Aws It 201505

Comprehensive Weld Inspection Solutions
From Manual to Automated NDT Technologies

Olympus offers a wide range of innovative testing products to meet all
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pulse-echo (PE), TOFD, combined TOFD/PE, phased array UT, linear scans, and
sectorial scans.
Solutions
Ultrasound / Eddy Current / Phased Array
Microscope Imaging / Optical Metrology
X-Ray Fluorescence / XRD Analysis
Remote Visual Inspection / Videoscopes
www.olympus-ims.com
MAY 2015 / Vol. 18/ No. 2
www.aws.org
NDE Training
Understanding
Corrosion
For Info, go to www.aws.org/adindex
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May 2015 Vol. 18 / No. 2
Features
17
Cover photo: WTTI's UT Level II
technician demonstrates ultrasonic
testing of moment connections to AWS
D1.1 at a customers job site. (Photo
courtesy of WTTI, Allentown, Pa.)
INSPECTION TRENDS (ISSN 1523-7168) is
published quarterly by the American Welding

Society. Editorial and advertising offices are located
at 8669 NW 36th St., Suite 130, Miami, FL 33166;
telephone (305) 443-9353. Printed by R. R.
Donnelley & Sons Co., Senatobia, Miss.
Subscriptions $30.00 per year for noncertified,
nonmembers in the United States and its
possessions; $50.00 per year in foreign countries;
$20.00 per year for noncertified members and
students; $10.00 single issue for nonmembers and
$7.00 single issue for members. American Welding
Society is located at 8669 NW 36th St., Suite 130,
Miami, FL 33166; telephone (305) 443-9353.
Periodicals postage paid in Miami, Fla., and
additional mailing offices.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to
Inspection Trends c/o American Welding Society,
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Readers of Inspection Trends may make copies of
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research purposes, and which are not for sale or
resale. Permission is granted to quote from articles,
provided customary acknowledgment of authors
and sources is made. Starred () items excluded
from copyright.
AWS MISSION STATEMENT
The mission of the American Welding Society

is to advance the science, technology, and
application of welding and allied joining
processes woldwide, including brazing, soldering,
and thermal spraying.
20
Texas School Offers Both Wet and Dry Inspection Training

by Mike Oden / Students at this Houston, Tex., based school have two
options related to training for nondestructive examination jobs, one of
which includes diver training, the other does not / 17
Corrosion Monitoring, Detection, and Measurement
by Robert Ward / Improved inspection technologies, such as digital
radiography and phased array ultrasound, are helping organizations control
costs and get a better handle on the health of their assets / 20
Pennsylvania School Offers Wide Range of NDE-Related
Courses
by Jeffrey T. Wiswesser / NDTIs inspection courses can help you gain the
necessary knowledge in the techniques, equipment, codes, standards, and
other documents that control the NDE methods your company may be
using / 23
Departments
Editors Note................................6
Certification Schedule................34
News Bulletins.............................8
Just the Facts..............................36
Print and Product Showcase ......12
NDE School Profiles..................38
Profile.........................................26
Classifieds..................................44
The Answer Is ............................28
Advertiser Index ........................44
Mark Your Calendar...................32

Inspection Trends / Spring 2015
Editors Note
By Mary Ruth Johnsen

Dear Readers,
I was fortunate during the years of

my formal education that my job was
going to school. Other than babysitting, I
never worked during high school. During
my college years, while I certainly paid my
dues as a waitress, hotel maid, desk clerk,
and paid intern, I did those jobs during the
Christmas and summer breaks. During the
school year, I worked as a reader for a blind
student and got paid for being a reporter on the Oracle, the student
newspaper at the University of South Florida. Those two didnt seem
like work because I love to read and the newspaper office was where all
my friends hung out. In our minds, saving our school was just the first
step to saving the world as a bunch of crusading journalists.
Later I realized just how lucky I was. Attending classes and
working full time is tough. I watched my sister-in-law Sherree struggle
with going back to school while working full time and, along with my
brother, raising three children. Ive seen lots of my coworkers here at the
American Welding Society put in long days at the office and then head
off to class at night.
You know what their struggle is like. There was no CWI class in
high school. Even if you earned a degree in welding or nondestructive
testing, its highly unlikely your classes included prepping for the CWI
or Level II exams. Plus you needed years of work experience along with
a certain level of education before you could even apply. When you
were ready to try for the certification, you either took a prep class or just
slogged through the study guide entirely on your own. Either way, you
most likely then had to study, study, study. All this while most likely
working full time, doing your chores around the house, and participating
in family life.
Here at Inspection Trends, we like to periodically take a look at
some of the schools that offer courses in nondestructive examination.
Many of these programs cater to workers aiming to upgrade their skills
or put themselves on a new career path as well as students working
toward beginning their careers. This issue its Nondestructive Testing
Institute (NDTI), a division of Welder Training & Testing Institute,
Allentown, Pa., and the Ocean Corp., which offers two choices for NDE
training, either with commercial diving or with no diving training.
Theres also an item in the News Bulletins section about online NDE
courses available from Central Piedmont Community College,
Charlotte, N.C. The school believes it is the only community college in
the Southeast to offer online nondestructive examination technology
(NDET) training programs to professionals seeking an easier, more
flexible, and convenient way to learn a variety of NDET fundamentals.
If you are one of those professionals, my hats off to you. Earning
those additional credentials is not easy no matter how flexible your
work and/or class schedule may be.
Inspection Trends / May 2015
Publisher
Andrew Cullison, cullison@aws.org
Editorial
Editor
Mary Ruth Johnsen, mjohnsen@aws.org
Associate Editors
Howard Woodward, woodward@aws.org
Kristin Campbell, kcampbell@aws.org
Editorial Assistant
Melissa Gomez, mgomez@aws.org
Design and Production

Production Editor
Zaida Chavez, zaida@aws.org
Senior Production Coordinator
Brenda Flores, bflores@aws.org
Manager of International Periodicals
and Electronic Media
Carlos Guzman, cguzman@aws.org
Advertising
Manager of Sales Operations
Lea Paneca, lea@aws.org
Senior Advertising Sales Executives
Sandra Jorgensen, sjorgensen@aws.org
Annette Delagrange, adelagrange@aws.org
Senior Advertising Production Manager
Frank Wilson, fwilson@aws.org
Subscriptions Representative
Danielle A. Garcia, dgarcia@aws.org
American Welding Society
8669 NW 36th St., #130
Miami, FL 33166-6672
(800/305) 443-9353
Copyright
Copyright 2015 by American Welding Society in both
printed and electronic formats. The Society is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed herein.
Data and information developed by the authors of specific
articles are for informational purposes only and are not
intended for use without independent, substantiating
investigation on the part of potential users.
American W
Welding
elding Society
EDUCATION
EDUCA
ATION
T
www
www.aws.org
.aws.org
The 2015 AWS

AWS
W Conference
Conf
Conference Season
is in full gear and this years
years program
program is
packed
packed with even more
more opportunities to
showcase
showcase your brand
brand
No
Now
w AAWS
WS
W Conferences
Conferen
ha
have
ve MORE opportunities to promote your compan
company.
y.
Sponsoring a conference provides a perfect opportunity to crea
create
te stra
strategic
tegic
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relationships.
tionships. But the benefits dont stop there, more benefits include:
include:
ARGETED
EXPOSURE:
Each conference is structured to address emerging,
TTARGETED
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yspecific topics, providing a targeted marketing opportunity for your
industr
industryspecific
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who ha
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KEY CONTACT
CONTTACT
A A
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ACCESS: Conference attendees
include
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operations
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supervisors,
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technologyy and metal
tion educa
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fabrica
fabrication
educators
few..
AWS
W conferences
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NETWORKING: Attendees come to AWS
for solutions to current
problems and needs, and to learn best-practices from their peers in the industr
industry.
y.
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ttendees ha
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attendance.
Reser
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AWS
A
WS
W Cladding Conference
Co
- Minneapolis, MN.
MN. May 12-13, 2015
The use of cladding to protect structures from corrosion is growing by leaps and bounds
bounds.. W
Weld
eld cladding is a cost
effective way to prepare structures and piping for applications such as sour gas
gas,, chemical reactors and storage
vessels,, high temperature power generation equipment, transition joints,
joints, and repair.
repair. Topics
Topics
o
include
i
hot-wire weld
vessels
cladding,, roll bonding,
cladding,, the role of lasers
lasers,, new materials
cladding
bonding, explosive cladding,
cladding, nanocomposite material, strip cladding
and more that make cladding a competitive solution. Come network with experts who can help you select the
applications..
preferred process and materials for your applications
High TTemperature
eemperature Steels Conference - Chicago,
Chicago, IL, August 2015
Materials used in high temperature application are becoming more complex to achieve the creep strength and
corrosion resistance
resistance.. A range of low alloy,
alloy, high strength, and austenitic materials are required depending on the
application. What choices does the engineer have once the weldability window for high-temperature steels is cut
in half? Come and lear
learnn from the experts how to manage weldability of P91 steel, dissimilar metal welding
welding,,
postweld heat treating
treating,, selection of weld consumables
consumables,, the types of weld cracking,
cracking, and more
more..
ITSA Thermal Spray for Oil and Gas Conference - Houston, TX, Oct. 2015
Modernn drilling and production applications requires advanced coatings for wear and corrosion resistance
Moder
resistance.. New
developments in ther
thermal
mal spray materials have been achieved to overcome complex application conditions such
as deep water where conditions are hotter and sour
sour.. This two-day conference will cover the latest benefits and
applications of ther
thermal
mal spraying in the oil and gas exploration, production, refining,
refining, and distribution industries.
industries.
Exhibits will also be shown.
Visit the AWS

AWS
W Conference
Confe
website at
at
www.aws.org/conferences
www.aws.org/conferences to sign up, or to learn more
News Bulletins
National Lab Partners with APLAIR to
Commercialize Weld Inspection Technology
ORNL Researcher Jian Chen works with the prototype weld

inspection system licensed by APLAIR Manufacturing Systems.
Tennessee-based APLAIR Manufacturing Systems
recently licensed an infrared imaging system for weld
inspection developed by the U.S. Dept. of Energys Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tenn.
The average U.S.-built car has more than 4000 resistance
spot welds. Manufacturers typically inspect the quality of welds
with a pry check, an expensive and destructive process in which
samples of welded parts are manually torn apart.

The infrared imaging system from ORNL will help
automakers quickly determine weld quality without damaging
the part. The infrared check takes only a few seconds, offering
the industry a low-cost, nondestructive alternative to monitor
welds in real time.
The idea is to measure every weld, or at least every
critical weld, said Zhili Feng, one of the technologys
developers. It gives automakers an efficient method to
immediately send feedback to the production lines.
Staff from APLAIR and ORNL will collaborate to improve
and validate the technology under a cooperative research and
development agreement, including tests on an industrial-scale
assembly line. The current version of the technology can be
applied to a wide range of steel welds regardless of the
materials surface finish or thickness. ORNL researchers plan to
expand the technique to other metals, which could help
automakers explore the use of newer high-strength, lightweight
materials such as aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys.
These types of materials typically require more stringent
welding conditions and are more difficult to evaluate with the
standard pry-check test.
This technology will enable increased use of innovative
materials in auto body structures to meet needs for fuel
Ferrite Content with the FERITSCOPE FMP30

fast, precise and non-destructive
Handheld instrument for the measurement of the ferrite content
in Austenitic and Duplex Steel
Outstanding features
Fast, non-destructive measurement
of ferrite content on-site or in the
lab
Ferrite measurable either in Ferritepercentage %Fe or Ferritenumber
FN
Evaluation capabilities to the

platform FISCHER Data Center
Software
User-friendly operation menu
www.fischer-technology.com
Coating Thickness
Material Analysis
Microhardness
Material Testing
For info go to www.aws.org/adindex
Measurement range 0.1 to 80% Fe

or 0.1 to 110 FN
efficiency and crashworthiness, said Jian Chen, an ORNL

researcher.
APLAIR intends to make a commercial product based on
the ORNL technology available within two years.
Annual NDT Salary and Benefits Survey

Results Available
The results of PQNDTs annual salary and benefits survey
have been tallied and are now available on its website at
www.pqndt.com/resources.html. The survey contains salary
information for NDE and quality inspection jobs throughout the
United States and across all industries.
To access the 2014 survey, you will need to provide your
e-mail address. The results of previous surveys, beginning with
2006, are available by just clicking on a link.
North Carolina College Offering Online

Nondestructive Examination Training
Central Piedmont Community College (CPCC), Charlotte,
N.C., has added two online training courses to its NonDestructive Examination Technology (NDET) programs list of
class offerings: Introduction to NDE and Visual Testing.
Were excited about the addition of our new online
courses, which will allow students to learn on their schedule
and master the content at their pace, said Jay Potter, dean of
CPCCs Harper Campus.
The Introduction to NDE course is a 40-h class that gives
students access to the materials for six months, either on their
computer, iPad, or other mobile device. The curriculum

focuses on NDE materials and material failures, manufacturing
systems and processes, the testing of material properties, and
NDE process methods, including fracture mechanics.
The online, 40-h Visual Testing class includes a separate
on-site practicum. During this class, students may apply
industry theories and knowledge to hands-on learning
experiences, providing each of them with a greater
understanding of NDE concepts and principles.
The Intro to NDET online training course is $495, the
Visual Testing class is $695, and the practicum is $595. For
more information, visit cpccedu/ndet/online training. To
register, call (704) 330-4223.
Spectronics Announces Personnel Changes
Spectronics Corp., Westbury, N.Y., recently announced

several promotions including that of Limin Chen to vice
president of Manufacturing and Special Projects. Chen joined
the company in 1993 as a mechanical product development
engineer and has been the lead engineer for the pipe freezer,
UV EPROM/wafter eraser, and grid lamp products for more
than ten years. In his new position, Chen will direct and
guide Spectronics manufacturing/engineering team in
establishing procedures and all required documents in the
manufacturing process and direct the plant engineering team,
which is responsible for overall maintenance of the
manufacturing facility.
The maker of ultraviolet equipment and fluorescent
materials also promoted Daniel Cooper to general manager of
operations, Michael Fleming to director of Product
SPECIAL
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10
Limin Chen
Daniel Cooper
Daniel Chusid
Management,
Daniel Chusid to
technical sales
and regulatory
compliance
specialist, and
appointed Daniel
Tristan as
Daniel Tristan
Michael Fleming
international sales
manager for Latin
American and Asia-Pacific regions. In their new roles,
Cooper will oversee prototype design, research and
development, marketing, and customer satisfaction, and
ensure product quality and reliability; Fleming will be in
overall charge of product management; and Chusid will be
responsible for maintaining legal and regulatory compliance
for the company. Tristan, who previously was director of
sales and marketing at Dreyfus Global Trade, will be
charged with supporting and increasing sales by managing
Spectronicss existing distribution networks in his
territories.
11
Print and Product Showcase

CMOS X-Ray Detector
Offers High Resolution, Fast
Imaging
The Rad-icon 3030 detector
features 3096 3100 pixel resolution,
an active area of 30.6 30.7 cm, and

99-micron size. Part of the Rad-icon
family of complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor (CMOS) detectors, it
delivers real-time frame rate of up to
30 f/s, high sensitivity, and excellent
resolution. The detectors offer a
American Welding
Welding Society
ITS
IT HERE!
H
PUBLICATIONS
PUBLICA
ATTIONS
www.aws.org
www
w.aws
. .org
THE NEWLY-UPDATED
NEWLLY--UPD
U ATED
T VOLUME
VOLUME 5 OFF
ELDING
ING HANDBOOK: MATERIALS
MA
MATTERIAL
ALS
THE WELDING
APPLICATTIO
ONS,, PART
PAR
PA
A T2
AND APPLICATIONS,
combination of higher resolution and

fast imaging, making them suitable for
industrial X-ray inspection, scientific
imaging, and nondestructive testing,
including weld inspection, wire bond
and printed circuit board inspection,
microfocus, computed tomography,
and other demanding imaging
applications.
Teledyne DALSA
www.teledynedalsa.com/xray
Tension/Compression Force
Tester Is Easily Configured
Over 60 experts
ex
in the
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industry,
industry, from resear
research
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manufacturers,
manufacturers
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nd fabricators,
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fabricators, have
have collabora
collaborated
orated on this volume
to ensure the acc
accuracy
acccuracy and currency
currency of each off the
th 10
1 chapters.
chapters.
The volumee covers
c
aluminu
aluminum;
minum magnesium;
magnesium; copper; nickel andd cobalt;
co
lead
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astics;
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engineers, designers,
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Each chapter
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includes a thorough
ough explana
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material,
terial, details
of the welding processes used to join it, safe
f practices,
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i
and a comprehensive
bibliogra
bibliography.
phy.
The volume inc
includes
ludes more than 750 pa
pages;
ges; 417 illustrations,
stra
which inc
include
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photos, microgra
micrographs,
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wings; and 274 tables.
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12
The Model ESM303 force tester is

a highly configurable, single-column
instrument for tension and compression
measurement applications up to 300
lb-f. It can perform break testing,
cycling, limit testing to a load or
distance, load holding, elongation
testing, tensile testing, and
compression testing. Features include
the FollowMe function that
simplifies test setup via hand-activated,
force-based positioning. It is
engineered on a modular platform
function, and individual functions such
as travel measurement, cycling, and
load holding may be purchased up
front or enabled in the field through an application code,

allowing for custom configuration. Force and travel data
can be output to a computer for graphing and analysis
using MESUR gauge software.
Mark-10 Corp.
www.mark-10.com
Phased Array Flaw Detector Features

Easy Operation
The Krautkramer
USM Vision+
ultrasonic flaw
detector can be easily
operated in both
conventional and
phased array modes.
Inspectors can tackle a
range of applications
from weld inspection
to corrosion monitoring, while retaining control of the
total process. It can be used for any weld configuration,
circumferential or longitudinal, and is compatible with a
wide range of motion encoders. Its phased array 16-128
configuration ensures compliance with all accepted
inspection codes. It can be used for parallel scanning,
allowing an inspector to scan both sides of a weld in one
pass. Corrosion inspection and monitoring can be carried
out using GEs DM phased array probes. The instrument
is designed to operate with a range of low-profile
scanners. Inspection data are displayed on a large, highresolution screen. When required, instant reporting can be
provided by jpeg. It features a rubberized housing and
weighs 8.8 lb.
GE Measurement & Control
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EDXRF Spectrometers Deliver Reliable

On-Site Analysis
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efficient ergonomics. The SPECTRO xSORTAlloy
handheld XRF is an entry-level model useful for
affordable metals identification and for quick incoming
inspection of materials. The AlloyPlus model features a
high-quality silicon drift detector and is designed for
advanced metals analysis and is useful for scrap metals
sorting and positive material identification. The NonAlloy
model delivers fast, reliable measurement and elemental

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Scanner Provides Fast

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main element is an irrigated water box

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replaceable, low-friction foam gaskets
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The Sp-Arc scanner provides

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Ultrasonic Flaw Detector

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The EPOCH 650 digital ultrasonic
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14
By Mike Oden
Feature
Texas School Offers Both Wet and Dry

Inspection Training
Ocean Corp. offers students training that gives them a choice of working in both the
commercial diving and nondestructive examination industries
The Ocean Corp. has trained men
and women for careers in commercial
diving and nondestructive testing since
1969. Training takes place at the
schools 4.2-acre campus that includes
a 10,000-sq-ft building with 60%
improved office and classroom space
and 40% warehouse area. The training
area consists of five classrooms, an
elaborate dive tank complex, welding
shop, and magnetic particle laboratory.
The main campus is located at 10840
Rockley Rd. in Houston, Tex.
The Ocean Corp. trains students to
be competent employees in the
commercial diving and industrial
inspection professions. Its graduates
possess the knowledge, skills, and
credentials necessary to obtain entrylevel employment in the industry for
which they were trained, and thus to
begin successful careers in highdemand occupations.
In addition to classroom facilities
and administrative offices, the campus
facility includes
Student library and research room
Elaborate training tank complex
Figs. 1, 2
Permanently installed medical
decompression chamber facility
Portable decompression chamber
400-ft-rated wet lockout diving bell
system
Training workshop and equipment
storage facilities.
The school also utilizes the Marine
Sciences campus at Texas A&M
University Fig. 3. Open-water dives
and offshore safety and survival
training are held at this facility in
Galveston, Tex. Fig. 4.
Students attending Ocean Corp.
have two training options: the Ultimate
Diver Training program (UDT) and the
Fig. 1 A student descends to the bottom of a 30-ft-deep dive training tank.

Nondestructive Testing program
(NDT). Students in the UDT program
learn both commercial diving and
nondestructive examination (Fig. 5),
whereas students in the NDT program
learn six inspection methods but
receive no commercial diving
instruction.
The Ultimate Diver Training

Program
The UDT program is the better
choice for people wanting to work in
both the commercial diving and
nondestructive examination industries.
The program meets or exceeds the
standards of the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) for entrylevel commercial divers, and graduates
receive the academic credentials
necessary for certification up to Level
II as outlined in American Society for
Nondestructive Testing SNT-TC-1A.

Graduates of this program are skilled in
welding and cutting (Fig. 6), both
surface and underwater, and in air,
mixed gas, and saturation diving.
Graduates have the skills and
knowledge to set up, calibrate, and use
ultrasonic testing (UT) and magnetic
particle testing (MT) equipment.
Ultimate diver training students are
also introduced to the latest
advancement in the diving and
inspection industries remotely
operated vehicles (ROVs). They are
given an overview of the types and
styles of ROVs used in the industry
and are taught about offshore
structures/vessels and ROV
applications. Students graduating from
the UDT program are prepared for an
entry-level position in the commercial
diving and inspection industries.
Graduates of the UDTprogram
receive
17
Fig. 2 A dive student suits up for a dive.
Fig. 3 Diving students training at Texas A&M Universitys

Marine Science facility in Galveston, Tex.
Fig. 4 Diving students undergo rigorous offshore survival

and safety training at Texas A&Ms facility in Galveston.
Fig. 5 A diving student inspects a flange for flaws.
Commercial Diver Card

Magnetic particle testing Levels I and
II
Ultrasonic testing Levels I and II
Surface and underwater welding
qualifications
Offshore Survival and Safety (TEEX)
National Association of Underwater
Instructors (NAUI Worldwide)
Master Scuba Diver Certification
Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response (HAZWOPER)
(40 hours) as outlined in 29CFR
1910.120.
The Nondestructive Testing

Program
The nondestructive testing/
inspection training program is a
18
comprehensive program that provides

graduates the skills and knowledge to
set up, calibrate, and use inspection
equipment commonly used in the
industry today Fig. 7. Ultrasonic
(UT), magnetic particle (MT), liquid
penetrant (PT), eddy current (ET),
radiography (RT), and visual testing
(VT) methods are all addressed in
depth Fig. 8. Students graduating
from the nondestructive testing/
inspection training program are
prepared for an entry-level position in
inspection, safety technologies, and
quality control industries.
Graduates of this program are able
to conduct tests, interpret, evaluate, and
document results of those tests
according to specific written
procedures for the detection of
discontinuities and defects in various
materials. The different processes used

to turn raw materials into various
products and the defects inherent in
those processes are also covered.
Students gain an understanding of
rigging in accordance with procedures
outlined in API RP2D and remotely
operated vehicles operations as they
relate to the NDT/inspection industry.
Workplace safety is covered in the First
Aid and HAZWOPER modules. The
NDT program provides hands-on
training with a variety of equipment
including ultrasonic flaw detectors,
thickness meters, and magnetic yokes
and coils. Students are also introduced
to the various inspection codes and
specifications. Graduates receive the
academic credentials necessary for
certification up to Level II as outlined
in ASNT SNT-TC-1A.
Fig. 7 A flaw detector used for

teaching Ocean Corp. students how to
perform weld inspections using
ultrasound.
Fig. 6 Dive student practicing cutting underwater.
Fig. 8 NDE students learning principles of visual inspection.

Graduates are prepared to perform
essential job skills relating to Levels I
and II of nondestructive examination in
the methods of VT, MT, PT, UT, EC,
and RT. In addition, they can use the
following skills: practical rigging
techniques, NDT remotely operated
vehicles, report and procedure writing,
interview skills, hazardous waste
operations, and emergency response
procedures, cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR), first aid, job
research, welding and cutting, materials
and processes, and rsum writing.
Graduates of this program receive
Magnetic particle testing Levels I and
II
Dye penetrant testing I and II

Ultrasonic testing I and II
Eddy current testing I and II
Radiographic testing I and II
Visual testing 1, 2, and 3
Radiation safety (40 hours)
HAZWOPER (40 hours) as outlined
in 29CFR 1910.120
American Red Cross first
aid/CPR/automated external
defibrillator (AED).
This program meets or exceeds the
standards established by ASNT SNTTC-1A (Testing Criteria 1A and
CP-189).
Summary
The UDT and NDT programs at
Ocean Corp. are geared toward men
and women who enjoy the challenge of
working with their hands to solve
complex problems. The majority of
training at the school is hands-on and
can be completed in 33 weeks. Job
placement is provided to graduates and
is offered for life or as long as the
graduate needs assistance. No previous
diving, welding, or inspection
experience is required to register for
programs at Ocean Corp. Students
must be at least 18 years old and have a
high school diploma or GED. Students
registering for the UDT program must
also complete a diving physical with a
medical doctor to determine whether
he or she is fit to dive. The Ocean
Corp. is a 2015 military friendly school
that accepts the Montgomery and Post
9/11 GI Bills, and VOC Rehab. There
is also federal financial aid available
for those who qualify. For more
information, visit www.oceancorp.com
or call (800) 321-0298.
MIKE ODEN
(mike@oceancorp.com)
is with admissions at Ocean Corp., Houston, Tex. He holds a masters degree in
education specializing in adult education
and training, and has worked as both a
diver and as an NDE inspector.
19
By Robert Ward
Feature
Corrosion Monitoring, Detection, and

Measurement
Equipment manufacturers are helping organizations control costs
Natural objects, such as granite,
and man-made structures, such as
bridges, cars, ships, refineries, and
aircraft, are all subject to the same
environmental stresses. Light,
temperature changes, water, and gases
in the air all play a role in the
breakdown of materials. The one major
difference is just how quickly that
breakdown occurs.
A general term for the degradation
of man-made structures is corrosion.
Scientists try to understand the
mechanisms by which corrosion
occurs, design barriers to corrosion,
find ways to monitor the progress of
corrosion, and build processes for asset
maintenance and systems to reduce the
overall costs of corrosion to society.
Fig. 1 Diagram of a digital radiography system.
Fig. 2 A typical application space for corrosion under insulation.
20
The Cost of Corrosion

The economic impact of corrosion
has been researched at length. A wellknown study published in 1999 by
NACE (the National Association of
Corrosion Engineers) titled The United
States Cost of Corrosion Study
indicates that the direct cost of
corrosion is more than 3% of the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP). Similar
studies report direct costs ranging from
2 to 4.5% of the GDP. The real issue is
where direct costs end and indirect
costs begin. If a steam pipe under a
street corrodes to an extent that great
amounts of water are lost, the direct
costs would be the replacement cost of
the pipe, including material and worker
hours and possibly the cost to repair
the sinkhole made in the road above.
But the cost of lost productivity by
closing the street and the lack of steam
being provided by that pipe are not
counted as direct costs. The NACE
Fig. 4 With traditional thickness gauges such as the one on the left, finding a pit
is as difficult as finding a needle in a haystack. Todays phased array ultrasonic
instruments make finding the needle possible.
Fig. 3 Using digital radiography
for flow accelerated corrosion can
yield fast, accurate results.
publication suggests that for some
types of structures (a bridge, for
instance), actual costs are greater than
five times the direct costs.
Given these enormous costs, it is
not surprising that there are large
industries centered on
1. Corrosion prevention (such as
additives in water systems, coating
materials like paint for automobiles, etc.)
2. Corrosion repair and
maintenance
3. Corrosion monitoring,
detection, and measurement.
This article focuses on corrosion
monitoring, detection, and
measurement as it pertains to pipes and
vessels fabricated from metals, with
and without protective coatings.
Corrosion Monitoring
Think of the industrial
infrastructure of a plant, mill, refinery
or manufacturing facility as a human
body; the metal pipes and vessels are
the circulatory system and organs.
Pipes transport water, processed
chemicals, and raw materials such as
crude oil and waste products. Vessels,
like organs, accept the materials
brought to them, and manage
temperature and pressure to circulate
materials (product and wastes) back
into the system for distribution.
Engineers choose pipe and vessel
materials that can withstand as much as
possible the elements that cause
corrosion in the intended temperature,
pressure, and product environment.
While these pipes and vessels are still
subject to corrosion, the degrees and

types can vary. Types of corrosion
typically fall into three main
categories:
1. Predictable. If a given material
is passing through a given pipe or
vessel, at a given set of temperatures
and pressures, general corrosion is
expected and predictable. Materials in
this category are most often under a
comprehensive maintenance and
inspection program. This case is
generally well known and statistically
significant inspection surveys will
often suffice rather than full asset
inspections.
In some cases, engineers should
expect specific attack mechanisms such
as microbial-induced corrosion or other
pit-developing processes to take place.
These conditions call for inspection
techniques that can cover large areas
quickly with precision measurements,
such as phased array ultrasound. Spot
checking will not reliably find pits, and
digital radiography may not be a
suitable option due to time, safety, and
defect size considerations.
2. Unpredictable, but expected.
Certain conditions may give rise to
localized corrosion environments, such
as the following:
Corrosion under insulation
(CUI). In the process of transforming
raw materials to products, temperature
is often a major control requirement
meaning that pipes or vessels are
insulated. In many cases, these
processes occur outside in the
environment, so insulation can be
damaged or degraded, allowing an
ingress of water or product into the
space between metal wall and
insulation. It is not always easy to
recognize the areas of concern, and it is
costly to remove insulation, inspect for
damage, and then reapply insulation.

During the time insulation is not on the
pipe, the system must be shut down.
Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC)
has known locations of likelihood (a
pipe elbow after a valve), but there is a
low probability of knowing which
elbows have had FAC, so again a quick
reliable tool for elbows is needed.
3. Unpredictable. An example of
unpredictable corrosion would be in
the production of crude oil. If a well
picks up significant sand or other
abrasive material, it can cause very
fast-acting corrosion. The only reliable
means of determining if this is
happening is to fully monitor the pipe
or vessel with installed sensors
attached to the metal surface and under
the insulation, if any.
Corrosion Detection
Permanently installed sensors are
the early warning system of
unpredictable corrosion. In this case, a
rigorous process for measuring the
properties of the material entering the
asset cannot be managed well enough
to detect fast-acting corrosive agents
(sand, sulfur, acid, or base conditions
widely different than expected).
Corrosion under insulation and
FAC are conditions under which the
asset owner can expect the possibility
of corrosion, but cannot easily
determine the most likely area where it
may have occurred. Digital
radiography (DR) is one of the better
tools to use in these cases, as it is fast
and does not require the insulation be
removed and replaced. Digital
radiography also makes it easier to
manage large volumes of inspection
data using DICONDE-compliant
21
digital reporting tools, such as GEs

Rhythm Enterprise Archive. Figure 1
shows a diagram of a system and Figs.
2 and 3 show typical applications.
Digital radiography has been field
proven to significantly reduce
inspection times by more than 95%. It
shortens radiation exposure time,
eliminates film chemical processing,
and minimizes the safety-affected work
area. Digital radiography also reduces
overall image noise levels, thereby
yielding improved image quality. These
combined factors improve the detective
quantum efficiency (DQE) metric, a
widely accepted metric for full-field
digital detectors.
Corrosion Monitoring and

Pit Detection Using Phased
Array Ultrasound
Regularly scheduled inspections
can validate corrosion rates and allow
engineers and operators to better plan
for maintenance situations. While
ultrasound thickness (UT) readings can
be of occasional use with regularly
scheduled inspections, they do not
provide enough precision with the
collection of manual thickness readings
to adequately determine wall thickness
losses from corrosion. Pitting cannot be
reliably detected by conventional UT
methods simply because the size of the
defect is small compared to the area
inspected.
Phased array ultrasound (PAUT)
techniques can be developed to
approach the needed precision and get
great coverage quickly Fig. 4.
Historically, the issues with the use
of PAUT for corrosion evaluation and
pitting detection have been
1. Availability of trained
technicians
2. Uniformity of testing (i.e.,
consistency between testing)
3. Equipment costs.
Availability of trained technicians
is the most pressing issue. It has been
much more difficult to find and train
technicians on phased array systems
than other inspection tools. However,
this also is changing as more training
institutes and colleges are
incorporating phased array ultrasound
technology courses, and the great
benefits of phased array have resulted
in more companies investing in
training. Equipment manufacturers,
such as GE Inspection Technologies,
22
are allowing the experts in a company

to easily customize the user interface of
a phased array device so that a less
experienced technician can much more
easily learn to set up the device
correctly and gather high value data.
These custom interfaces can be
ordered into a seamless workflow as
the less experienced technician works
his or her way through setting up the
device, calibrating it, developing gain
compensation curves, and getting ready
to collect data. These serialized custom
interfaces allow the input of photos,
documents, and other aids to help the
technician verify the device is set up
correctly. If a technician does not
understand a step or a data signal, he or
she can push a button on the device and
the screen is immediately shared on the
PC, phone, or tablet of the boss or
customer as long as both are in a
wireless area. These new developments
mitigate the hurdles in taking
advantage of the precision and
productivity gains allowed by using
PAUT.
Conclusion
The direct and indirect costs of
corrosion can be staggering. With
improved inspection technologies, such
as digital radiography and phased array
ultrasound, and maintenance schedules,
equipment manufacturers and
providers are helping organizations
control costs and get a better handle on
the health of their assets.
ROBERT WARD
is a senior project manager for
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) and
Electromagnetics (EM) Innovation at
GE Measurement & Control, a
division of GE Oil & Gas, Lewistown,
Pa., www.gemeasurement.com.
By Jeffrey T. Wiswesser
Feature
Pennsylvania School Offers Wide Range of

NDE-Related Courses
The Nondestructive Testing Institutes courses are designed to prepare attendees to pass
Level I or Level II qualification exams toward certification
Each nondestructive examination

(NDE) method requires the practitioner
to acquire and assimilate a particular
body of knowledge and set of skills in
order to effectively apply it to a
specific application. The trend today is
that companies are moving toward
training their own employees in
nondestructive testing and inspection,
rather than hiring third parties to
provide the service. Individuals are
also taking steps toward certification
by attending courses, thus bolstering
their rsums for employment
opportunities. The Nondestructive
Testing Institute (NDTI), a division of
Welder Training & Testing Institute
(WTTI), has witnessed this first hand.
As a provider of nondestructive
inspector training, NDTI conducts
public seminars, as well as companyspecific programs, at its training center
in Allentown, Pa. Courses are also
provided at customer sites, which
brings the training into the employers
facility, allowing for the instruction to
take place in the same environment and
on the same equipment trainees will
utilize in their daily work activities.
NDTIs publicly offered courses
and seminars cover the most common
NDE methods utilized by industry:
magnetic particle (MT), liquid
penetrant (PT), ultrasonic (UT),
radiography (RT), visual (VT), and
eddy current (ET). Training often leans
toward a focus on the application of
these methods as utilized in the
inspection of welds, but not
exclusively, as casting, forgings,
wrought material, and machined
products are also covered in the
curriculum. Customized seminars often
highlight the employers use of the
A vessel is inspected by an ASNT RT Level III inspector during a training session

to confirm the location and identification of the penetrameter.
NDE method for a specific product,
industry, or application.
The schools knowledgeable
instructors are ASNT and NAS 410
Level III certificate holders. They have
a great deal of both teaching and
practical experience, having performed
NDE in numerous sectors throughout
industry. Their expertise and practical
knowledge of techniques translate into
effective training programs for the realworld application of NDE course
content. Instruction includes concepts
and practices that are conveyed to the
trainees through the use of visual aids,
hands-on activities, and a detailed
explanation of course material.
The courses are designed to
prepare attendees to pass Level I or
Level II qualification exams toward
certification (following the ASNT
recommended practice SNT-TC-1A or
other similar guidelines as specified).
Qualification typically refers to the

classroom training, examination, and
experience hours the trainee completes,
as defined in the employers written
practice. According to SNT-TC-1A,
Level I inspectors should be qualified
to perform specific calibrations, NDE,
and evaluations in accordance with
written instructions, under the
supervision of a NDT Level II or Level
III. Level II inspectors should be
qualified to perform calibrations or
interpret and evaluate results in relation
to codes and standards. They can also
organize and report results, as well as
guide trainees and Level I inspectors.
NDTIs training courses include
the specific techniques in each method
to prepare students for Level I and/or
Level II certification. Certification
refers to the written testimony by an
employer of the successful completion
of qualification in accordance with a
23
An ASNT RTLevel II instructor reviews film with students using a film viewer to evaluate an indication on a weld. The
densitometer is utilized to verify that the density of the film is acceptable.
An NDE trainee gains experience hours under the supervision of

a qualified NDE Level II inspector, as they ultrasonically test a
bridge component in a fabricators shop.
standard practice, such as SNT-TC-1A.
Once an individual has met the
training, examination, and experience
requirements, a company-appointed
Level III will attest by signing off on
the certificate. NDTI also provides
these Level III services. The employer
will then certify and assign the
individual in their specific NDE
method.
Training in NDE is appropriate for
quality control (QC) personnel intraining, engineers, quality assurance
(QA) personnel, and managers of
QA/QC personnel. Typically, the other
individuals enrolling in NDTIs courses
are owners of small businesses,
welding instructors, and those seeking
continuing education for recertification
of the AWS Certified Welding
Inspector (CWI) or other similar
credentials.
The content of an NDE seminar
should include not only the method
theory and techniques, but also
requirements of the codes and
standards that are currently being used
24
along with
requirements of the
inspection personnel
to be qualified. SNTA UT trainee uses ultrasonic testing to inspect a pipe
TC-1A is a
groove weld to an ASME code.
recommended
practice, but other
including documentation such as the
standards, such as ASNT CP 189, are
employers written practice, method
mandated with minimum acceptable
procedures, and work instructions, as
limits.
well as inspector credentials as
Throughout the education process,
evidence of meeting the training and
NDTIs instructors bring the
examination requirements.
participants to a working knowledge of
The schools courses involve
what the standards require. The
hands-on activities to provide the
movement is toward more documented
student with a working knowledge of
qualification for methods thought to be
the equipment and techniques of the
previously simple. Customers are
method. This is accomplished through
requesting inspectors personnel
the use of specimens with known flaws
records and verifying them with the
for students to review during the
code or standard. If documentation is
instructional process. Some of these
not present or being maintained in a
items have been accumulated through
current state, then everything that
real-world applications, and may be
person has inspected may be in
production parts that have been
question. NDTI Level III services
rejected and maintained for
assist companies in developing and
instructional use. Training follows
maintaining NDE programs to meet
ASNT CP 105, Standard Topical
their customers requirements,
Outlines for Qualification of
Nondestructive Testing. The body of

knowledge contained is taught in the
theory classes through the use of
electronic media and classroom
discussion. NDTIs examination
services may be incorporated into
courses and used by the sponsoring
employers to satisfy their written
practice. At the completion of a course,
examinations are administered as
required by the qualification process.
This often includes a general, specific,
practical, and physical test.
Course Offerings
Of the many courses offered,
liquid penetrant and magnetic particle
testing are the shortest and most
common of the SNT-TC-1A-based
public seminars for Level I and/or
Level II qualification. These courses
can be taken individually or back to
back. Penetrant testing courses are two
days in length and have an emphasis on
the visible solvent removed technique.
Instructors also demonstrate other
techniques including water-washable
fluorescent and visible, as well as
postemulsified fluorescent and visible.
Magnetic particle testing courses
are three days in length with an
emphasis on the yoke method.
Instructors also demonstrate the use of
prods, head shot, central conductor, and
a coil. Demonstrations are conducted
on such items as bolts, welds, castings,
piping, and pressed-metal products.
Ultrasonic testing is divided into
two separate five-day courses for Level
I and Level II, respectively. During
these courses, there is a strong
emphasis on the practical application
of UT skills. Much of the focus is on
the conventional pulse echo contact
technique as applied principally to
weld testing. Practical exercises
concentrate on familiarization of the
trainees with two principal structural
welding codes used in industry: AWS
D1.1, Structural Welding Code
Steel, Part F/Annex S and AWS D1.5,
Bridge Welding Code, Part C.
Customized training is available for
other UT techniques such as thickness
measurement, ultrasonic corrosion
testing, ultrasonic verification of bolt
tension, and phased array, all of which
are discussed in the theory portion of
the public UT seminars. Candidates are
encouraged to bring their own UT
instrument to class, if they possess one;
however, equipment is available for use
During a visual testing training program, students use inspection gauges to

evaluate indications on a specimens with known defects.
as part of the course.
Radiography and eddy current
testing courses are organized similar to
UT, in order to meet the specified
number of training hours recommended
in SNT-TC-1A. One week of training is
held for Level I and a separate week of
training is held for Level II.
Radiographic testing techniques
include both digital and film
radiography. NDTI also conducts a
radiographic interpretation (RI) course
in accordance with SNT-TC-1A
guidelines for those who do not have
the equipment for processing, but want
to be qualified to interpret results. The
RI course is a five-day program.
Visual testing is offered as a
custom seminar, and Levels I and II are
combined as a four-day program.
Techniques covered include both direct
and remote, which includes the use of
borescopes, fiberscopes, and video
probes.
Although NDTIs courses usually
fulfill the training and examination
requirements of an employers written
practices, as recommended by SNT-TC1A, it is the employers responsibility to
ensure the work experience component
of qualification is completed before the
trainee is certified and assigned for NDE
activities. Additionally, periodic
recertification is required, the method
and frequency of which may vary
between standards and codes, and from
one employers NDE program to the
next.
Whats Expected and

Benefits
Certified NDE inspectors examine
materials and welds at various stages of
construction. Parts may be accepted,
rejected, or repaired during the welding
process. An inspectors presence on a
job site will save time and money by
allowing repairs to be conducted while
the welders are on site. Finished
products can be tested throughout their
lifecycle to maintain integrity. In the
end, trained and certified NDE
personnel should enhance your quality
system.
NDTIs inspection courses are
designed to help your employees gain
the necessary knowledge in the
techniques, equipment, codes,
standards, and other documents that
control the NDE methods being
utilized in your company. Public
seminars are held throughout the year,
a schedule of which can be found at its
website www.ndtinstitute.com.
JEFFREY T. WISWESSER
(info@ndtinstitute.com) is a director with
Nondestructive Testing Institute, Allentown, Pa. He is an AWS Certified Welding
Inspector and Certified Radiographic
Interpreter and an ASNT Level III.
25
Profile
Challenges and Rewards of Working as a CWI
Todd Sabo discusses his road to becoming a CWI and what hes learned over the years
When I decided to become an
AWS Certified Welding Inspector 20
years ago, I hardly thought it would
become one of the most valuable
investments of my career Fig. 1. But
the CWI training and experience, along
with a degree in welding, proved
invaluable, opening doors to many new
job opportunities, even in todays
economy. The majority of U.S.
businesses have some products or
projects that require welding as well as
quality control and quality assurance,
in-house inspections, or independent
third-party inspections to ensure the
components meet requisite codes and
specifications. Following are some of
the challenges and rewards of my
personal CWI journey.
The Journey to Certification

My current CWI expertise stems
from the degree in welding technology I
received in 1985 from Ferris State
University, Big Rapids, Mich., and more
than 25 years of experience in the
welding and nondestructive examination
(NDE) fields. Over the years, I have held
positions as a welder in the automotive
production industry, welding supplier,
and structural steel fabrication fields. I
joined Non-Destructive Testing Group,
Caledonia, Mich., in 1989, which was
acquired by TV Rheinland Industrial
Solutions in 2008, and moved onto
performing inspections on buildings,
bridges, and in the petroleum industry.
My first attempt to earn the CWI
certification, with only my welding
knowledge out of college and very little
time to study, resulted in my obtaining
Certified Associate Welding Inspector
status. I worked under a CWI qualifying
welders and processing welder
qualification tests while studying the
American Welding Society CWI study
guide in my free time. My efforts finally
26
Fig. 1 Todd Sabo performs an ultrasonic inspection on an anchor bolt to find

fatigue indications.
paid off when I officially joined the
ranks of AWS CWIs. My route to
certification differed from the training
offered directly by the AWS, but the
destination was the same.
As an NDE examiner, I found the
CWI certification program to be similar
to the NDE program since certifications
for both disciplines consist of a general
exam, specific exam, experience hours,
and practical test to verify the
knowledge of welding and inspection
processes. In the NDE field, there are
many certifications: visual, ultrasonic,
magnetic particle, and liquid penetrant,
just to name a few.
On a project that requires both a
CWI and NDE evaluation, a CWI is
usually the first to conduct a visual
examination, followed by an NDE
inspector, provided the welds have
passed visual testing. The AWS CWI
certification, along with NDE, has many
uses in the energy, wind, solar, nuclear,
and petroleum industries. With most

steel or metal components, there are
usually numerous welding steps they go
through that require inspections in
accordance with specific codes and
specifications. These specifications
normally require a third-party CWI to
perform quality assurance inspections.
The CWI certification process has
its own challenges, too, culminating with
the exam. To this day, I often have
conversations and get questions from
individuals who are preparing to take or
have taken the CWI test. Many have
thought that some questions were
designed to trick them or set them up for
failure. My answer is that one word can
change the whole meaning of the
question and the exam is designed to
verify the individual is able to identify
such a word and demonstrate his or her
competence, just as he or she would
need to do on a jobsite inspecting welds
for a client.
Professional Challenges
When the training and certification
process is over, a beginning CWI needs
to be prepared to address professional
challenges competently. Customer
relations, interpreting codes, managing
documentation and data, as well as
clients and welders who may not be
familiar with the codes or changes to the
code requirements, are all part of the job.
For me, the most difficult part of
the CWI practice was learning how to
interpret the codes and explain the code
requirements to individuals whose work
I inspected. Most believe their welds to
be of the best quality, and things can
sometimes get emotional if it turns out
part of the weld was not done to code or
specification. I often have to inform
individuals of code changes and note
items as deficient, so it is important to
handle these conversations in a
professional manner. When explaining
the situation to individuals who may not
agree with my findings, I try to
remember two things: First, think about
what you say before you say it; second,
it is not what you say, but how you say
it. The key is to explain your views and
the codes objectively but accurately.
Knowing the codes along with speaking
objectively can help you gain the
respect of the client and individual
welders.
Welding Experience a Plus

As you know, a CWI is not
required to have any actual welding
experience; however, the inspector
must have been exposed to welded
assemblies fabricated to national or
international standards. All the
requirements can be found in AWS
B5.1:2013, Specification for the
Qualification of Welding Inspectors. I
feel it is important to have some level
of welding experience along with
knowledge about welding processes
because this knowledge helps the client
and welders find a solution to a
problem. If an inspector does not have
welding experience, he or she may
complicate the inspection process by
rejecting welds without knowing what
is causing the problem or how to
correct the issue at hand, such as
changing the amps, volts, or position of
the rod. Most quality-oriented welders
welcome the advice when it comes to
welding matters and respect a CWI
who can make suggestions. However,
CWIs have no authority to make

changes or modifications conflicting
with the contract documents, which is
the responsibility of the projects
Engineer of Record.
What Ive Learned

I have performed many building,
bridge, highway lighting, and sign
structure inspections over the years and
have encountered many qualityoriented contractors and employees
who have asked my advice about a
challenging project. In my opinion, it is
the knowledge of welding that makes a
CWI a more respected and requested
inspector, bringing not only personal
gratification but also additional work to
the inspection company.
Over the years, my CWI
experience has taught me to review
things more thoroughly when it comes
to quality. I frequently find myself
looking at things such as roof joist
bearings, reinforcement, beam
connections, and exposed welds when I
walk through a new building for which
I did not perform examinations or
while purchasing something that was
welded. Like meeting someone for the

first time, first impressions of a product
are long lasting, and no one wants to
purchase something with indications of
poor quality.
Sometimes, a CWI can contribute
to the project even if not actually
inspecting welds. Recently, while
examining the installation of light
poles, I was also asked to review
accessible welds and notify the client
of any concerns. The contractor knew I
was a CWI and was qualified to inspect
the welds. I happened to notice some of
the aluminum welds were of poor
quality and informed the owner as
requested. The fabricator was notified,
and is currently addressing those weld
concerns.
Rewards of the Job

My biggest reward of being a CWI,
especially on high-profile projects, is the
satisfaction of knowing the project was
completed in accordance with the
specifications and the structural
integrity was not compromised, along
with the client being satisfied with the
scope of work and results.
Win Potential Clients

by Showing Them Videos on
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By Using Your Products!
For more information

visit our website at http://videos.aws.org or please contact:
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27
By K. Erickson and A. Moore
The Answer Is
The Society is not responsible for any statements made or opinion expressed herein. Data and information developed by the authors are for specific
informational purposes only and are not intended for use without independent, substantiating investigation on the part of potential users.
Q: My company usually works with

steel, but recently it has taken on
projects that involve stainless steel.
What is the difference between steel
and stainless steel?
A: (by A. Moore) Lets start at the

beginning with a brief lesson in ferrous
metallurgy. Any alloy system that
includes the term steel is an ironbased alloy. To say it another way,
anything with the name steel contains
iron as the main component. We have
low-carbon steel, medium-carbon steel,
high-carbon steel, tool steel, highstrength low-alloy steel, high-alloy
steel, and lets not forget what you
asked about, stainless steel. All of the
steels contain iron as the major
component and are considered to be
ferrous metals.
Pure iron can have a crystalline
structure that is either body-centered
cubic (BCC) or face-centered cubic
(FCC). The body-centered cubic
structure has atoms arranged in a cubic
structure with one atom at each of the
eight corners of the cube and one more
atom inside the cube for a total of nine
Fig. 1. The face-centered cubic
structure has one atom at the eight
corners of the cube, and one atom at
the center of each of the six faces
Fig. 2.
Since the iron can be either BCC
or FCC, it is said to be allotropic. The
crystalline structure is dependent on
temperature. At room temperature, iron
is BCC. At temperatures above 1670F,
the atoms are rearranged to form a
FCC unit cell. At temperatures above
2535F, the atoms are rearranged to
become BCC once again. Upon
cooling, the process is reversed.
The crystalline structure of the
metal strongly influences its physical
properties. Metals that are BCC tend to
be strong and hard with reduced
ductility. Metals that are FCC tend to
be softer, not as strong, but have good
ductility when compared to BCC
structures. While I have not talked
about hexagonal closed pack
crystalline unit cells, it is sufficient for
28
Fig. 1 Body-centered cubic (BCC)

describes the arrangement of the iron
atoms in a microstructure called
ferrite. Eight of the iron atoms occupy
the corners of the cube, with one iron
atom inside the cube. The solubility of
carbon in ferrite is very low, only about
0.02%. This arrangement of the iron
atoms occurs at temperatures above
2570F and below 1670F.
this discussion to say they tend to be
brittle and have poor ductility.
Back to our discussion of iron: It is
BCC. It is hard, strong at room
temperature, and strongly attracted to a
magnet. Iron that is BCC cannot hold
carbon in solution. The solubility of
carbon in BCC iron is only about
0.02%. To differentiate it from FCC
iron, BCC iron is called ferrite. Upon
heating to temperatures above 1670F,
it transforms into a FCC structure at
which time it is no longer attracted to a
magnet, is soft, very ductile, and easily
shaped. Carbon has high solubility in
FCC iron. Iron that is FCC is called
austenite. When iron is at a temperature
higher than 1670F, it is said to be
austenitized.
One property of iron that makes it
versatile is that it responds to heat
treatment. Specifically, iron containing
sufficient carbon can become quite
hard when it is austenitized, allowing
the carbon to go into solution, then
cooled very quickly, i.e., quenched, to
form a supersaturate composition of
iron and carbon. When the iron is
cooled to a temperature below 1335F,
it wants to be BCC, but the carbon
trapped between the iron atoms causes
Fig. 2 Face-centered cubic

describes the arrangement of the iron
atoms forming a microstructure called
austenite. All the iron atoms are on the
outside surfaces of the cube. The
solubility of carbon in austenite is
considerably higher than it is in ferrite.
The temperature of transformation
from ferrite to austenite is dependent
on the carbon content. Ferrite,
containing virtually no carbon, must be
heated above 1670F to transform into
austenite. When iron containing 0.8%
carbon is heated above 1334F, all the
carbon goes into solution. The iron is
said to be austenitized.
the BCC to become elongated to form
a rectangular-shaped body-centered
tetragonal (BCT) structure Fig. 3.
This elongated crystalline structure is
called martensite. It is characterized as
being very hard and very strong, but
rather brittle.
While iron has some desirable
properties that make it useful, those
properties can be enhanced by alloying
it with other metal and nonmetallic
elements. As a side note, elements that
enhance the properties of the base
metal are called alloying elements.
Those elements that are detrimental to
the properties of the base metal are
called impurities. The one element that
has the strongest influence on the
strength and hardness of iron is carbon.
A small increase in carbon content has
a significant influence on hardness and
strength at the expense of ductility.
That is one relationship designers
sometimes forget with disastrous
consequences. Chromium can be added
to improve corrosion resistance with an

increase in hardness and strength and a
reduction in ductility. Nickel can be
added to iron to improve lowtemperature toughness, with a slight
increase in hardness and strength and a
small reduction in ductility.
Molybdenum increases hardness,
strength, and resistance to pitting and
creep, but with a reduction in ductility.
Interestingly, nearly anything added to
iron will increase the hardness and
strength with a corresponding
reduction in ductility. There are a few
elements that will reduce the hardness
and strength of iron alloys, but they
usually combine chemically with
carbon to reduce the carbon available
to alloy with iron.
Minor alloy additions produce
high-strength low-alloy steels. These
steels (iron alloys) are harder and
stronger than iron, but have improved
weldability when compared to carbon
steels having the same strength. That
comment deserves some further
discussion. Iron can be alloyed with
carbon to make it harder and stronger,
but the ease of welding is decreased.
Low-alloy steels substitute alloying
constituents such as manganese,
chromium, nickel, and other elements
to reduce the amount of carbon needed
manganese, etc., is different. It only

takes an addition of 2.5% manganese
to produce a high-alloy steel, whereas
it takes an addition of 4% chromium to
produce a high-alloy steel.
When the alloy addition is
chromium, the alloy system is called
stainless steel when the chromium
content exceeds 11%. There are three
primary families of stainless steel:
martensitic, ferritic, and austenitic.
Martensitic stainless steels contain
sufficient carbon in addition to
chromium to respond strongly to
Fig. 3 Body-centered tetragonal

(BCT) describes the arrangement of
the iron atoms and the interstitial
carbon atoms in a martensitic
structure. Martensite is called a
diffusionless transformation because
the rapid quench cools the austenite so
quickly the carbon atoms have no time
to diffuse to adjacent grains.
Martensite is very strong, very hard,
and lacks ductility. The martensite can
contain as many as six atoms of
carbon. Since the carbon atoms have
no time to diffuse as the austenite
decomposes, the BCC must elongate to
form a body-centered tetragonal
structure. The BCT structure distorts
and strains the adjacent lattice
structure, thereby increasing the
strength of the steel.
to produce high-strength steels. The

reduced amounts of carbon in the alloy
system result in steel that has good
weldability, that is, the low-alloy steel
does not require low-hydrogen welding
techniques such as high preheat and
low-hydrogen covered electrodes (or
other low-hydrogen welding processes)
to prevent delayed hydrogen cracking.
When the alloy content exceeds a
certain threshold, it is called a highalloy steel. The threshold value is
dependent on the alloy being added,
that is, the value for chromium,
29
quenching from high temperatures.

These hardenable stainless steels are
often used for hot dies, and scalpels
and knives that must stay sharp and
corrosion free. The crystalline structure
of martensitic stainless steel at room
temperature is body-centered
tetragonal.
Ferritic stainless steels contain
chromium and very little carbon when
compared to martensitic stainless steel.
Ferritic stainless steels are bodycentered cubic at room temperature.
They do not respond strongly to
quenching. They are corrosion
resistant, but they also have weldability
problems because of a strong tendency
to form a brittle intermetallic
compound called sigma phase when
subjected to high temperature or when
welded using multipass welding
techniques.
Austenitic stainless steel is facecentered cubic at room temperature
because the alloy system contains
sufficient nickel in addition to
chromium to retain the FCC structure.
The properties of austenitic stainless
steel are similar to iron at the
austenitizing temperatures, i.e., it is
soft, ductile, but also relatively strong.
Austenitic stainless steels are easily
formed and welded when compared to

many other alloy systems. Austenitic
stainless steel can crack due to the low
solubility of certain low-melting-point
constituents (LMPC) in the FCC
austenitic grains. To prevent fissuring,
a small amount of BCC ferrite in the
solidified weld is desirable. The BCC
ferrite tolerates the LMPC because it
has higher solubility in BCC ferrite.
The most popular family of
austenitic stainless steels is the 18-8,
with around 18% chromium content
and about 8% nickel content. The
actual values of chromium and nickel
can vary by as much as 6%. The
American Iron and Steel
Institute/Society of Automotive
Engineers (AISI/SAE) numbering
system is used to differentiate between
the alloys. Types 303, 304, 316, 317,
and 321 are members of the 18-8
family.
AISI Type 303 austenitic stainless
steel contains about 18% chromium,
9% nickel, and 0.15% sulfur, which is
about five times the typical sulfur
content of other austenitic stainless
steels. The sulfur reduces the power
required to machine the stainless steel
and produces small chips rather than
long continuous chips that wrap around
the tooling and quickly dull the cutting

tool. Free-machining Type 303
austenitic stainless steel is easily
threaded and is often used for threaded
fasteners and rods. However, the sulfur
is an LMPC that segregates toward the
center of a weld bead and results in
centerline cracking. Free-machining
austenitic stainless steel is a poor
choice if it must be welded to another
component.
AISI Types 304, 316, and 317
austenitic stainless steels also contain
between 18 and 20% chromium, and 8
to 14% nickel. The alloys are
differentiated by the amount of
molybdenum added. Type 304 has no
molybdenum, Type 316 contains about
2 to 3% molybdenum, and Type 317
contains 3 to 4% molybdenum. The
increasing amounts of molybdenum do
not reduce the ease of welding, but do
improve the corrosion resistance when
exposed to weak sulfuric acid.
Filler metal selection can be more
involved than simply selecting a filler
metal of the same composition as the
base metal. For example, they do not
manufacture a filler metal matching
Type 304 austenitic stainless steel. Type
304 is usually welded with a Type 308
filler metal to ensure sufficient ferrite is
produced in the weld to prevent
cracking. AWS D1.6, Structural Welding
Code Stainless Steel, contains a table
listing recommended filler metals for a
wide selection of stainless steels. The
WRC diagram can also be used to select
a filler metal that produces the right
combination of ferrite and the proper
microstructure. The use of the WRC
diagram is a good subject for a future
conversation.
An excellent book on stainless
steel has been coauthored by Damian
Kotecki and John Lippold. The title is
Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of
Stainless Steel published by Wiley
Interscience 2005. It is the best book
on the subject I have in my library.
Q: A load of round steel castings came
to my shop in California from Kansas.

The castings are ASTM A958-10
Grade SC8620 Class 80-50. A weld
repair procedure from the
manufacturer accompanied them. The
repair procedure indicates welders are
to be qualified for P-10 material per
ASME Section IX or ASTM A488. At
the shop where I inspect, ASTM A57250 plates are to be complete-jointpenetration (CJP) welded to the
30
castings. The shop has run a

Procedure Qualification Record
(PQR) and developed a Welding
Procedure Specification (WPS) for use
of the gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
process for the dissimilar metals. The
CJP will involve backgouging as the
joint being welded is a double bevel T
joint. The backgouging will gouge the
casting in the weld zone. There are
also some gouges outside the weld
zone on the casting itself. So here is
my dilemma: does the shop need to
adhere to the manufacturers weld
repair procedure since the shop does
not have its own weld repair
procedure developed? Or can it use
the WPS developed for the GMAW
process for welding dissimilar metals?
A: (by K. Erickson) For any base
metal/weld repairs to the casting itself,

the first consideration would be to
determine who is responsible for the
base metal gouges and to what extent
the gouges need to be corrected. There
are a couple of issues to consider in
this situation:
1. The casting manufacturer will

generally be responsible for the
integrity of the castings it supplied
unless proven otherwise and thus may
choose to initiate all repairs by its
program and using their welders at
either location.
2. The casting manufacturer may
permit the shop to utilize its repair
procedure under the guidance of a CWI
or other designated individual provided
all parameters of the procedure are met,
including emphasis on correct and
approved welder qualifications and
welder experience for this product. In
addition, any inspection and NDE
testing should be discussed and agreed
upon prior to any repairs being initiated.
3. Should it be determined that the
shop is responsible for the casting
gouges, then the casting manufacturer
can eliminate its involvement in this
matter and thus place all corrections on
the shop to complete in accordance
with project specifications and the
applicable governing standards.
4. Both the casting manufacturer
and the shop need to agree on the terms
pertaining to full or partial
responsibility, liability, additional

repairs, associated cost, etc., before any
repairs are performed. Situations such
as this have compounded without
complete prior acknowledgment and
acceptance by the parties involved.
Inspection Trends encourages

question and answer submissions. Please
mail to the editor (mjohnsen@aws.org).
KENNETH ERICKSONis manager of
quality at National Inspection & Consultants, Inc., Ft. Myers, Fla. He is an AWS
Senior Certified Welding Inspector, an
ASNT National NDT Level III Inspector in
four methods, and provides expert witness
review and analysis for legal
considerations.
ALBERT J. MOORE JR. is vice
president, Marion Testing & Inspection,
Canton, Conn. He is an AWS Senior
Certified Welding Inspector and an
ASNT ACCP NDT Level III. He is also a
member of the AWS Certification
Committee and the Committee on
Methods of Inspection of Welds.
Statement of Ownership, Management, and Circulation for U.S. Postal Service (Required by U.S.C. 3685)
1. TITLE OF PUBLICATION: Inspection Trends
2. PUBLICATION NO.: ISSN 1523-7168
3. DATE OF FILING: September 26, 2014
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8669 NW 36th St., #130, Miami, Fl 33166
9. NAMES AND COMPLETE ADDRESS OF PUBLISHER, EDITOR, AND MANAGING EDITOR:
PUBLISHER: Andrew Cullison, AWS, 8669 NW 36th St., #130, Miami, Fl 33166
EDITOR: Mary Ruth Johnsen, AWS, 8669 NW 36th St., #130, Miami, Fl 33166
10. OWNER:
NAME: American Welding Society, Inc.
ADDRESS: 8669 NW 36th St., #130, Miami, FL 33166
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14. Issue Date for Circulation Data Below: Fall October 2014
15. EXTENT AND NATURE OF CIRCULATION:
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Nearest to Filing Date
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B. Paid and/or Requested Circulation
1. Paid/Requested Outside-County Mail Subscriptions Stated on Form 3541
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4. Other Classes Mailed through the USPS
C. Total Paid/Requested Circulation
D. Free Distribution by Mail (Samples, Complimentary and Other Free)
1. Outside-County as Stated on Form 3541
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4 Free Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or Other Means)
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16. Statement of Ownership will be printed in the Winter January 2014 issue of this publication.
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26,833
27,500
26,051
None
None
26,557
None
None
None
26,051
None
26,557
74
None
None
None
74
26,125
708
26,833
99.7%
76
None
None
None
76
26,633
867
27,500
99.7%
31
Mark Your Calendar

Note: A diamond () denotes an AWS-sponsored event.
International Conference on Emerging Technologies in NonDestructive Testing (ETNDT6). May 2729. Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. Contact Katja Bosman
Katja.Bosman@vub.ac.be or visit www.etndt6.be.
NDT in Canada 2015 Conference. June 1517. Edmonton Marriott
at River Cree Resort, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Contact Canadian
Institute for Non-Destructive Evaluation (CINDE), (905) 387-1655
ext. 238, www.cinde.ca, or events@cinde.ca.
ASNT Ultrasonics for Nondestructive Testing Conference. July
2931. Crowne Plaza Hotel at the Crossing, Warwick, R.I. Contact
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, (800) 222-2768 or
www.asnt.org.
International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil
Engineering (NDT-CE). September 1517. Technical University
Berlin, Peter Behrens Halle, Berlin, Germany. Contact BAM
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, www.ndtce2015.net/home.
ASNT Annual Conference 2015. October 2629. Salt Palace
Convention Center, Salt Lake City, Utah. Contact American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, (800) 222-2768 or www.asnt.org.
FABTECH 2015. November 912. McCormick Place, Chicago,

Ill. Contact American Welding Society, (800) 443-9353, or
www.fabtechexpo.com.
19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing.

June 1317, 2016. International Congress Centre, Munich,
Germany. Contact German Society for Non-Destructive Testing, 49
30 67807-120; e-mail: conference@wcndt2016.com, or
www.wcndt2016.com.
Educational Opportunities
GE Inspection Academy Courses. Online e-courses, on-site
classes, and week-long classroom programs in the major industrial
evaluation techniques. For information, visit
www.geinspectionacademy.com.
NDE Classes. Moraine Valley Community College, Palos Hills, Ill.,
offers NDE classes in PT, MT, UT, RT, Radiation Safety, and Eddy
Current, as well as API 510 exam prep and weld inspection. For more
information, contact (708) 974-5735; wdcs@morainevalley.edu;
morainevalley.edu/NDE.
EPRI NDE Training Seminars. EPRI offers NDE technical skills
training in visual examination, ultrasonic examination, ASME Section
XI, UT operator training, etc. Contact Sherryl Stogner, (704) 5476174, e-mail: sstogner@epri.com.
Nondestructive Examination Courses. A course schedule is available
from Hellier, 277 W. Main St., Ste. 2, Niantic, CT 06357; (860) 7398950; FAX (860) 739-6732.
Preparatory and Visual Weld Inspection Courses. One- and twoweek courses presented in Pascagoula, Miss., Houston, Tex., and
Houma and Sulphur, La. Contact Real Educational Services, Inc.;
(800) 489-2890; info@realeducational.com.
CWI/CWE Course and Exam. A ten-day program presented in Troy,
Ohio. Contact Hobart Institute of Welding Technology; (800) 3329448; www.welding.org; hiwt@welding.org.
T.E.S.T. NDT, Inc., Courses. CWI preparation, NDE courses,
including ultrasonic thickness testing and advanced phased array. Onsite training available. T.E.S.T. NDT, Inc., 193 Viking Ave., Brea, CA
92821; (714) 255-1500; FAX (714) 255-1580; ndtguru@aol.com;
www.testndt.com.
NDE Training. NDE training at the companys St. Louis-area facility
or on-site. Level III services available. For a schedule of upcoming
courses, contact Quality Testing Services, Inc., 2305 Millpark Dr.,
Maryland Heights, MO 63043; (888) 770-0103;
training@qualitytesting.net; www.qualitytesting.net.
CWI/CWE Prep Course and Exam and NDT Inspector Training
Courses. An AWS Accredited Testing Facility. Courses held yearround in Allentown, Pa., and at customers facilities. Contact: Welder
Training & Testing Institute (WTTI). Call (800) 223-9884,
info@wtti.edu, or visit www.wtti.edu.
32
Certification Schedule
Certified Welding Inspector (CWI)
Location
Seminar Dates
Exam Date
Birmingham, AL
Hutchinson, KS
Spokane, WA
Pittsburgh, PA
Beaumont, TX
Hartford, CT
Orlando, FL
Memphis, TN
Miami, FL
Corpus Christi, TX
Miami, FL
Cleveland, OH
Jacksonville, FL
Kansas City, MO
Los Angeles, CA
Louisville, KY
Omaha, NE
Denver, CO
Scottsdale, AZ
Waco, TX
Bakersfield, CA
Miami, FL
Milwaukee, WI
Sacramento, CA
Corpus Christi, TX
Baton Rouge, LA
Chicago, IL
Las Vegas, NV
Philadelphia, PA
Seattle, WA
Rochester, NY
Mobile, AL
Portland, ME
Charlotte, NC
San Diego, CA
Minneapolis, MN
San Antonio, TX
Salt Lake City, UT
Anchorage, AK
Miami, FL
Idaho Falls, ID
St. Louis, MO
Houston, TX
May 31June 5
May 31June 5
May 31June 5
June 712
June 1419
June 1419
June 1419
June 1419
Exam only
Exam only
Exam only
July 1217
July 1217
July 1217
July 1217
July 1217
July 1217
July 1924
July 1924
July 1924
July 2126
July 2631
July 2631
July 2631
Exam only
Aug. 27
Aug. 27
Aug. 27
Aug. 27
Aug. 27
Exam only
Aug. 914
Aug. 914
Aug. 914
Aug. 1621
Aug. 1621
Aug. 1621
Aug. 1621
Exam only
Sept. 1318
Sept. 1318
Sept. 1318
Sept. 1318
June 6
June 6
June 6
June 13
June 20
June 20
June 20
June 20
June 25
June 27
July 16
July 18
July 18
July 18
July 18
July 18
July 18
July 25
July 25
July 25
July 27
Aug. 1
Aug. 1
Aug. 1
Aug. 1
Aug. 8
Aug. 8
Aug. 8
Aug. 8
Aug. 8
Aug. 8
Aug. 15
Aug. 15
Aug. 15
Aug. 22
Aug. 22
Aug. 22
Aug. 22
Sept. 19
Sept. 19
Sept. 19
Sept. 19
Sept. 19
9-Year Recertification Seminar for

CWI/SCWI
For current CWIs and SCWIs needing to meet education requirements without taking the exam. The exam can be taken
at any site listed under Certified Welding Inspector.
Location
Pittsburgh, PA
Kansas City, MO
San Diego, CA
Miami, FL
Orlando, FL
Denver, CO
Seminar Dates
May 31June 5
June 712
July 1924
July 2631
Aug. 1621
Sept. 1318
Certified Welding Educator (CWE)
Seminar and exam are given at all sites listed under Certified
Welding Inspector. Seminar attendees will not attend the Code
Clinic portion of the seminar (usually the first two days).
Certified Welding Sales Representative

(CWSR)
CWSR exams will be given at CWI exam sites.
Certified Welding Supervisor (CWS)

Location
Seminar Dates
Exam Date
Minneapolis, MN
July 1317
July 18
CWS exams are also given at all CWI exam sites.
Certified Radiographic Interpreter (CRI)

The CRI certification can be a stand-alone credential or can
exempt you from your next 9-Year Recertification.
Location
Seminar Dates
Exam Date
Cleveland, OH
June 812
June 13
Dallas, TX
Aug. 1721
Aug. 22
Chicago, IL
Sept. 28Oct. 3
Oct. 4
Certified Robotic Arc Welding (CRAW)
ABB, Inc., Auburn Hills, MI; (248) 3918421

OTC Daihen, Inc., Tipp City, OH; (937) 667-0800, ext. 218
Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, OH; (216) 383-8542
Genesis-Systems Group, Davenport, IA; (563) 445-5688
Wolf Robotics, Fort Collins, CO; (970) 225-7736
On request at MATC, Milwaukee, WI; (414) 456-5454
IMPORTANT: This schedule is subject to change without notice. Please verify your event dates with the Certification Dept. to confirm your course status before making travel plans. Applications are to be received at leastsix weeks prior to the seminar/exam or exam.Applications received after that time will be assessed a $250 Fast Track fee. Please verify application deadline dates by visitin g our website
www.aws.org/certification/docs/schedules.html. For information on AWS seminars and certification programs, or to register online, visit
www.aws.org/certification or call (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 273, for Certification; or ext. 455 for Seminars.
34
Just the Facts
By Jim Merrill
Visual inspection of an oxygen cut edge such

as what Bruce Berger is examining here is
among the duties that must be considered
when determining how many CWIs are
needed for a job.
Contractors, fabricators, owners,
and engineers frequently bring up the
subject of how many NDE technicians
or inspectors such as CWIs and/or
CAWIs are needed to meet project
inspection requirements. In general,
codes and project specifications
provide language for the types of
testing and inspections, and the
frequencies that are required. It is also
typical to state that if a notable number
of defects is found by inspectors, the
testing and inspection frequencies
increase. Therefore, the required
number of inspectors is the minimum
number that can effectively inspect
and/or test at the required frequency.
Oftentimes the person who is
developing the estimate to meet the
inspection requirements is not aware of
all the activities a CWI must perform
to meet the minimum inspection
requirements. The CWI can be very
helpful by providing information
concerning all of the activities and time
associated with these activities to meet
the contract document requirements.
When determining the number of
inspectors required for a given project,
there are a number of items and
36
Identifying defect locations is another of the CWIs responsibilities that must

be considered.
activities that need to be considered.

Following are some of the items to
consider:
1. How many tons of steel will be
fabricated and/or erected?
2. How many weld joints will
require inspection and testing?
3. How many welders will be
welding during a given work shift?
4. What types of testing and
inspection will be required, i.e., visual,
magnetic particle, ultrasonic,
radiography, or penetrant testing?
5. Is the welding inspection time
critical, meaning are there other
operations that cannot move forward
until inspection is complete?
6. Will there be access issues
associated with the welding inspection?
For example, will welds become
inaccessible due to being blocked by
additional fabrication and/or erection,
will lifting equipment be needed, or if
radiographic testing is required, how
will the radiation hazard be handled?
7. Are all of the welding
operations being conducted in a
relatively small or a large area? Can an
inspector physically get to all of the
locations that require inspection in a
reasonable and productive timeframe?

8. What inspections or testing will
be required at each welding location?
The following is a sample
checklist that includes a number of
items an inspector may be required to
inspect and document as part of his or
her duties before, during, and after
welding:
Each inspector needs to review the
drawings, special provisions, and
other applicable contract documents
and codes to ensure they understand
the requirements.
Verify there is a complete set of
drawings available at the shop or
field site.
Ensure the contract-specified codes,
special provisions, and other relevant
contract documents are available at
the project location.
Verify mill test reports for the
materials to be utilized in the project.
Verify the welders are certified in
accordance with the certification
requirements of the contract
documents.
Verify heat numbers correspond to
mill test reports and mill marking.
Verify the welding is being performed
to either prequalified or qualified

welding procedures and that the
required documentation is in place
prior to welding.
Verify and approve joint preparation
and assembly practice.
Verify the appropriate Welding
Procedure Specifications (WPSs) are
available to the welders.
Verify the welders are welding within
the WPS parameters.
Verify preheat and interpass
temperatures are being maintained.
Verify the welder is performing
adequate interpass cleaning.
Visually inspect the completed weld.
Verify dimensional tolerances of the
weld and the overall part.
Perform the required nondestructive
testing.
Document all testing and inspections
performed.
Report the inspection and testing
findings to the appropriate personnel.
When Repairs Are

Necessary
The following are the inspectors
responsibilities when repairs are
required:
Locate the area that requires repair.
Review the repair procedure for
compliance with the contract
documents.
Verify the repair WPS is in
compliance with the contract
documents.
Verify the weld material is removed
and the joint is rewelded in
accordance with the repair
procedure.
Observe and verify that the repair was
completed in accordance with the
repair procedure.
Reinspect/test with the same methods
as the original inspection.
Document observations.
Report the inspection and testing
findings to the appropriate personnel.
This is not an exhaustive list of all
the duties of an inspector or an NDE
technician, rather it demonstrates the
large number of activities that go into
the inspection process and that
sufficient time needs to be allocated for
the inspector to perform his/her duties
as required by the contract documents.
When a large welding job is being
looked at that requires a significant
number of inspectors, then the use of
CAWIs under the direct supervision of
a CWI is clearly a reasonable
alternative. A good rule of thumb is

five CAWIs to one CWI. It is important
to note that many contracts require a
CWI to sign off on all testing and
inspection performed. If this is the
case, then time must be allocated for
the CWI to observe and review the
work of the CAWIs in his/her charge.
T R E N D S
$
$6450.3&13*/54
6450.3&13*/54
Is There a Formula?
There is no simple formula for
determining the exact number of
inspectors required for each project. A
number of variables must be
considered when determining the
correct number. Consider all of the
items discussed in this article, the
experience of the inspectors who are
being considered, how much detailed
inspection information and
documentation are required for each
weld to be inspected, and the
anticipated quality of the work that will
be performed.
It is recommended that anyone
who is attempting to determine
inspection resourcing solicit the aid of
an experienced CWI to help in
developing realistic and achievable
expectations.
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6 T F S F Q S J O U T UP N BYJN J[F
ZPVSNBSLFUJOHJOJUJBUJWFTBOE
TUSFOHUIFOZPVSCSBOETWBMVF

JIM MERRILL, PE
(Jim.Merrill@amec.com), is senior principal engineer with AMEC Foster
Wheeler, Environment & Infrastructure,
San Diego, Calif. He is an AWS Certified
Welding Inspector, a registered metallurgical engineer, and a member of the AWS
D1 Structural Welding Committee, D1Q
Subcommittee on Steel Structures, D1I
Subcommittee on Reinforcing Steel, and
D1 Task Group 4 on Inspection.

$BMM
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37
NDE School Profiles

Attention
Schools, Training, and Testing
Facilities for Materials
Evaluation, Weld Inspection,
and Quality Assurance
Included in this section are welding schools
across the country that have taken this
advertising opportunity to promote their
resources both to industry in need of
welders and to those searching for a solid
career path to employment and growth.
Reach more than 36,000 readers whose
livelihoods depend on quality assurance,
materials testing, or weld inspection with
your school profile
The National Center
for Welding
Education and Training (dba Weld-Ed) is a
partnership of community colleges, universities,
business and industry, and the American Welding
Society and is funded by the National Science
Foundation. The Centers primary mission is to
increase the quantity and quality of welding
and materials joining technicians to meet industry
demand through curriculum reform and
educator professional development. Additional
information is available at www.weld-ed.org.
Butte-Glenn Comm. College

The Welding Technology program is
designed to produce qualified personnel
for certified welding jobs. Butte has modern and well-equipped welding facilities.
Program standards are in accordance with
the AWS SENSE program and follows
NCCER curriculum, ASME, and API
codes. Produces entry-level welding technicians qualified in the 6-G pipe position.
Large emphasis on SMAW, FCAW,
GMAW, GTAW, OAW, OFC, PAC and
AAC processes, in all positions using
various metals and alloys. Qualifications
earned in AWS, ASME, and API according to personal skill. PG&E Power
Pathway Gas Pipeline Welding Capstone Program: The Pathway specifically
trains welders for potential careers within the
petrochemical/natural gas pipeline industry.
3536 Butte Campus Drive

Oroville, CA 95965
Don Robinson, robinsondo@butte.edu
(530) 895-2469 Fax: (530) 895-2302
Chris Armitage, armitagech@butte.edu
(530) 895-2911 Fax: (530) 895-2302
Miles Peacock, peacockmi@butte.edu
(530) 879-6162 Fax: (530) 895-2302
Trevor Robinson, robinsontr@butte.edu
(530) 895-2360 Fax: (530) 895-2302
38
Austin Community College

The Welding Technology Program at
Austin Community College offers a
two semester certificate in Welding
Inspection. This certificate is designed
for upper level students or current
industry professionals seeking to
become AWS Certified Welding
Inspectors and/or Level II Certifiable
Ultrasonic Technicians. Coursework
includes two CWI exam preparation
courses, and two courses examining
the theory and applications of ultrasonic techniques of materials testing.
UT training includes analog, digital,
and Phased Array.
1020 Grove Blvd

Austin, TX 78741
(512) 223-6220
www.austincc.edu/welding
Calumet Welding Center

Calumet Welding Center provides
welder education and certification
for Northwest Indiana and the
Chicagoland area. Welding classes
offered include SMAW, GMAW,
GTAW, FCAW, and blueprint reading.
Our customized training programs can
focus on a companys specific needs
and accommodate diverse skill levels.
Welder certifications and procedure
qualification are offered year round.
In partnership with an AWS accredited
testing facility, we provide welding procedures, materials, and qualification
paperwork to all code requirements.
1947 N Griffith Blvd

Griffith, IN 46319
(219) 923-9353
info@calumetwelding.com
www.calumetwelding.com
Central Wyoming College

Industry driven, affordable, hands-on!
Central Wyoming College, located in
the beautiful Wind River Valley, is an
AWS educational institution with curriculum that aligns with AWSs SENSE
program. Students are trained to weld
according to AWS prequalified welding procedures as well as the American
Petroleum Institutes 1104 Pipeline
Code. There is a large emphasis on
blueprint reading, welding symbols,
metallurgy and weld inspection. Training includes Shield Metal Arc Welding,
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Gas Metal
Arc Welding, Flux Core Arc Welding
and Oxyacetylene Welding. Students
have a choice of earning a credential, a
certificate or an associate of applied
sciences degree. Our welding lab has
the most up-to-date welding equipment and a state of the art air moving
system.
Darryl Steeds (307) 855-2138

dsteeds@cwc.edu
Admissions (800) 865-0193
www.cwc.edu
Dalus, S.A. De C.V.

Welder Training &
AWS Certification Center
In Mexico
DALUS was founded in 2000 for the
purpose of training and testing people
in certifiable skills and knowledge that
will help to integrate them into a
world class workforce. DALUS is an
AWS Accredited Test Facility (ATF)
and a member of the S.E.N.S.E.
(Schools Excelling through National
Skills Education) program and administers SCWI, CWI and CWE prep
course and exams three times a year.
DALUS also offers courses designed
to meet employers specific needs.
Parque Industrial Kalos

Monterrey, NL - MEXICO
+52 (81) 8386-1717
info@dalus.com
www.dalus.com
NDE School Profiles

Earlbeck Gases
& Technologies
Earlbeck Gases & Technologies is
an AWS Accredited Test Facility and
offers procedure and welder testing
and welding training in the Baltimore/DC and York, Pa. areas. Our
Welding engineering and SCWI/CWI
staff has over 40 years of experience
working with military and commercial
codes. Welding consulting, document
review, procedure and welder
qualification, and inspection classes for
various codes are available. Send in
and mobile testing are available as
well.
Don Hodges
8204 Pulaski Highway
Baltimore, MD 21237
(410) 687-8400
Dhodges@earlbeck.com
www.earlbeck.com
Indiana County
Technology Center
Garrett College
Continuing Education &
Workforce Development
Adult Education Department
Garrett College, a two-year community college, is located in scenic Western Maryland. Students enrolled in
the welding program receive hands-on
experience in a welding shop and computer based training in all classes to
support learning, along with personalized attention. Certification by the
American Welding Society and American Petroleum Industry. Time to
complete a welding training program
from start to finish is approximately 12
months. Classes are held 1-2 evenings
per week and an occasional Saturday.
The Indiana County Technology Center (ICTC) has been providing quality
career training for 35 years! ICTCs
Welding Technology Program follows
the AWS Sense curriculum, providing
students with a solid foundation in
safety, occupational orientation, and
fabrication skills, and covers SMAW,
GTAW, FCAW and GTAW processes.
Lecture, hands-on experience, and
interaction with instructors, who are
also professionals in the field,
prepares students for a successful
welding career! Federal Financial Aid
is available to qualified students.
687 Mosser Road

McHenry, MD 21541
(301) 387-3770
www.garrettcollege.edu
441 Hamill Road

Indiana, PA 15701
(724) 349-6700 x131
admissions@ictc.edu
carol.mowbraybrooks@garrettcollege.edu
Forsyth Technical
Community College
Forsyth Tech offers comprehensive
one-year diploma and certificate
curriculum programs in welding
technology as well as one-semester
noncurriculum programs in SMA
(ARC), GMA (MIG) and GTA (TIG)
welding. The college also offers
program participants AWS welder
certification testing as part of the National Association of Manufacturers
(NAM)-endorsed Skills Certification
System. Classes are taught at our main
campus location.
2100 Silas Creek Parkway

Winston-Salem, NC 27103
(336) 723-0371
info@forsythtech.edu
www.ForsythTech.edu
Georgia Trade School
Inspection Specialist, Inc.
Founded 2012
Mechanical and Destructive Testing

Laboratory test a wide range of materials including metals, reinforced plastics,
rubber, and most types of rope, cable, or
wire. Our testing facility is fully
equipped with a complete line of
destructive testing machines, and our
skilled technicians are proficient in all
pertinent codes and standards. Our
laboratory testing capabilities include:
Nationally accredited welder test
facility (AWS), Welder test booths for
SMAW, GMAW, GTAW, FCAW, Weld
procedure development and qualification, Tensile testers, impact testers for
high or low energy, Applied stress
testers and hardness testers in full and
micro scale. PMI- analysis of pipe, plate,
tube, welds, welding electrodes and wire
throughout the manufacturing process,
and stress relieving.
The technical chair for the Georgia

Skills USA welding and fabrication
competition, Georgia Trade School
stands as one of the nations premiere
boutique welding schools. Buoyed by
our tremendous partnerships with
Fortune 500 giants Kimberly Clark and
Huntington Ingalls Industries, GTS is
dedicated to providing a true alternative
to an otherwise college bound population. Our extensive media coverage in
both local and national print, television
and digital mediums has highlighted
our efforts to Rebuild America. A leading voice on skilled trades, Georgia
Trade School serves on the Go Build
Georgia Advisory Council dedicated to
promoting craft work.
Ryan Blythe, Executive Director

2260 Moon Station Court Suite 110
Kennesaw, GA 30144
(770) 590-9353
rblythe@georgiatradeschool.com
www.georgiatradeschool.com
5201 Taravella Rd
Marrero LA, 70072
1.888.837.8522 (504) 347-5600
Tmoore@inspectionspecialists.com
39
NDE School Profiles

Institute for Materials
Joining and Testing (IMJAT)
Chattanooga State
Community College
IMJAT includes two core AAS degree
concentrations: Materials Joining (welding
engineering technology) and nondestructive evaluation (nondestructive testing
technology). Students learn foundation
concepts such as welding principles, visual
inspection, electrical fundamentals, and
metallurgy. Welding students can earn
certificates in SMAW, GMAW/FCAW,
GTAW or welding automation. NDT
students receive Level I/II training in six
methods: visual, liquid penetrant, magnetic
particle, ultrasonic, radiographic, and eddy
current testing. The NDT program is
accredited by the Engineering Technology
Accreditation Commission of ABET.
Lisa Jackson
4501 Amnicola Highway
Chattanooga, TN 37406-1097
(423) 697-4434
Integrity Welding, LLC
Mitchell Technical Institute
Integrity Welding, LLC is located in

Corona, California (suburb of Los Angeles). We offer customized training to
both individuals and organizations.
Our friendly staff consists of welding
professors and welding inspectors that
will tailor instructions to your training
needs and learning style. Integrity
Welding, LLC welding facility is an
AWS accredited test facility (ATF)
and conducts welders performance
qualifications for the city of Los
Angeles Dept. of Building and Safety
(LADBS). Our hours of operations
include nights and weekends at your
facility or ours.
Mitchell Technical Institute offers a

highly technical industry-driven Welding and Manufacturing Technology
program providing the proper skills for
graduates to excel in welding, machining, robotics and lean manufacturing
techniques. Instruction is American
Welding Society code-based. During
the second year, students learn clearly
defined and communicated welding
quality standards and learn to test
welds by various methods including die
penetrant, radiographic, visual, tensile
load testing and bend-and-break
testing conducted by a CWI within an
ATF facility.
Corona, California
(800) 897-WELD
chancy@integritywelds.com
1800 E. Spruce St.

Mitchell, SD 57301
(800) 684-1969
www.mitchelltech.edu
Jubail Technical Institute
Moraine Valley
Community College
lisa.jackson@chattanoogastate.edu.
ISTUC
Founded 2001
ISTUC, S.C. was founded in 2001 with

the objective of helping Mexico become
more competitive and create reliability
in the industry. The institute is an
AWS acredited facility and a IIW/
EWF authorized training body. ISTUC
offers training, qualification and
certification of international programs;
International Institute of Welding and
European Welding Federation for
welder, inspector, practitioner, specialist, technologist, engineer, and ELWC
European Laser Welding, and AWS
programs, entry, expert, entry welder,
inspector, and supervisor.
Calle Cantera N 1830

Col. Lomas de Satlite
76110 Quertaro, Qro., Mexico
442-2201486
Fax: 442-2201699
www.istuc.com
40
Jubail Technical Institute, Welding

Skills program is designed to train students to become highly skilled and
work ready welders. The curriculum is
Competency based, which helps students to build their skills progressively
on various welding processes such
as Shielded Metal Arc Welding, Gas
Metal Arc Welding, Flux Cored
Arc Welding and Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding. The ATF Center helps the
students to inspect the quality of their
weld by (DT) and (NDT).
Tel Off: +966-30-340-2687

Fax: +966-13-340-0000 ext. 6006
P. O. Box 10335,
Jubail Industrial City 31961, KSA
www.jti.edu.sa
As a nationally recognized program,

and Illinois only community college
with nondestructive training (NDT)
facilities, we offer hands-on classes for
practicing professionals, those seeking
recertification and new trainees.
Moraine Valleys exceptional welding
certificate programs let students gain
skills demanded in todays workforce
in our state-of-the art labs. Our small
classes cover blueprint reading, MIG,
TIG, SMAW, brazing, and more. We
also offer certification testing. Customized training in NDT and welding
is available for employers, as well.
Palos Hills, Illinois

(708) 974-5735
Fax: (708) 974-0078
ccce@morainevalley.edu
morainevalley.edu
NDE School Profiles

National Institute of
Technology (NIT)
Our Welding technology program
employs the NCCER Curriculum
sequenced in accordance to the
(AWS) SENSE school/program with
10 weeks on-the-job training. We
utilize state-of-the-art facilities,
including welding simulators. Our
premises area covers over 120,000m.
All this is administered by a diverse
multinational faculty with technical
field and instructing experience and
administration staff fostering an
excellent rapport with students.
Our other programs include Electrical, Electro-Mechanical, Electronics,
HVAC, Instrumentation and Materials
Management Technology.
P.O. Box 15065, Jeddah 21444

Saudi Arabia
+966125912662, ext. 8333
Fax: +966125915211
jsoliman@nit.edu.sa
www.nit.edu.sa
Nondestructive Testing
Institute
The Nondestructive Testing Institute
offers training in the following methods: MT/PT/UT/VT/RT/ET, as well
as, the CWI/CWE prep course and
CWI endorsement training. Classes
occur monthly at our Allentown,
Pennsylvania facility, or can be
conducted at customer sites. NDT
courses are led by ASNT Level III
personnel. Our facilitys lab is accredited to ISO 17025 for destructive and
nondestructive test methods. Visit
our website for more information on
Inspection courses and schedules:
www.ndtinstitute.com
1144 N. Graham Street

Allentown, PA 18109
(610) 820-4196
Fax: (610) 820-0271
www.ndtinstitute.com
The Ocean Corporation

The Ocean Corporation, located in
Houston, Texas, has trained men
and women for exciting careers in
nondestructive testing and underwater welding since 1969. Students are
trained to Level I and II academics in
MT, PT, UT, ET, VT and RT and
receive 40 hours of radiation Safety
training. Job placement assistance is
available upon graduation. New
classes begin every five weeks and
financial aid is available for those
who qualify.
10840 Rockley Road

Houston, Texas 77099
(800) 321-0298
Fax: (281) 530-9143
oceancorp.com
admissions@oceancorp.com
Quality Control Co.

QCCO is a leader in nondestructive testing
training and certification services and is
respected in this field since established in
1984. Our training provides both the
knowledge and qualifications that NDT
and QC/QA personnel need to succeed.
QCCO is an agent of the American Welding Society, an authorized examination
center of the American Society for Non
destructive Testing, offers American Petroleum Institute training and certification
programs and SSPC Painting/Coating
Training and certification programs.
QCCO offers local and remote training
and certifications programs to its clients in
the Middle East, Africa, Europe and Asia
as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, South
Africa, Italy, Romania, Saudi Arabia,
Bahrain, Kuwait, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Sudan, Congo, Thailand, Lebanon,
Hong Kong, and other countries. All of our
instructors are qualified, experienced,
recognized NDT consultants, and well known
for expertise in the methods they teach.
3 Nablos St.,
Cairo, Egypt, Postal Code: 12411
www.qualitycontrol-egypt.com
Ohio Technical College

Welding & Fabrication
Technology
Ohio Techs Welding and Fabrication
program is the fastest growing program on campus with a 12-month
comprehensive, hands-on training
process that teaches students basic
through advanced principles, theory,
and applications of welding. We also
include the study of practical mathematics and blueprint reading for
welders including the interpretation of
welding symbols required to interpret
working sketches, drawings, and blueprints common to the welding and
metal working fields. Certification
testing available through recognized
professional organizations.
1374 E 51st Street

Cleveland, OH 44103
(800) 322-7000 Fax: (216) 881-9145
jbrenner@ohiotech.edu
www.ohiotech.edu
Quality Testing
Services, Inc.
QTS offers NDT courses in: VT,
PT, MT, UT, RT, ET, LT, TIR and
Radiation Safety. We are certified to
operate as a proprietary school by
the State of Missouri. We can train
personnel at your facility or ours to
SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, etc. We also
offer Responsible Level 3 Services and
qualification examination administration. QTS is an ASNT Authorized
Exam Center. Ask about our
internship program to gain valuable
real world experience.
Quality Testing Services Inc.

2305 Millpark Drive
Maryland Heights, MO 63043
(888) 770-0607
(314) 770-0607
Fax: (314) 770-0103
training@qualitytesting.com
www.qualitytesting.net
41
NDE School Profiles

United Technical, Inc.
The Welding Expert
United Technical, Inc. provides laboratory services and NDT inspection

services. Performing: Tensile, Bend,
Fracture Toughness, Fillet Breaks, Peel
Tests, Resistance Spot Weld Evaluations,
Macro and Micro Cross-Sections,
Metallurgical Preparation, Macro and
Micro Hardness, Stereoscopic and Metallographic Measurements and Analysis,
Proof Loading, Scanning Electron
Microscopy and Failure Analysis. We
develop written procedures, conduct
welding, test and qualify your company
PQR/WPS, various materials. ANST
Level II & III (Ultrasonic Phase Array,
PT, MT, VT). AWS CWI Services.
The Welding Expert is an ATF, a

NYC DOT approved testing location
for API1104, ASME IX, AWS, and a
NYC DOB approved testing facility.
Specialized training and testing in
AWS D1.1 used for NYCDOB and
NYSDOT structural license. Training
for beginner to advanced in
SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, and GTAW.
Materials include carbon steel,
stainless steel, and aluminum. All test
results within 24 Hours. We are
involved with several state funded
programs
Welding Skills Workshops,

Test & Training Center
Personalized, hands-on FAST TRACK
welder training and qualifications in
GMAW, FCAW, SMAW, and GTAW,
with a maximum class size of 8. Shop
math, blueprint reading and code
book clinics. Flexible schedule, weekdays, night and weekends. Minutes
from Ontario International Airport,
hotels, and restaurants.
Welding Skills Workshops,

Test & Training Center
9216 Center Avenue
Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. 91730
USA
(909) 476-4149
weldingclassinfo@gmail.com
www.weldingclass.org
21001 Pontiac Trail

South Lyon, MI 48178
(248) 667-9185
Sales Mobile: (248) 302-6496
sales@unitedtechllc.com
www.unitedtechllc.com
Joe leonard
(347) 668-5396
101 Rome Street
Farmingdale, NY 11735
info@theweldingexpert.com
www.theweldingexpert.com
United Technical
Welding Academy
WESCO Gas & Welding

Supply, Inc.
White Staffing
Management, LLC.
United Technical Welding Academy, an

advanced training institution, offering
occupational training and certifications in
accordance with AWS SENSE program.
AWS CWE and welding engineers
develop custom training courses to create
experienced skilled trades personnel for
your company in such areas as structural
assemblies, robotics, aerospace, automotive, die repair and pipe. Our metallurgical
/weld laboratory develops written
procedures, welds, tests and qualifies your
company PQR/WPS (steel, stainless,
aluminum, etc.). Welding simulator,
welder qualifications, ASNT NDT
inspection services, and training. CWI
services are also provided.
In todays welding market staying

competitive requires skill and knowledge. With three AWS Certified
Welding Inspectors (CWIs), and one
Registered Professional Engineer
WESCO offers just that. Whether
you need welder certification, nondestructive testing, or help writing and
qualifying weld procedures, our team
can help. WESCO is an AWS Accredited Test Facility, one of the few in
the region. Ronald Phillips, CWI,
is the Director of the department.
Please feel free to contact him with
any questions.
Weld Testing:
Plate testing only Welding training:
One and two week welding courses
Customized for your application
Plate fillet or groove
GMAW or FCAW processes
Weld qualification on the last day.
21001 Pontiac Trail

South Lyon, MI 48178
(248) 667-9185
Sales Mobile: (248) 302-6496
sales@unitedtechllc.com
www.unitedtechllc.com
42
940 North M. L. King Dr.

Prichard, AL 36610
(251) 457-8681 (800) 477-9353
ronaldp@wescoweld.com
www.wescoweld.com
Print Reading for Welders:

One week course includes:
Symbols Lines
Basic shop math Measuring
Visual weld inspection
Print Reading for Machinist:
Three day course Basic shop math
Linear precision measuring tools.
Contact: Mark Starks

Technical Manager/Facility Rep.
3303 Pembroke Road
Hopkinsville, KY 42240
(270) 887-2121 ext. 177
Fax: (270) 889-2020
www.whitestaffing.com
Advertiser Index
American Society for Nondestructive Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
www.asnt.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 222-2768
ISTUC/Instituto de Soldadura y Tecnologias de Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

www.istuc.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(52) - 442-2201486 & 2201699
Atlas Evaluation & Inspection Services/Inst. of Nondestructive Testing . .32

www.indt.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(908) 463-0041
J. P. Nissen Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IBC

www.nissenmarkers.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(215) 886-2025
AWS Education Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7, 10,13, 16

www.aws.org/education/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 455
National University Polytechnic Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

www.nupolytech.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 432-3483
AWS Member Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33, 35

www.aws.org/membership/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 480
NDT Seals, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

www.ndtseals.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 261-6261
AWS Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

www.aws.org/publications/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353
Olympus NDT, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .IFC

www.olympus-ims.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(781) 419-3900
Dalus S.A. de C.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

www.dalus.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+52 (81) 8386-1717
Parker Research Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

www.parkerndt.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 525-3935
FABTECH 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

www.fabtechexpo.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 443-9353, ext. 297
SciAps, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OBC

www.sciaps.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(339) 927-9455
Fischer Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
www.Fischer-Technology.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 243-8417
Triangle Engineering, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

www.trieng.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(781) 878-1500
FlawTech, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

www.flawtech.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(704) 795-4401
United Technical, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

www.unitedtechllc.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(249) 667-9185
G.A.L. Gage Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

www.galgage.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(269) 465-5750
NDE School Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38-42
Gradient Lens Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

www.gradientlens.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 536-0790
IFC = Inside Front Cover

IBC = Inside Back Cover
OBC = Outside Back Cover
Hobart Institute of Welding Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

www.welding.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 332-9448
Visit Our Interactive Ad Index: www.aws.org/ad-index
Classified Ads
Place Your Classified Ad Here!
Call the AWS sales team at:
(800) 443-9353
Sandra Jorgensen at ext. 254
sjorgensen@aws.org
Annette Delagrange at ext. 332
adelagrange@aws.org
44
AWS MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Join or Renew:
Mail: Form with your payment, to AWS
Call: Membership Department at (800) 443-9353, ext. 480
Fax: Completed form to (305) 443-5647
Online: www.aws.org/membership
8669 NW 36 St, # 130

Miami, FL 33166-6672
Telephone (800) 443-9353
FAX (305) 443-5647
Visit our website: www.aws.org
CONTACT INFORMATION
q New Member q Renewal
q Mr. q Ms. q Mrs. q Dr.
Please print Duplicate this page as needed
Last Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
First Name:___________________________________________________________________ M.I:_______
Birthdate: _____________________________ E-Mail:____________________________________________
Cell Phone (
)__________________________ Secondary Phone (
)______________________
Were you ever an AWS Member? q YES q NO If YES, give year________ and Member #:____________________
Company (if applicable):___________________________________________________________________
Address:________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
City:_____________________________________State/Province:__________________________________
Zip/PostalCode:_____________________Country:______________________________________________
Who pays your dues?: q Company q Self-paid Sex: q Male q Female
Education level: q High school diploma q Associates q Bachelors q Masters q Doctoral
q Check here if you learned of the Society through an AWS Member? Members name:_______________________Members # (if known):________
q
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP
Please check each box that applies to the Membership or service youd like, and then add the cost together to get your Total Payment.
q AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP (One Year)......................................................................................................$86
wo Years SAVE $25 New Members Only....................................$147
q New Member Initiation Fee ...........................................................................................................................................$12
OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS ONLY:

A.) OPTIONAL Book Selection (Choose from 25 titles; up to a $192 value; includes shipping & handling)
q Individual Members in the U.S..................................................................................................................................$35
q Individual Members outside the U.S (includes International shipping)...........................................................................$85
ONLY ONE SELECTION PLEASE. For more book choices visit www.aws.org/membership
q
(CD-ROM only) q
q Welding Metallurgy
Welding Handbook Selections: q WH (9th Ed., Vol. 4) q WH (9th Ed., Vol. 3) q WH (9th Ed., Vol. 2) q WH (9th Ed., Vol. 1)
Pocket Handbook Selections: q PHB-1 (Arc Welding Steel) q PHB-2 (Visual Inspection) q PHB-4 (GMAW / FCAW)
B.) OPTIONAL Welding Journal Hard Copy (for Members outside North America)
q Individual Members outside North America (note: digital delivery of WJ is standard)..............................................$50
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP TOTAL PAYMENT..................................................................................$_____________
NOTE: Dues include $16.80 for Welding Journal subscription and $4.00 for the AWS Foundation.
STUDENT MEMBERSHIP
Please choose your Student Membership option below.
Digital delivery of Welding Journal magazine is standard for all Student Members.

Includes one-year Welding Journal hard copy subscription. Option available only to students in U.S., Canada & Mexico.
STUDENT MEMBERSHIP TOTAL PAYMENT......................................................................................$_____________
PAYMENT INFORMATION
Payment can be made (in U.S. dollars) by check or money order (international or foreign), payable to the American Welding Society, or by charge card.
q Check q Money Order q AMEX
q Diners Club q MasterCard
q Visa
q Discover
q Other
CC#:____________ / ____________ / ____________ / ____________ Expiration Date (mm/yy) ________ / ________

Signature of Applicant:_________________________________________ Application Date:_______________________
OFFICE USE ONLY
Source Code: IT
REV. 11/14
Check #:_______________________________ Account #____________________________________

Date:_________________________________ Amount:_____________________________________
Type of Business (Check ONE only)

A
q Contract construction
B
q Chemicals & allied products
C
q Petroleum & coal industries
D
q Primary metal industries
E
q Fabricated metal products
F
q Machinery except elect. (incl. gas welding)
G
q Electrical equip., supplies, electrodes
H
q Transportation equip. air, aerospace
I
q Transportation equip. automotive
J
q Transportation equip. boats, ships
K
q Transportation equip. railroad
L
q Utilities
M
q Welding distributors & retail trade
N
q Misc. repair services (incl. welding shops)
O
q Educational Services (univ., libraries, schools)
P
q Engineering & architectural services (incl. assns.)
Q
q Misc. business services (incl. commercial labs)
R
q Government (federal, state, local)
S
q Other
01
02
03
04
05
20
21
06
10
12
13
22
07
08
14
09
11
15
17
16
18
19
q
q Manager, director, superintendent (or assistant)
q Sales
q Purchasing
q Engineer welding
q Engineer design
q Engineer manufacturing
q Engineer other
q Architect designer
q Metallurgist
q Research & development
q Quality control
q Inspector, tester
q Supervisor, foreman
q Technician
q Welder, welding or cutting operator
q Consultant
q Educator
q Librarian
q Student
q Customer Service
q Other
Technical Interests (Check all that apply)

A
q Ferrous metals
B
q Aluminum
C
q Nonferrous metals except aluminum
D
q Advanced materials/Intermetallics
E
q Ceramics
F
q High energy beam processes
G
q Arc welding
H
q Brazing and soldering
I
q Resistance welding
J
q Thermal spray
K
q Cutting
L
q NDT
M
q Safety and health
N
q Bending and shearing
O
q Roll forming
P
q Stamping and punching
Q
q Aerospace
R
q Automotive
S
q Machinery
T
q Marine
U
q Piping and tubing
V
q Pressure vessels and tanks
W
q Sheet metal
X
q Structures
Y
q Other
Z
q Automation
1
q Robotics
2
q Computerization of Welding

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Comprehensive Weld Inspection Solutions

From Manual to Automated NDT Technologies

Microscope Imaging / Optical Metrology

X-Ray Fluorescence / XRD Analysis

Remote Visual Inspection / Videoscopes

MAY 2015 / Vol. 18/ No. 2

For Info, go to www.aws.org/adindex

AWS MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Mail: Form with your payment, to AWS

Call: Membership Department at (800) 443-9353, ext. 480

Fax: Completed form to (305) 443-5647

8669 NW 36 St, # 130

Please print Duplicate this page as needed

)__________________________ Secondary Phone (

wo Years SAVE $25 New Members Only....................................$147

q New Member Initiation Fee ...........................................................................................................................................$12

OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS ONLY:

q AWS STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (One Year)...................................................................................................................$35

STUDENT MEMBERSHIP TOTAL PAYMENT......................................................................................$_____________

q Diners Club q MasterCard

CC#:____________ / ____________ / ____________ / ____________ Expiration Date (mm/yy) ________ / ________

Check #:_______________________________ Account #____________________________________

Type of Business (Check ONE only)

Technical Interests (Check all that apply)

May 2015 Vol. 18 / No. 2

INSPECTION TRENDS (ISSN 1523-7168) is

published quarterly by the American Welding

AWS MISSION STATEMENT

The mission of the American Welding Society

Texas School Offers Both Wet and Dry Inspection Training

Just the Facts..............................36

Print and Product Showcase ......12

NDE School Profiles..................38

The Answer Is ............................28

Advertiser Index ........................44

Mark Your Calendar...................32

By Mary Ruth Johnsen

I was fortunate during the years of

Inspection Trends / May 2015

Design and Production

The 2015 AWS

Visit the AWS

ORNL Researcher Jian Chen works with the prototype weld

samples of welded parts are manually torn apart.

Ferrite Content with the FERITSCOPE FMP30

Evaluation capabilities to the

Inspection Trends / May 2015

For info go to www.aws.org/adindex

For info go to www.aws.org/adindex

Measurement range 0.1 to 80% Fe

efficiency and crashworthiness, said Jian Chen, an ORNL

Annual NDT Salary and Benefits Survey

For info go to www.aws.org/adindex

North Carolina College Offering Online

For info go to www.aws.org/adindex

Inspection Trends / Spring 2015

computer, iPad, or other mobile device. The curriculum

Spectronics Announces Personnel Changes

For info go to www.aws.org/adindex

Spectronics Corp., Westbury, N.Y., recently announced

American Welding Society

Inspection Trends / May 2015

For info go to www.aws.org/adindex

CC#:____ / / / Expiration Date (mm/yy) /

Check #:_ Account #______