Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research Paper
I Introduction
It is possible to generate
Food, energy, and environment are important for a sustainable get hot water from the
world. It is necessary to maintain or increase the production of radiator
of
generator.
food using as little energy as possible to preserve the Methane
fermentation
environment (Umeda, 2004). The ratio of total greenhouse gases digested
sludge
is
from the agriculture sector to those from all the sectors is 2.6% discharged into a river after
total
expenditure
suggested that the way of reducing CH4 and N2O emission atthe
incurred
in
waste
agriculture sections are water management, recycling of
biomass, reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, no-tillage management (Ogawa et al.,
(Nouchi, 2006). In Japan, 72% of concentrated feed and 22% of 2003).
roughage are imported from abroad and 1.24 million tons of Therefore, the application
nitrogen is disposed and discharged annually (Agriculture white of methane fermentation
paper, 2000). Therefore, it is important to increase the amount of digested sludge as LF to
nitrogen recycled in domestic level toward a sustainable world.
paddy fields has been
There are several ways to increase biomass utilization, such as
suggested because rice is
gasification, composting, methane fermentation, and extraction
entirely cultivated in Japan.
of ethanol (Biomass Nippon Strategy, 2006).
In a previous study, no
Methane fermentation of animal wastes is attracting
significant difference in
considerable attention not only for waste management but also
vegetation
growth
was
in terms of production of both energy and liquid fertilizer (LF)
identified between small
(Haga et al., 1979). Yagi Bio-Ecology Center (YBEC) is a
plots that received LF and
methane fermentation plant that has been involved in livestock
chemical fertilizer (CF) (Li
waste treatment and food production since 1998.
et al., 2003). Therefore, it is
stage,
necessary
* Presented at the
to
LF
evenly.
We
previously
differences
content
have
reported
in
at
nitrogen
the
panicle
differences
the
decreased
initiation
Weather
conditions,
properties,
and
stage.
soil
nitrogen
in
vegetation
using
precision
agriculture technology, 2) to
analyze these data in several
identify,
fertilizer.
nd
Test fields
3. Vegetation growth
Date
2.
7:
33
Vegetation
growth
at
panicle initiation and heading
stages was investigated in nine
sampling points in each field
and six stocks of rice plants at
each point. These were
separated into leaves and
stems at the panicle initiation
stage and into leaves, stems
and ears at the heading stage.
The separated parts of each
sample were dried using a
circulation drier at 80 for
more than 72 hours and then
weighed.
The
nitrogen
concentration of the finely
ground leaves and stems was
measured three times for each
sample
with
gas
chromatography
NC-900
(Sumica Chemical Analysis
Service, Japan). Nitrogen
content was calculated by
multiplying the dry mass and
nitrogen concentration.
Spatial
variability
of
Table 1 shows the management date and items for the test
growth
stage
and
(DN
GreenNDVI =
(Soil type)
LF
2005
CF
LF
2006
CF
*1
Basal
T*4
Middle
*5
where,
Topdressing
9/9 9/20
3*8
0.38
6/3
63 6/10
9/12 9/17
0.33
6/3
59 6/10
9/12 9/21
3*8
7/16 11
6/7
DN860
(DN
and
860
DN560 )
860
+ DN560 )
DN560
protein
N
9/9 9/20
S*6 H*7
9/9 9/18
15 7/15 25
7/16 17
9/12 9/20
4
airborne
digital
sensor
5:
6:
4.
yield
measurements
(Ryu
et
al.
single
kernel
moisture
samples were threshed and dried to about 15% of moisture grains yield in each field was
content. Grains were then husked to brown rice and sorted estimated by yield monitoring
RTK-DGPS
rice, each sample was separated into two or three parts with (Trimble MS750, USA), with
200 mL and then these were measured by the rice grain taste an accuracy of 2cm. Grains
analyzer, RCTA11A (Satake Co., Japan). Rice taste, protein, yield was calculated based on
amylose (amylopectin), fatty acid, and moisture content were the amount of grains and not
(Gamma
with
Software,
34
coefficient
of
61 Results
and
Discussions
5% significant level)
The
and
1. Vegetation growths
(1) Panicle initiation stage
2005
differences
in
Fig. 1 Weather
conditions in
2005 and 2006
Fig. 2 shows the
GreenNDVI
maps
making it difficult to
2005.
management
including
and 2006
consistent ratios of LF
(Date of sampling)
Mean
4
2005
(7/21)
CF
CV
Mean
CV
(7/24)
CF
CV
Ratio L/C
1
( : Dry mass,
to irrigation water or
NC [%]
Stem
new
1.19
methods to apply LF as
160
308
3.31
CV
using
148
59.0
Mean
factors,
Mean
2006
D [kg/m ]
Ratio L/C
LF
field
Panicle initiation
LF
control
23.3
+#
13.4
0.62
43.0
26.5
+#
10.9
11.3
26.8
0.67
1.12
1.04
4.13
2.03
102
19.5
+#
4.37
*+
3.08
6.33
174
334
27.1
21.4
23.2
7.00
6.18
0.37
0.25
0.30
1.34
1.51
: nitrogen concentration,
1.34
*#+
160
: nitrogen
application
uniformly as possible.
(2)
Heading stage
nitrogen
differences in vegetation
growth
concentration between LF
and
were
significant with 5% of
ratios of LF to CF fields
CF
fields
content.
in
and
nitrogen
Except one sample in CF fields in 2005, leaves
concentration
in
2005.
vegetation growth was investigated on
were
similar
to 1.01.
LF
to
The
fields
each
stage on August 5 in
2006
NC
Total Leaf
D [kg/m ]
*4
CV
Mean
the
maps
Heading
LF
shows
GreenNDVI
191
376
97
671
*2
3.11
[%]
2006.
Stem
variability
0.97
Fig. 3 GreenNDVI
maps at heading stage
in 2005 and 2006
Spatial
of
GreenNDVI
between
LF and CF fields in
0.35
2.83
0.21
0.87
33.0
53.3
14.6
0.35
0.25
Ratio L/C
0.93
0.79
0.73
Mean
139
252
CV
15.3
16.6
2005
(8/9) CF
CV
LF
2006
*+#
(8/14) CF
Mean 184
CV
Ratio L/C
*1
( : Dry mass,
contents,
*4
+#
67
18.5
*+#
87.9
0.81
1.10
1.11
in GreenNDVI between
460
2.80
0.79
15.2
7.72
13.0
+#
*+#
163
751
12.3
16.6
18.1
13.0
7.97
10.8
0.76
0.65
0.41
0.61
1.12
1.20
: nitrogen concentration,
*3
0.66
: nitrogen
there
were
no
significant
4.61
390
*2
2.51
*+#
Although
heading
stage.
This
initiation
heading
Therefore,
important
basal
uniformly to decrease
spatial
vegetation growth at
stage
stage.
it
to
is
apply
dressing
variability
of
2. Rice taste
Rice taste, amylose,
and protein
contents
were
investigated
in
each
field
on
September 9 in 2005
and on September 12 in
2006.
Because
the
35
the
descriptive
statistics
2005
and
on
of
with
(9/9)
(n=17)
Ratio L/C
protein
2006
(9/12)
Table 4
Descriptive
statistics of taste
properties
shows
the
GreenNDVI
maps
(Date of sampling)
2005
LF
(n=15)
Mean
CV
*1
CF
Mean
18.6
6.37
80.1
CV
2.23
7.04
5.51
1.02
1.03
0.96
75.3
2.70
*2
LF
Mean
19.1
7.67
(n=18)
CV
0.99
3.01
78.8
Mean
18.7
(n=18)
CV
0.79
2.47
2.08
1.02
1.04
0.96
( : coefficient of variation
*2
[%], : the ratio for vegetation
growth of LF to CF,
Amylose
[%]
*
+
: vs. LF 2005, : vs. LF 2006,
#
: vs. CF 2005 with 5%
significant level)
7.38
*+#
CF
Ratio L/C
*1
36
was
having
better
despite
received
Table 5 Total
less
amo
unts
could be attributed to
of
compost application in
appli
ed
nitro
gen
brown
fertil
rice
produced
izer
and
505
2006
grain
yield
in
kg/10a
in
be decreased 25% by
2005
and
2006
LF
2005
CF
LF
2006
CF
Amount of
Amount of
Amount of
1 (9/20)
nitrogen fertilizer
7.9
grains yield
632
2 (9/20)
8.5
627
470
3 (9/16)
7.4
664
498
4 (9/18)
3.5
667
500
1 (9/17)
6.5
574
431
2 (9/21)
6.1
558
419
3 (9/17)
10.2
504
378
4 (9/21)
5.3
727
545
(Date of harvesting)
difference
in
the
3. Grains yield
Fig. 5 Grain
yield maps in
2005 and
2006
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
Agriculture
A
c
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
m
e
n
ts
This
variability
ofwho
htm.
Bio
m
a
s
N
of
support
the
GreenNDVI in 2005 was less than that in 2006, experiment and collect
whereas that of taste properties was larger inthe information of
2005 than in 2006. Difference in taste properties fields.
between LF and CF fields was not significant in
nenjihokoku.
the
Spatial
ww/hakusyo/
by
maff.go.jp/w
not
http://www.
was
was
2000.
study
white paper.
i
p
p
o
n
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
.
2
0
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6
.
h
tt
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:/
/
w
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w
37
.maff.go.jp/biomass/index.html .
Haga K., H. Tanaka and S. Higaki. 1979. Methane tofu refuse. Journal of
production from animal wastes and its prospects in JSWME 14(5): 258-267.
(In Japanese)
11-14 October.
Y.
of
rice
(In Japanese)
of
nitrogen
Umeda. 2004. Impact type grain flow rate sensor for fertilizer. ASABE. Paper
Ryu C.S., T. Ueda, M.,
Li, K., T. Inamura and M.Umeda. 2003. Growth and Suguri, M. Iida and M.
2007.
nitrogen uptake of paddy rice as influenced by Umeda.
fermented manure liquid and squeezed manure liquid. Utilization
Soil Sci. & Plant Nutr. 49: 463467.
sludge
from
trasport
with
first-order
Journal
of
M.
Iida,
T.
digested
T.
methane
Geostatistical analysis
1999.
Japanese)
Jara.
of
Kosaki.
soil
properties
2001.
chemical
and
rice
processes in soils. J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys. 105:83-97. Rural resource recycling
(In Japanese)
2004.
http://www.maff.go.jp/www/info/bunrui/mono01.html utilizing
methane
digested
analysis
determining
of
yield
factors.
(Received: 5. June.
2009, Accepted: 8.
October. 2009)