Chapter 5

Statement of Cash Flows

Overview of Statement
of Cash Flows

The statement of cash flows provides a thorough

explanation of the changes that occurred in a
firms cash balance during the entire accounting
period.

The statement of cash flows reports cash receipts

and payments of a company during a given period
for operating, financing, and investing activities.

Cash includes cash and cash equivalents.

Purposes of Cash Flow

Statement

It shows the relationship of net income to changes

in cash balances.

It reports past cash flows as an aid to:

Predicting future cash flows

Evaluating the way management generates and uses cash

Determining a companys ability to pay interest and

dividends and to pay debts when they are due

Purposes of Cash Flow

Statement

The relationship among the balance sheet, income

statement, and statement of cash flows:

Balance Sheet
December 31,
20X2

Balance Sheet
December 31,
20X3

Income Statement

Statement of Cash Flows

Typical Activities Affecting

Cash

Cash is affected by two primary areas of a

firm.

Operating management - largely concerned

with the major day-to-day activities that
generate revenues and expenses

Financial management - largely concerned

with where to get cash and how to use cash
for the benefit of the entity

Typical Activities Affecting

Cash
1. Operating activities - transactions that affect the
income statement
2. Financing activities - activities that include
obtaining resources as a borrower or issuer of
securities and repaying creditors and owners
3. Investing activities - activities that involve
(1) providing and collecting cash as a lender or as an
owner of securities and
(2) acquiring and disposing of plant, property,
equipment, and other long-term productive assets

Typical Activities Affecting

Cash
Typical operating activities
Cash inflows

Cash outflows

Cash payments to suppliers

Cash payments to employees

Interest and dividends

collected

Interest and tax payments

Other operating receipts

Other operating cash

payments

Collections from
customers

Typical Activities Affecting

Cash

Typical financing activities

Cash inflows

Cash outflows

Borrowing cash from

creditors

Repayment of amounts
borrowed

Issuing equity
securities

Repurchase of equity
shares

Issuing debt securities

Payment of dividends

Typical Activities Affecting

Cash
Typical investing activities
Cash inflows

Sale of property, plant, and

equipment

Sale of securities that are

not cash equivalents

Cash outflows

Purchase of property, plant,

and equipment

Purchase of securities that

are not cash equivalents

Making loans

Receipt of loan repayments

How to treat Interest payments

and Dividends payments?

Preparing a Statement of Cash

Flows
Financing Activities
2 general rules for financing activities:
a.

b.

Increases in cash (cash inflows) stem from

increase in liabilities or paid In capital
Decreases in cash (cash outflows ) stem
from decreases in liabilities or paid in capital

Preparing a Statement of Cash

Flows
Investing activities
2 general rules for investing activities

a. Increases in Cash stem from decreases in

long lived assets, loans and investments
b. Decreases in cash stem from increases in
long lived assets, loans and investments

Approaches to Calculating the

Cash Flow from Operating Activities
2 approaches may be used to compute cash
flow from operating activities.

1.

Direct method - the method that calculates net cash

provided by operating activities as collections minus
operating distributions

2.

Indirect method - the method that adjusts the accrual

net income to reflect only cash receipts and outlays
Under either method, the final cash flow from operating
activities will be the same.

Transactions Affecting Cash

Flows from All Sources
Effects of operating transactions on cash:
Sales of goods and services for cash
Sales of goods and services on credit
Receive dividends or interest
Collection of accounts receivable
Recognize cost of goods sold
Purchase inventory for cash
Purchase inventory on credit
Pay trade accounts payable

+
0
+
+
0
0
-

0 denotes that the transaction has no effect on cash.

Transactions Affecting Cash

Flows from All Sources
Effects of operating transactions on cash:
Accrue operating expenses
Pay operating expenses
Accrue taxes
Pay taxes
Accrue interest
Pay interest
Prepay expenses for cash
Write off prepaid expenses
Charge depreciation or amortization

0
0
0
0
0

0 denotes that the transaction has no effect on cash.

Transactions Affecting Cash

Flows from All Sources
Effects of investing activities on cash:
Purchase fixed assets for cash
Purchase fixed assets by issuing debt
Sell fixed assets
Purchase securities that are not cash equivalents
Make a loan
0 denotes that the transaction has no effect on cash.

0
+
-

Transactions Affecting Cash

Flows from All Sources
Effects of financing transactions on cash:
Increase long-term or short-term debt
Reduce long-term or short-term debt
Sell common or preferred shares
Repurchase or retire common or preferred shares
Pay dividends
Convert debt to common stock

+
+
0

0 denotes that the transaction has no effect on cash.

Schedule of non cash investing

and financing activities

Common stock issued to acquire store

equipment
Loan taken to acquire furniture

Changes in the
Balance Sheet Equation

The balance sheet equation can be rearranged

as follows:
Cash = Liabilities + Equity - Noncash Assets
or
DCash = DL + DSE - DNCA
Any change (D) in a noncash item (liability, equity, or
asset) must be accompanied by a change in cash to
keep the equation balanced.

Changes in the
Balance Sheet Equation

The statement of cash flows focuses on the change

in the noncash accounts as a way of explaining how
and why the amount of cash changes during a given
period.

Change in cash = Change in all noncash accounts

or
What happened to cash = Why it happened

Preparing a Statement of Cash

Flows - The Indirect Method

In calculating cash flows from operating

activities, the alternative to the direct method
is the indirect method.

The indirect method is generally more

convenient.
The indirect method reconciles
accrual net income to cash flows
from operating activities.

Reconciliation of Net Income to Net Cash

Provided by Operations

Items included in the reconciliation:

Depreciation is added back to net income because it

was deducted in arriving at net income, but it does not
represent a use of cash.

Increases in noncash current assets result in less cash

flow from operations, so such increases are deducted
from net income.

Decreases in noncash current assets result in more

cash flow from operations, so such decreases are
added back to net income.

Reconciliation of Net Income to Net

Cash Provided by Operations

Items included in the reconciliation

(continued):

Increases in current liabilities result in more

cash flow from operations, so such increases
are added back to net income.

Decreases in current liabilities result in less

cash flow from operations, so such decreases
are deducted from net income.

The Crisis of Negative Cash

Flow

Although investors make many decisions

based on net income, earnings numbers do
not tell the whole story of what is happening
inside a company.

Sometimes companies can show

lots of net income, but that net
income comes from selling off
assets to meet its obligations.