SISTEM SARAF

(NERVOUS SYSTEM)
DR. HJ. ABDUL RASHID HJ. SAID.
CONSULTANT PSYCHIATRIST
HOSPITAL TUANKU FAUZIAH

CONTENTS
Anatomi Sistem Saraf
Sistem Saraf Pusat (CNS)
(otak dan saraf tunjang)
Sistem Saraf Periferi (PNS)
# sensori (afferent)
# motor (efferent)
@ somatic motor nervous system
@ autonomic * simpatetik
* parasimpatetik

Coronal Section

Sagital section

FUNGSI SISTEM SARAF

Input sensori
Integrasi
Homeostasis
Mental activity conciousness, memory,
thinking etc.
Control of muscles, organs and glands

Functions of Nervous System

Gathers information - sensory
Transmits the information - sensory
Processes the information - integrative
Sends information - motor function

Neuron
Basic functional unit of the Nervous System
Cell Body
Single Axon
Dendrites

Multiple Sclerosis

CELLS OF THE NERVOUS

SYSTEM
NEURON - multipolar
- bipolar
- unipolar
NEUROGLIA - Astrocytes
- Ependymal cells
- Microglia
- Oligodendrocytes
- Schwann cells

Types of Neuron (Function)

Sensory neurons - Afferent
Motor neurons - Efferent
Interneuron - Connect sensory and motor
neuron and carry impulses between them.

Cells of the nervous system

Astrocytes

Microglia

Organization of the Nervous Tissue

Gray matter (cortex) groups of neuron cell
bodies and their dendrites. Clusters of gray
matter located deeper in the brain are called
nuclei.
In the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) a
cluster of neuron cell bodies ganglion (a
swelling or knot).
Bundles of paralled axons with their myeline
sheaths are whitish in colour white matter

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL AND

NEURAL PATHWAY

Action potential
Resting membrane potential
Impulse
Stimulus
Polarization
Depolarization
Repolarization

The nerve impulses.

Italian scientist Luigi Galvani found that
nerve tissue display electrical activity
nerve impulse a flow of electrical
charges along the cell membranes of a
neuron.
Electrical activity is due to movement of
ions ( potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na+)
across the cell membrane.

The nerve impulses.

The movement of these ions is affected by
their ability to pass through the cell
membrane (Sodium and Potassium Pump)
The electrical charge different between
inside and outside cell POTENTIAL.

RESTING POTENTIAL

RESTING POTENTIAL
As a result of resting potential the neuron is
said to be POLARIZED.
A STIMULUS is a change in the environment
that may be insufficient/sufficient strength to
initiate an impulse. (ALL or NONE LAW)
The ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus
and convert it into a nerve impulse is known as EXCITABILITY

THE MOVING IMPULSE

REPOLARIZATION

NERVE CONDUCTION
MYELIN SHEATH.
WITHOUT MYELIN SHEATH
One way conduction/propagation
ALL or NONE Law.

The Synapse

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
NEURONS SYNAPTIC CLEFT

BRAIN WAVES
Brain waves summation of the electrical
activity of the brain.
Measured by Electroencephalogram
(EEG)
4 basic waves alpha
- beta
- theta
- delta

EEG graph of Epilepsy

Diseases Related to Lack of

Neurotransmitter
Dopamine - Parkinson Disease
Acetylcholine Dementia (Nyanyuk)
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) Epilepsy

Meninges
3 lapisan utama

i. Dura mater
ii. Arachnoid mater
iii. Pia mater

MENINGITIS
INFEKSI SELAPUT LAPISAN OTAK
KETIGA-TIGA LAPISAN TERLIBAT
JIKA TISU OTAK TERLIBAT MENINGOENCEPHALITIS

Peralatan yang digunakan

Plain radiography (sinaran x)
Computerised Tomography Scan (CT
Scan).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging. (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET).

CRANIAL NERVES

Disease of Cranial Nerve

Bells Palsy 7th Nerve Palsy.
Commonly due to viral infection.

CEREBELLUM

Fungsi Cerebellum
Involved in balance and muscle
coordination.
To compare the intended action with what
is occurring and modify the action to
eliminate the difference.
If damaged muscles tone decreases and
fine motor movements become very
clumpsy.

THE SPINAL CORD

SPINAL CORD
A communication link between the brain
and peripheral nervous system.
42 45 cm.
31 spinal nerves that emerge from the
spinal cord.
AXONS BUNDLED TOGETHER NERVE
Each spinal nerve consists dorsal root and
ventral root

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (PNS).
All the nervous system outside the spinal
cord and brain.
Can be divided into 2 division:1. Sensory division
2. Motor Division
a. Somatic
b. Autonomic

The Somatic Nervous System

Regulates activities that are under
concious control movement of skeletal
muscles.
Many nerves within this system are part of
reflexes and can act automatically eg.
Knee reflex

The Spinal Reflex

Patella Reflex

Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates activities that are automatic or
involuntary.
Not under concious control.
Striking a balance or maintaining
homeostasis of the body.
Further divided into 2 sympathetic
(activates) and parasympathetic (retards).