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CHAPTER 14

PROBLEMS*
General Problems
141C What is the more common term for an energyproducing turbomachine? How about an energy-absorbing
turbomachine? Explain this terminology. In particular, from
which frame of reference are these terms definedthat of the
fluid or that of the surroundings?
142C What are the primary differences between fans,
blowers, and compressors? Discuss in terms of pressure rise
and volume flow rate.

(a) Outlet diameter is less than inlet diameter (Dout  Din)

(b) Outlet and inlet diameters are equal (Dout  Din)
(c) Outlet diameter is greater than inlet diameter (Dout  Din)
149 An air compressor increases the pressure (Pout  Pin)
and the density (rout  rin) of the air passing through it (Fig.
P149). For the case in which the outlet and inlet diameters
are equal (Dout  Din), how does average air speed change
across the compressor? In particular, is Vout less than, equal
to, or greater than Vin? Explain. Answer: less than

143C List at least two common examples of fans, of blowers, and of compressors.

Din
rin, Vin

144C Discuss the primary difference between a positivedisplacement turbomachine and a dynamic turbomachine.
Give an example of each for both pumps and turbines.

147C Explain why there is an extra term in the

Bernoulli equation in a rotating reference frame.
148 A water pump increases the pressure of the water
passing through it (Fig. P148). The flow is assumed to be
incompressible. For each of the three cases listed below, how
does average water speed change across the pump? In particular, is Vout less than, equal to, or greater than Vin? Show your
equations, and explain.
Dout
Vout
D in

Pump

Pout

Vin
Pin

FIGURE P148
* Problems designated by a C are concept questions, and students
are encouraged to answer them all. Problems designated by an E
are in English units, and the SI users can ignore them. Problems
with the
icon are solved using EES, and complete solutions
together with parametric studies are included on the Online Learning
Center. Problems with the
icon are comprehensive in nature and
are intended to be solved with a computer, preferably using the
EES software that accompanies this text. Problems with the
icon are solved using the FlowLab CFD program.

Compressor

Pin

145C For a pump, discuss the difference between brake

horsepower and water horsepower, and also define pump
efficiency in terms of these quantities.
146C For a turbine, discuss the difference between brake
horsepower and water horsepower, and also define turbine
efficiency in terms of these quantities.

Dout
rout, Vout
Pout

FIGURE P149
1410
Air flows through a 1-m-diameter round
pipe that has an in-line turbomachine. Run FlowLab with
template Pump_turbine_incompressible. This template approximates the pump or turbine by specifying a sudden increase
(pump) or decrease (turbine) in pressure halfway through the
pipe. The flow is incompressible. Vary the pressure change
from 10,000 to 10,000 Pa, and write the results to the table
for each case. For each case, calculate the upstream and downstream mass flow rate using the values of density and average
velocity calculated by FlowLab. Compare to the calculated
mass flow rate. Also compare upstream and downstream mass
flow rates. Discuss your results.
1411
Air flows through a 1-m-diameter round
pipe that has an in-line turbomachine. Run FlowLab with the
template Pump_turbine_compressible. This template approximates the pump or turbine by specifying a sudden increase
(pump) or decrease (turbine) in pressure halfway through the
pipe. The flow is compressible, with the air treated as an
ideal gas. Vary the pressure change from 10,000 to 10,000
Pa, and write the results to the table for each case. For each
case, calculate the upstream and downstream mass flow rate
using the values of density and average velocity calculated by
FlowLab. Compare to the calculated mass flow rate. Also
compare upstream and downstream mass flow rates. Discuss
your results.

Pumps
1412C There are three main categories of dynamic pumps.
List and define them.
1413C For each statement about centrifugal pumps,
choose whether the statement is true or false, and discuss
your answer briefly:

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CHAPTER 14

Hub and Generator

vr

bst
???
v

Vin

Stator

Vout

Rotor

FIGURE P1490
1491
Air (r  1.225 kg/m3 and m  1.789 
105 kg/ms) flows through the stator blades of an axial
flow turbine. The inlet-air mass flow rate is 3.0 kg/s. We
approximate the flow as a 2-D cascade of stator blades at
a radius of 0.20 m. Run FlowLab with template Axial_
turbine_spacing.
(a) Vary the stator blade spacing s from 0.050 m to 0.150 m,
and write the results to the table for each case. Also, for four
cases (0.075, 0.100, 0.125, and 0.150 m), generate a pressure
contour plot combined with streamlines as follows: The pressure contour plot is generated by default when the run
is complete. To superimpose streamlines, Post-StreamlinesActivate. To save the image, File-Print Graphics, pick the file
type, enter a file name, and Accept. Click on Phys to return
to the main screen. At which of these four values of s does
massive flow separation appear to be imminent?
(b) Using a protractor, measure the angle at which the flow
downstream of the stator is turned as a function of s. Discuss
what happens to this turning angle as s increases. Explain.
1492
Air (r  1.225 kg/m3, and r  1.789
 105 kg/ms) flows through the rotor of an axial flow turbine. The inlet air mass flow rate is 2.0 kg/s, and the rotor
spins at 100 rad/s. We approximate the flow as a 2-D cascade
at a radius of 0.20 m. Run FlowLab with template Axial_
turbine_angle.
(a) Vary the rotor angle of attack for four cases (0, 20, 40,
and 60), and write the results to the table for each case.
Also, for these same four cases, generate a pressure contour
plot combined with streamlines as follows: The pressure contour plot is generated by default when the run is complete. To
superimpose streamlines, Post-Streamlines-Activate. To save
the image, File-Print Graphics, pick the file type, enter a file
name, and Accept. Click on Phys to return to the main
screen. At which angle of attack is there the least amount of
flow separation?
(b) Which angle of attack provides the most torque? Tabulate
net pressure drop across the turbine (Pinlet  Poutlet). At which
of the four angles do you get the highest pressure drop? Discuss your results.

1493
Air (r  1.225 kg/m3, and m  1.789
 105 kg/ms) flows through an axial flow turbine consisting of a stator and a rotor. The inlet air mass flow rate is 2.0
kg/s, and the rotor spins at 100 rad/s. We approximate the
flow as a 2-D cascade at a radius of 0.20 m. Run FlowLab
with template Axial_turbine_rotorstator.
(a) Vary the rotor angle of attack for four cases (0, 20, 40,
and 60), and write the results to the table for each case.
Also, for these same four cases, generate a pressure contour
plot combined with streamlines as follows: The pressure contour plot is generated by default when the run is complete. To
superimpose streamlines, Post-Streamlines-Activate. To save
the image, File-Print Graphics, pick the file type, enter a file
name, and Accept. Click on Phys to return to the main
screen. At which angle of attack is there the least amount of
flow separation?
(b) Which angle of attack provides the most torque? Tabulate
net pressure drop across the turbine (Pinlet  Poutlet). At which
of the four angles do you get the highest pressure drop? Discuss your results.
1494 In the section on wind turbines, an expression was
derived for the ideal power coefficient of a wind turbine,
CP  4a(1  a)2. Prove that the maximum possible power
coefficient occurs when a  1/3.
1495 Wind (r  1.204 kg/m3) blows through a HAWT
wind turbine. The turbine diameter is 22.5 m. The combined
efficiency of the gearbox and generator is 88 percent. (a) For
a realistic power coefficient of 0.42, estimate the electrical
power production when the wind blows at 10.0 m/s. (b)
Repeat and compare using the Betz limit, assuming the same
gearbox and generator.
1496 The average wind speed at a proposed HAWT wind
farm site is 12.5 m/s. The power coefficient of each wind turbine is predicted to be 0.41, and the combined efficiency of
the gearbox and generator is 92 percent. Each wind turbine
must produce 2.5 MW of electrical power when the wind
blows at 12.5 m/s. (a) Calculate the required diameter of each
turbine disk. Take the average air density to be r  1.2
kg/m3. (b) If 30 such turbines are built on the site and an
average home in the area consumes approximately 1.5 kW of
electrical power, estimate how many homes can be powered
by this wind farm, assuming an additional efficiency of 96
percent to account for the powerline losses.

Pump and Turbine Scaling Laws

1497C Look up the word affinity in a dictionary. Why do
you suppose some engineers refer to the turbomachinery
scaling laws as affinity laws?
1498C For each statement, choose whether the statement
is true or false, and discuss your answer briefly:
(a) If the rpm of a pump is doubled, all else staying the same,
the capacity of the pump goes up by a factor of about 2.