Function: Info in/out of body (Sensory), Process @ brain/spine (Intergration), Process info to muscle, gland, organs (Motor )

Nervous Sys: 2 Divs

Neuron: basic cell of NS- transmits impulses
Central (CNS): brain and spinal chord
Impulse= dendrite>cell body>axon
Peripheral (PNS): everything else
Dendrite:get stimulus + carry impulse > cell body
Somatic: vol. control Relays into from
skin and skel. muscles
Cell Body:nucleus & most of cytoplasm
Autonomic: invol. Relays info to
Axon:fiber - carry impul. away from cell body
internal organs
Schwann Cells: make myelin/fat layer PNS
- Sympathetic: organs in stress (fli/figt)
Myelin sheath:lipid layer. Insulates axon -axon look gray
- Parasympathetic: organs at rest
Node of Ranvier: gaps/nodes in myelin sheath
Brain:-Brain stem: medul, pon, mdbr
Sensory
neurons bring messages to CNS
-medulla: vital reflexes ex <3 beat + Impulses:Na
+
& K+ across the cell membrane Action potential: form impuls
respiration
by polarization + repolarization 1) impulse open Na +Gate. Na MOVE INTO
-pons, midbrain: Invol respons +
neuron (inside more positive vs outside=depolarized)2) K +Gate open K
relay info to upper brain
FLOW OUT (inside neg= repolarized) Refractory period cant impulse.
-Diencephalon thalamus &
Excitability: neun ability. to respond to stimulus+convert to nerve impulse
hypothalamus
All or Nothing Rule: stimulus=strong enough start impulse/nothing happens
-Cerebellem: mvmnt coord+ motor - Impulses= same strength & Self-Propagation:if starts, conti. to end
learning
Dendrite>cellbody>axon
-Cerebrum: consci. acti.=perception
Outer Ear & ear canal: brings sound into eardrum
emotion, thought, planning
Meninge: 3 coverings for brain&spine. cushion, Eardrum :vibrates to amplify sound & separates inner
Thalamus: Brains switchboard- protect + nourish B+SC
and middle ear
filter + relays info to various brain -dura -arachnoid mater: -pia mater:
Middle ear : 3 small bones or Ossicles = anvil, stirrup,
regions
-cerebrospinal fluid,
stapes amplify sound (small bones) which vibrate
Hypothalamus: regul. act. internal
sound Eustachian tube :connects middle ear to throat
organs, monitor info from
+ equalizes pressure on eardrum Cochlea:in inner ear
Autonomic NS, control tpituitary
has receptors for sound & sends signals to brain Taste
gland + its hormones, regulate sleep
and Smell Chemical Receptors Taste buds: swt,
+appetite
sour bitter, salty, umami (salt of acids) . Are receptor
cells w/ tiny hair detect chemicals, send impulse to brain
Brain waves: rhythmic fluctuation of
Smell Receptors or Olfactory receptors: in roof of
electric potential btw parts on
nasal cavity. have tiny hairs of nerve fiber in mucus.
electroencephalogram (EEG).
Chemicals dissolve in mucus, absorb by hair, transmit
impulse to brain.
Cerebrum: 2/3 brain -2 Hemisp / by corpus callosum
- Cerebral Cortex: aka gray matter (b/c has cell body+synaps but no myelin)
-Coretx=gray b/c nerves =/= myelin (white). Covers outer of cerebr/bell.
-Gyri: folded bulges create Suki: deep furrow/fissure. Folds = ^ SArea
- Medullary body: white matter of cerebrum & made of myelinated axons
Commisural fibers: conduct impulses btw hemispheres & form corpus
callosum
Projection fibers: conduct impulse in and out of the cerebral hemispheres
Association fiber: conduct impulses within hemispheres
- Basal ganglia masses of gray matter in each hemisphere which are involved in
the control of voluntary muscle movements
Lobes and Special regions:
Frontal: motor area involved in movement + planning & coordinating behavior
Parietal: sensory processing, attention, and language
Tempora: auditory perception, speech, and complex visual perceptions
Occipita: visual centerplays a role in processing visual information
Brocas are: located in the frontal lobe imptt in production of speech
Wernickes area: comprehension of language & production of meaningful speech
Limbic Syste:a group of brain structures (aamygdala, hippocampus, septum, basal

Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial nerves: 12 pair -Attached to undersurface of brain
Spinal nerves: 31 pair -Attached to spinal cord
Somatic Nervous System (voluntary)
Relays information from skin, sense organs & skeletal muscles to CNS
Brings responses back to skeletal muscles for volun. responses
Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary)
Eye: 3 layers Outer layer: sclera and cornea Middle layer: choroid, ciliary
Regulates bodies involuntary responses Relays information to internal
Disorders Epilepsy: charact. by seizures Seizures: abnormal electr.
body and iris Inner layer: retina Sclera/Scleroid Layer (wht of eye):prote layer of
organs Sympathetic NS: in times of stress: Emergency /Fight or flight
discharge in brain Alzheimers. degenerate. Brain disea; dementia,
connecttissue,maintain eye shape attachment to muscles that move eye Cornea: clear
Parasympathetic NS: body at rest/normal functions
memory loss, judgmt, function MS autoimmu disea of B+SC.
dome-shaped part of sclera> covers front of eye which light enters the eye Anterior
Myelin Sheath=gone; affect communi: vision, sensation,
Chamber:small chamber btw cornea & pupilAqueous Humor: clear fluid that fills
coordi,mvemnt. Parkinsons: brain disord& trouble walk,move,
anterior chamber & maintain shape of cornea> has most nutrients for lens & cornea &
coordi. Low dopamine conc. Shingles/herpes zoster: painful skin
involved in waste management in front of eye Choroid Layer: middle layer. Has many
rash b/c varicella-zoster virus(CPox) dorment, bec. active Cerebral
blood vessels Ciliary Body: circular band of muscle. connected + is behind iris- makes
Palsy: damage to develop. Br. Symp: mvemnt, learn, hear, see,
aqueous humor, changes shape of lens for focusing Iris:pigmented front portion of the
think Glaucoma: fluid in eye cant drain; damage optic nerve /bc
choroid layer and contains blood vessels- it determines the eye color and it controls the
incr pressure
amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of pupil Lens: crystalline structure
Alocohal: depressant. Absorb in stomach. Diffue in body tissue
located just behind the iris- focuses light onto the retina Pupil: opening in center of the irisCaffeine: stimulant: suppres. Melatonin (sleep). Promote adrenalin
1
changes size as amount of light changes ( more light, smaller hole)Vitreous :thick,
Nicotine: stimul. Addictive, incr. neurotrans. w/ pleasure. Incr.
transparent liquid, fills the center of the eye; mostly water gives the eye form& shape (aka
toleran.=discomf.t. Marijuana (THC): binds to nerve cells w/
vitreous humor) Retina:sensory tissue,lines back of eye. IHasphotoreceptors (rods
protein recpt. Suppr. Memory+lean centers.
forblk/wht and cones for color ) convert light rayselectrical impulsesbrain via optic

Integumentary Sys: skin, hair, nails, subcutaneous tissue below skin, and
assorted glands. Funct: Protection vs injury + infection. Regulates body
tempt. Sensory perception. Regulates H2O loss. Chemical synthesis
Physical barrier: continuity of the skin (prev bact. invasion) hardness of
keratinzed cells (H20pf + protect) Glycolipids (prevt H2O btw cells)
Chemical bar: (skin secretion + melanin) Skin secretions like sebum, human
defens (antimicrobial peptides), acid mantle of skin stop bacter growth / kills
Melanin protect from UV damage
Biological bar: Langerhans cells (in epider- antigens to lymphocyte), dermal
macrophages (attk penetra epider), + DNA (absorb UV ray heat)
Layers of epidermis Stratum corneum 25-30 lay dead keratinocytes.
Shed contin. replaced by cells from deeper strata. H20, micro, injr. barrier
Stratum lucidum thick skin only3-5 dead keratinocytes
Dense packed intermediate filaments Thick plasma membranes
Stratum granulosum
above Sratum Spinsosum3-5 lay keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis
Marks transition btw deeper metabolically active strata + dead cells of
Superficial Strata.Contains lamellar granulesSecretes lipid-rich secretion
acts as h2o sealant
Stratum spinosum above Stratum Basale8-10 lay keratinocytes. Some
cells retain ability for cell divisionCells = spinelike projections (bundles
of filaments of cytoskeleton) tightly joins cells to each other.
Provides skin strength and flexibility
Stratum basale/stratum germinatum where new cells are formed
Deepest layer of epidermis Single row of cuboidal /columnar
keratinocytes. Epidermis Growth: Newly form cells in stratum basale
undergo keratinazation as they pushed to surface get more keratin
apoptosis

Serous Membranes: Line body cavities w/ no

opening to the outside. Secrete serous fluid lubricates surfaces.
Mucous Membranes Line cavities +tubes that open
outside

Dermis: 2nd deepest part of the skin. Blood vessels, nerves, glands and
hair follicles are embedded here Composed = connect tissues (collagen
70% struct. tough/streng. elastic fibers=elasticity)
2 Layers Papillary Layer and Epidermal layer.
Papillary layerSuperficial portion of dermis. Made of areolar connect
tissue w/ elastic fiber. SA incre b/c dermal papillae: contains
capillaries/ tactile receptors.Epidermal ridges conforms to the dermalSkin Pigments: 3 for skin color- melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
Melanin: epidermis. Melanocytes synthes. Melanin from tyrosine w/ tryosinase in the
papillae
melanosome (organelle in melanocyte). 2types: Eumelanin (brownish/black) Pheomelanin
Reticular layer Deeper portion of the dermis. Made of dense irregular
(reddish/yellow). UV light incr melanin product tan = melanin+darkness incr.
connect tissue w/collagen/elastic fibers
Provides skin w/ strength + elasticity. hair follicles, nerves, sebaceousEumel=protect UV. Pheome=break down w/ UVCarotene: yellow/org. pigment. Precursor
for Vit.A pigment for vision. In Stratum Comeum + fatty area of
and sudoriferous glands
Derm&Hypoderm.Hemoglobin: O2-carry. Pigment in RBC Aging: begin in 20s. stem cell
Hypodermis (subcutaneous) Not part of skin- below dermis.
acti dec: skin thin, repair=hard. Epiderm dendritic cell decre: decr immune respons. VitD3
Has connet. Tis and dispose (subcutaneous fat) for insulation
produc decr: Ca absorp decr: brittle bones. Feel cold. Loss of skin firmness+elasticity +drier.
Light Touch: Meissners corpuscles. Very sensitive.
Nonspecific Response :responds quickly, fights all invaders
Heavy Pressure: Paccinian corpuscules
1st skin, mucus, secretions 2nd phagocytic white blood cells,
Cold receptor: >95F, most at 77F, none >41F
Hot receptor: >86F, most at 113F, none above 113F Inflammatory response: releases histamines redness, pain,
swelling, heat 3rd attack vs particular foreign substances;
Psoriasis: chronic, noninfectious skin disease dry+scaly. Skin celle
product incr 3-4x,stratum corneum gets thick;dead cells build up genetic
component. triggered by trauma, infection , hormonal changes/ stress
Vitiligo: autoimmune pigmentation disorder melanocytes in tepidermis are
destroyed eg M. Jackson
Burns: too much sunlight/ heat 1st degree: skin is inflamed, red surface
layer of skin is shed 2nd degree: deeper injury: blisters form as fluid builds
up beneath outer layers of epidermis 3rd degree:full thickness of skin is
destroyed -sometimes even subcutaneous tissues results in ulcerating wounds
fourth- degree additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle
or bone Basal Cell carcinoma: least malignant Squamous: cancer of
stratum spinosum Malignant Melanoma: ~1%
Allergies:hypersensitivity of the immune system
Asthma:obstructive pulmonary disorder- bronchial walls muscles spasms breathing difficult - causes
airways of lungs to swell and narrow, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness coughing
Autoimmune Disorder: immune system mistakenly attacks +destroys healthy tissue ex:Addison's
disease , Celiac disease - (gluten-sensitive enteropathy), Graves disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, MS,
Myasthenia gravis, Pernicious anemia, Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Type I
diabetes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) final stage of HIV
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).- HIV infects vital cellsex helper T cells, macrophages, Tissue
2
Rejection - Foreign MHC Proteins - human immune system is designed to attack anything doesn't
recognize