An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking:

ATM Networks, the Internet, and the Telephone Network

S. Keshav
AT&T Labs-Research
Technische Uhiversitat Darmstadt
FACHBERBCH INFORMATIK

B I B L I O T H E K
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ADDISON-WESLEY
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Contents

Preface

xiii
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

Chapter 1: Atoms, Bits, and Networks

Introduction
3
Common network technologies
5
Networking concepts and techniques
6
Engineering computer networks
7
Inclosing
8

Chapter 2: The Telephone Network: Concepts, History, and Challenges

2.1 Concepts
2.2 End-systems

9
11

14
'2.3 Transmission
19
2.4 Switching
21
2.5 Signaling
2.6 Cellular communications
2.7 Historical sketch
25
27
Challenges
2.8
30
2.9 Summary

23

Chapter 3: The Internet: Concepts, History, and Challenges

Concepts
32
Basic Internet technology
33
Addressing
35
37
Routing
Endpoint control
39
History
40
44
Challenges
Summary
46

31

Chapter 4: ATM Networks: Concepts, History, and Challenges

4.1 Virtual circuits
48
4.2 Fixed-size packets
53

47

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

vn

viii

Contents
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

Small packet size

55
Statistical multiplexing
Integrated service
59
History
61
Challenges
63
Summary
64

57

SECTION 2: TOOLS A N D TECHNIQUES

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6

Chapter 5: Protocol Layering

Protocols and protocol layering
Importance of layering
70
Problems with layering
71
ISO-OSI reference model
72
The seven layers
73
Summary
84

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

Chapter 6: System Design

Introduction
85
Resource constraints and their metrics
87
Common design techniques
91
Performance analysis and tuning
114
Summary
115

117

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6

Chapter 7: Multiple Access

Introduction
117
Choices and constraints
120
Base technologies
125
Centralized access schemes
131
Distributed schemes
135
Summary
153

159

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7

Chapter 8: Switching
Introduction
159
Circuit switching
162
Packet switching
175
Switch fabrics
184
Buffering
194
Multicasting
203
Summary
204

Chapter 9: Scheduling
9.1 Introduction
209
9.2 Requirements
213

67
67

85

209

Contents
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8

Fundamental choices
223
Scheduling best-effort connections
234
Scheduling guaranteed-service connections
Comparison
252
Packet dropping
256
Summary
260

ix

245

Chapter 10: Naming and Addressing

Introduction
265
Naming and addressing
265
Hierarchical naming
266
Addressing
268
Addressing in the telephone network
270
Addressing in the Internet
270
NSAPs: Addressing in ATM networks
277
Name resolution
279
Datalink layer addressing
281
Finding datalink layer addresses
282
Summary
283

265

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11

287

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.'6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14

Chapter 11: Routing

Introduction
287
Routing protocol requirements
289
Choices
290
Routing in the telephone network
292
Distance-vector routing
298
Link-state routing
305
Choosing link costs
314
Hierarchical routing
318
Internet routing protocols
324
Routing within a broadcast LAN
327
Multicast routing
329
Routing with policy constraints
342
Routing for mobile hosts
345
Summary
350
Chapter 12: Error Control
Causes of bit errors
358
Bit-error detection and correction
361
Causes of packet errors
373
Packet-error detection and correction
376
Summary
391

357

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5

Contents

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.11
14.12

Chapter 13: Flow Control

Model
396
Classification
398
Open-loop flow control
398
Closed-loop flow control
406
Hybrid flow control
441
Summary
442

395

Chapter 14: Traffic Management

Introduction
445
An economic framework for traffic management
Traffic models
451
Traffic classes
455
Time scales of traffic management
461
Scheduling
463
Renegotiation
466
Signaling
468
Admission control
475
Peak-load pricing
483
Capacity planning
485
Summary
491

445
446

SECTION 3: PRACTICE
Chapter 15: Common Protocols
Introduction
497
Telephone network protocols
498
Internet protocols
509
ATM network protocols
523
IP over ATM
534
Summary
542

497

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6

Chapter 16: Protocol Implementation

Introduction
545
Factors affecting protocol stack performance
Common protocol stack procedures
546
Partitioning strategies
547
Interface among protocol layers
551
Protocol implementation
556
Some rules of thumb
557
Summary
560

545

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8

545

Contents

xi

References

561

Glossary

597

Answers to Review Questions and Selected Exercises

625

Index

645