Basketball

Basketball is a athletic sport, usually played on an indoor court in which two competing teams of five layers each
attempt to score by throwing an inflated ball so that it descends through one of two baskets suspended, at each end of the
court, above their heads. The team scoring the most such throws, through field goals or foul shots, wins the game.
Because of its continuous action and frequent scoring, basketball is one of the most popular spectator as well as
participant sports in the world.
Basketball, extremely popular around the world, is a court game played by two teams of five players each. The
object is to put a ball through a hoop, or basket, and thus score more points than the opposing team.
Although basketball can by played outdoors, it was invented to serve as an exciting indoor exercise for the winter months
in a northern climate. It quickly became a spectator sport, however, and now attracts large audiences to gymnasiums and
arenas, especially in the United States, South America, and Europe.
The sport is played on the amateur level by high schools, colleges, other groups, and, since 1936, by national
teams in the Olympic Games. It also is played by professional athletes, notably in the United States and Europe. The
foremost championships contended for are those of the National Basketball Association (U.S. professionals), the National
Collegiate Athletic Association (U.S. colleges), and the Olympic Games.
History of Basketball
Basketball was invented in December 1891 by the Canadian clergyman, educator, and physician James Naismith.
Naismith introduced the game when we was an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association Training School (now
Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts. At the request of his superior, Dr. Luther H. Gulick, he organized a
vigorous recreation suitable for indoor winter play. The game involved elements of American football, soccer, and hockey,
and the first ball used was a soccer ball. Teams had nine players, and the goals were wooden peach baskets affixed to
the walls. By 1897-1898, teams of five became standard. The game rapidly spread nationwide and to Canada and other
parts of the world, played by both women and men; it also became a popular informal outdoor game. U.S. servicemen in
World War II (1939-1945) popularized the sport in many other countries.
A number of U.S. colleges adopted the game between about 1893 and 1895. In 1934 the first college games were
staged in New York City's Madison Square Garden, and college basketball began to attract heightened interest. By the
1950s basketball had become a major college sport, thus paving the way for a growth of interest in professional
basketball.
The first pro league, the National Basketball League, was formed in 1898 to protect players from exploitation and
to promote a less rough game. This league only lasted five years before disbanding; its demise spawned a number of
loosely organized leagues throughout the northeastern United States. One of the first and greatest pro teams was the
Original Celtics, organized about 1915 in New York City. They played as many as 150 games a season and dominated
basketball until 1936. The Harlem Globetrotters, founded in 1927, a notable exhibition team, specializes in amusing court
antics and expert ball handling.
In 1949 two subsequent professional leagues, the National Basketball League (formed in 1937) and the
Basketball Association of America (1946) merged to create the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Boston Celtics,
led by their center Bill Russell, dominated the NBA from the late 1950s through the 1960s. By the 1960s, pro teams from
coast to coast played before crowds of many millions annually. Wilt Chamberlain, a center for the Los Angeles Lakers,
was another leading player during the era, and his battles with Russell were eagerly anticipated. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar,
also a center, came to prominence during the 1970s. Jabbar perfected his famed "sky hook" shot while playing for the Los
Angeles Lakers and dominated the opposition.
The NBA suffered a drop in popularity during the late 1970s, but was resuscitated, principally through the growing
popularity of its most prominent players. Larry Bird of the Boston Celtics, and Magic Johnson of the Los Angeles Lakers
are credited with injecting excitement into the league in the 1980s through their superior skills and decade-long rivalry.
During the late 1980s Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls rose to stardom and helped the Bulls dominate the NBA during
the early 1990s. A new generation of basketball stars, including Shaquille O'Neal of the Orlando Magic and Larry Johnson
of the Charlotte Hornets, have sustained the NBA's growth in popularity.
In 1959 a Basketball Hall of Fame was founded in Springfield, Massachusetts. Its rosters include the names of great
players, coaches, referees, and people who have contributed significantly to the development of the game.
Rules
Professional, college, and high school games are similar except in length and in range of basic skills. Professional
games are 48 minutes long, divided into quarters; college games, 40 minutes, played in halves; and high school games,
32 minutes, broken into quarters. If a game is tied at the end of regulation time, an overtime (3 to 5 minutes, depending on
the level of competition) is played.
Although no set of dimensions for a basketball court is universally accepted, the recommended size is 94 ft (28.65 m) long
and 50 ft (15.24 m) wide.

Two points are given for a field goal, which is a shot that goes through the hoop--10 ft (3 m) high--while the ball is
in play. The NBA instituted, beginning with the 1979-1980 season, the 3-point field goal, awarded to a player who scores
from beyond a semicircle at a distance of an even 22 ft (6.7 m) all the way around the basket. The NCAA followed suit,
beginning in 1986-87, with a 3-point semicircle that averages 19.75 ft (6 m) from the basket. One point is awarded for a
free throw, or foul shot, which is attempted by a player who has been fouled, or impeded physically, by an opponent. Free
throws are attempted, undefended, from a line drawn 15 ft (4.57 m) from the basket.

On the offensive, a player may advance the ball by passing or even rolling it to a teammate or by dribbling, which
is bouncing it along the floor with one-hand taps. The defensive team can get the ball back by intercepting passes,
blocking shots, or even by literally stealing it out of an opponent's hand, provided that no illegal body contact occurs. After
a basket is made, the ball is awarded to the other team, which puts it back in play. If a field-goal attempt is missed and the
ball remains in bounds, it is kept in play by the team that recovers (rebounds) it.
When personal fouls are committed on a player who is not in the act of shooting the game is restarted with a throw-in by
the non-offending team from out of bounds on the sideline nearest to the place of the foul.

If there is a foul on a player in the act of shooting:

If the goal is made, the points will count and one free throw will be awarded as well.

 If the shot for goal misses, two free throws will be awarded.
If the missed shot for goal was a three-point shot, three free throws will be awarded.
If you have committed five fouls, you cannot take any further part in the game.
When your team has committed seven player fouls in a half, any fouls they commit will be penalized by the one
and one rule. In this case, the player who fouled is given one free throw (unless they were in the act of shooting for goal,
in which case the usual free throw rules apply). The one and one rule means that, if you make the first free throw, you are
given a second shot. If you miss the first throw, you don't get another one and the game continues in the normal way.
Equipment
THE BALL
The ball is round and the outer casing should be either leather, rubber or other suitable
synthetic material. Its circumference should be between 75 and 78cm (29.5 and 30.25 in) and
its weight between 600 and 650gm (20 and 22oz). It should be inflated to a pressure so that
when it is dropped from a height of 1.8m (6ft) (measured from the floor to the bottom of the
ball) on to the playing surface, it will rebound to a height of between 1.2 and 1.4m (4ft and 4ft
7in), (measured to the top of the ball).
In addition to that equip-ment already mentioned, the home team is normally responsible for providing the
following: a clock, time-out watch, device for dis-playing to players and spectators how much time is left on the 30seconds rule (see Game Guide), an official score sheet, scoreboard visible to spectators and players, markers displaying
the numbers 1 to 5 for use by the scorer to indicate how many fouls a player commits, and two team-foul markers which
are red and placed on the scorers table to indicate a seventh-player foul by a team.
CLOTHING
Players of each team should wear the same outfits which must not clash with the opposing team. Each
player should wear a numbered shirt and no two players in the same team should wear the same
number. Players are numbered between 4 and 15. Loose-fitting shorts for mobility, and sleeveless vests
are the standard attire. Basketball shoes should be rubber-soled and with protected ankle supports,
although these are not necessary. Most important of all, make sure your clothing is comfortable. It is
important to wear towelled socks; and it is not a bad idea to buy a pair of shoes a little too big to enable
you to wear two pairs of socks which will reduce the risk of blistering.
How it is played
The game of basketball is played with a round ball by two teams, each with five players usually two guards, two
forwards and a centre (or in modern basketball lingo point guard, wings and post players).
The referee starts the game by tossing the ball up (a jump ball) between the two opposing centre players, who
stand facing each other at the centre circle of the playing arc. The player who wins the ball may then pass, throw, tap, roll
or dribble the ball in any direction, subject to the official rules. The aim of the game is to throw the ball through the
opponent's basket while pre-venting the other team from getting the ball and scoring goals.
Shooting the ball through the basket scores two points for a field goal, three points for a field goal made from
outside the three-point line drawn on the court and one point for a free throw. Naturally enough, the team with the most
points at the end of the game wins.
The game consists of two halves, each of 20 minutes, with a ten-minute break between halves. If scores are level
at the allotted 40 minutes, there is a two-minute break followed by an extra period of five minutes of play.
You cannot run with the ball - this is called travelling. Nor can you take more than one step while holding the ball.
If you stop dribbling, the ball can only be moved by a pass or shot at the basket. If you start dribbling again, you will be
penalized for double dribbling. Each team is allowed up to five substitutes, who must stay off the court until the coach
decides to replace an on-court player (known as making a substitution). Substitutions may be made at time-outs, jump
balls or when play is stopped for a foul. If they do decide to make such a substitution, their opponents can also make a
substitution.
Generally speaking, basketball is a non-contact game, although contact which gives no one an unfair advantage
can occur. You must not hold, push, charge, trip or impede the progress of an opponent by using your arm, shoulder, hip
or knee or by bending your body out of a normal position, or use any rough tactics. If you do, you will be charged with a
personal foul. When there is contact, the referee makes a decision with the following basic principles in mind:
You must avoid contact in any possible way.
You are entitled to a normal empty position on the court as long as you don't cause contact in taking your court position.
If a contact foul occurs, the foul is caused by the player who is responsible for the contact.
The player causing the contact must not gain any advantage from it.

Warm-up, Stretch and Cool-down

WARM-UP AND STRETCH
Before any game or practice session, it is very important to warm up all of the major muscle groups and then stretch the
same muscles.
The warm-up could be five or six laps of the court at a half-paced easy jog. You will know you have warmed up enough
once you start to sweat lightly.
The stretching exercises shown in the diagrams should be done in an easy, relaxed way.

Always be careful not to over-stretch. Never do the exercises with a rushed or jerking motion and don't bounce as
you stretch. Take it easy and relax. Hold each stretch position for at least ten seconds.
Don't stretch your muscles too far-a gentle pull in the middle of the muscle is what you're after. You should never
feel pain.
Remember: Stretching will make you more flexible and give you a better range of motion in your muscles and joints. This
will help you to play with greater quickness and agility.
Stretching will also help prevent injuries such as muscle tears and strains or joint injuries.
COOL-DOWN
You should always cool down after exercise. This will help remove waste products produced by exercise and will minimize
muscle soreness and joint pain. You can use the same routine for your cool-down as you do for your warm-up and
stretching. (You will probably find that you are more flexible when you do your cool-down stretches than you were in your
warm-up.)

Common techniques and practices

Positions

Basketball positions in the offensive zone

Although the rules do not specify any positions whatsoever, they have evolved as part of basketball. During the first five
decades of basketball's evolution, one guard, two forwards, and two centers or two guards, two forwards, and one center were used.
Since the 1980s, more specific positions have evolved, namely:

point guard: usually the fastest player on the team, organizes the team's offense by controlling the ball and making sure
that it gets to the right player at the right time

shooting guard: creates a high volume of shots on offense; guards the opponent's best perimeter player on defense

small forward: often primarily responsible for scoring points via cuts to the basket and dribble penetration; on defense
seeks rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays more actively

power forward: plays offensively often with their back to the basket; on defense, plays under the basket (in a zone
defense) or against the opposing power forward (in man-to-man defense)

center: uses height and size to score (on offense), to protect the basket closely (on defense), or to rebound.
The above descriptions are flexible. On some occasions, teams will choose to use a three guard offense, replacing one of the
forwards or the center with a third guard. The most commonly interchanged positions are point guard and shooting guard, especially if
both players have good leadership and ball handling skills.
Strategy
The strategies also evolve with the game. In the 1990s and early 2000s, teams played with more "isolation". Teams that had
one superstar would let one player, usually the point guard or shooting guard, run most of the offense while the other four offensive
players get out of his/her way. Nowadays, teams tend to play with more teamwork. The "Center" position has evolved to become more
of a taller "Small Forward" position. Since teams play more teamwork, ball movement has evolved with the game, and more jump shots
have been taken as a result.
There are two main defensive strategies: zone defense and man-to-man defense. In a zone defense, each player is assigned
to guard a specific area of the court. In a man-to-man defense, each defensive player guards a specific opponent. Man-to-man defense
is generally preferred at higher levels of competition, as it is intuitively easier to understand and avoids mismatches between players
who play different positions. However, zone defenses are sometimes used in particular situations or simply to confuse the offense with
an unexpected look.
Offensive plays are more varied, normally involving planned passes and movement by players without the ball. A quick
movement by an offensive player without the ball to gain an advantageous position is a cut. A legal attempt by an offensive player to
stop an opponent from guarding a teammate, by standing in the defender's way such that the teammate cuts next to him, is a screen or
pick. The two plays are combined in the pick and roll, in which a player sets a pick and then "rolls" away from the pick towards the
basket. Screens and cuts are very important in offensive plays; these allow the quick passes and teamwork which can lead to a
successful basket. Teams almost always have several offensive plays planned to ensure their movement is not predictable. On court,
the point guard is usually responsible for indicating which play will occur.
Defensive and offensive structures, and positions, are more emphasized in higher levels in basketball; it is these that a coach normally
requests a time-out to discuss.

Shooting
Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket. Methods can vary with players and
situations.
Typically a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket. A player will then allow the ball to rest on the fingertips of
the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above the head, with the other hand supporting the side of the ball. The ball is typically
shot by jumping (though not always) and straightening the shooting arm. The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist fully bent is
held stationary for a moment following the release of the ball, known as a follow-through. Players often try to put a steady backspin on
the ball to deaden its impact with the rim. The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat arguable, but generally coaches recommend a
proper arch. Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket.
The two most common shots that use the above described setup are the set shot and the jump shot. The set shot is taken
from a standing position, with neither foot leaving the floor, typically used for free throws. The jump shot is taken while in mid-air, when

the ball is released near the top of the jump. This provides much greater power and range, and it also allows the player to elevate over
the defender. Failure to release the ball before the feet return to the ground is considered a traveling violation.
Another common shot is called the layup. This shot requires the player to be in motion toward the basket, and to "lay" the ball
"up" and into the basket, typically off the backboard (the backboard-free, underhand version is called a finger roll). The most crowdpleasing and typically highest-percentage accuracy shot is the slam dunk, in which the player jumps very high and throws the ball
downward, straight through the hoop.
Another shot that is becoming common is the "circus shot." The circus shot is a low-percentage shot that is flipped, heaved,
scooped, or flung toward the hoop while the shooter is off-balance, airborne, falling down, and/or facing away from the basket.
A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as an air ball. A particularly bad shot, or one that only hits
the backboard, is jocularly called a brick.

Rebounding
The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of the basketball after a missed field goal or free throw, as it
rebounds from the hoop or backboard. This plays a major role in the game, as most possessions end when a team misses a shot.
There are two categories of rebounds: offensive rebounds, in which the ball is recovered by the offensive side and does not change
possession, and defensive rebounds, in which the defending team gains possession of the loose ball. The majority of rebounds are
defensive, as the team on defense tends to be in better position to recover missed shots.

Passing
A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes are accompanied by a step forward to increase power
and are followed through with the hands to ensure accuracy.
A staple pass is the chest pass. The ball is passed directly from the passer's chest to the receiver's chest. A proper chest pass
involves an outward snap of the thumbs to add velocity and leaves the defence little time to react.
Another type of pass is the bounce pass. Here, the passer bounces the ball crisply about two-thirds of the way from his own
chest to the receiver. The ball strikes the court and bounces up toward the receiver. The bounce pass takes longer to complete than the
chest pass, but it is also harder for the opposing team to intercept (kicking the ball deliberately is a violation). Thus, players often use
the bounce pass in crowded moments, or to pass around a defender.
The overhead pass is used to pass the ball over a defender. The ball is released while over the passer's head.
The outlet pass occurs after a team gets a defensive rebound. The next pass after the rebound is the outlet pass.
The crucial aspect of any good pass is it being difficult to intercept. Good passers can pass the ball with great accuracy and they know
exactly where each of their other teammates prefers to receive the ball. A special way of doing this is passing the ball without looking at
the receiving teammate. This is called a no-look pass.
Another advanced style of passing is the behind-the-back pass which, as the description implies, involves throwing the ball
behind the passer's back to a teammate. Although some players can perform such a pass effectively, many coaches discourage no-look
or behind-the-back passes, believing them to be difficult to control and more likely to result in turnovers or violations.

Dribbling
Dribbling is the act of bouncing the ball continuously with one hand, and is a requirement for a player to take steps with the
ball. To dribble, a player pushes the ball down towards the ground with the fingertips rather than patting it; this ensures greater control.
When dribbling past an opponent, the dribbler should dribble with the hand farthest from the opponent, making it more difficult for the
defensive player to get to the ball. It is therefore important for a player to be able to dribble competently with both hands.
Good dribblers (or "ball handlers") tend to bounce the ball low to the ground, reducing the distance of travel of the ball from the
floor to the hand, making it more difficult for the defender to "steal" the ball. Good ball handlers frequently dribble behind their backs,
between their legs, and switch directions suddenly, making a less predictable dribbling pattern that is more difficult to defend against.
This is called a crossover, which is the most effective way to move past defenders while dribbling.
A skilled player can dribble without watching the ball, using the dribbling motion or peripheral vision to keep track of the ball's location.
By not having to focus on the ball, a player can look for teammates or scoring opportunities, as well as avoid the danger of having
someone steal the ball away from him/her.

Blocking
A block is performed when, after a shot is attempted, a defender succeeds in altering the shot by touching the ball. In almost
all variants of play, it is illegal to touch the ball after it is in the downward path of its arc; this is known as goaltending. It is also illegal
under NBA and Men's NCAA basketball to block a shot after it has touched the backboard, or when any part of the ball is directly above
the rim.
To block a shot, a player has to be able to reach a point higher than where the shot is released. Thus, height can be an
advantage in blocking. Players who are taller and playing the power forward or center positions generally record more blocks than
players who are shorter and playing the guard positions. However, with good timing and a sufficiently high vertical leap, even shorter
players can be effective shot blockers.
Height
At the professional level, most male players are above 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) and most women above 5 feet 7 inches (1.70
m). Guards, for whom physical coordination and ball-handling skills are crucial, tend to be the smallest players. Almost all forwards in
the men's pro leagues are 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) or taller. Most centers are over 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) tall. According to a survey
given to all NBA teams, the average height of all NBA players is just under 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m), with the average weight being close
to 222 pounds (101 kg). The tallest players ever in the NBA were Manute Bol and Gheorghe Murean, who were both 7 feet 7 inches
(2.31 m) tall. The tallest current NBA player is Yao Ming, who stands at 7 feet 6 inches (2.29 m).
The shortest player ever to play in the NBA is Muggsy Bogues at 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m).[40] Other short players have thrived at the
pro level. Anthony "Spud" Webb was just 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m) tall, but had a 42-inch (1.07 m) vertical leap, giving him significant
height when jumping. The shortest player in the NBA (and second shortest ever in the NBA) as of the 200910 season is Earl Boykins
at 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m). While shorter players are often not very good at defending against shooting, their ability to navigate quickly
through crowded areas of the court and steal the ball by reaching low are strengths.