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Carbon Nano
7. Carbon Nanobers
Carbon nanobers are sp2 -based linear, noncontinuous laments that are different from
continuous, several micrometer diameter carbon
bers. This chapter gives a review on the growth,
structural properties and practical applications
of carbon nanobers as compared with those of
conventional carbon bers. Carbon nanobers
could be produced via the catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as well as the combination
of electrospinning of organic polymer and thermal treatment. The commercially available carbon
nanober around the world is ca. 500 t/y. Carbon
nanobers exhibit high specic area, exibility,
and super strength due to their nanosized diameter
that allow them to be used in the electrode materials of energy storage devices, hybrid-type ller
in carbon ber reinforced plastics and bone tissue scaffold. It is envisaged that carbon nanobers
will be key materials of green science and technology through close collaborations with carbon
bers and carbon nanotubes.
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References ..................................................
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7.4
7.3
2
2
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bers and VGCFs have several micrometer-sized diameters (Fig. 7.1c, d). In addition, they are different
from well-known carbon nanotubes [7.5, 1114]. Carbon nanobers could be grown by passing carbon
feedstock over nanosized metal particles at high temperature [7.410], which is very similar to the growth
condition of carbon nanotubes. However, their geometry is different from concentric carbon nanotubes
containing an entire hollow core, because they can
be visualized as regularly stacked truncated conical
or planar layers along the lament length [7.1518].
Such a unique structure renders them to show semi-
Part A 7
polymeric composite
carbon ber reinforced plastic
carbon ber
graphite
Part A
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
a)
b)
c)
Carbon nanotube
1
101
d)
Carbon nanofiber
102
103
e)
Carbon fiber
104
Diameter (nm)
Part A 7.1
They are now becoming a technologically and commercially important material in the aerospace, construction,
sports, electronic device and automobile industries.
The global carbon ber market has now grown to
about 12 500 t/y of product, after 40 years of continuous R&D work [7.13]. Carbon bers are dened
as a lamentary form of carbon with an aspect ratio (length/diameter) greater than 100. Probably, the
earliest documented carbon bers are the bamboochar laments made by Edison for use in the rst
incandescent light bulb in 1880. With time, carbon
bers were replaced by the more robust tungsten laments in light bulb applications, and consequently
carbon ber R&D vanished at that early time. But
in the late 1950s, carbon bers once again became
important because of the aggressive demand from
aerospace technology for the fabrication of lightweight,
strong composite materials, in which carbon bers are
used as a reinforcement agent in conjunction with
plastics, metals, ceramics, and bulk carbons. The specic strength (strength/weight) and specic modulus
(stiffness/weight) of carbon ber-reinforced composites
demonstrate their importance as engineering mater-
graphite ber
graphite whisker
graphite whisker
direct current (DC)
carpet-rolling structure
graphite sheet
graphene sheet
carbon ber!property
polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
mesophase pitch-based carbon ber (MPCF)
Carbon Nanobers
7.1 Similarity and Difference Between Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanobers
Part A 7.1
Part A
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
a)
c)
b)
3 m
2 m
5 m
Part A 7.1
1 nm
Transverse
section
Pores
Longitudinal
section
External
section
Pores
Transverse
section
Longitudinal
section
External
section
Fig. 7.3ac SEM micrographs of three types of carbon bers and their corresponding structural models. (a) High-strength
PAN-based ber, (b) High-modulus PAN-based ber, and (c) a mesophase pitch-based ber. In the second row of each
ber type, a schematic diagram of the ber structure is shown
to control the microstructure by selecting the appropriate organic precursor as well as the processing
conditions.
carbon!mechanical property
graphite ber!mechanical property
vapor-grown carbon ber
carbon ber!vapor-grown
growth mechanism
catalytic metal particle
elongation growth
pyrolytic deposition
7.1 Similarity and Difference Between Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanobers
Carbon Nanobers
2%
b)
1.5 %
1%
Strain
6000 Ultra-high
strength
High modulus
5000
High
High performance
4000 strength
High modulus
0.5 %
3000
High strength
Thin VGCFs
2000
Ultra-high
modulus
1000
General grade
0
0
Low modulus
Fig. 7.4 (a) The mechanical properties of various kinds of carbon and graphite bers and (b) a direct comparison of the
mechanical properties for high strength and high modulus bers. Low modulus ber droops under its own weight, but
the high modulus bers does not
a)
b)
C
Pyrolytic carbon layers
C
Primarily formed fiber
2 m
c)
Substrate
Part A 7.1
Carbon supply
Catalytic
particle
d)
100 nm
100 nm
Fig. 7.5 (a) SEM image of vapor-grown carbon bers, (b) suggested growth mechanism of VGCFs using ultra-ne catalytic metal particles, (c) very early stage of tubule growth in which the catalytic-particle is still active for promoting
elongation growth. The primary tubule thus formed acts as a core for vapor grown bers. (d) The ber is obtained
through a thickening process, such as the pyrolytic deposition of carbon layers on the primary tubule. The encapsulated
catalytic particle can be seen at the tip of the hollow core
26
Part A
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
References
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7.2
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Part A 7
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Carbon Nanobers
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Part A 7
7.42
References
28
Part A
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
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Carbon Nanobers
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Part A 7
7.105
References
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Part A
Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
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Part A 7
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