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SAE TECHNICAL
PAPER SERIES
2002-01-0251
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29564880-131.151.244.7
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Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29564880-131.151.244.7
2002-01-0251
ABSTRACT
Some open jet wind tunnels have been operating under
limitations due to a phenomenon that causes large
pressure fluctuations at some speeds. The matter has
been studied over several years and no configuration
has been found to eliminate these fluctuations without
introducing new noise sources.
This paper describes test results from a sub-scale facility
that demonstrates this phenomenon. The facility is then
tested with a configuration that does not exhibit these
phenomena over a wide range of speeds. It is possible
to retrofit this configuration in existing facilities.
(The modification is the subject of a pending patent
application.)
INTRODUCTION
While the pulsing of open jet wind tunnels may have
always been present, two criteria have been increasing;
test section size and test speeds. These increases have
aggravated the effects of the pulsing phenomena.
DISCUSSION
TEST APPARATUS (STANDARD) - The model open jet
wind tunnel facility is shown in Figure 1; however, a floor
is also included in the test section as shown in Figure 2.
Nominal centerline dimensions are 3.05 m (10) long x
0.61 m (2) wide. A 5 HP vaneaxial blower with variable
speed control powers the facility. A 3:1 hexcell
honeycomb and two 12-mesh screens are mounted at
the inlet to the contraction to smooth the flow. The
contraction is a square-to-rectangular transition with
area ratio of 7.6. The high-speed diffuser (just
downstream of the test section) has an equivalent
expansion of 2.3 deg half-angle. Evenly spaced turning
vanes are placed in all four corners.
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29564880-131.151.244.7
Pressure Differential
(P-Pa), Pa
3500
3000
256
2500
222
2000
187
1500
153
1000
118
500
44
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Pressure Differential
(P-Pa), Pa
kph
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
256
222
187
153
118
44
400
800
1200
1600
Axial Location - mm
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29564880-131.151.244.7
203
120
80
60
40
20
0
0
1.1
254
203
84
82
80
78
76
74
72
70
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.02
100
110
105
100
95
L = 350
90
85
80
75
43
58
78
106
143
194
262
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29564880-131.151.244.7
Frequency Spectra
82 kph, 350 mm Spacing
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Frequency - Hz
Fundamental
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
0
100
Harmonic
200
300
Peak SPL - dB
Frequency - Hz
Test Speed
110
105
Spacing
(mm)
100
95
L = 264
L = 315
90
85
2
Ratio of Test Section
Velocity
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
1
80
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
75
43 52 62 74 89 106 127 152 182 218 262
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29564880-131.151.244.7
Collector
Spacing (mm)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
264
315
351
50
100
150
200
250
300
These same data have been charted for the Low Speed
and High Speed modes in separate figures (Figure 14 &
Figure 15) along with the Strouhal numbers (St = f * Dh /
V) that best fit the data, based on the 102 mm (4.03)
hydraulic diameter of the nozzle exit.
Resonant Frequency - Hz
120
90
264
St = f * Dh / V
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
n=3
Low Speed
High Speed
n=2
100
200
300
Collector Spacing ( L / Dh )
Figure 16. Shear Layer Strouhal Numbers
315
60
351
442
30
0.44
0.39
0.35
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0.29
200
264
150
315
351
100
442
0.32
50
0.295
0.265
0.22
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
200
Resonant Frequency - Hz
Resonant Frequency - Hz
442
Strouhal Number
Resonant Frequency - Hz
Resonant Frequencies
180
264
160
140
315
351
120
442
100
80
60
40
2
1
20
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Resonant Frequency - Hz
200
175
315
125
351
100
442
75
50
6
4
25
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
3.00
c
2f
L=
264
150
2.50
1 / fc = L/(k*u) + L/a
2.00
264_0.86
1.50
315_0.93
1.00
351_0.93
0.50
442_0.96
Frequency
61
Length m
(ft)
2.8 (9.3)
91
103
138
188
1.9 (6.2)
1.7 (5.4)
1.2 (4.0)
0.9 (3.0)
Possible Tunnel
Reference
Honeycomb/screen to
Corner 1
Corner 2 to Fan
0.5 of Overall Length
Fan to Corner 3
Overall tunnel width
0.00
279
275
271
190
188
185
140
138
135
93
91
90
105
103
100
63
61
58
Approx. Meas. Freq.
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29564880-131.151.244.7
Frequency
Length m
1.0
3.6
5.1
170
47
33
Possible Tunnel
Reference
0.5 of Circuit Length
Overall tunnel width
Corner 2 to Fan
Without Plenum
120
100
St = f * Dh / V
Strouhal Number
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
Low Speed
High Speed
Ref 7 20 m/sec
80
60
40
0
100
200
300
400
500
Frequency - Hz
1
Collector Spacing ( L / Dh )
600
Plenum Natural
Frequency - Hz
500
400
300
200
100
0
1,1 2,1 3,1 1,2 2,2 3,2 1,3 2,3 3,3
No Plenum
120
110
100
90
80
70
43
52
62
74
2.5 Hz Bandwidth
SPL - dB
Plenum
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
200
262
225
172
123
300
400
Frequency - Hz
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29564880-131.151.244.7
kph
500
This proposed configuration has the collector plane nonparallel to the nozzle. This has the following two
potential effects:
Sound Pressure
Level, 2.5 Hz
Bandwidth - dB
110
100
90
Standard
80
70
60
50
Proposed
200
400
600
800
1000
Frequency - Hz
95
90
85
80
75
43
110
105
100
95
Standard
90
Proposed
18dB / Octave
100
52
62
74
89
85
80
75
43 52 62 74 89 106 127 152182 218 262
Test Speed - kph (log scale)
120
100
90
With Plenum
80
W/O Plenum
70
60
100
120
85
43
52
62
74
89
106
127
152
182
140
160
180
200
Frequency - Hz
218
100
90
With Plenum
80
W/O Plenum
70
60
0
100
200
300
400
500
Frequency - Hz
Figure 30. Spectra for Proposed Collector
2.5 Hz Bandwidth
SPL - dB
100
262
90
225
80
182
70
60
200
kph
143
300
400
500
Frequency - Hz
CONCLUSIONS
A new scale model open jet facility has been operated
over a wide range of speeds and collector positions. The
aerodynamic and acoustic performance has been shown
to be similar to the performance of other facilities.
The observed shear layer frequencies have been
correlated to the Strouhal number for two modes (lowspeed and high-speed) as a function of nozzle-collector
spacing. The trend of Strouhal number with collector
spacing agrees with the predictions.
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29564880-131.151.244.7
REFERENCES
1. Hucho, Wolf-Heinrich, Aerodynamics of Road
Vehicles Fourth Edition, SAE International, 1998
2. Holthusen, H. and Kooi, J.W., Model and Full Scale
Investigations of the Low Frequency Vibration
Phenomena of the DNW Open Jet, AGARD CP-585,
1996
3. Arnette, Stephen A.; and Buchanan, Tony D., On
Low-Frequency Pressure Pulsations and Static Pressure
Distribution in Open Jet Automotive Wind Tunnels, SAE
1999-01-0813.
4. Wickern, G., vonHeesen, W., Wallman, S., Wind
Tunnel Pulsations and their Active Suppression, SAE
2000-01-0869, March 2000
5. Ahmed, Syed R., A survey of Automobile
Aeroacoustic Activities in Germany, SAE 950623.
6. Ahuja, K. K., Aeroacoustic Performance of Open-Jet
Wind Tunnels With Particular Reference To Jet/Collector
Interactions, GTRI Project A-9730, 1994.
7. Holthusen, H., Private Communication, November
2001
CONTACT
The author may be contacted at:
jlacey@aerosysengr.com
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29564880-131.151.244.7