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Malayan Law Journal Reports/1985/Volume 2/ACE KING PTE LTD v CIRCUS AMERICANO LTD & ORS [1985] 2 MLJ 75 - 17 October 1983
5 pages
[1985] 2 MLJ 75

ACE KING PTE LTD v CIRCUS AMERICANO LTD & ORS

OCJ KUALA LUMPUR
ZAKARIA YATIM J
CIVIL SUIT NO C 2127 OF 1983
17 October 1983
Practice and Procedure -- Mareva Injunction -- Requirements for grant of Mareva Injunction -- Good arguable
case -- Risk of assets of defendant being dissipated -- Plaintiffs resident in Singapore -- Order to provide security in lieu of undertaking as to damages and security for costs -- Intervention by third parties -- Legitimate
debts -- Variation of order -- RHC 1980, O 11, O 18 r 19, O 23 & O 56 r 2(2)
Contract -- Whether agreement has been reached between parties -- Contract not signed -- Whether there is
a binding contract
In this case the High Court on an ex-parte application by the plaintiffs, a private limited company incorporated in Singapore, had ordered a Mareva injunction restraining the defendants from removing from the jurisdiction of the court, pledging, giving them away by security or otherwise disposing or in any way dealing with
any of the asset or assets in which they or any of them are beneficially interested in so far as they do not
exceed the sum of $876,337.92. The second defendant applied (a) that the plaintiff's writ of summons and
statement of claim be dismissed on the ground that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action against the
said defendant; (b) that the order for theMareva injunction be dismissed; (c) that the plaintiffs do provide
suitable security for the due performance of the order of court in lieu of their undertaking to the court and (d)
that the plaintiffs do provide security for costs. An application was also made by third parties for an order that
the applicants be given leave to intervene in the proceedings and that the order for the Mareva injunction
made against the second defendants be varied. The plaintiffs' claim was based on an agreement between
the plaintiffs and the defendants. The terms of the agreement had been agreed upon but the contract between them had not been signed. The second defendant was a director of the first defendant company.
Held:
(1)

(2)

(3)

from the evidence the parties had concluded their negotiations and an agreement had been
reached on the terms and conditions of the contract. The only thing that had not been done
was the signing of the contract which had been prepared by the lawyer. In the circumstances a
contract had been concluded between the plaintiffs and the defendants. The second defendant
was a party to the contract in addition to the first defendant;
there are two requirements to be satisfied before a Mareva injunction is granted by the court,
first the plaintiff must show that he has a good arguable case, and secondly the plaintiff must
produce evidence that the defendant had assets within the jurisdiction and that there is a risk of
the assets being removed before the judgment is satisfied. As the plaintiffs have satisfied both
these requirements, this is an appropriate case to grant a Mareva injunction;
as the plaintiffs are resident in Singapore and have no assets within judisdiction this is a suitable case to require
1985 2 MLJ 75 at 76

(4)

the plaintiffs to provide the security for due performance of the order of court in lieu of the
plaintiff's undertaking to the court as to damages. It is also appropriate that the plaintiff should
provide security for costs;
leave should be given to the third parties to intervene and as they have shown that they have to
pay legitimate debts, the order for the Mareva injunction should be amended to allow the debts
to be paid.

Cases referred to
Von Hatzfeldt - Wildenburg v Alexander [1912] 1 Ch 284
Lim Keng Siong & Anor v Yeo Ah Tee [1983] 2 MLJ 39
Zainal Abidin bin Haji Abdul Rahman v Century Hotel Sdn Bhd [1982] 1 MLJ 260
The Tatiangela [1980] 2 Lloyd's Rep 193 197-198
Rasu Maritima SA v Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Negara [1977] 3 WLR 518 528
Allen & Ors v Jambo Holdings Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 1252 1255
Third Chandris Shipping Corporation v Unimarine SA [1979] 1 QB 645 668-669
Z Ltd v A-Z and AA-LL [1982] 1 QB 558 585
Iraqi Ministry of Defence & Ors v Arcepey Shipping Co SA & Anor [1980] 2 WLR 488 494
Harman Pictures NV v Osborne & Ors [1967] 2 All ER 324
Aeronave SPA & Anor v Westland Charters Ltd & Ors [1971] 1 WLR 1445 1449
CIVIL SUIT

K Anantham for the plaintiffs.

Cecil Abraham for the 2nd defendant.
Prasad Abraham for the Interveners.
ZAKARIA YATIM J
There were two applications made before me in Chambers arising from a Mareva injunction ordered against
the Defendants and third parties. The first application (enclosure 10) was filed by the Second Defendant and
it was argued before me in Chambers on August 27, September 1 & 2, 1983. Subsequently, further arguments were heard in Open Court on September 16 & 24, 1984 under Order 56 Rule 2(2) of the Rules of the
High Court, 1980. The second application was filed by strangers to the proceedings, who called themselves,
"Circus Entertainment Management Ltd." (hereinafter referred to as the "Interveners"). This application (enclosure 16) was argued before me in Chambers on September 9, 12 & 14, 1983. Further arguments were
heard in Open Court at the same time as the hearing of the first application.
On August 11, 1983, on an ex-parte application by the Plaintiffs, Mohamed Dzaiddin J., ordered a Mareva
injunction (enclosure 28) restraining the Defendants from removing from the jurisdiction of the Court, pledging, giving them by way of security or otherwise disposing or in any way dealing with any of the asset or assets in which they or any of them are beneficially interested insofar as the same do not exceed the sum of
M$876,337.92.
Prior to the ex-parte application made on August 11, 1982, the Plaintiffs, a private limited company incorporated in Singapore, had filed a writ (enclosure 1) against the Defendants in the High Courts in Kuala Lumpur
(Commercial Division) claiming damages in the sum of M$876,337.92 for breach of contract.

On August 26, 1983, at the instance of the Plaintiffs, Mohamed Dzaiddin J., made a further Order (enclosure
27) that Nutritional Products Sdn. Bhd. (hereinafter referred to as "Nupro") and/or Majlis Sukan Negara, Malaysia be restrained from paying any monies from the income earned from the staging of the Circus known
as the Gerry Cottle Circus in Malaysia insofar as the same do not exceed the sum of M$876,337.92 to any
person save the Government of Malaysia for entertainment taxes and to themselves for any monies that may
be due to them or either of them by way of commission or as their share of the income from the staging of
the circus in Malaysia.
In the first application the Second Defendant sought for the following orders:(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

That the Plaintiffs' writ of Summons and Statement of Claim be dismissed on the ground that it
disclosed no reasonable cause of action against the Second Defendant;
That the Order made on August 11, 1983 be dissolved;
That the Plaintiffs do provide suitable security for the due performance of the Order of the Court
in lieu of their undertaking to the Court dated August 11, 1983; and
That the Plaintiffs do provide security for costs in the sum of $25,000.00.

In the second application the Interveners asked for an order that:-1985 2 MLJ 75 at 77
(a)
(b)

the applicants be given leave to intervene in the proceedings, and

that the Order made on August 26, 1983 against the Second Defendant be set aside or varied.

I shall deal with the prayers in the two applications in order of their sequence as set out above.
In prayer (1) of the first application, the Second Defendant was asking that the Plaintiffs' Writ and Statement
of Claim be dismissed on the ground that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action against the Second Defendant. This application was made pursuant to the provisions of Order 18 Rule 19 of the Rules of the High
Court, 1980.
The Plaintiffs' claim is based on an agreement concluded between the Plaintiffs and the Defendants on or
about April 21, 1982. Under this Agreement the Defendants appointed the Plaintiffs as their sole exclusive
promoter to manage the presentation, co-ordination and management of the Gerry Cottle Circus in Singapore and Malaysia. The Plaintiffs' appointment was subject to the terms and conditions contained in the
Agreement. According to the Plaintiffs, the Defendants, in breach of the said Agreement, had staged the
Circus at Subang Jaya Malaysia with Nupro and Majlis Sukan Negara, Malaysia as the promoters cum organizers and sponsors.
The Second Defendant denied that any such contract was concluded between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant.
In order to determine whether a contract was concluded between the parties, I have to examine the relevant
evidence. Two documents were tendered as exhibits. One is an agreement which was prepared by an Advocate and Solicitor of the Supreme Court, Singapore, on the instruction of the Plaintiffs and the Second Defendant. The document was, however, not signed. The text of this agreement was subsequently sent by telex
from the Plaintiffs to the Second Defendant. Before the agreement was prepared, there were a series of negotiations between the Plaintiffs and the Second Defendants. As a result of the negotiations, both parties
agreed on the terms and conditions of the agreement to be concluded. There is ample evidence that both
parties had agreed on the terms and conditions of the agreement. In paragraph (9) of his Affidavit, (enclosure
3), the Managing Director of the Plaintiffs, Edward Chan Poh Kok, stated as follows:"I say that just prior to the Second Defendant's departure on or about 20 April, 1982, the Second Defendant on his behalf and on behalf of the other Defendants ... agreed to the appointment of the Plaintiffs' solicitor, one Miss Kay Siew
Tuan ... for the purpose of engrossing the draft Agreement which had been agreed to by the Plaintiffs and the Defendants. As the Second Defendant had to leave Singapore on the very evening ... it was not possible for the parties to
execute the Agreement on that day. ..."

The Affidavit of the Advocate and Solicitor (enclosure 4) also stated that on April 20, 1982, both Edwin Chan
Poh Lock and the Second Defendant instructed her to prepare an Agreement. They informed her of the

"several terms and conditions to be incorporated in the Agreement, which they said they had already agreed
upon. ..." There was nothing in the Affidavit of the Second Defendant (enclosure 9) to say that there was no
Agreement on the important terms of the Contract. Indeed, he stated that the Agreement prepared by Miss
Kay Swee Tuan was intended to be entered into between the Plaintiffs and the First Defendant. He overlooked that the Agreement included his name and the Third Defendant as parties to the Contract.
The Second Defendant argued that the Agreement in the telex is a draft Agreement. It is true that the first
paragraph of the telex refers to the Agreement as a draft Agreement. But the same paragraph also states
that the draft Agreement was made "following my discussion/agreement with Mr. Gerry Cottle in Singapore
today." The same paragraph invited the Second Defendant to contact Miss Kay for "further clarification" and
not further amendments.
From the evidence shown above, I am satisfied that the parties had concluded their negotiations and an
agreement had been reached on the terms and conditions of the Contract. The only thing that was not done
was the signing of the Contract which had been prepared by the lawyer. I am, therefore, of the opinion that a
Contract had been concluded between the Plaintiffs and the Defendants. Chitty on Contracts, 24th Edn. v. 1
clearly states at p. 102, paragraph 100 as follows:"The question whether the parties have reached a complete agreement frequently arises where there has been an
agreement in general terms but the parties have stipulated for the execution of some further formal document. The
problem then is whether the agreement is too general to be valid in itself and is dependent on the making of a formal
contract, or whether the parties have in fact completed their agreement so that the execution of a further formal contract, though desirable, is not essential. This is a question of construction for the court. In the words of Parker J. in Von
G90 Hatzfeldt Wildenburg v Alexander [1912] 1 Ch 284,
1985 2 MLJ 75 at 78
'It appears to be well settled by the authorities that if the documents or letters relied on as consituting a contract contemplate the execution of a further contract between the parties, it is a question of construction whether the execution
of the further contract is a condition or term of the bargain or whether it is a mere expression of the desire of the parties
as to the manner in which the transaction already agreed to will in fact go through. In the former case there is no enforceable contract either because the condition is unfulfilled or because the law does not recognise a contract to enter
into a contract. In the latter case there is a binding contract and the reference to the more formal document may be ignored'."

My finding above is further supported by the recent decision of the Federal Court in Lim Keng Siong & Anor v
Yeo Ah Tee [1983] 2 MLJ 39. In this case the appellants wrote a letter on March 1, 1976, which confirmed
that they were willing to sell their land at a certain price subject to contract. After some negotiations, the respondent agent wrote to the appellants on March 3, 1976, stating that the appellants had accepted the respondent's offer regarding the sale of the land. The appellants subsequently refused to go on with the sale
and to complete the agreement. The Federal Court held that on the evidence and the exhibits of the case, it
was the intention of the parties to come to a definite and complete agreement with regard to the sale of land.
The mere fact that a written agreement had to be drawn up and executed by them did not necessarily mean
that there was no legally binding and enforceable agreement. A legally binding and enforceable agreement
was indeed concluded on March 3, 1976.
Counsel for the Second Defendant argued that even if there was a contract, the contract must have been
entered between the Plaintiffs and the First Defendant as the Second Defendant was, at the material time, a
director of the First Defendant. I am unable to accept this argument. The agreement prepared by the Singapore Advocate and Solicitor and the draft Agreement contained in the telex clearly cite the Second Defendant as a party to the contract, in addition to the First Defendant.
The Second Defendant further contended that the Contract was not made within jurisdiction. The breach also
occurred outside jurisdiction. No writ could, therefore, be issued against the First and Third Defendants within the meaning of Order 11 of the Rules of the High Court, 1980.In my opinion the facts of this case clearly
fall within the meaning of Order 11. In the case of the Second Defendant, Order 11 does not apply at all. He
was within jurisdiction when the writ was served on him. Furthermore he had submitted himself to the jurisdiction of this Court by filing the first application.
On the grounds stated above, I dismissed the application of the Second Defendant in respect of prayer 1.
With regard to prayer 2 in the first application, Counsel for the Second Defendant submitted that the Court
had no jurisdiction to grant a Mareva injunction. With respect, I cannot accept this submission. The question

of whether this Court has jurisdiction to grant a Marevainjunction has been dealt with by the Federal Court in
Zainal Abidin bin Haji Abdul Rahman v Century Hotel Sdn Bhd [1982] 1 MLJ 260 In delivering the judgment
of the Court in that case, the learned Chief Justice (as he then was) said: "We have accordingly come to the
conclusion that ... the High Court has jurisdiction to grant a Mareva injunction in appropriate circumstances."
There are two requirements to be satisfied before a Mareva injunction is granted by the Court:- First, the
plaintiff must show that he has a good arguable case. The Tatiangela [1980] 2 Lloyd's Rep 193, 197-198;
Rasu Maritima SA v Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Burni Negara [1977] 3 WLR 518, 528; and
Allen & Ors v Jambo Holdings Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 1252, 1255. Secondly, the plaintiff must produce evidence
that the Defendant has assets within jurisdiction and that there is a risk of the assets being removed before
the judgment is satisfied. Third Chandris Shipping Corporation v Unimarine SA [1979] 1 QB 645, 668-669; Z
Ltd v A-Z and AA-LL [1982] 1 QB 558, 585; and Iraqi Ministry of Defence & Ors v Arcepey Shipping Co SA &
Anor [1980] 2 WLR 488, 494.
In the instant case, the Plaintiffs have satisfied both the above requirements.As already stated, the Plaintiffs
claimed that they had concluded a contract with the Defendants whereby the former were appointed to be
the agents of the Defendants to stage a circus show in Singapore and Malaysia. The Defendants, in breach
of the Agreement, appointed a different agent and staged the circus in Malaysia only. In my opinion, the
Plaintiffs had established an arguable case especially when it is found that a valid contract had been concluded between the parties. With regard to the second requirement, the Plaintiffs had clearly shown in one of
their Affidavits (enclosure 3) the position regarding the assets of the Defendants. The Affidavit clearly stated:"14. To the best of my knowledge, the Defendants' only assets within the jurisdiction of this Honourable
1985 2 MLJ 75 at 79
Court are the money which they have received and will continue to receive from the staging of the
Circus in Malaysia from July 30 to August 31, 1983, their caravans, goods, equipments and other
things owned by the Circus.
15. The Defendants have no other assets in Malaysia that I know of other than those mentioned in the
preceding paragraph. The Defendants are all foreigners and once their aforesaid assets are moved
out of Malaysia, which is likely to be at the end of this month, they will be lost to the Plaintiffs who will
not be able to levy execution on such judgment as this Honourable Court may deem fit to grant herein
to the Plaintiffs in due course."

In my opinion this is an appropriate case to grant a Mareva injunction and I accordingly dismissed the application in prayer 2.
In prayer 3, the Second Defendant sought the Order of the Court that the Plaintiffs do provide suitable security for the due performance of the order of the Court in lieu of their undertaking to the Court dated August
11, 1983. Counsel for the Second Defendant argued that the Plaintiffs are resident in Singapore and outside
the jurisdiction of the Court. He, therefore, asked that the Plaintiffs be ordered to provide security in the sum
of $200,000.00 in lieu of the usual undertaking given to the Court earlier.
Normally, the Court only requires the plaintiff to give an undertaking as to damages in case he fails in his
claim or the injunction turns out to be unjustified. But the Court also has the discretion, in suitable cases, to
require a bond or other security to support the undertaking given to the Court. Z Ltd. v. AZ, supra., @ 577;
and Third Chandris Corporation v. Chaimarina S.A. supra, @ 699. In the instant case, the Plaintiffs are resident in Singapore out of the jurisdiction of the Court. According to the Affidavit of the Second Defendant (enclosure 9), the Plaintiffs' assets are not known and it is believed that they have no assets within jurisdiction,
In my opinion this is a suitable case to require the Plaintiffs to provide the security asked for.Accordingly, on
September 2, 1983, I made an Order in Chambers requiring the Plaintiffs to provide security in the sum of
$200,000.00 Within a month. I think this is a fair figure bearing in mind all the known assets of the Defendants within jurisdiction, including the circus animals, were the subject matter of the Mareva injunction.
Since making this Order, my attention was drawn by Counsel for the Second Defendant to the case of Harman Pictures, NV v Osborne & Ors [1967] 2 All ER 324 In this case, Goff J. said.
"I must, however, impose terms for the protection of the defendants, and that is indeed conceded by counsel for the
plaintiffs. As the plaintiffs are not within the jurisdiction I must require them to give security towards implementing any

liability they may incur under their cross-undertaking in damages. It is impossible to quantify that at this stage, but they
have offered 10,000, which is the figure I had independently conceived in my own mind. The injunction will therefore
be conditional on the plaintiffs giving security in that amount to the satisfaction of the master within twenty-one days or
such further time, if any, as the parties may agree or the master direct. Further, the defendants will have liberty to apply
to discharge the injunction at any time. Thus if, as the matter proceeds, it looks as if the defendants will be ready to distribute before the trial, they can come back and ask to have the injunction discharged, or for more security, by which
time the court will be better able to estimate the amount of the loss which the defendants will suffer if they be further restrained.The defendants will also be able to come back if there be any other material change in the circumstances."

In the light of this Authority, I now hold that the Mareva injunction granted on August 11, 1983, shall continue
to be in force on the condition that the Order made by me on September 2, 1983, with regard to security, is
complied with by the Plaintiffs.
Apart from security in lieu of undertaking as to damages, the Second Defendant also asked the Court for an
Order that the Plaintiffs do provide security for costs in the sum of $25,000.00. Since the Plaintiffs are resident out of the jurisdiction of the Court, I think it is appropriate that they provide security for costs. In Aeronave SPA & Anor v Westland Charters Ltd & Ors [1971] 1 WLR 1445, 1449 Lord Denning M.R. said,
"It is the usual practice of the Courts to make a foreign plaintiff give security for costs. But it does so, as a matter of discretion, because it is just to do so. After all, if the defendant succeeds and gets an Order for his costs, it is not right that
he should have to go to a foreign country to enforce the Order."

See also Order 23 of the Rules of the High Court, 1980. On September 2, 1983, I made an Order in Chambers requiring the Plaintiffs to provide security for costs in the sum of $10,000.00 within 30 days.The said
Order still stands.
I now turn to the application of the Interveners.
With regard to the application in prayer (a) asking the Court to grant the applicants leave to intervene in
these proceedings, I made an Order, with the consent of the parties concerned allowing the application.
1985 2 MLJ 75 at 80
In the second prayer, the Interveners asked that the Order dated August 26, against the Second Defendant
be set aside or varied.
In their Affidavit (enclosure 14) in support of their application, the Interveners, a company incorporated in
Hong Kong, claimed that the Gerry Cottle Circus was owned and managed by them and not the Defendants.
According to them an agreement was concluded between their Company and Nupro on June 8, 1983, whereby Nupro was to manage the staging of the circus at Subang Jaya.
Both the Interveners and Nupro claimed that they had to pay legitimate debts to a number of creditors. Nupro, in their Affidavit (enclosure 21) said that, in performing their contractual obligations under the Agreement, they had to pay sums of money to a number of creditors as listed out in the Affidavit. The Interveners
also said that they had to pay the weekly salaries of their artistes.
After examining the relevant Affidavits and the exhibits attached thereto, I was satisfied that these debts
were legitimate debts which had to be paid to the creditors.
In the Iraqi case ( supra), the Court held that a Mareva injunction should not preclude the defendants from
using their assets to pay their debts as they fell due.
Accordingly, I varied the Order made on August 26, 1983, and allowed Nupro to pay their creditors the sums
stated in paragraph 3 of their Affidavit (enclosure 21), subject to verification of the creditors and the amounts
by the Senior Assistant Registrar. I also allowed Nupro to pay the salaries of the artistes and other persons
as listed in exhibits JAS -- 1 of enclosure (14) up to September 11, 1983, save that no monies would be paid
to the
Second Defendant. Nupro was permitted to pay corporation tax and salaries tax in the amounts of $95,000/and $16,000/-respectively.Nupro was also allowed to pay the costs of printing tickets: $29,000/-; the cost of
hire of diesel generators: $4,000/- and the costs of electrical installation: $10,500/- [enclosure 21, paragraph
4(i), (ii) & (iv)], subject to verification by the Senior Assistant Registrar.

The Interveners also asked the Court to allow them to release $116,000/- to be used as freight charges to
ship the circus animals back to the United Kingdom and another $50,000/- for costs of transportation from
Subang Jaya to the docks in Singapore. I made no Order with regard to this application as I was not satisfied, on the evidence available then, that the animals did not belong to the Third Defendant. Subsequently
the Interveners filed an Affidavit (enclosure 33), stating that the animals, six polar bears, one black bear, four
leopards, four jaguars and one black panther belong to Chipperfield Enterprise Ltd. and not the Third Defendant. Attached to the Affidavit is a copy of a contract concluded between the Interveners and Chipperfield
Enterprise Ltd. dated March 16, 1983. In the light of this evidence, it is clear that the animals did not belong
to the Third Defendant, but were owned by Chipperfield Enterprise Ltd. I, therefore, varied my earlier Order
and ordered that the animals be released from jurisdiction.
The costs of the proceedings in Chambers and in Open Court shall be costs in the cause.
Order accordingly.
Solicitors:Skrine & Co; Shearn Delamore & Co; Abraham & Partners.