Basics of hydrodynamics

Characteristics of cross section

D
S

O
pipe diameter D [m]

S
b

channel depth y, h [m]

channel width - at bottom b [m],
- at water level B [m]
mean depth y s S B [m]

flow area, cross sectional area S [m2]

wetted perimeter O [m]
hydraulic radius R S O [m]
- circular pipeline with diameter D:
- wide channel B > (2030)y
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S D2 D
R

O 4D 4
S By, O B R y

Basics of hydrodynamics

Trajectory and streamline (at particular time)

stream fibre - elementary volume of liquid defined by
pack of streamlines
whole flow body of all flow fibres

elementary stream tube

elementary stream fibre

point velocity

dS

elementary discharge

ds
u
dt

dQ udS

trajectory - real path of particle at time

streamline at point M envelope curve of immediate
M
velocity vectors
substantial particle
(primary element)
ds

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Basics of hydrodynamics

flow

discharge (mass discharge)

S flow area
to streamlines (axis)

dV
Q
dQ udS
dt S
S

mean velocity

pipe

Q 1
v udS
S SS

umax
channel

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S
v

Basics of hydrodynamics

Kinds and forms of flow

unsteady
steady

Q Qt

Q const.

non-uniform S const., v const.

uniform
S = const., v = const.

with free level flow limited by solid walls, free level on surface,
motion caused by own weight of liquid
pressure flow flow limited by solid walls from all sides, motion
caused by difference of pressures
jets limited by liquid or gas surroundings, motion by own weight or
by delayed action (inertia)
laminar
turbulent

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Basics of hydrodynamics

Laminar and turbulent flow

laminar particles of liquid move at parallel paths
turbulent motion of particles of liquid: irregular and
inordinate, fluctuations of velocity vector in time and
space, mixing inside flow
vL
Criterion Reynolds number Re

L characteristic length:
diameter D for pipelines,
hydraulic radius R for other profiles
ReD < 2320 laminar
(ReR !)

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Basics of hydrodynamics

Continuity equation
S dL
dt
t

Q L dL d t

dL

Q d t

S1

S dL S

S2

Q
S dL

Q d t Q
dL d t
dt
L
t

Q S
Q
S

dL d t
dL d t
L
t
L
t
general continuity equation for flow of compressible liquid
at definite cross section under unsteady flow

- expresses the law of perdurability of matter

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Basics of hydrodynamics

Q S

0
L
t
unsteady flow of incompressible liquid
Forms of continuity equation

= const. Q S 0
L

steady flow of incompressible liquid

S
0
t

Q
0
L

v1S1 v 2S2 Q

Q = const.
v1
S1

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Basics of hydrodynamics

v2
S2
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Euler hydrodynamic equation (ideal liquid)

nd
Application of the 2 Newtons kinetic law:
F m a
balance of forces:

m a S ds

p dp S p S S ds g cos m a

du
dt

p dp S p S S ds g cos S ds du
dt

ds
u , ds cos dz
dt

Euler hydrodynamic equation

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dp g dz u du 0

Basics of hydrodynamics

Bernoulli equation BE (ideal liquid)

Integration of Euler hydrodynamic equation
dp g dz u du 0
p
z
u
u2
p g z const.
2
p u2
z

const.
g 2g

Bernoulli equation for ideal liquid

under steady flow

considering the mean cross-sectional velocity

p v2
z

const. E
g 2g
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Basics of hydrodynamics

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Derivation of BE from the balance of mechanical energy

of elementary volume EV
force F

work performed by flow on EV:

A p S ds
volume of EV

kinetic energy of EV:

m u2 S ds u2
Ek

2
2

potential energy of EV:

Ep m g z S ds g z

total mechanical energy of EV:

Emech. A Ek Ep

Principle of conversation of mechanical energy:

Emech. const.
Total mechanical energy Emech. per unit of gravity :
Ep A Ek

p u2
hE
z

const.
g S ds
g 2g
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Basics of hydrodynamics

m
11

Components of BE for ideal liquid

z geodetic head,
potential energy head
of position [m]

p
g pressure head,
potential energy head
of pressure [m]

v2
velocity head,
2g
kinetic energy head,
dynamic head [m]

p1 v12
p2 v 22
z1

z2

g 2g
g 2g
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Basics of hydrodynamics

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Bernoulli equation BE (real liquid)

a) Coriolis number
b) hydraulic resistances

a) Coriolis number - coefficient of kinetic energy

point velocity u v

tube:

v 2
in technical calculations - mean velocities v
2g
depends on - shape of cross section
- form of velocity profile:
circular pipelines and regular channels = 1,05 1,2,
laminar flow = 2,
current technical calculations of pipelines 1,0
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Basics of hydrodynamics

13

b) hydraulic resistances
motion of real (viscous) liquid hydraulic resistances

internal friction in liquid

friction of liquid around solid walls

non-uniform
velocity field

deformation of velocity and pressure field in singularities

(reduction and enlargement of flow, bends, closures ...)
part of energy is consumed losses Z
energy decreases in the flow direction
line of energy decreases

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Basics of hydrodynamics

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Form of Bernoulli equation for real liquid

p1 v12
p2 v 22
h1

h2

Z
g 2g
g 2g
Z loss head (losses)

v2

Z f ,
2g
hydraulic slope
(gradient, friction slope)

dZ
iE
dL

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energy decreases in the flow direction

line of energy decreases
Basics of hydrodynamics

15

Application of Bernoulli equation (for Z = 0)

Pitot tube
Suction effect of flow
energy l.
2
v1 2g
p.l.
p1
2
u2
v
2
z
g
2g
2g
r.l.
p2
p1
p2 g
g
g
p0
Hs
u

p1 u2 p2

g 2g g
p2 p1
u2
z
g
2g

u 2gz
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p1 1v12 p2 2 v 22

A g 2g A g 2g

balance of relative pressures:

0 p2 BgHs
Basics of hydrodynamics

p2
Hs
B g
16

Momentum equation in flow of liquid

momentum of primary element

H mu
from mechanics of primary
element:

du
dF dm a dm , dm Q dt
dt

du
dF Q dt
dt

dF Q du
u

d
F

d
u

u
1

dFi Q u 2 u1
i

for the whole flow:

dFi Fi , u v,

F Q v 2 v1
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Fi F
i

Basics of hydrodynamics

17

determined volume of liquid

- external forces:

F2

Fi F

2
1

v 1 entrance

v 2 outlet

v2
F1

FR

v1

velocity

F F1 F2 G FA

FA

FR FA

F1 = p1S1 ... pressure force in entrance profile

F2 = p2S2 ... pressure force in outlet profile
FA ... force of solid wall acting on liquid inside
FR ... force of liquid acting on solid wall
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Basics of hydrodynamics

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