** sound can be heared

** Bandwidth = highest bandwidth - lowest bandwidth

** Frequency Range of normal speech is 3~4 kHz of bandwidth.
** MATLAB: Matrix labortory.
** Matrix: Ordered arrangement of elements in rows and columns
** MATLAB Window consist of 3 Sub-windows:
1)Command Window. 2) Workspace / Data History. where the variables is stored. 3)Command History window.
** >>path // list all the present toolboxes i have installed.
** >>a=round(rand(10)*100) < Gives a matrix of size <10*10> with #s between 0-100.
** >>b=round(rand(10,2)*100) < Gives a matrix of size <10*2> 10 COLs and 2 ROWs with #s between 0-100.
** >>c=zeros(size(a)) < Gives a matrix zeros of size <10*10>
** >>for i=1:10
for j=1:10
// stands for COL
c(i,j)=a(i,j)+b(i,j); // They need to be of the same size a & b
end
end
** in the case of Matrix addition and Subtraction they need to be of the same size. While in Multiplication # of COLs of
the 1st need to be EQUAL # of ROWs of the 2nd.
** Generating Random Signal of 100 Values: n=rand(100,1); // Gives a Matrix of 100 Rows and 1 COL with #s
Ranges between 0-1.
** >>m=randn(100,1); // Generates a random #s varies between -2 and 2.
** >>rand Gives a uniform form distribution (0~1) while randn Gives a bell shaped Distribution (-2~2).
** >>fft() // Gives the Fast Fourier transform of a function.
** >>Why MATLAB? 1-Rapid Prototyping Can check each line separately. 2-Matrix Friendly. other Advantages are
in PPT1.
** >>Why Not MATLAB? 1- Nested loops because makes the program ver slow. 2- large scale system such as large
satellite images.
** Time Frequency Analysis: shows at what time what frequency appears.
** ! dir // You can use any dos commands in Matlab but you need to precede it by !
** b=10*a+n // where a and n are a 5*5 Matrix. what if we say plot(b); // Each Col will be represented by a separate
signal waveform ( 5 colors) . In this case you can use a 3-D representation methods such as sur(), surfl(), mesh()
where the mesh have gaps like the real mesh, and surfl() is smoother than surf().
** t = 0: 2*pi/1000 : 2*pi
x= 5*sin (2*pi*10*t + 0)
plot (t,x)

//

A* sin(2*pi*f*t + phase)

OR

A* sin(w*t + phase)

** if we increase the Frequency too much the signal will be corrupted for example x= 5*sin (2*pi*100*t + 0) .
because of how fast is the signal is different than how fast is the sampling.
Thus a simple solution is to have t=0:(2*pi)/1000000:pi;
** Corruption might be because of wrong sampling rate.

** t=0: (2*pi)/x : (2*pi) ;

x=1000;
what is the Sample size ( # of Samples)? N= 1001

** assume t2=t1 meaning it do a complete 1 cycle in the time where t1 is in its half of the cycle meaning when
t1 have a complete 1 cycle t2 have 2 cycles. Therefore t2 happens more frequently than t1 and have shorter

wavelength.

Fast Fourier Transform

X1=fft(x); // Gives complex numbers and strange graph thus better to ta abs
X1=fft(x,N); // Converts the X signal into N frequency points. and gives a complex Numbers thus better to use
instead of plot(X1) the following:
plot(abs(X1));
plot(fftshift(abs(X1)));
** To plot 2 graphs in MATLAB we use
>> hold
// will hold the plot of X1
>>plot(fftshift(abs(X2)),r);

DSP
** Analog: Continuous function V of continuous variable t. V(t)
Ex: time,space.
** Digital: Discrete function Vk of Discrete Sampling variable tk. where k is an integer Vk=V(tk)
** Misnomers
- Analog: Continuous time Continuous Amplitude
- Discrete: Discrete time Continuous Amplitude
- Quantized: Continuous time Discrete Amplitude
- Digital: Discrete time Discrete Amplitude
** Why Digital??
simpler no need to do integration only addition & subtraction is enough.
because our computer is a digital system.
** Digital cheaper than Analog.
** Applications of DSP?
Doctors Answer - Phones. - Mother and Child heart beats Monitoring System.
slides Answer is: - Predicting a systems output. - Implementing a certain processing task. -Studying a certain signal.
** DSP Hardware?
- (GPP) General purpose processors, micro-controllers. - (DSP) Digital Signal Processors. - (PLD, FPGA)
Programmable logic . are faster, real time DSPing.
** DSP Software?
- Programmable languages: Pascal, C/C++. - High level Languages: MATLAB, Mathcad,Mathmatica. -Dedicated
tools(ex:filter design s/w packages).
** DSP SYSTEM :
1) Analog Signal > 2) Antialiasing Filter from Noise (LPF) > 3) A/D > 4) Processing > 5) D/A > 6)
(Reconstruction)Filter (LPF)
LPF is used for smoothing.
DSP SYSTEM Decisions: see the slides
DSP Applications and Algorithms are in the slides.

Sampling
** Sampling: is how fast must we sample * a continuous signal to preserve its info content.
** Sampling Theorem= A signal s(t) with Maximum Freq Fmax can be recovered if sampled at frequency
fs>2fmax
** Fourier Series: Any Periodic signal can be generated by a combination of sine and cosine signals
** Square Wave can be generated by a combination of sine and cosine signals

** Antialiasing used to remove the noise after acquiring the Signal.

ADC
** The More the Bits the More is the Resolution, the More Precision.
** The minimum change in LSB.
** Types of ADC? 1) Flash Type. 2) Successive Approximation 3) Counter Based Single Ramp, Dual
Ramp, Sigma Ramp.
** Successive Approximation: 8 bits means also at 8 clock cycles needed.
** Convolution: check the slides. 1) Inversion 2) Shifting 3)Multiplying 4) Summiation.

** From Time domain to Frequency domain >(Analysis) ** From Frequency domain to Time domain >
(Synthesis)
** In the Frequency Domain, angle-time is not important what is important is the the Frequencies & its
Magnitude.
** Fourier said that a signal can be decomposed into a sum of sinusoids.
** Fourier Synthesis of Square Wave : look in the Phone
T= 2*pi;
d=1000; // displacement # of points from 0 to 2pi
N=101;
// as we increase N the graph becomes more squared
k=0:T/d:T;
f=[zeros(size(k))];
for n=1:2:N
fn=4/(pi*N) * sin(2*pi*n*k/T);
f=f+fn;
plot(k,f)
pause(0.1);
end