guidet]nes as a .e.ormende.t nandald eitu"1mafku (See
-E ebs].e), lhe
T grew our of a ccosn]ed need or lhe credion o ]flc
naionai sandar.]s fo etal markp ha resutred io a co.ftrcnce at vassaf c]l.ge.
ugl*ecpsie' i1r io"embef 1987 aric]pants repcsenring er archjes, schrla]y
he

s.ietiej' lesearc pojects, xnd academic institutions m.r at this.oneence t eamnre

the eising ehods of ex encding, to dcuss he eibjlj'v o an inte.nar]onat
standard or such encoding, and.o make .ecoen]ai.,ns for s scope, srcrure,

cooc. and daf;ng (dc and SPerbefg'McQeen 199!). he iniia spo.sors of ]re
T as a projec were h. sso.jaion or Compuefs in thc umaniies (cH), he
sso.iarion tr computaiona ]-ingrstics (CL), and the ssoc]aioo o.L]terary and
L]ngujstic Corputjng Lc)' hough he T ]s nw osty ma;ntained as an
inernarina] consrtium by inf;trtiona] hosS, as we1l as ;nsiurional members
and ;ndiv]dua1 sbscf]bers, oYef hevears ] has rece]'ed support iomsurces ]oc1u.]ins

he

Us a]onai Endovmen for he man]jes (Nr)' the Eu.opean Un]on, he

\/ e]on FDndeion' and he social sc;ence and Huarrities Research

of cnada (sSHRCc), The oefa1] Ppose {the proie.t wr o poduce a
'er
o[gujde]ines for the ceajon and use ore]ecronic re:5 in he majo|ly otingui. and
t;eary dis.ipines (Reoea, MyloJs, and Drand 2a1: 2)2_')' Now, a coupe o
de.adcs 1atef, theT Guidetjnes are sed fo many reit cncd;ng pro]ects, espciai]y i
ndrw

Coi.il

hc Ars and Iuman]ties' rever, r dre -E ei;sed befofe he o]d \Xlde \-eb its
re.ommen&irons have iliuenced hcdevelolrnent a numbef ofweb standds mos
noabi x and x- re1ated Sandards' This chaper wil examine some oIi the
hisory and thcoreica and methodo]ogicat assumptions embodied in rhe e encdi.g

framework recomnendcd b1, the TE, is no. ]nended to be a general ]ntro1ction o

rhe TE o x1M narkup mre generaty, nor js it eaha.jve ]n js considefa|in |

:j]
h.1E, ,.he llst the ,1E .1e5 adnirdb]y iJ.1l' ht selrlc] 'outcl
c s]i.e ha. is a|towe.] hele' nieid t l S.hp. lr.Ldes i sanrFi ng

isses .nncei.c

ike

jucl]

onrJne

i+l. rrso,v'

;l .h nos
Th. TE

a e\' o}]

jssues, ai.] sone rt.thc me1r.blo:!i.it assu1]ois.

ar unaoidxt,e, lra the

mies'

iled Ginlia if F'laJfin:. '| l:lLq d

]k|.bd!!' arc a continualh relscc sc t pllsals o slggeseJ metl|ds .r t(
,1.t
n..lrng Gee
Guj]eirn., je 1 r,.iing h.y have .ea(hed dre;l fih
majo esin,'.j,'anc p]dc reomendans or merhods ma.kur 1 a
G]Jetines, of{lclal1y

broai range f exu1' physi.x' tirerary. and 1ina]sr]c plieflmen2 orracrst ro hs

.E
in he T cmri, ]he
G]de[ncs .e no on a gide t bcs ac.e. ,i.

ae aiso an v]ving hisic1t .e.ord dre co.cenrs te fl]d oi Ua.iies

Cmpuing,
T1rc TE ;iJeines are divded nt chxpters and coer s,icle rnge | opics,
b.gin]g ]h tour inrodtrr chapers: a descrrpiin h. Guidetines hnrse]l-es' a geil]e htducion lo x-, an o'eryjew ]{ the T: ]n|raslcturc. an. a
disclssion o the usc of lngages and cnacr scs, F11ow]ng t|ese iodrcor
meeria]s a.e .hdErs oD he srucr. o TE dcmcns. e n]a.]er ]n r']rich
merad2a is stred in a E docmencs hcajcr, and a description .he lafge nnber
l eements 'hlch ete avaidhl {or se iD any E do.ment, hese ae fo11oe] b,
.1rapte6 on more speciic topics Su.h as E e]ements tor erse, perttmace tes.
fanscipins f speech. prin dictinalies. ermiologicat da"bd!es. ranuscli
des.r]prion. irethodS o ]nking, segmenring or !]igning t.s, s]mp1e ani]c
echanisms, and featurc s.uc.ucs trhe. ch2pes make .ommendaions on
the e.cding ceain and resons]b]jty' hc ansciioi of primary suces'
he .reation l.a criical appararus' ho rccrding ol names and laes the creiion
lagage cPr, as el1 as mehds br re.jding graphs' neorks, trees, :bles,
ormulae, and gfaphics n addiin, rhee are chapre on the feat]nshi ohe Eft
Heide elemens s.]h oher metadaa Sandads, he rep.esentation f nn-sandd
.hafacers and sl"hs' eaure ssem dec1aar]oos, and elemens r documentation
used in rhe cea]on orhe TE Guide]nes 1rhe G].]e]]nes are rhentse]es a val]d Tt
do.umen), F]nally, here are ch2Pers on
con{rmance to the T Guidelines
''hat
]mp]jes' how one can mdift he T] schema to suit individu1 neds, ru]es for the
inrerchange of docen.s. and mehods tbr overcorrins the problen ol efaPjng
} h]earch]es, l hese .haPes are supplemened by a.ious apPendices i

n eddition o pbtrshing he E GUjdetines, he T consofium als povides

mehod . ]rojecS o poduc cusromi,ed scheas (cufrenv in RtaxNG' \r]C,
and DT) rats) ]n oder to va]idate rhen TE cocuens, Meove hey pfdu.e
v1ius r.fee srvare pac<ages. inc1uding a sc of XSL Sty1esheers o rraostbr
TE xM ino lTM and DF (,ee T sylesheers),
The TE Guidel]nes rave gajned a cpuar]oo fr having boh broad coverage'
addfe$ig he needs of n,n fields in he hmanir]es general1y' as wel as in deprh
.rE xM is, where app1icable,
covera.ge for mre specialjzed .oncerns/app1]cat]ons,

1lr 'l!

.|1i0j|}]|

||1|)t

li

h,

\n

|'lr.t

1) l

]r. i1x re.onmcD.t.t t. Fl.se n and j...fung. D e]e.rotj. |{,L

.es..eS bi i nbc of tnl]ng rod cs .1rs alrJ hnrnii.s }oje.ts (o .np1c.
he .:i fts a.1 Ho]ai]]es Resea.]r coun.il)' s SU1r, ] rs 1nrpiant o. s n
on1 t uldesanct he l'] Gidetine' a eotng s o cor]ei.1!ioos bt
|s ui.]ersand he e.h.tog c n] ]1eorei.in bckgn.1' issurrtjos, an.l
bises tha hac influco.e.] 1rji evlrn

riciples of thc TE
.

AS mcnined xbove,
wls rmcd r proje. a a .oneen.e a Vassa C1cge,
Pough]rcepsi, in \o'en,el 98]. hc coni.fence pa]c]p.rns drited an ifuia1 se

oi princip1es to guide tic pojcc' i1ed..hc ]ro]rkeesie rinciPes,. wha is

su.p]s]ng is h2 ve {ev o h con.ens expssed ]n dris Jc,ren ,q.sccni daed
]i hefa.e ofechnotog].jl ad'ancs, ]nSead manr.ofhe3as o1 d]e.] Gui.ie1n]s
.emain he sane, 1 st]gh e:paded' ftm i'h. s nd j dljs ear1y manies,
olera, i iS these Plnc]pLes ha ion $e rheoica and mehdolgica1 bsis ol
1hi.h the T] h .eve1oped,
The Poughkeepsie Prio.iples
closing Satement f YaSsar conference
The P.eparation of.x En.odnrg Giden1.s
8tkeelsie, New

] Novembe
1, -.he g]de]ins ale 1te.1ed to PD'jde
hmanities rsoa(h

he gdd]]nes are aso iln1ed

].

he guideines shoul.]

1
2

o nggef

sndard

98l

m for da inre.hge in

t|.i!les f! it j.o]ng ot.te61.

.he

dene a e.nrm..ded sln:

or the f'o.m,.
define a mexan8uage t i]re descrillion oi te ecoding s.nemes,

a.

b.

.o -nj| n|. -a,t,F1

,,.

fj,, io,l

bnguage and n !.ose.

a. The gide]nes shd !.f sers o.cd n8 cnvenions sui.ed .o. lanous app].ains
5. he aui1eines shld in.dc a m1niil se o.eni.s to! en.oding ne texts
r

6. he guidelines ae be da|e.
' .elt do.menxin

2' t

]'

by cmmiaees n

rePresenaion

text inerrclain and 2na]ys

.1' m(lLanguage definnn]n 2nd ds.iP]on o e]n and

Pooscd hees'
coordrnatd by a $eering .ommittee of eP.esental]es of the .in.ia] snsr

rganfaons
'a
comat]brfty with e]f]ng safldads wjl be mainta]ned

as

fal

as

Posjbe,

1tll
8.

A ur]e. oi

dtn

9.

..

]xrAc

iOn

as

.jI alc1r]'es |r'.:grec in l]]i.jtl. r n]ln l he giae]ies in

;nn2t, \at .aac undtng ig.i1j o suFPr

an ]rcl.h"ng

,,. ,,

c.!e! ea;.j.E .12.rine |cadab] cac t. drc n.' ;.nrni inlo'4 rh.
fJs]aion | hei, .o.ve.ttns ino dre synx | h nc ..ma No re!Ullrrets
l'i be madc i d].2]dllon oi i|o.nratin not ilrctrJy .le(l r. tre teiE

lI

EDPal)

\hi]e hc scpc f he

,.

has cera]n1y cvolved us]de f he Iur cnfees

jt
(p]nt
nggesed above
6), and
hrs succeedd in ppSi1g wi.lety use.l 'ses {..tj.g

convcn]ons siied for arjous aPpticains,,(p]n 4)' here is m.h 1hj.h s siE
gernrane o he"f ! .e nt al tss1on, h1e nany oheSegals h1ve L]ec!a.onrishe.l'
it is ineresting to note tha cnl'ycafs ].rer9'e are st] t encou ragi] g ',i] n. io.g ag.ncjes
o
r r .leveiopmen
oftos tr fac]]itae'' poin 8) rhe j.er.hanse, inte.,Pcrab]]i',
'lFo

ceain, and,.dsis o enodec es Cetliny soe .o]s have bcen develoed

o the .eiin, ediing, nd pesenaion oTE d.umens, ru nran o' hese havc
evlvcd lro v spec]i. ses reahg o he poj..s fofhich lrey hive been.reated
Thc ms bencfic]at deciSion, witl regafd o h. availabi1iy of o1s' has been the
migrai o rhe 1 rotr Stad1rd Ceoei1ized Makup anguage (SGf) to en
Sibe ar]< Lan!.age (l,):s the TE forma for P4 (anJ later vefsi.'s) since

xf

iis received vorldw]cte support foIn alanner oId;scipines' n)any connre.ia1

ajcatiors eris .] lhc ceaioo oL ]n genera' ana ots bjc suPpr J- als
are sabe ror TE xML, ]s ]ndecc true ha a ' nuber { large et xchivcs hae
.geed in p]nc]lc o slpport he G]c]eliles in their uncron n intcchnge
foma'(o]n 8)' and tie ord ex .hive afl.l hc Univcfsiy of virg]ia,s
Elecnic Tei (]enre| are \'o sch arch]ves rhich havt hc1pcd o esab1h TE as a
sandad fr inechange and preseation, numbe r daa scr]ccs, Sc up r rresetre
the orcomes of fnded digil.J Proie.s. 16 TE xML as one o heir prefetred rchivaL
rma and encorage its use as suitabe for long relm preseain,
]hugh the hiso. fhc E hs beeo dftn by he oeeds ot;s members, ; has
aso been d;rected by, and akn on the slmions inherenr in, dre recrnologies
it en]loys' The TE Gu]delincs are rhe prine de]]veabe of he TE 1see TE

Guideioes)' They descibe he princlpies o Dse ii mark;ng up texs, and diese

rincjples ca be expressed in cectrnic schemas . dcumenr ],pe deE ins
(DTDS) which can be used ro va1idale a documen instance against his torm f
besc pinipes' wh]1e rie tormlaion of the Grrideines iito machioe-re2dabe
scheas ]s an .xreel' usetu bv pfduct cre1ed fron the same ies hich elso
pdce he Gu]delines. 1 n the Guide1jnes hemsees that rake riiry ikes,ise,
the rechno1ogies iflvo]'ed are a],o secondafy. he reconeoda.ions' There ae
suggest]ns ]etai1eJ ;n the p.se ot die Gu]delines ha are unabe to be cnstrained
adequate\. in sore schem" tang,rages; rn hese ces, the pfose r.he Gujdeljnes
awavs akes precedence' Curntly the TEI Guidetins express he desciPirn ofrhar
e]ements are aiowed in any Partjc]ar locaion, rha [, he cn.or mode1s o

T/ T ;llx |'t. l lL S\

oi

1li

L'ttl

eteren' in RetaNG Conra S',arl prevls1l'&e seJ D'D 1gug, hese

1le bth j..ee.] elcclnl rml:iors | $ re :bstl:t onp o1]lied
wihi. he Ci.]ejnes TchnLogies.o]ri. o.celo. anJ h "n.r rn a']r].li
lhe ].eis | h E] GiJe]nes are eresse s,itt erote ]1,
Th dte TB Gu]dines .rrent use N ij simpt1 a rtliecin ha ..cmpai
biiy witl exislng
itl be nainaioe.i as tir as tss rl'j, ]oin 7) re]ous
'aodads
o r.l, he TE ccmmen.1ed d]e se o SCML. 2n So stadud 1SO 8879 96),
n a ami] cc o arLp Languages. SG\' 6 oten d]ousht or as the aeD o
boh LTL and xM, sCN, s ].je] a des.en.]air of l]M's Gcnera1]ze} farkup
a1gxge ((;t)hicr as , m lsoe ssei based o clrarac| flagg]rrg, enat,ting
basi. srrucura] nlarkup o e]econlc c]oumena fo. .isp1ay and p.innig (Renear
201: 225-] l )' sG{L was origina1L ]nenced tor th. slr.ing o.]o.unens hrou.g]ou lge o.ganjratioDs. csp..iai]y go,ernmenx, and ]n re ]ega and aerosPace
jndusrries hich wee reguirc.] o psevc and providc access r documens lir at
]e a ew decedes. s sol]ons or creaig and prin]ng hese dcumen, deeIoped.
SG, w-as inceaslngly adpred in he rinrnrg and pblishing in.Jxtries liolever.
he supFoft .or he prccesiog SG documns exise. in relati1et |ew alca
r]ons, xnd Specialm in tea.ning SGML rnarkup nieant hat it was not he u!]cfsa1
aswe rhe markup o reiS xt ,n hoed i woti becme ]!1-, hwever, has
becme an inrernationa srr.cess in 1vev short perid o re ls scc in many
je]ds' academ]c and .omme.j2, r d.u,nens' daa ntes, .oii.quan inomaion,
emrarr and tong-term soagc, io fansmjtitig rn.rm2]o! o.a1ly of emotel}'.

L ne , .,

- | , " ,d

n ', n ,

j |

"".e |,

',,l

, 1]E

o,n',

of almost everh]ng, inclrd]ng ,J plocessing cocumens, insra11arion scr;S,

news aric]es, Produ. ]nfooiion. aod eb pages. foe |e.end' 1\{ has been

incr:singv popula as a eniporary sroage formar wb based sef ]nerfa.es, rs

ll poasive applicabiliy has mean nr on1], tha 1re ae nlmeious ols 9'hich
ead. we, ansfom. o ohers,ise m"n]pu1ae x{ an ap]caioo. peraig
sy*eo and hardwae indepenJet rma, bu ao ha here is as much tra]oing and
Suppo ava]t.ble, The cnras win SGL ]s 51gnifican, sho d also be noed rar
one of rhe edior of he )LM Secificatjon, Spefbcrg N{cQDeefl, ras pr]or o rhn an
editor ofhe TE Gujde]ines, and thlr his experince rih he: he1ped to shape tre
.t now rrses
fmal rhicr he
\i,hi]e he G]detioes
ine'irabl], chang' hey a'i] ovea]] say rue ro he

inirial desjgn

ga]s:

''it

The b]]owina desi8n goais ae !o govem .he choi.es t be mad by fte wolkin8
cmittees i. dn|t]ia rhe gulde]r,es ]{tgheanked aas sboud coun m.e nxn
olvera.ked gol]s The 8].:le1roes sh!d

i,

2,

],

nffi.e o reP.esenr the rexrat ttu.es needed tor lesearch

be sinple, .1e, and con.ete
be edy fo( esearcbers to se wihotrt spe.ia] urose sftware

.1a

.1 a .v

'.]

d]e ig.nrus j.l.i1, .o.] elir.len ]ro.sln ..es

t.or]e b se.del.i..J .rtnsjons
.ooin o e]nin3 anl ergel yao]J.d5

hughour lre ctranges and rcions he T kes r he recommend2ioni, tho

esrons ofhe..E Cui.ie incs hemselves ch clc he deve1opmeot tme.hodotgies
an] assunrp ;ons con.erig h nc ofex enco.trflg roe boadlr: Thesc have bcen
nor onl ;nluenced b, t,ur inenr]ona11v sh1pd o answer, he needs o te ex
en.ding cl]uoiv ] he r!e, Bu h]5 TE cniminir is in ].se1f remet
l)lal and djese, rg;ng cross a d;scipl]nes in tie rts and Humanities and c\,en
xrendrng ino c S.ienrjic domais Gee r]ects). Th]s reach ]r eed ii a

delgn decion to enable, \heleler possible, the m.,st general of erc,d] ng

sructes, but fen com lemcn] ng hese w]th me detaited dara mdels ineded fo
spc.ia]s S he 1. c,ters to these sPeciai,ed areas either vhcc rhefe has 6cen 2
be]ief ifl heir centfxi. o he mss]on o he T ]n 1evc1p]n8 stanJards o e
encling' o.here heT commn]rh obbied l]mpvemen in hesenras, o
eranpies. basic e\ual mod]es e for daa, se. andprose, but mre sPecra1,ed
mdutes ejs or: pf]n dicionar]e'' corpus 1]ngu]stics' and manuscrit desc]pion'
,{ iS heart he TE is a cmmunity ted organi,ain. aod this e]cced ]i all
reJs is xc]vir, i5 members (whelre insrilt]ona] hsts, {u,r1ed pijecrs, o
indrvidual9 h pa,r or the.onsortium's.onitrarion, and a desie to fulre thc
goa1s he TE pronps neml,ers o stand or e]e.t]on o he Bard o Teciriicat
conci]' ike]se, membes
rn part;.ua aeas, or wih spe.i]. techno
',oking
1ogica] sotins o cnceros. ofre gahcr hemsIves ogeh ]nro spe.ia interS
groups urjch m. eenua1ly produce suggesrrons tor irprving be TE clide]ics
h2t .he na.{e JI he E is o be direced by he needs ofis sers is nt supjsing
gNet tha it s as a rcn1 ofte need f( srandadizaioo and inrerperabiirv that he
T as tmed, ovever, hjs communlry led fcus des have cerain thereica
ip]ications, siclc frm the arels which Seer o he E] ro be centra o mos oms r
cx encodrng and S cvered b the Guide1ines early on, rhe mo, sphjsticaed
de1mens hae aken p]ace in hSe a.exs here there are act;ve users wanting
se he TE Gu]deines o he specific d]sc]pline, For ea2mpte, in deve]ping
fecommendarions tr dre creain ]| lirg;c corpoa. the TE defined .t <pefson>
e1emenr ro record in[o.rr-atin about he pafticipans in a inguisti. in.efacjon'
Ioweve once it ei]sted i be8an o be used b others o ecord iniormation abor
the peEre nre.ioned in s, Morcvcr, the eended use high]jghted seveat l]ira
]ors lh the daa odet of <persn>, Since i was origioallv inended tr pcPle
whosesPeechhad bee fnscribed. vh]1e here lvas a <bih> eemen o e.rd detaiiS
of he speakc,s birh, here w:s no <deah> e1ee sioce rhe conve.sations ne
a$umed have aken p]a.e n'hile the speaker was alive. o<l ye, soon as peopte
sard to us the <pe6n> e]emen to lecord moe de1ed posopognphica1 rnof
mat]on, having a <dearh> e]emenr to record he date and piace o rhe subjccs
(nor necesar]ly speaker's) deah became an bvjo$ addirion, Thar rhe T d]d not
de]iberae

!. f

:'l,o!;1

llir, i ]k \|'. i

Lkj11!]!|!

111

'ih is enile nde.sn.labte ge tha hel ha.j latc] rlc

.Pesn> e]errent slel \'ih seech croi in mid (scc.F. cc)
hs x"mp|e hightights boh the .lrat'bi.]{S a] beetls o1 a cmu -]ed
saadds ogazation n respns o a perceited nccd. hc Tt cacd ccmcns {
mead.a elaing iingujsi..orroa l. i ii(u]a| cmmuojty. \hen x.iieet
;mmunl adoPe.] these eements for a.iiicren usc hc Tt gcncalred and
devetoped he Guidelines o ,nke he ]en]enrs oe app]cablc o a gteae ube
usc' T}la tre TE h]s Mded a m.h iio.c detarlcd FfosPo.cra]rhic1 mxkuP
i he]r Pi r1asc is n1r' paly h Point' lr impoafll, i has cread a
mjrre of he spciaizcd e1eens etaine] ror i.5 use iilr l1nguis]c Cra
irlu.le his o

:,egin

(s!ch as <Soce.Saus> ro r.o.t so.i .onomic s.a) wh]e adcling ewe, moe
g.re.ai,eJ e1enents Gu.h !S <persra]> o reco|d pefsa trairs) exendrng ftont

rh SPe.ii. o the genera1' he cnufli], heed deve1p e secialized ag s at

.,. " J,J| ,".,,|

apl: ot | many' ove| fie

veaS

tp," ,

his mehod

, !.- ..,-,

o develpmet lras produced an

eacm]], useut' brrt o.casionaly errai. s. o fecommen.letions ith u]rie was

so]vc Si]e rbems, and ont], a s]n:1e g.eatized solt]on or rhefs, \-hi]e his
is genca1t e.eied to be ole ofthe srrenghs .the', it.an m]ke ir contSing
nev uscs vho ma be ncef2ir whe o ts he sPec.t]zed r nre generaj,ed

r orm,, 1 1, l al

. ..; |. .
,fE

ro be.one ole useful t varios dlscip

1he conrinuccl <leelopmer o the
]1nes 'i] oriy .oninu his poess f simutaneous s]..ia]izdjo dnd genereti,at]n,
.hi]e h;s iS nor necessarily a bact hing, i can encourage ethodglcxt jnequa]iy
g,lrcre detailed Speciai]Zed rriarLp 1s usd | somc aspecrs a pro;cc, while more
.h]S
in tun cao 1ca.
gcoerli,ed slios are ed fo o1res'
oherwrse skes,ed inpressions of he conen o hc documcnr, \(hi]e h shoud,
ofus, be avoided v]h de2ied do.rea. analysis and caefil schema ceatin, the

vnir,ness ot .oje.ts ro seize on whichcve etemefl.S Sem o p.ovjde the most detai
1ead o ]nequnir]es ha (even when prper]y
lor he] jnredjate

docunrned) may escape ie no]ce of 1ae rsers, glalcl aga]flS

h,

jgoroff

shJ

be developed to ]ncrease overa1l cons]sen.y.

he heoeica] jmplications r the appl]cajon ofmarkup ro a ex are a sbjec o
mch discussin and oo arge o rea ]n .ch here (see Lando'206; layes 200];

ca1 encod1g gu!deines

ccann 2)' t is needless o sa-v rha may nr\1ed w]h h. e e1iest eftorts
t create systems f narkup for compure sstems vere nor 1ieray heoists, bu
..E,
which has lien benefited
this is no lhe ce with d]e deveopmen o he
rom rigorois debae on he very nare what constilres a rc (M.Gann 20:
]87)' Whi1e rhe h]so o exui] markp obious pre dares copuer sSens,
its ipplica]on ro machifle{eada,e tex .s pard;nfluenced b'v simulaeo]rs
de'eoPmens jn l]rerary theory and the sd of titerafe' Texua1 heories tm
Bahes, Eoucaul. Bakhtjn, ani Derrida a]] have i cncep l]ne1ink]ng which bth
pe daes and alosr aricipaes he laet developmenr of hyperrexual 1rnking in
Ne crir;cjsm was ineo on he c1ose
eteconic dcments (andor 206]
']'1i8),

.1i

c,]ing oa t""x .i1r i re]e.ion oao .Iri er1] iirnriion as ] so|ce to ones
tn.].|srin]ig lrxt te urhriat big.aphy ] ntoin)ai.] ode.st.t b
.opi|arive anit'Sis g,;h oh. ers co]
l,c 1rcd uon .o
]]c
'njnarc
ex ndel .ons1.1ertri,]' Th]s matches n'ett"t
vih the noirn t cxtlt
ra|]rp
pro'].in.c rrp.ea] informain 2br he St.re ard .oun .,. he e\
wlr righ jd s]jght] is he nojn .,1 ext's a'rbigi iu ]nrms mos ot Ne9
clitjca] rhoughi ]t js inonce]leble lin such hoerjci prsl1on ha a r..l igh
hile a Siag1c in.ontrvcib1e rreaning ol indecd 5cfte'
Tha he ineti gcn aprti.ai]n o akr lo a ret js isean inerp.e!iv. ac ]s
qui s.a]gh1oa.] n.l \h]]e his oc.iona1v har lle r cmphasized, i ]s ]ess
rco..].aly in.crestrng tha s,h rhe pticion o. tat ma]<l etIs Us abor u
uaderanding of . e RDcn 1999), one o. the T].S cn.tu|jng esx.les 1ras ben ]n
be]ng a catllys to. rhe developmen omanv, seis conflicring, nclesandigs

' hxt !.j.t cua]it o. ingl8. bl dn pe.xioa

dol ]anguaEc h $arcd us i. he fa. i. a ]ong i, btr sc.i
we jrae nor s.n lt s.*en dt ce.aen.e e e(.oni. reai]it]'' and n.
|iri.ul
o!e.,ida hi.s ol oa.xi lxnsuage ike T' !o elPose the d.Fl tful abou |]ot
a.i manus.i| .{s (Mccian 2Oq.1:201)
Tr

crucr1] ondrl2furg

(lfuis

base.1)

Th2t the TE has he]Fcd uS g.eater undersaodlng coocenig the nae tex is
unsurising g;e ]s oaue' lthoUgh he strcc o1n ext is Pco o deb2te, ]r
is quesion$]e hi' nrch his undcsnding l markup :s rnre.pfeation stou1d
appv o tlre b2sr. s.ucru.a] maf]<up appl]ed o an elecic ca, fhe ]rob]eraic
no]n is heth marking a a graph ih he T etmen for ]aragaphs (he
<p> elemen) des anthing more han mark rha tnee is a slr.rra I]]. osome
sor rhere. r is agmbe that rhe appicaion ofsu.trr,l maklp des no neccssa]1y
;m Spec]{ic Senrantic r.anins, hat <p> does not neccssari1y mea a aagraplr
or rhi \hi1e <ri]e> may mark a ide, ir does not sav what consus a ride'
possiblc oblem n'jth sicr afgmens in rea.in o the TE Gitet]nes ]s ha
the reanjng o these e1emen indeed deicd ]n fie prose o h. Gjde1ines
he <l1e> e]ee ]s sa]d t coo.a;n ''the ol1 ]de o. i wrk i any Lind.'' bu
si.rce i des no !fher de]ne h2t a.ritEe'. mcans. his only seghens hc
agrenr of markuP aS an act jtePetain, ]s tp he resea.he. aying
]re m.kp to de.ide 'ha ofin f he tex o rap a <title> e]emen around,

r co]d be argued 1rat wha hc TE pro"icles is Fhenomentgv. !t ontotogy

Sarre ] 94]: 4 ])l

lc.

Te.s do n have a. uo.oblema]. bie.tjve ejsren.e] dre, a.e not self-idena]' even
it more or Less tansParenr age desigfls hae tr.dnina]] caered .o he i]]usi.n hl
lhe' ire hen en.d]na ti compute anaL1si and presentatio js heiefre dmed t
lemain lrobLeat]c, incomplee, dd Pe6ec]a], n a scnse' 2 prenomeno]8' of res
has pLaced notogy (Eggeft 2'j 429)

!j.'li1 ia)lr Iri'.i;1, n| | Sr

a iie' i!

|'i

L!|.t!!||

Ai9

t sinrpL1 gives us maos te:r1ig tle

may be hrugh lndi.atjn! lro inn
n']re|. hef are s.1' \'hjte his ] ir.i.t .]oom ]re 1]] .oitinae io cnr1]n
E l.]es nn 1i is

'rc
cunr

ha

be|ies an1pracices abou ]le

ilc

.p|btenr!ti.,

incomptete, and per'pe.1i.,' o .r ]rel\ ]sc. j'11]]e refriitiog us"ai'

]i an a.e in.cas]n.!. inen]ionaj,]lin an. .]rl-csji.ation o|:elani coceps
r re .reaion . ee.n] esoulces inended o a ']de .irrge ecl
urpses.
wutJ be jmss]b]e,
\'rie te appljcxtio of o'rt<p l cpuczc.l ei nrd have bee. influen.e.]
b1 Nev'Ciic1 hough, here are mny 1ae devpes in 11rerary hcory which

hae i1ucl.et' nos. lrkely uninen]nil1, 1re deveomn o the E'S urde
san1ing f nrarku n rea.t ng aga;nst the srrctlra]ist1i and ]rc nea' clii.al
.otcn.min o. *c ex itsetl he pssrtrais vemeit\ dcsabi1izat]on f
canrng ta.e.l ll c o increaion on the reader atiJ ie,ed lhe ex. aj a
cu1ui1 rduc tc.e$arjty embedded in the currrre om \ai.h i o;gjnate!. t
cou]d be ased .ha lre.[ d.veoprnenr oert enco.t]ng sadlr]s iS an atemp
t enabe greacr comparaivc yu.]y bet]aeo sh rers, B, lvrh decnstruc]ons
ana]ys;s esecial1 crii.]ing rhe assu]nns Oi: sucla];S bioa oppsitio an.J
ulna.ey fUjc.]n:] that a ext can h,e a.nnsienr srnctue, ir q'o]d lre moe
sens'b. o vie rhe .rt s .Sunrpti,ns , nr]ru her as bi.a1l\'Srrcua;sr ifl
nae as ] pa]rs record (he ex \aith ]teeon n]lkup and meada).
]drough m* | these tseaichcr l1rog f hemsees i5 F.acn]oe athel than
eol]ss, $ei! dec]ons l cofittd a dt a rheo of eua]i' .hat sas
.e]o1.ed by theu tcit xssunlio.s har he .atoni. eai!y,,fa et rcaly s ]s
erfen.e as an ode.ed hn.xr.h ofclent o,ie.rs. (la]es ]05| 9')

he beje rl]2t exs are abIe bc d]v]ded ino cnsisen derstandabe src
nes is cena to hc TE Guideincs. \/hi1e' o he purpose o rea encoding, h.
unirS he T suggess are hardly cono'eSia], rhey d imp1y a p]clar theoreical
unde.yan.]ing f wha consitues a re
e ; nor n undifere.tiited segen.e ro.as' much less o bes, Fo diient
![oses. 1r mly be d]vide] i.t many di{ieren unns, fd1Felent ryPes or s;es, A rose
ret suclr 2s tlrls one mi8hr be divided ina seins, chaltr, paragrxptrs' and sen
ren.es' ve{e x m]gh. be divided ]nr .xnts, nanzas' ad liaes oa.e irriaed.
seluences oi ptose and ve5e r]igh be d]yided ]n oumes' gallreilngs, and !a8e5.

(See

:l

S(])

This very literai vre of what cnsiutes a ex cicrlves partly fm he not;n the
tex is hierachica], more secificly har ]r ]s ..an rdered hierar.lry o. conten
ob]ects'' (Renea 99]), sh]te he orig]nat ahos ma have reeaed rom th
positio Sti8h]y, i stitl underies mucb of he hcorer]ca] ,ack8rouod o he T,
ThiS holds ha he h]erarchy ofhese cnent bjec.' essenja] he prJuc]on o
dre te and s must occpy cenrre Sage ]n transforrjng prin e ]flo d]g].al code',

.l6l
(11tes 20i: 9)),

s'o].s scne1

olhers rae ged lix ]rjs

r.ircl lellcs ]]g]nii.

co]plna d,/:

i Sltrndaa o. ]l.r]1]cs ea.odins Pa.1r..s Lt]Us. r .ex t.1].'.1:n'.

trer.Ps |ia1v \ollg.i]rigiJlion . d5 li,1x]onJ 5.u.|.:, l. jr:o tao
.nrntr'
\.j ics so]e o. he ns bilic caa]iE ]]rx.]es o. tne 11,rini.]el
(..ian.](l{)1j
1]9)
n,c]i
xs
as
s.htd-'
iPa

is

]Ut i .ot.1 equa]1 be alcd ha an roctss | cci3 exs i their Physi.i1

ebodimen has a1'ays novcd h]s tlextmen o h ct' \\'hehc ith ncctt..
sc]bes r odern pub1ish]ng' rhc ter lsef iS a.COnmo.lcl. Srapc., al]d re,c1 aS
a sFarate sru..re tom e k o ]flxgjnaion hi i S i or. o conre. h.
,1 l, , .rl" ,,
\{rhile te E] Gui.1etics ctear1y e.ogni,es boh ha majo st.claL.1isins ar.
not dte nl phennrena oflntefes and dr2t ther. ae proELlmir'c e s.ttrres s]Cn
as hos i'hich ocr1a]r w;th rheir ph,vsicl maniesa]ns. hc are less .onceine.i ']l1
the h.eic un..fsa|ding othese strcues tlan a'jth he inerta b.n,een h.m

flc|u.cs ..eflat vith eich ohcl in com]te an.] iednttrr c was

r]ten ea]in.q ilh tes as is1.tiatea r laPe e.h.or!. the feaner

These erui]

Paicu tr]1]
fleeds !o be

1wat o.balr he hsi.a organj7].ifl olhe bok an.l h bg].1l snr.uie

fthe wk i ota.ns Ian1 8car wo.ks (S.elnes /,j,,,, ].n?,/4 .ol exnPe).,n,
be tully appreciaelithout an awarees r:ihc iner!i hea'ee atrarine unis Gur
is chalE . laagn|hs) ]J age divions mi. ryel o csennh, ( rs ie
1nretry bewet ]iftcn 1eves o anaLys whh n .c]a]: !]ie .n hi.n
s).nra.c st-re nd naran. nctre mesh' or fui . mesh' tr amP]e' .| he
cate (o i'hih roiologi.trL fn.l.cs elect nroPhoIog' (See E SG)
he desire ro have mafkup be o use in heping o eocidate he natlc t le cx s
entre1v reasonabe, hi]e al1ors he easy aking oms texaE sruccs o
ineres o he sul t];teanrre, he Specijc2t]on 9hich dcfines L.r
limitaioos wih regad to he en.odig o nult]p1c 'eflapping hierachies This is

funs cn.urren] w]di anhei aod he ec.ler

robemaic when
.hes.
can re quic common,
vrshes to ccod bh othese sr1cres simianeoust
stctre o
h
inteeca1
fl eaamp]e here paragraphs un over pagcs and hc btr
t be marke] up, Thc markp 1,or
e anen and ls Frys]ca
pafagfaphs mav sp1i oe pages, or ia vc$e drara diffeen. chafacefs Seeches
may tltr]- bc ne mei.a ;ne For exaple oe cannt dol

< il,' ipe=.'page.. .=,'1.'>

<F>'iis iS : !a.a.]raph nee \ee is
<c:1 ]!e=,'F;ge'. l:',2,,>
i! .he idd1 ]f l</p>

page brcak

161
i]Lega] xL b.xre i is no n,eL] iolie.l, het j5. rhe eL-"]ens r. n.,t
P.]ery iesre]. bu ]t x] co.eiaes oi dr ]]}rysi:lt st..rle oi the .r.nel
n]os.ases. he hiera..h],
hc ]]sicet stru.ture c.ni.s ol 'etxls
',lr]ch.onsius
\irh the inete.tat sr.rlre oi dre o.n.. lre s1] meth.J r1 leatr,]!: \']tn
iris j' si'rP decide h].ti is 1s iman 1r he .".airn5 )ou je en.o.ljn:. the
louent an} priil],e e ]rierxrch'v ove anoltrer. and dr;s js su1j.ien 1ol ralif
uscrs. ;su]ty, i a] .lde.e.l hierarch' conc.t hje.ts (oco) ]et it is the

l-hji is

nderstrd inelecxL sr.re o ]re .umen

impoan hn he ph}s].al srucrure oi:re work

tra is h.u:ht be nre

j. qu.stjo. stuats ha te .nsj5 ci] br..6 o

s--ue.] l a c.nlin w]f he nlrc oi fie b'cis n re$ su'g] lr cx].nt]e
a.] .onll)n ]]. ]re chFe6' fci.ns. ]rxrtrgrxtirs' es. eIl2.j' .9!iio.s'
eamPej' ics. j....tr.siE. ]j...jo.s. sxna\, (e.5.) i-. a.] &r oi Bu. drc alc
,l thlo8s ]] g-' col.5' (]rogalrhi.a] ljnes. io shi' cti.21 s]ra.]n.
hoo.x s.i.1..e' tr.d so on Tlre b]et\ r.]icicd b,l ]cs.ri'. nrikt ]ri an
]re inEe.a] .onrn. .i thc r.:t] hc 2e e
nl.nsi. Jie.. .oni..io. ii
' ': '3 0E ',' o
't'',
oLe io .fyinE ou xnd o.aa.izin8 .nrnni.ative inm.jon Rc..a 21] 2]4'1)
he nodel

Bu tit isunrPions nade ]n th model ae &at str.h an intelecLla] slrucure e\iSS

spaacv tiol is hsicat embodimenr' ohers hae argued a:(a]nst this:
1heft

]s no

.mPers,

1onjc re2liy o

i.i

ts Th{.

ir n]1 hysjc1] ob]ecrs sulr

o tlenlin. a.d cd dra dntar. ]efrn

Perati.s' layes' 20]i 97]

a..

2S books and

oganjze mateia]

tie phSical] of
the
texs, ccn heir eectic exts, and undesand
]rimacy f an ]ne1lecal
,rflce eflccin.g his ,toic ide21 . he eaaple above, of encoding paragaphs
wh]ch beak ove pages, the TE uses S ca]led ''empty'' etemens, lrhough hes !c
restricred o a]bue conen ny, as opposed eemen conenr. o reer ro hem as
ern.y impying they have no cnent whaSoever . is theret]cat]y dangeols, n
he f.E\ cese hesc ae micsoe pointers w1r]ch indi.ate where a change ot Sae
lappens in he 'x. for exampe ha tle ex runs {rom ne page t anorher, bu hesc
.rhe
above eiampc .ou1d be
m]esrooes 1o no enclose the .onert f rha age iseIt
Hoa'cve, mosr encoding prlctice 1lnds

<9>T51s i a E'ragah here ther.

riddle cf i t< /p>

sefu o d-rior;ti,e

1 a

laqe b:eak

<pb n:''2,,/>

in the

.rhis. !S a
solr]on o compclng hierarchies, is pertictjv ias;be and h had uch
suppot (Barnard 995), he use of empty mi1estoneJ*e eements o indi.are he
ar f, phenomenon, and rhen lar o mark rs end, mjmics the ,im]1af Se t

4('!
s]ri.ill..tcha1.es j. .ela] onrs oi P!]nttd d]n,is For eiam ]e. .iiifc|c iai !.
bc'en aras o dle te: jen b cliii.cre scr]bes irea! tha ma' o'.iF {.ih
lrc in.i1e.e srucu o h .a' h R.ods oEal|1 ngjsh Danii pljec
us.s a sma] sescrr .icle in dris mann. inJi.xte the .hangc f rand jn ]ts
,1,
als eiabes h;s vith .n ernr' elene.
]incd 'otLnreS And' njee]' dle
<h.nlshi1t/> \ri ]s n1elesting a]ou he se .ths ft ag. breaks ias pposed
o t]ne l c]nn beaks) hat one is marki.g uP ! l)re"k o gip ]n the ph1.sra1
,hlt js
ned]a'
ora|king an a,se.ce rifgh rre use .x lesencc an eerent in he
do.nen.ilsc1(Sar""]91]:]l 6) d'e,;tlsjuslasrasonabesees!hpag.
toio bcx]< ]s i e., .e21 su.ure. ceEint1,
an,av im code-base] |is ncl look, tr clapte. a ins.ribed ar cs, se.]oned
9,a1 d.coirin' aid ohc et bearing bjec6 g1iere t1e F,hs;cat ,reaL isef nray
a]so .nxjn {]ar2 Bu he phvs]cal;ty oa ob;ec col]J be descibet , .cordeJ in a.
inin]e nmber f vays:
The hysic]] lfuan]xn. oa !! w] jn h sese a'a,,s re ]ndereDinac \v]
marter for the nde6anding o]lelarurc' hweve.' is ho dre tet .rarcs to$ibjl1ies
l ]nearng b mobii7t..q .erai] aseG i6 lryl].tr1] hese i1] .cce$an]l |]e ]
snrasbs ofa] oss]be chara.enn] r]ay]es :00': 10])

iS ]ris sma]] slbse o1 .1r..ace]Sics, hose mos cmmon in the Phvsicl r.p.

9'h].h he E aremp.s e..de. n an./ cise. rhe

traDsfo.ma.;n oT encded dcumen f one hiearch oen.od]ng ro anther.
aS t.]ng as boh lrave bee. le.ded, iS cerrainty poss ble, hgh nt awa1s easy
depending ,n nha .eatrrres ovelai .
The Tl1 in is nist re.en vesi,n jn.ludes re.mmendains for en.oding.'
iIjcjng hierchies jn an expanded m]]esone methd' Thce has bee11 a gre2t dea] or
discusslon e.endy amo]g afkup exerts cn.erning boh the poblems ooenaP'
ping hr.acHes and stions for rhe i Xl ao] ohcr possible opins. vhile
rh;s is \trv rea] prob1er, nd concuren h]erah]es are cer.ain1y needed i soe
spec]alized apptications' rhe majorr, ofpojects usirg TE 8er along ,us jne r]hu
using complicaed souins for eso1vjng these con]].rs, \yr'hy ;s thls? simp] hey
pririize ne hiefarchy ov he other, n mos cJses hy have rhe
crear]on oan end resuce in m]nd. rlrich vi]1 be elsief wirh one . hese hierarchies
and simp1y re{es o the hei as
ot;normaion Fo eanle, mos
proiects encode he intet]ectu2t sructre of he do.unent and Simply recod is
phsicai m1n]tsaion as mitestone eerences. bu iftheir end pmduc needs indi
vidua pages he]' rld choose to .]rir]ze tb hier}fchy insead. RelYjng on
mi]esone ements ioes no. oecessarily mean that one hietarchy is inaccess]ble, b
ce.]n]y makes it m2ginaly les proinen han re en.]S]g h;efarchy' -hee are,
horee many disc]plines' such as corpus ad comuarona1 irg]si.s, whe.e the
pobems of overta fr 1nnoarin cano. re s easi]y ]gooed,

senrai

lL.'.!\| r.r|'! l.|'i.!i.!i i| 5|.b ji |'|'J.!]lrt

pioiri1io Ooie t1]erjr.h . i.ot]re is rsu]Jb]., j]nrj .he pnsjj,]
nredrol]s ro nran< p "edpp ng iefxrchlcs le n.eJ b.'' he T (Scc T] )'
the

ilionaio i mltipe ors;

megc te.]eing hiea.h]cs 1n a nn.
dle
1ctm.n
S..e
m.]etin3
r.dunJi\, encdi.s hc src

TEt lorm;

ra!ennro and 1ru. re-c.ear]on o1.sjnge eem.rs ioo 1utipe

pas. a'ith ed.h |oper nesledi
boo1ary nrarking sarnig and ending 1cmen .aions sing m]].son.s t
or a non nesig stcrel
stant of mkp wtlee the ex is scpaaed m le !,tjn and vi|a]

.1rent

e'creaio c1ceos;
a

nnbe ofmpein non.xM- Solarns

Basi e!enien ragmenaion hvhere aribucs rhen ]ndicac he oer pas of ilc

ecment) is Ferlraps hc mos sraighors,ard tbr enco.l]8 ]od .essin8, owvc,

thec ]s .e heore].a ]ners in .he use otons ot L-.onday markg r stand ff
markup, or vxrjous non Sorlns Gtrclr as NL or EcS)'
hogh hee iS o srandafdized soutioi o this rem, rhi rossib]e r]erho.ls
.he
of encoding hn irmation (hec r is deemcd ne.essa) eis iS a god sign,
creation f besc nethods. hoa'ee, has invo1ed a great dea of hre]cal debae,
and inJeed ] is an inteesting heerice robem \hich r1ses nuo]eous rsses ]brr
ir\1 we deSand exl and rr retat]oos1r]P to ]r, ln adl]], be.ause o lri porutar

adPirn o xL Su.h a woridwide arkup sScm ]n many ditren dis.rplines,

ir is a probtem s'lri.h wl].ont;nue r atect fL us., |owever, $a hcrc rs an
]neesing prbem wih man jnrrigu]ng Pssib1c so1r]ons sho]rJ i6cifdcract
tior lre use of M' aS any users ';l1f1nd i enire1r uflFbenaric in pfioli.i7ing
onc hierar.hy oler anhet, o make use of one o he exising stutions,
The ..cei traion on nucuri] encoding is rld.rrandab]e gien har TE1 marku]r
ls a for ofstructra des.ipive ma.kp, F1wever. this con.e.t.atin n stue
couid be seen to be in prefcrence to themaric iflreipeation he e 1se.
rhoug1r he T provides recommendar]ns for encoding inte.preraions ot tr
passagc,s eaniag. impo.e' r othef hemaic aoalysis o{ a par of a cx in
re]in js vhL". rLese ac less freqenly used compacd to the basic Su.ula
in{ornrarion, Par. this jS becus. some amount snclre ]s lrvays recess, and
the T hs .hosen a bok tike ]Iitrucure or i b1c recnnendar]oos' but
vela the ncoding is used bv many o provide a basic e1ecronlcaly searcliab1 ex,
which they hen use .o assist rhem ]n hei( research, Tre], se ] o seed up a manu1
for of analysis b,v had-coding the basjc pects l,trrrcture' names, d!es' etc,) h1l
rhey want ro rerrieve quick]v, r iS more unsual or someonc encole rh ine
preive undersranding paxages and use he eectronic vcfsiot] to rerr;eve an

1g:.egii 1 hesc (cLe ]()0: 66 s.1) l is un.tea \ahehr h]s iS a rob]erl

lv]th rhe,1.!'s mehod, r inJi.lting su.h ase1]rs. rc i1iy . en:oains s!.h
interFreatjos, or he i..etance.]i such me]rod,03 b]'.hos conlucing csearch
lvjth t]teauc in :}igital l.o.m 112'les 2i: 91 6)

Te:ral Criicisn and the E1ectronic lditiol-

,he

heretjc2] rocnrens nti.h hlve h..d x mre ]ire. iniiece on he Jevelop'

ment ,ihe TE1 re hose whjdr .noe dilec1y invotve eiher cpurio.a ]ns!jis.

texai Go.aled .,oel'j c.iti.]s (Sperbrq']Qu..n 199a) .]lis js

undcrsandab1e gien .he niue and uses o{ elecroni .'s ren the tl
ondcd 1n3 beore re o1.] \vid \b aod hc cvoirion in .oPjng
.hno1gv lrl accaicd ]' ggege;ng eccronic cxS |o orr cofa s
.cS

.eia] o.omFutai.]n11ilngsics .nd ha hc T.aers or his wh an 31c.na

rie crps strrctufe the <eicorpus-: clcmcn) and d1ef seciaii,e.] .mcns for

lingisi.

anatys;s and meradara is nsprlsing,

The noioo ha ex encod;ng can he1p to epticate ]u, und.ffanding o a

,].he
gnea1i attrictive to
branches o texa] crijc]sn,
1.E
'xrio
a
Se.
of..]].x
aFllitjs

re.ord
ary
n8
e|emenrs
$,itss.s
o
any
Singe
Proides
cx. The meho.]]gicat lssumpi.,n here is ]r! usunl] thc. r5 e sis]e ert..om
r'hi.h l1 hese a'iesses daerge. Te1tuat criicjs ofte se o have three bsj.
pffs: c]adistjcs, ececi.ism, an.l Snrajcs (an Reenen and \ian tuken t996),
ctid]sri.s invotves he use Sa]ca] ana],sls o aemp o aetem]ne ahi.h
leadings are rte ]]kely o be corec (Sa]eans 1996: ] 5])'.eltua] ec1cicsm
do.uner

cnsists an edio choS]n:. hose read]ngs as he cr]tjca tex which exptains ih

the least .orPlxiv he orher eta. vaf]anS, nohel benl:h o ex.a ..iic]sm iS
hat o Semltics' where the ,ne ikel,v ead]ngs a tel are deem.d hoh
the ctissii.,ioD o{he virnesses into groupings or'.am]y tlees, basd on peceived
phltogeleti( .a]onsris orhe readings he! contain (Robjisa 996] ] ),The
TE] enab]es re markup 1 lexts wih the ajms ot .jljrairrg nch fors o exal
citj.rsm. is ]mF]ic;t in he .]rca] appaas narkup tlrat i is inended enabe
a geae underanding o he ex, e"en if initiel thjs is o problemaize read]ngs
rhogh io;di.g Settling n onc adilg as a preteed reading' ar1y dii, is ]nheren
wirh a move.fom he J5sump]ons ofprit c!ture o hat ord]gja1 ualitj

articu|ady ironi. or simPe poeti.

jsi.e ale y pick'

tha. di8ix

te.hnoo8 so cils nr qesion tne sllins o Prinl assc]atea edi..ia] theory

&a ir olces us to e.on.eivc editing e3 oigia11y pid.ed fr pint as vl rhose
leied within eai1rer inform2in eg]mes. (dow 206: 104)

consideratiol of he narure of textual crii.ism and is .e1aionship to electronjc

markuP, and rdeed he T. ;s othing.ew, the Modern LangDage ssociatjo

.L.|]|

7.b''

1ri!11!

r7

!. :]'ri1'

'|

|,iit!|!!]|

.\a1t

L] .ole o 2002, ai tro

o a ol. o essi,s enite1

.t.cron] a1 Fd]rg, john U s'ofh ino.1.e1 r,o sessis on .e.lni.
-rual .iing ad h :1' (Uosvoh 2002), o ris eamii2rlrn no on]y t he

b A. hiso o he l.'s inei.i.,n wih re\a] .riti.15i].

he refered an cvn orc semina .scn.]n !:]en ir he sime ..]nere.e ii ,9.1
1r i.hxe1 Seberg .Qeen e:min]ng ho apl.riae the rE.on]r]eniatins o
el or ncli 2 volum..

. "'lll

.-? ,

."'..1; ;. .<1.{P'\/(r

1o

l99]), S he a$um]ons fta ie makcs .n.erns rhe naie o sl.h ei;is are
cn.]a in undersri.ding no onty rie asslmions ,ehind ttje t""'.lit;.al ]risi.,
b he but atso he lda;os of rodern etectic s.hot] e.irions, tjke
Uns'o.h quoe them in u]t he.e:

E]ec(onl. s.ho: eiinons rle wofh havhg Ad lherelorc 1 is woh .irlik]g

aboo! lre |on dt' shol. ik.
]e.nic s.hotarLy e.i.tloos shold be a.esnlr. o tie rro:]est adtrce to$lble
hey stro1.1 nol re]ulle a FatrnulM .e !.trPt.' o 2 Fitilr. t;ece oi
sofl\,..: ne.e$iry. e.lrnj.tr] hal.ics tr ttfn lse 5hou],i lre troi,]e,].
Le(loi. s.io]ar] e,]j.ins sho!d hxe E!i'e\ ]on8 ]i!.s: al Leas js ]oE a5
rinle e(lltlons T]re shouc not .e.!me e.hjci-v obsoa. bcorc dr,v ]le
inrele.tiLy bso1ee
?r]te.] schoan! e.]inos h]!e de!.]ed theil

rlie i.ns i. lJ.l o ntc bth

ie1leftal equjemets and rr 2Ja to he.hal2.tenjr ]rin. i]ubi.2.in'

E1eciioi. edltins muf net hc same nrte ecnh n,ts Thclc i nn Eason
abaad ldtionn ilej e.u]] (qicmen mle] becaus . 2.. us nrg a d iiiiren.

med]um to bsh ]tm

j o re othe han.]' any co.venions o reqoi.m|5 oi rxdir.a] Pin e.iinrs
iei1ec nt tlre demaads o..eider o s.]r]!lrt]r bu rhc Jiticuics t .onvying
cfuPLeX loralon n !ri.tcd ,aes witnou.onustn8 o higin he ader, or

tie f1aciie1jsenci.s omodcrn s.hoa1/ ub]hinE Sucn reqdm.ns nee. n.

beiake. ovet atal1'trnd mus nor ]e rakenoe. hghlc$l, in. e-oni. editiols
!1ecttnic ub]j.aions .trn. isuiab- en.o.d and suiabl1 suppted by sae,
Presen dre strme tc in rar tosj al da tI' as dnoma]. rans]pt O!e
tess o.2norhc.] as

i.i.i] fnftcon oi aa ahria] t, 1h l hout

qdt annatins aired a the teu]|

cnn.al 2!al]us orv2iians. and 'nh .

scho]a.' the hraian' he nela nhoL]l' hc ]ngu]st. t]re gaa!trte

sudeir' ol

the

.ne
can ovide many nloe types of inde{ rhxo .en e.linns
lndcr8adae,
ttica]l do' nd y] e]eronlc edjtins ca.' in Pin.jP1e. dddre$ a l]l8er audin.e
tlran 9n81c in edn]ons, n .his lese.' hey ma' iace een htghel iotel]eclua]

l'

reguir.mc.ts tran lin edn]os. h(h Pica]y need oo atte .o Frov1dc

annot2tions s.h d]verse e2de'
rint edi]ons a'irhur apaas, wnho d.mettrtioo oredi|ix tin.jes' xnd

i'ithut den tPeser]ng are nor ic.e1be subntrres o. scho]ad edir]s'

Ee.oni. editis wihot ePpa.ltls' 9'irnou! dcumen.]tion e.!iia] Prin

cites' ad witlrotr decent plolsro. ro. sable dis!|a a.c equa]], nacceabe
.or sious s.hlady oik

r].\sr.oole!n...senrs.]...ihi.a!oE,o"i]r..ie!e]c...nj.S.O]:]'
.l1.oi5 ]l s]]e oi ,]]. Gu.nb..g' \hi.h b]c.ir ln Pli]|. t r]e
1Jloison t ]Ptrllls] Jd in]of nc' jnlr.tres h. sof.el, ]er xr.. 1le Di.
n lurj b.]].e ee.on. s.hoanv ed]]ons m!s fr d. in]aenr3] .cauir
nens: x...$rbnn iiho aed]ess h].a] b]trrec sei ]on.qeln]; xnt inF|ec
un neg.itl. (spebclt {.Queen 1991)

fondon o
an' o dre 1nenins behind he creaio , e1.con]. ho.|1 eJiins anJ
resilics oiknotedge o !i..seninate hem Sad1, thee e ti11 man e]eonic
edijs odlced h day whi.h ;]| t nrcc oJe. !aoda.]s o ]ccessibi1i r:
rhe tcn equre a paict.r Peraing syster and ersioi isor'are (e g , .iio.s
\'hic}] tn.]on lope1y ontr in the i.rso.t ne.ne Exrtoler reb broiser)' his i.
tun joparJizes helr iongel]y as, be]ng deP.ndenr on .irarke 6r.es %. connied
suFpr hele is no gar2iec dra h. Sha] .nrinue to funciol j,r he fure' ..hi5
rs 51oi'1 inrpoving aS [urding bodics eaize rhe need per a..essibi]ir'v and
1ngevi1 {om liose rsoarccs po]u.el9'ih pubc mone1l
The need io ]neteca inlegliry is hlgbighe1 ]n severa] oi he pois abvc
Serbeg cQleen eminds uS h, he pin of prodlcing d s.holar edition
hedre eecron;. o. or.r,;se is to nree rhe iDel]e.a needs o|hse j'ho wii be
using ]rc edir]oi The qua]t' alrd a.l]en]c credibi1ir which one 1inds in .eputxbLe
Fin ed]l]ns ale juS as importan (l not arguably more So) in n e]e.trni. cdiion'
hnc cnajn cvcjons have dcvellped in prin editjns so1elv becaus or dre
1]mjir]ons o he medie' we co no neec o perperuete those in ou. digiat ediions
(Fockey 200]: i2.l-1]) oa've, a nc of cautio shou1d be s!nded trere]
a1hogh ,e d not need o adop hc s.h]af]y radiions en.orced by med;a'
dependent equiements]
musr be cacul no o jusi depar rn hem v]rhr
''e
refle.tioi nscad e shu1]
be carefu] o bu;]d uon hem ro eptjt h bene]r o
he.]rosen mcd]a ]n a manne 'hich frhcs |he goals oa s.h]ary ed]]n, Ofle o
he mos saiin pins above (nunber 7) reminds uS rh ]uS aS pinel e1iions
wlthou. opef appatus, edioria docmentain' and reasor,.tb]e pub1icarion
shold nor be.onsidefed a substitute tor a poper scho1ally ed]tin' neiher shouta
xn ele.onic editioo witliot simiar eqivaents.
sPerbe1g cQ]een s 16 ossnp;ons is Paty inrende] ro suggesr hor he.l.E
a.i]i.aes rhe .eai ifld Fresea.ln o sucr e1ectron]. edjins, e fu:her
exands oi h;s b, suggestig rhe kinds o apparas and edjtoria1 dcrnenta]n
ha sitd be a b.si. requiemcn any such edjrion, doing so he t;sts the
eual pheomena 9'hich etios ofsuch e]itions have been jieesed in fecofding in
rinred ediioS' is u|supising ha hese ]rems can llt be su.cessfutiv encoded
in mlkup n addjjon o he e1emens ne.essary cfcae a mlti-strce
c.i;cel ediion, lre -E a1so reflects he schoary concerns in rhe mnscritjn [
prjmar sources. The e]emcn prov]ted inc1ude (with he TE clemen a]so supp]ied),
These tr.ee eqiemes, ac.essibi]iy. lnge']y, and 1nregrity. arc dle

1i 1!\| ful!}1! i1!!1l1L aj Il! 5'!

! |'j!L!]

bbrcins (.:!rr.>], pansnf, ..x].-), !.t.ii1ons :a.i.t.),

Jeleil]s

(<dc>), c.ins <.o|r:.), iplraln e|or5 (<s]:.). omrcd nri.iiL (<ga>)'

pr.l.]os] d.c.c] c r.soe.] (<ieslle>], cdrto]a1]y
ea -:suF]tied ],)'
']1i.d
hi:lh]glr.d maeia1 (<h]>)' changes oSciba hxd (<handshi.,) .]amage in rhe
su.e (<daniag.>). il]egibilir, <unceir>)' and unerpecrd spaces (<sta.e:.]
lnongs oies, There are
e]emcns deaL widi he. issues. anl
ra he T ]s an apprp.ite choice ol he .xa e.odin: o sch nraejat ir
h2rd1' ]n doubr See F])
\/h"nr ;t comes to transciption o{ pr!lar'l souces, hoe'er. there is 2 signi{i.at
nc, deveiolmenr in the T[ ! ersi {the Guide]ies ii rhe lemval .e.'bes
.oDan]] "ln daa. Thcr ha] bcen a n]saced notia r sle h2t on1y .:{
g4n.h wis 1r he r]grna shoul.l .om c]emei .ontent plopel, xnd thxt al mea.laa
rela]ng o ha eemen (]i usidc h headt) $outd be .llained ln ha t1cro
as aribes. n a majo nr. in 1rir md]ii.aiQ f the Tt Gideites t .]

.,,

b,.

e,]

er.

el hln

specitic d:aypes such as dates), an.] uheroe tha his c mish havc .l..ins
isi.]e i h]clr ]n edirr may vish o rhc mak up. onc gooc cxamp1c o hs
is hat.h]s el may.orta]n non.'nicde chaaccs s,hjch havc necd ofhe <g>
e]ement to recrd he prperly, s a resu] 1rc TE nrade a 1age nmbe hes
eemenS ino chi.]ren f the eements w1;.h he used o be ibues,
t the same tire the TE inrodced he <chi.e> e]emeo a5 a nreho. o

his

,.:|., .. b|

,,,.o.g,"

'\"

.,,

g.]uPS a numbe oaeative encodings fo rhe,ame p]nr in a e:.,' bu ]s a

S]gnifr.an e.io.ial depae from prcius versions o{ rhe reconmendatins Gee
T co), Th6 alloa'ed he simu]neus cncdina o i,)re'iatins aong q,;h theil
expafls]ns, o combinalions o or]gina1, co.ected readings. regualized, ;n.orreft r
uc]eaf adings' ev;ous1y one m]gh have used S-caled janus t2gs. ivhich eloed
ne ro loregound one ofhe ro pa]rs iabbnexpan, orig/reg, corr/sic So v'h;1e o.e
migh have done rhs by prioriizjng eihf !e originil]

nernan.e</ i>
or h

9-

ega],ed fom:

<1>:. hah m}i .:reg .rig=,.h.rt''>h'.r<'/e9> .aght :n

eembra!.ce.1/ 1>
E 4, under TE ,

indicae bodl ohese simu1ancus]l' nd,

more ipranr1y, wihu necessrily 1udging 'h]ch ofrhese k o be prefrd b,v an
end app1ica]on o Sc, The is linc i h;s pe above wou1d now bc cnccled as:
;a

one is a1locd

}j.|1! ]'])|;.1|llL |.J |)r \1 ] |']]!'||

'.1!r|

j:..'. j:.:
.. ]q 1:-.l]il:r]!,.]
]l }
i /i:.P.:: e;l:
:i r.(:!au:]lj:..

.a'].'lir.i.t siin poiis n) dr. 1.rmei S

s h mxns.rjps B in. c (hc
h.idel here m inirinn.ncnrg hese mai$.ps i3;red) ha. h.:arrrc
o . a']
rea.ting, drese <rds> ags.o1d b. nicgcd iirr !e' n'ih nri]rle
'a].s
ari,e, ol inlee]' shce h]s is ol prei.erte.] eadig e cod se rlie L.mma
(<em>] eeme1r ro ]idicare ha h]s ls he base rr e ae llrk]g froi o crc

. >si hath m]. <.:!:

.i1e

i:: '+i.R

+::s].l>he. ./ 1.E-'

<cg rii:-.'+5A'':
.:.19

<.dq
.:' rp-,

i9>
]-'. iD' :ii]e< / :.q..
]e i]

..:/

n.]..:
':t_.'im ']'n]

.ag:i

/ij

1n :]::..l.1 /r

negond r plcu] erd ng s

e 1cmma, r oo, .rreove' he va.iin ]iexd]ngs ca b gupecl tor rhateer
ere1(a] eason, here Sgestin:. poss]bl. eta;oshjFr ii he iro o{1rcir lct.ux]
ransmrssjon. Tis is a etrerell flex]bLe ssem rt].h enb16 cn.o1lng cc,.ding
t a var] c .i heoe i.a percepins as o he prse anJ nare of ciic diio
(cver and Rbinson ]99') -rhe x'oidin.. r. tie suggesin a bas er he ].;
impo.tant be.aus. i a1ls a vaiev of'.rser nerx.tjn! wjth thi5 ext, n read]ng
in
based on hese.an be sccn oly ne synchronous sru.tle dre is npivi]3.
corrParisonwihan1'ohepssbJeredingicab]erl9Sl).heanrrro{powcran.]
lct]biljt}, inirerenr in a SyS.m j'h].h sim1neosl-r e.o.les the tetat va]ans
a1ng widi pss]bil]' o indicaiog edjtor]11 e]ten ot rhese re6 ]S ia i11
a]or br d]e .ex]n of signii.an.iv me enhace] a!d l]irie sciolarv ed]t]ons,

:hc benei nere is ha ie E enabls an cdit o

.: ,. ]].]i. nfn <a!>

....]g ':i' +s ll>
..h].. ce><.: i9:.ht

/. ig>< .9>ei ..:

r!><''.h.1.>

'ir_,'+D'':<cn.1.e>-.! ji j>ml.de.: / c19><reg>mind<

e9>. /.ho1..>

<

<d9

<

.]9

i:''

iinS''

>

<.n.i.><.]q:'n!n.]e<

o 9><

9>irc</ eq>.: /,.i]oj, ce>

.1ars

..f

rr.-'tl. : -., ]r1! . f:]- 1.e]:. ] .9:

::/. r ] .e: .auf:i ]n.iei.r1?:n..:/ >

hil enibles n l or he

S]man.uS ncd]ig o dre ligindl 1ad c:ula]ed

\es]on. bur its dre poss]b]]]r' o uhc nra]<. rrese iecrs 'h(h vo.t b.
]mpossibe ii ne ol hn as ce] o b an aibue oreoel, x sing1c <choice>'

cotll conii. ln bbcv]ar]n. an epansio nJ ditre ]irs oi 'guarizio

anng hcf Possibitiies n 2ddiin' <chi.e> is Set{'nSb1., ha is' i .a.
.n1;l] isc as a chi]] in oder to a1o 1l .hoi.es ,c'cn sets o ssible

The us. <chi.e> \hu] no be .nsed widr hc ab]l]y o i.nj]ate ri1nt

eadiogs beween lincsscs anci hs cstnrc a s.1ro1a. .iical axraus \h.]re
<iP> lemeo, ]husr hcc.rc se s;mi1rit]cs, ]n h rh 1]near teir-Srredm is
Sp1ir ar rhis poit ., ]|ov]de a nubc o{ arnaivS, ih <.hi.e> .hese ae
Jiie.en pSsibe itcperaions or varians of a sing1e w]liess' whereas <ap> rs e
Jnre SFe.ixjZe1 ccdig o a poin o{ c1ivcrgence beween laris \iincsss. Tre
]ntenion ]lh onc ]s poide a cteirer undersranling oa singJe cr, :nctvr1r he
,rhe the |con.iiain a rum]er o i'inesses to that ex. Tha h chaper on
|asc].;on m primay sou..es a1]i th1| n the creioo o|a ciicaL apparas '
fo1 ach orhcr ]n h.. G]deines ls no mere cjicjden.e' ]hug1r no exp]c]
Sx.d' die rins.r]pin om primary so(rces .oUtd be seen o ..mpiss the onde..ion-criicat
r]on of
ediing,,. lrich he ineoia]]y sc aside iron tre creaion |a
,.i5
cr]ticat editjn ]n saing he ose rha i
cp..d ha rhis nrdue wi] a ,e
in
the
useut
Fera.arron fcrii.a] ed]]ns, bu he mdu]e defined hee 1s jisior
-1 lid mtrv bc used independendy ofi.(see TE F),
Those etaminiog he inf1uence he heoreica1 scho1s f textual edi1ng on the
TE\ mehod1gy have noiced har h]s mav ind]ca.e ha he' {ee]s th]s om
edi.ing co]d b].ns]dered tess impoan r ]nrerreative than the (ea]on f
clca]paatus, and hat this in tur. ind1cares he ]ntluence cseoavc cxal
d]]ng hcoies n he TE (vanh.,te 26: ]l) vnehef his rs hc cse or no'
lrc usc of 1rese rag' sep1xcjv rS certalnty tess poweri lan when hey ae used in
n ]nd;c,ing fie vx.jxn eadings diierent solrrces or 2 .ex, he TE cnabls d]e
lb]1]y ro cnsrrc a rut] cii(n] appa2ts in a stra;ghttb.\'ard mannc, in a f1.rjous
ser f manuscripts refercd o as manuscripts A, B, C, D, and E' he ns 1ine o he
Foer DseJ eirtie. .ou]d pesen he readings tbr eacl ol hsc rauscipts:

<r>So tia:h mi/n <ap9:'

.r.]q
<rl9

' :', +isi,,>e</dq>

':'' +i.B,,>nee<'i i.q>

<rcq wit:.+Ec',>ae.e</..iq>

<dq it:.] +lsD., >f 1n:]e</.q>

.:

'aFi]} .:]...n: .,..ieL].aj.:.:/l

()ne t he coninuai agume.ts i .aua] .]r.n

colccins u .et2t ionshi] q,it]r a
poss]b!e base e anJ is eaioshir o taive.o'.!rs, hher i ls :he ]d
,
alia. of he ]es e , Creg ] 9jt]] 24). he ne.essi. ot ire
Pocess b.]i:. app|c
c;aed $,ih rhe {rnshed and 1n11]a o.t.t" lggert ]99: 2l). hat i sd sho1.

it b coifraine.t

on] ahoiJ cnangts. bt i]so pshumoLs ec]r b'

]ub
(.G,nn l99'?), ssib1 as a orjn oi cniouous
r.iu.jo .t Gaon
l 99 :0 l). o ha devet.,m.nrs ]n te! encodilg have concideJ
vlh a paradlgm
shif iav 'rom dre coD.P oi, deniit]e edjion F]nneran t99.j ix x])' r]re enc.]iig
po1-iJel r' he.E en2btcs he eation oia phisj.aed cxta] ejou.e
o
usc ro he cnd se' fter aE], h;s ;S oie dre incnded goa1s ]n ccl!. ''h(h
i s.ho1at
cdr]. s i res], sne have aguei ha it is a .rtical ma1s ofvar;ar's hat we
ieen o drspti o he users, rihe 1c Shotd curn t he pi2crce o poviding a
1;shts

1gi.a

e.]] led tx n.tr i h rai al i cS 1r. d] .eences, we shouid re creare

cacli ng tex
|ror 'hatee (pSsiLr]1. fragmef,ary) v]messes emain Th ;n ao rav ].j ag,a;'l]r
]re nced o d.ai.d ..t cr].r.a] mafkup] i ris ]s doe propert, o cos. a rea1ing

ex can tt ceaed fom 1 bas c.itical cd;ro.ia] dec;'iol

aatib]e ]r iuhe cosajon b readers if lrey dcnrc:

fhd.

shl atso be

i holeti.a rrit ]n uncdlr.,]' necoscucted cis that is com..jg to

E oul a]nr aS '.]lrs shou,.] oo! b o,.bie'e ur.91r.Dmi.o. sn.ru] be

rs

edio6'

lrakee.linrns.hnt a'i]]lre Le|u]to

L|'!

qtich

' Gq|}!

dt tnieis,

ed,ions tha9i1heiP

!iea .[

]f,r el.] P,.reis

conne.]oi be'ee. eta] .rii.ism

le2 g er ,s ei] !a prO .1em5 t. be j ved) and .Ltit .i ic]lnr e] ng bc exts
a' .esor.es r or knor,]edge .i drc culture fom r'hi.h he .at)' Th]s is a divln
T?x| j

ha s e:y Jeep ]D

]s aa e]o.]eni

elal s.no]alshir (Robinson 2ooo:

j)

Tha A is drvi.] e ex]S s ex a] s.hoafs hi js u nden]abe Th. . fei. ion . ed i.]ons

vhic]r tu1l enbd}' the ex, bth as ouput of ediriat dcckions ad xs vri.nrs
wh]ch x]so acr as a ehod oaccess r hjsoricat knov1edge, r]1] be Uscf] o ao'one
Su:lyiog rhat e a.d ]tS inre-peri.]' he reason soe edirors shy arvay rom his
]dea !s in an atenrpr to p.ser'e the pecepr]n oisome mh].a] ed].]a orjeci,]rv,
;

B! ighlighong h ]sl .:u.r]1 po]ns !f eraL var],.oi' aod b ed]ng he reader

1no an .ne6anding oi ]row ]a wh, h a.jalrn x.s. ]t lhese
]s, ie .ai make

nrs .onnecron beaeer vx.iaio and mean]nE in the motr usei] wa' n he.onlt Ot.
eecn]c e.1itbas' v]h xl1 ieir var]ant k' tr s]n]e lcoofr.c.]' and .t..tlc ex
ma P!]de he bef ma.s lo d un his, (Roblnj)o 20O: 13]

fa'e v;ew rhe.Et inteesed in eoab]ing he cod]i.an ote6 for the been
r ceat]i.g 51ch teaat edirons, tien it c.ainly iS benef]c;a] in .retlg such

.'ij

i rc.oincE.l .

!:.]

].J\!,!i![

|!:r].'!...'! lL

S|:l}'

L.ttr!||

.,i ,1

whl]. 11]] 1r!sc u5 tha h]s is n lhe',r]s]na' text ]d i

bencl o tr. 5c the csou.., Hoa'ci iocretrs .gt there

.e.1cirtg e.l;in o| rhe

in .igili sorc cx frm s'h:h ]rc cso(. has ]ee djHit],ca,

]u.he tert ! modeili bn JigiL c: lhich l. silL bc s:bl manr t tlle
ter1 phennena rhxr he TE nblcs ed] o ncl, Lkw]sc, T-eicoded
ls Sltoutd ,j.] ne.essariL re !iev'e. aS s.ic. or dr.re is hc possibi]i- hd r1e er
mav undeg no n' sccessie elisins bu annoaions and orcns by trdei,
1] o{\rj. .ol.] be d1spLaye.] is a singc vOling soucc nc possibe ldet o
]rjs n'as rposcd is ]n rlgoi.g.oab.ive rok sire'j
jS

e.essal;]

j5

aJ .l]cft .ader; and df e

aii d].iI x.nrxnrn) |r the iif
imc erde, s ei1as any 1osjioi i. bc9en Be.as. dt bjding i.h teruai rd
inE|Petr. olk9es it] be lrjc.e b' Ple..'.x|,raie.nd ogng' e nle
5aing ]cok ]l e,utlle .o humxni]es.'o.knffted resea:.lr ttl s, l| oo!
rieniil. eacil|' r|\en 1ac ultblt' li hc G.min ise. ha ha ]jttra,
..ji' i\rlanl. !l: oi1re6 a.e fi Egger 2]i: ]]-1)

hc aafk si.. iJ lex .nrucn srre o d ediol

|st te -k

1o| s finished exni] velons

Su.h as Syse .u1. bc dcpede o saod ff makup t provide rhe .onoa]ons

ind airernaiv. .ead]fl.gs n any Pe. o de xl 1or indeed he ongoing aonoat]ons)
'old ce.ai.,r Ss]b1c o cncodc he erS id arrains pduced in hc sdv
ciglJ iitera.re as E. ind indcC] s]en hc Fr,!!on ]irl Stand ofmakp in he
,fE
.f
s,1d be a gd choice l Su.h 1n eFpicario'
Guidetie5, the

Customizatiln: Fragmenation o conso1idation?

The infeasing pFu]ariry o. fie TE as a s-./sem o ext encod;g ifl humaniies
pr;ecs docs bng t h jt .e.tain prob1maic aspccs. S]nce he T is conceiec s a
geera1ized svstem,

i conains nruch .e han

an-v

]ndi<lai projec ,i]1 ever nctcl

accplsh ls gals t is nt fia hc TE seeks o becme nono]dic, hav]ng an

encoding ecomcndain fo al pssibil]ies ha iS naufa imposs]be bu 1
irltends o be cusomized and ,no1ined, nceed. 1 is .e.ed tha. espe.]a]],v i.
ceatin o a .ca] en.o.rng tbnt, in.]iv]da projecs ilt emve etemes' cor
srin arr]bute va1uc lisa, add new e]ements. end even nnFort schemas from ohef
namespaces, An.l yel. his a]ecl the E has fren been igflofed r miSlideSood
John LiSwofh. ]n conrpaing the i\tA,s conrm]ree o Schaf]y Edjtins cSE) and
rhe Tt. notec ha ne of 1c ccnra] mj*ions ihe ]s o cpe n,jth he l]f.e]ng

\iirile i

a'outd b r;]lh

t!.$eri

ha rhe Cs xnd he

sePcs, 1.d dea.o6, he do in .a lcrefnt

at vihou.rnL.s,

brad,.omoiy based coflsens,

and bey are' in ben resPe.]e ilens. he on, cedib]e ]n$lrulins attemong to
a

deelo' ]i$em]nate md miti genea. (rihe dran ro'e.t s-eciic) 8uidelir.

,'-2
]].1] orAan],l]o.s travc ]ree! x..u'en. rl
2 nnobgi. oih..|o' hl in ti. .i.h #:::,::]ff..,'.:::.:i.i'J.l,i:"j}]i
ind ei]a( r a(,dari.q di|cc..e .e cS rn rh. e\llun !16 g{]cel].a

.dit..i nr.i|rods an] !

i E]e.lon]. neaia. a(
in i.{rnjlon me.lnsrr' trs i.i 1 l.olsiscnr

al tle laj de.a,]e o 1..mroJtrt. a grelc trr].y o

botr.le. rane ot m]ttn1,.1 i.io]s. is e]] Js edi.i]

dt E' mof im|.xn},

].!slen..' over ns ilreen yea 1risol' o !o:ri.ioax] an.] lted]s.i.tini.l, ePrcsc.
irio n 16 goen]ng b..] es, i6 'nigoFs, ir ding s.!rces, an] irs mrbeBhj|
(nso(h 21]02)
as

nded, thc.ensioo ald.sn]za]on o.tie is ljse] exlier in t,1is ch]pe

neoits |iginj desjgogoa]s o .min.q 1re need fo ] nd it]xt .] Son i7!iot1

ot ]rc f., 1re hac creaed eta!tp]es Such .usomizaion

see

TE casn) J

n sonre n'as untoLna. ha one of hese, so.atle E'Ll.c, ]res b.en i.]opd
\'h]esa]e b ma pjecs j,ho .lo nor need thc erirey t the T Jlde1ines' ant
rhich isad Simp}' adopr ds Subset rhc (sec TE l-re), v.hjle h]s I very
useDt ; ixrge scale po]ecls whjch .eed a ba]jc ligh enco.]ing, i ls
equa]v
unounae. beause 1re i1ic."t inreg.iy whih SPerbe1g N.Qun hpcd l
rn the ceain ieecfonjc ed]]ois (spebe.g 'I.Queen l99.1) benetrls grea1y
frm

the .nsrain ot a schena rr ]usl *e needs o he prj., .he adEnes or:

.som1zi.g thc ,1. fof he re.ds f the oje.t jn quest;on l5 rlia gc.er consisreny
and css hunan etrr Eind heir ,ay ioo he resting tiles,
The mrhod lr wh]ch he - a]1ows the cso]zation of he o\,ea] T schema
is hough he se f a sFc.ia];zel ;|m oT docume efer.ed as a TE oDD,
..One
Dcnren. Des (i a])', oL]D uses-]jt descripve Iakup to
Pdu.e a file
r']rich c2n hen rc used as a rxse o generate n onlv a scliemr o valj<]ae.]ocum.n
nti.ces (]i Rcll'G coInpac or t- lbrma, \n]C Schena, r DD taiguage)'
b a varley accoIpanying subse othe descrig,rive doclenraio .-,i"gi"
e]eens ir des.ribes. The T: Guiaeties hemse]ves are wrlen jn h TF] DD
x1' format, and hs geneales he overdu T s.hem,' he pose f he Ctll]nes
rhems.l\s. Js vet] as lre e]een ree.1r.es ava;b1., ].h]s wod b. an exr.metr
belcliciat fuma tb aoy ,ro]ec o se in odcing a se of]oca1 ei(od]ng Gui]e1ines
bascc on thc E], n ad.niona beneti rs 1ra thc .]ocmelt|ioi p.J"ce.1.}-.s
any clranges of nane' added or deteted elemenrs, changes of.ncn m.te1, ore
int,omar;n .oncerlng oDD is availablc as pa f i1e Guide1ines rl rre .haper
oi
..Docmenaion
Eeents., kee E TD),
one can c]ri1er w.]te hse 1ocuens d]lectly ln L Ghe TE provi.]es a nuIbe
oiexanpte customi,irins (;ee:[ custom)). o use he web .rn end to Roma. the
Tj 1]DD processor Ge Ti Rma), Rtna .vides a useler,d merhod o
selecting mo1u]es, adding' emov]ng, or cusom;z]ng re eieents the1. cnarn,
and Podcing schem and h. accoma.ving documenatjon, n addi]on. ths
ront-encl llows you to save.he TE oDD fi. yo h2vc created.or rh modirj
ca.io a a ]ate. dae.

!]! '|i|

.\r!

|'i,1|!1L |1|i

r. \|! l

i...Ss]' tr]i b...uJ. ii.

n..]! nr..or] \ ]re] sc,e is 5{r 1rr ]o.J dlsptac, r Lls b]ng nh i nc
ircejc1l .oml]cijns The re ils 1 iie oghkcc;'s lncipLcs, nv ln.j
t.}ro!gh .ui,]ti. a.d eensi.j

| ,,

. ii !l x.

!]..|.!:)|

l; .l

ne i thc pinc .als 1.o is ertsenc nt er, c conr]nua] ,]lvegnce

rom h TEi hogh csrozail al nlociiicl.]on o 1r scbma ilhrn1
,,
l,
l
|,
b, , l
| \,
1r

1iS .ar|ib.\ilis. lrei hec 1rc

in]].ains fo 1r inechlge |a duelt e.ode.] ]..o.J]ng ris s.hema,
-
ittviid1 igios he rei 1l sciema otl h con xj nS atl 2vai txt le e]e"ren Even
ii some o. ]re e1emeiS aijbes renaIneJ. bot loltow \e recommende]
m.rhods o d so ad loli.je.t. e.]iaten(ts {or the,n, then tre dcuen ]s siIt

etemc lhlh a varLab1' orpor;ding r iied

D

niable r. jiter.h2ige Se.iuse r]ere is i J.nrented neod t lruring oas1le

wliele it wotJ atidae 3.q1jns .] al' lo$,e\,er. n.e nes,eten]ens !';h n.
equivalences ee added. the content lode1 e]eenS rS signjli.ant|]' .hanged. or
eercns ae imPoed io atljr t DmesP2c., }r.n he d.u,nenl irsln.e
,h]ch va1lacs ogn S Shca silt nt eccssa]1y bc trbc b. tansrmed iiio
a Jocmen w1r]ch .ould val]dx. agrns he ci-l1 shma hs, *ese kDds i
clanges alhough encoa3.d and ]n5i.]ered TEt co.ens DS ne.essllr be
]ewed 2s s;gi]ficind], .lifiir.flr onr hosc \hich leil,e .. pu. sibsct of hc l'

| " . o|, .

o|, | |,|

..nnun]rI an.l ]nefoerabi]r'v' rhe c i clsr],1]on hi h E o a1]ws

ml i {ac resu]r in geaer Jivergence ancl frrgmenarion o |he do.lnr.n iosnces
,].
ron'!cr. \e e.cerr dra ir ]s a necessa]1y .]1 o
c.a.d br pnriects ring the
projc.s . .ustfri,e treir schemas, then hrs ls n aS roblenraric as ir irs appeiS,
ilhough the usoiz]jn i]t res] ]n documenr insa.es har a.e o cic.dy
inctpcble, the reein he beneit o havln.g diverged .rm a .mmon sorce,
le hc ]cumets wi] h2ve some leaishiF o the TE as a andard eocding
forma' oco./er, i .he' have fttloed irc ]nstructins o crea]g confu.man
cusom]zatioflS givc in dl Gujd.ines. hen he dc.oin],ing ()DD fil w]Ll
provlde an cicconic cct oexatl1 hor te new s.hema.li.ers frm sanda.d T,
i csmizat]on $ a ocssa.y ej, hen he rccodig oithe dea;15 ta.srom],a
in in i sin.a.[.d ;mat ]s he bes ooe can hoe o, lnd even i h]s.atscs
probtes lor icchangt, i sill has apprec]able benelis ir Jng.term preseaion.
\'hethef h$ E1 r,sul rn a gfe]tel ragmentation f he .oma]b]t]v of TE
dcumeors, of a.oosotn:]ain.roun<lspeci1ic csomlza.os, 'itt be seen wih n'
v'h;te diefe is n eo oeccssai]y .tlsomjze .he TE i one ri rhe pbcl
aaarle schenas i]l Sutflce or hc needs Oi die ojc., he emptation o .smrze,
aod in alt icul2r exend rre E ]s difficul o res;S. when resened w;dr an encding
pob1cm i js rar eas]er sip]y add a n9, eemn o dai wh the r:,em han ] ]s
o nderdke the p.oer Jcumen anahsrs and see if }ree is an apiicabe eisr]og
sluin' lo lhose ess anit;arr]ti 1rTE Gidelines, his empat;on.or unbridled
cusm]zajon can be ovehelm]ng. e sho]d bc v]ded ]ipossib]e

Cotc1usilns

,he,ll]

Poi]es n,st]..ix] firaok '1ro 'h]ch sLo]ars a.d edio..i

l..lerxk. dre stu1 of jteitr. jr.Llgr disirll ans ls ]neira) c ri rr
d]g1 cdi]ns wil1 cntjnu o be pr.]u.eJ {1 li tL"".tll has a r]e in issisr].g
trsc be i..essrb]e a.d incoperabte ]s. llo'cel' a du Of.hose .]cxjns hem
lo .!Jue hei n.E]ectua ineg;1, 1 he Sd 1. li'.raLe is iasinqly i
r.] ome 1isita lren $, ha'e an a.aden]. iu ense as mui as pssib]e rha
his bxse. oo u|! s.hola]y ele.on] e.]iions h1h no nl uphoLd h qa]!.;
nd etiatli]i.xpe.ed fm su. tdrirts, b sim]aocostr cpra1ize he
al'antagcs har F]b]icar]on in a mrc ]e]rle

"]ed,

afds:

]. o ].i'\ drcn h]l J] mx]ol ienes oil.no]]/ ed1t]os' idndin8 lrose n'l!b]isbed
bt the mJj.. a.xem]. .esses. aLso wi]1 be.on. d]gitaL ].here a']1] he ecepi..s: lrte
] 1s \i bc a pL,ce ft. a lnnted .'eadeis ednjon, sinria, Blt \e sn,u] eie.t

hal . ms o| dt Pros tor h]ch we n9, use &]nion'. h.dj.ioDs n'e uf nil be
e]eftonic Ne shou]d d th or jt r eeF u 1v1th t]e esr ithe wod, bu. be.3se

irdeed ete.r.oic eaiti.s nake ossiSe k]nds of readins an,] .esear.h nel,et bci..e
lv.itab]e a.J ofe au,be rnsighs ]nt and ]lroa.hes .re tes rt, coe.'

/. are not c ar the oi whe.e he cral]o o digial edir;r.s rs eiher

un|.ob]ematjc f u1] explois dre benetirs oi ttc neia in which hey are pub1nheJ.
\re 5il neel ! en.ouxg. funding bodies o d.e Lrete o1s o enah]. 1re .]igita
s|uJI o ieie, as hc fres.r\ in poin 8 of the ughkeePsie rn.]p]s Gec
E D). his pejd ofdigiral ]r.u,ibl. i'i]t eeorua]l pass. and he eorts o1
rganlza.rns ]ike tlte E are ludab]c in aenitilg o prdce a sndarJ base n
to o[which nicfe$]ng1 Solrhjs,icaed so{wae, pbljcan framews, xnd vita
esee.h etiron.]ets designed sp.ificilly r the stuc]y o ierelrc can be' and
h.]Pet11y wi]t son be, creaed'

No
iexatc ne o.|,.rt .hae i(ij r]
'r'oxc u]r]> nre !]e.r. e cea.
|e. Ui,?sn], . vigini, .1|rt] e.er.b

virgji] e.]ur>' and lld Unr..1 ]]...d.r's

,1m an; Hm]ties D"x S.i.e <|:/]

REERENclS !ND URrR REDc

tsyna,d' Dvid, .u Burn]rd' Je]n Pjere G:5
.'Hrerar.h]il l.od]ne
ni
|]3rt ef a. 1991)
T:: Te.hnr.,] Pb]e ]nd s6\ solu
ons,, n rnn. d and Jcxn v.n]nn (Edl )

.,| n1.i'. .1d!': .ni!nd

n c!'|

)ornie.lt Kuve| !..dei. Purlreis' R.pr'

laft ||)L)') c"j||.tj a ! |J"ranfu

211,211

29:

-t. .:'r i;]

J!||!.!!1,'

r' tr..] R.6 n!]n' ,l \: i-',]r

'.n,:o.n! Texl .nt].lJn nl Ntrn. .
iJ...n ;.nij ]\ ] '...| L'. |jl" :|||!i1.|
',.!!|.!'!| ..l .,."]l.] Do.1...nl' K.n'r

c.i o

..:.enrr. .linlel .! l:nr 1],!'].,,]

!!!.!.r !ij! i1!l:'|l))|! J.) 1] 1|j
t1- ]au: 199r) '.,l.iuiL Poni: .r.]]]
,1).j o(ns a|il sr]nrlr n!.].(,.11
!l]ln; fu P !..r |J ) 1jd||jr\ ! !'||!i.'
c].r. Unl.r..i c.jrge AL]\ 9 ]l)
].r-i) .er e..]|nd, h:.n\ 1] e'1.i
1] tr 'n.o. ij{e Ll!]' L]!n!'|

ca':b!n
11
.iir].r,i' R J'a.:.21
E.] ) ,,r]'1

" L;'rj) 1ix| 1,.''

ic Jt.J !jeo.} Jnd n.irl .-.r
.sni nr. Jb..: ]nl.*i| ] li.hig1 Ples
.1e Se.h,o., ]tJ
Gtr'\ler' t (1991]

DJ.jJ,i]

(J ]! diri .'rrs.]o,.t\ 'J!

L',

l : 1i9]]') ''Th R3ontrl .. cc.!

.e. 5,'||'l 1 B!'a!t1|lb]' ) |L) 1'iyl:|. \- rn. |.1aa1) w|lar '\L.l|''
G eg'

(:.unbri.1ge

1: \1]T ,res

(2U0') '.!/!4 ul! a c'/ Di'ta]

.li.t|, c.s. nle. y
|,||!|a

sl;j, arJ

]...]J. Sus3n |20|'|) |.r)i .t|1, ']

|iaa'x|!: 1)ifujlr l:: P|.'r.

oxo.j {;nrri Pijs

|?

O\'|:

Nan:I' ]d c E, SFcrre! l.Qe.. i9n-1)

hr .leit n.oin! lnj. ie lr] llfi!.
{;.,1\' fn urr r.'e.pment ]n N.n.'
j. adt 'in 6|.n6 |aSl '!] 'ful1)]
.| .,,?] Dr.]f.]rl:
1;|:rJIi
'...:axni Fulrlshes, R.r .om
]nic x.l.m
i.'991j .0l|!r: ri : 1rd'i! 29: i i
trnion'' Geoge P \.2|1|6) !!ef'i ] a' cf'i|
'.|'!:r !']. ),.i' j n1'fu fGka.a|.:'
-l J ..]. Bainri. John HP]ns ]nlre.n)

].'

\n]rin. J, J \\'')'|) i]. !1;a! .'t|k

nn.] Plin.eo Jnrnr-v P.ss,
|.L)9.)' cr'iJ? f ]\n?n|n n'i] crj|}n
.Ir]..g Ln veit .t chi.xgo PrcJ Ret
9),:]] cro.e$1e, 1] Un]'..tr'i P.ej"
.-

(r.996] nd xionJ. o| rvlete <rt!:..

'fl

'

.n l.gii ddjP$]l.]i]]l].anae,

h.m]>; reP

7E,:

]L 1]; eFr 1,,r]

.]li IiL 5'|i)

.,|

1a

|'j|||!!|'|

|i'! alr 1|! |'|)j:!:] ! |'i '.'|'! .1)l|! !|||

.f:]vn
Si.r ]..1' . ] (]'ii'n] ( {e']d.l
.l'tj ! ,. -|r 1]l] ) /l]:'l,r] litl,,l]i
Li!.|J.|1,! |!|i. :ij| 1l]./i].1 i:].i ],:.i N. 1,]]i

|1(jo l l.!.|.!)' Ll'''i ::| Ll'a| |.|'j !l\'

\'n!.1 ii!|i! |t N:\'1,n. lrg]'.
,1cls r fa! l)jir
]()().]) '..\1
!.dj.'] sj s.rr. b.r rr. Ra. sirlen\. ].]

J.nli Unsn.ltlr s ) .'.a] 1 D|!r|.

ljr,':|!'!' a\tn4: ]]n']

!\rb1J.

Rl!

(1,,9) Pr.. ${'tr.t ntr pc] F[ii.]

Pao. o '''lr" \ re? ,1 dc]] . .
Fh ]s.lrra an.] ep:m.]g:.11 r1t ci
. j ne 1jsll .] xnnl .o]Prin
1:5ea.n', ]r ltr . .i.n.. oi ft n$o. a n
nic.nung'd lr. ]nni]es,\s.o. ]i.t
-.:1]']nd ingn]. cm]. ig
]]()]) ,di tnco n!,, . su53n sn.di.
rJn, R]r S].ntras 1n.] John ]nsRftn (.]j'],
cJlllrjr i D41fu |1'!njfu aarn!1
blJ.d P]:,l6h1oE' |P ,.8 ]9
1f]on,s anJ D Dur.d (199]] R.,,]]
'
R'!' j: P|il.,j
.']. i'|h
'J
'i'vbl1'!'!
a|'iz]ii)!r Hra' <hrlt ins! ]l.i'n

.l]'reiu..e'\rgi.nogr.Frsioh.o h.m1.'
,\.:e*. 1, 20.r
obrn)n tre.: l' w (]!9.] .omeF

r\$!t.a Srenm.ln Ayj a] .!en.Fr

ul.r] d]li,, n P]crer an tGdndl! 1
ltrrso( nn NnnEd:] |il r s]o;nbrb!
.\isitr,r John ]n]an[\. P, il l,l
.tiso. P 120n] I]e on. an.l he t]n
lex i 1|a a.| Lis'|n (a|||jn! |1
\

_ 200') cutr.n. ses ln 'aig Digitr

Fd!on\.|IaicvtrL T{a . D d...r
s.n.n' Ed]i1 j:e a ]utu:. Dr!,t1
]'1l0,lrJJ l:i < h ftP r]n'*' ilgi rtrln.ievi n
.rgr"[i.]e .|miRe.lD 6> c.6s.gur '
..cinnjn.j .. h
J P (996).
.'
n.nrr..on .| . clro1 n| :.rm3n. ]

s]].mans. Ben

Ped a ..n.n ,n. \ar.s. vtrn {k.n

ln\

],

vi,. j, J,,,,.,],'l Am{{d]n

]eni:,n,. Pr ]-70
s'.]'P 11,,1-r) 0

.]ohn

ar l':x!{j: n a.'
Pbian"i rl'9 i1 E E,rE' T]ns'
,16) r-} ni,i]Phi., jb"''

rr

iia| L'| ( !:: !)

'1]'i' l|: . 1 rn.'an
|, 1!.| / 1.!!ia|! !:...-|.
u. .} n t.1fl ltrng'lg i'!.rr or
.]irrt] ]lv. . o \'l. ]!r4 ]lnr]-.'
'\].ljl.] '1!gt]: ]' .]])1). F..P ]:l r]1e:jr'
R .. i] ] i]9]] il n]:. ?c| !'!
l1ll!||.|
'''
1. Eiit,nr] 5ro1 d! i.|? ca.r
Ann
,{|..' l]iJltr.' i.1dr! .$' |P, ]- n2
,| ., t]ngtrrrs.. ] .1i! (
!
f s]r.i]r.:A(]..:noa
B'ji,.]a1 ] .,Dj:G:,]i,
iir| .1 F!!.'a't1| ':!r!!! :!.! t|?J!|
.rxttrJ: T.1 l.1]Jj.g n ri': .-.rjti]:]
<n ]]n.a! rrl .rA]i.curl.] nel]
-1 }]-t: .{..e$ri 1u3i ] ]oo.
,]] ..) Fenrc|r
]\n ]b. !l .1 FJ ]o.
lel ' . c l s..rJg 1( Queen . ,
Enl]d i.s ). ?] |j .ljj lf jt|.
''| 'n!j. .!|i lj'r;:,.., ojna Te
!n..nle n'lftn -o.lo.tim .-nr
nw{,tl ..!]!']Glle] nes]co n]:'
A...$a,{u3n ' ]1]]i
l c!n.n l i. ,,, jJ a!-ii! ' :.\fiP:i ]

51rl1t:' ,\i1!.t.n' c |1 |
,111

't

{t tl ..g

f.]l].]].

].ii

]\..sd ugJ ]. ].1]]

TEJ F)P \l |J|: .i D?'! P.j|!i
.: r.] /]w\w r ..l: 1ia!]lrelt1 gnr]>
A..se| guf i' :.]6

| l;t(l.l1n.j (,])()'] .j. 1 .(n .b.lg..Q..

].J , ]ni:]E] |a..' 1L! 1]j G..L!;n a)
jt']|. ..] |;:r. |)"|| J.IJ,Jj. o1|.r.].

c Ennnr ]nr:al
c nm <hF]]]
'.
w* tel . or!]Pi]], ,\..esei Au3tr ]' 204

,]E i.H

nn!e ]eri..iies' n c
L B:aj ill ) ./
P\: clin i'' j'jri ::! !':n\
''./
iJ,,,{l xn,] cr ..oi]jn 1]inav.
conso.tim <]ii'.e'.rgrP'iGu]ne
nesrus,rtl+Nl;' }-:.s.n .gf, ]
sLag '.Qucn rn.]

].
TE jH '.,i,ns.roi

.i F]m].v snul..s' n
4 Sp.rD.r .Que.n ind llmJd Gnl.]'

Pj:.'i:! !h' F.J]| 1'j .!j! ai

1rlildr!' o\l.: Te]l ..nng ili'.
c.ol ..lftP.]a'w* tl g]P'lcu]e
L!

lneslFE

rnr> a.cr*eJ \guj ' 2])i

'fLPeca Pil jn' rb, ':nrli:i]''

tl .,{g]At-'i .ionsr> ...sd ,{uguv ].

l F Ei.] f,:, c|.! ||. l | '' tir|],|i|i n' |r1!

.'{
,li .r2.ir ii; s l (l Rl],1..rias i].

\:lla n s] .ij]i]a'nln't.l...!]R.rri]
\:..$cd ,{ l] ]]]]l'
:i S.f '.r. l;n.. nf.]]]n . 1]
ti
.j } s|:rflg N.Q.n ]n1] L]] rn,1
lFl) ,]1 /jj] c'lii'!
''' E|r'|l:. !
|..i:'!\i.). |7!j:a. ]f. Tex.n']]d;
Iatr] 1.. conso:um irP..q'ia'.j..
oq.
i]c n.nrilis] nlnr.. ,\..!rd n ]'

l sr].r6 l
'. t. .,t11'L
15 ]) Q ]r: trnlr'Jr,?j
ner] .:rt] i]'-,a .].
.g]sr-li.c.]].]]> A(j.1,{!gu{'.]U.
TE],. l.ri.i
'1PF]iJrus,.. c 1 .(|e]cr
(]!fn]fu], Bula: E.) .lt7]lj]6/]./i
|! ]n Lh|'I'i.1i1! L1j:'! |7l ! .1'|
oria :\ ..oin]g nlj1lc cnfnu,
:nftP: v,; ei ..o:Jr!j]cur.]:]il]
c.htrn.., .{..r$en,{, . :l]].
T -1'D D.c]en,iUi er:.n6 i
(] \ s.]rg 1l..]..l ]nil .. Rll.
. ). .lE] ,] !/.!:' i. :|i ,t!'.
lj1i;!.j.| ]|'r}zt. oad Y:ln..di!]3
1nr. x.
cons.t <r: r]T:wy el..,orgr
'
]'i(j1.1j.j,,D n.n> a..se] Ef ].
2r/j

,1

\''bj E]]
<h]: ]r!-

]./

],l-L J i'||:!| !':

1

wt]...g]>

ta|'

]t.c$d.l jg

-s\.h - 2r]J) r!. 1|x1!!|

1.

L|n.

Jni /i. 1 nnl co']e.ron cinr. \n,d.

,:g: .\$o. tr.oi <r:]]n'] ij uiu.
ei]--s1.|im|tr'.s.

2)2

]rEl.- .e\seJ

K .,e;' ]. t, naina. iF.is ) i06],

&],!. Nes !o.: Nolcin
anu. s9]ri]n oi mcri.l
vann.ue. ! (j0) ..r'.se lr]n J]il (ol]|
1an!.r p ii11.n! in1] POl!hli.es
ol cat .r.o1]1rg o. .1c.:on1. t]n].ns. ]n
J l]'r.i. K o,Ke.' i11 End
]l ) ]!.4,,:' ?,a:!J/,a:ll, N.r' o:
td] ]n3liFe $D.]ara]n o. Amc.i.].
.

]raj;r .l':nb]

\.ao ccdl. rerer

( 9'6.)'

anl]\dg an ]len 1!.s)

:,i sla,l/,/,

'ljk
Jnn Beoixlj]ns.

] l

Arsadm: