Chapter 7 of Out of Many A History of the American People

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"Not worth a
continental"

most states resorted to developing their own currencies; therefore the continental dollar or money produced by congress
was eventually immaterial; upon such the phrase was coined; loss of the continental dollar made the collection of
money to pay off american war debt nearly impossible

"The World
Turned
Upside
Down"

The american victory at Yorktown to the british seemed as if the world was turning upside down because they did not
believe that they could be defeated. as soldiers retreated from the trenches to surrender they hummed this melancholy
tune

Articles of
Confederation

written document setting up the loose confederation of states that comprised the first national gov of the US; formally
adopted by continental congress in Nov 1777, created a national assembly called congress in which each state had one
vote by delegates selected annually serving no more than 3 out of 6 years; presiding president elected annually by
congress to hold office no more than 1 yr out of 3, votes decided by majority of states; congress held control of foreign
affairs, matters of war and peace, maintenance of armed forces, could raise loans, issue bills of credit, est postal system
& common standard of weights and measures;
articles gaurenteed soveriegnty of individual states
ratification delayed 3 yrs by MD

Banastre
Tarleton

A British soldier and Politician. Military service in the American War of Independence. He became the focal point of a
propaganda campaign claiming that he had fired upon surrendering Continental Army troops at the Battle of
Waxhaws.

Battle of
Brandywine

September 11th 1777

British outflanked americans at Brandywine Creek 35 miles west of Philly forcing washington to fall back; ten days
later the british surprised the americans at the encampment at paoli leaving many patriots dead

Battle of
Bunker
Hill/Breed's
Hill

On the Charlestown Peninsula north of Boston Harbor

2,400 British troops led by General Gage against 1,500 Americans
British troops stormed Breed's Hill, where colonial soldiers were encamped. In their fourth charge up the hillside, the
British took the hill from the rebels, who had run out of ammunition.

Battle of
Camden

This was the 1780 battle during the American Revolution in which the British forces, led by Lieutenant General Lord
Charles Cornwallis soundly defeated the Continental armed forces led by General Horatio Gates.

Battle of
Cowpens

A 1781 battle in SC where Americans won by pretending to retreat after firing 2 volleys, then when the Brits pursued,
ran into second rank, and lost numerous men, battle in the American Revolution, under American brigadier general
Daniel Morgan, battle in the American Revolution

Battle of
King's
Mountain

October 7, 1780, was a decisive Patriot victory in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Frontier
militia loyal to the United States overwhelmed the Loyalist American militia led by British Major Patrick Ferguson of
the 71st Foot.

Battle of Long
Island

fought on August 27, 1776, was the first major battle in the American Revolutionary War following the United States
Declaration of Independence,George Washington, Commander-in-Chief, brought the Continental Army to defend New
York City; After five days of waiting, the British attacked American defenses on the Guana (Gowanus) Heights.
Unknown to the Americans, however, Howe had brought his main army around their rear and attacked their flank
soon after. The Americans panicked, although a stand by 400 Maryland troops prevented most of the army from being
captured. The remainder of the army fled to the main defenses on Brooklyn Heights. The British dug in for a siege but,
on the night of August 29-30, Washington evacuated the entire army to Manhattan without the loss of material or a
single life. Washington and the Continental Army were driven out of New York entirely after several more defeats and
forced to retreat through New Jersey and into Pennsylvania.

Battle of
Monmouth

1778-in New Jersey. American troops led by Marquis de Lafayette and Charles Lee and British troops led by Henry
Clinton and Charles Cornwallis. American troops won this battle

Battle of
Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution in 1777. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the
U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the
Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy,
Great Britain.

Battle of
Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the
French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Benedict
Arnold

He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the
Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was
instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in
1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of
West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American
history.

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Bill of Rights

written summary of inalienable rights and liberties the first ten ammendments to the federal constitution; enjoyment
of life, liberty & property as well as freedom of press speech and assembly

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British Whigs

People in Britain who were sympathetic to the American cause, or at least felt that Parliament should lift the taxes so
the Americans would stop boycotting their goods.

Continental
Army

the regular or professional army authorized by the second continental congress and commanded by george
washington during the revolutionary war

Daniel Morgan

soldier in the American Revolution who defeated the British in the Battle of Cowpens, South Carolina (1736-1802)

Declaration of
Independance

written by Thomas Jefferson, declared that the colonies officially wanted to seperate from Britian, and listed the
wrongs did by the king. says that people have the right to rebel, and that the power should come from the people

Demobilization

The two years between the end of the war and the treaty of Paris; all troops on high alerts, british still in nyc;
continental officers were promised life pensions at half pay in exchange for enlistment during war; 1783 conventions
were held to protest one such by George Washington who insisted there should be no use of force, one week later under
pressure from washington cogress converted pension to bonus & instructed their dismissal

First
Continental
Congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed
the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to
Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial
system.

Francis
Marion

South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the
American Revolution.

General
Friederich Von
Steubon

a Prussian-born military officer who served as inspector general and Major General of the Continental Army during
the American Revolutionary War. He is credited with being one of the fathers of the Continental Army in teaching
them the essentials of military drills, tactics, and disciplines.[2] He wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual, the
book that served as the standard United States drill manual until the War of 1812. He served as General George
Washington's chief of staff in the final years of the war.

General
Johnny
Burgoyne

nicknamed Gentleman Johnny burgoyne for his love of luxury and fine things even in war, he was a British General
who surrendered at Saratoga in 1977, defeated by local militia "The Green Mountain Boys".

George Rogers
Clark

colonial frontiersman who in 1778-1779 captured important British forts at Vincennes, Cahokia, and Kaskaskia
securing the Ohio territory for the colonists

George
Washington

A revolutionary war hero. Believed that the war could be won with the full commitment to a national army.commanced
the Continental Army. involved in campaign for NY & NJ as well as the battle of Brandywine Creek, the Patriot counter
attack at German town, and the battle of Yorktown (battle that ended the war)

Green
Mountain Boys

Vermont colonial militia led by Ethan Allen that made a surprise attack on Fort Ticonderoga on July 6th 1776; the
largest british defeat until yorktown

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Hessians

German mercenaries that were hired by the British for putting down the rebellion of the colonies. The hiring of these
men showed to the colonists that the British had only military action in mind as a solution to the current problems.

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Horatio Gates

a retired British soldier who served as an American general during the Revolutionary War. He took credit for the
American victory at the Battle of Saratoga - Benedict Arnold, who led the attack, was finally forced from the field when
he was shot in the leg

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John Adams

A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the
Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second
Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams
later served as the second President of the United States.

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John Jay

American delegate who signed Treaty of Paris; New York lawyer and diplomat who negotiated with Britain and Spain
on behalf of the Confederation

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John Paul
Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) a Scottish sailor and the United States' first wellknown naval fighter in the American Revolutionary War. Although he made enemies among America's political elites, his
actions in British waters during the Revolution earned him an international reputation which persists to this day.

John
Singleton
Copley

American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American
Revolution (1738-1815)

Joseph
Brant

Pro-British Mohawk leader that devastated New York and Pennsylvania frontiers in 1778. Led Inidian resistance against
white settlement. Organized the northwestern Indians in an alliance.

Land
Ordinance
of 1785

act passed by congress under the articles of confederation that created the grid system of surveys by which all subsequent
land was made available for sale; survey system divided the western land into townships of 36 sections of 1 sq mile sections

Lexington
and
Concord

Began on April 18th, 1775

General Gage sends 700 armed troops to Concord to gather all fire arms. So Paul Revere and others sound the alarm. Then
a small amount of minute men interrcept British and Lexington. A stand off occurs until "the shot heard around the world".
After succeeding at Lexington, the British continue to Concord. But at Concord there is no arsenal. The colonists suprise
them on thier way back, causing a defecit to the British.

Lord
Cornwallis

sent by British to replace Clinton (who replaced Howe); badly beaten in battles of Cowpens and King's Mountain; trapped
at Yorktown by French naval forces when they gained superiority in Chesapeake Bay to block off the British

Lord
Dunmore's
Ethiopian
Corps

The slave soldiers who fought alongside the Loyalists/Brits through the coastal plantations, liberating more slaves on the
way; motto was "liberty to the slaves" they were coerced into fighting with the british after being promised freedom after
victory

Marquis
de
Lafayette

He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the
Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was
known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in france but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

Molly
Pitcher

heroine of the American Revolution who carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over
her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat (1754-1932)

Northwest
Ordinance
of 1787

legislation that prohibited slavery in the northwest territories & provided the model for the incorporation of future territories
into the union as co-equal states

Oliver
Branch
Petition

Drafted by John Dickenson and adopted by the second Continental Congress on July 5, submitted to King George on July
8th 1775
an attempt to assert the rights of the colonists while maintaining their loyalty to the British crown. King George refused to
read the petition

Patrick
Henry

An American orator and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches against the British government and
its policies urging the colonies to fight for independence. In connection with a petition to declare a "state of defense" in
virginia in 1775, he gave his most famous speech which ends with the words, "Give me liberty or give me death." Henry
served as Governor of Virginia from 1776-1779 and 1784-1786, and was instrumental in causing the Bill of Rights to be
adopted as part of the U.S. Constitution.

Patriots

British colonists who favored independance from britain and whose ideals led to the revolutionary war.

Paul
Revere

Midnight rider, started in Boston-water way to spy on British, hired a spy to tell him if British were going by land or sea,
went by sea, captured in Lexington, friends with Samuel Adams, etched false picture of Boston Massacre in copper, helped
anger colonists

Phyllis
Wheatley

(1753-1784); a slave girl brought to Boston at age eight and never formally educated; she was taken to England when, at
twenty years of age, she published a book of verse and later wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of
Alexander Pope.
First African-American poet published in the United States.

Role of
African
Americans

British offered freedom to any slaves who abandoned their masters and joined the armies; while in the armies were known
as the ethiopian corps with the motto "freedom for the slaves" and would often on marches through plantations free other
slaves

Role of
Women/gender
roles

women assumed family farm management, worked as seamstresses, nurses, spies, carried water/food/supplies to
men on front lines, some took over mens positions as they fell

Second
Continental
Congress

The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. Three delegates added to the Congress were
Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock. The Congress took on governmental duties. (United all
the colonies for the war effort.) They selected George Washington as Commander in Chief. They encouraged the
colonies to set themselves up as states. On July 4, 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence. The Congress
ended March 1, 1781 when a Congress authorized by the Articles of Confederation took over.

Shay's Rebellion

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central
government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the
farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Thomas
Jefferson

Virginian delegate who composed most of the declaration of independance a risky document declaring the seperation
of the 13 colonies from britain as well as the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom which established religious
freedom in VA

Thomas Paine's
Common Sense

1776- Paine argued for independence, directly attacking allegiance to the monarchy, refocusing hostility previously
vented on Parliament. The pamphlet was published anonymously in Philadelphia. colonist. Before Paine, few
colonists thought Independence was an option.

Tories/Loyalists

Tories- term given to Loyalists (british colonists who opposed independence from Britain); tories was a popular name
for a conservative party in Brit. who supported the king over parliament

Treaty of Fort
Stanwix

1784 US commissioners use military threats to force pro-British Iroquois peoples to relinquish much of their land in
NY and Pennsylvania.forced by holding hostages

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Treaty of Paris

Formal end to British hostilities against France and Spain in February 1783;
in which Britain recognized the colonies as free, sovereign and independant, as well as granting borders to the
mississippi river; promised britain to cease confiscating property of loyalists- preliminary treaty signed by the
colonists in november 1782
France agreed after hints of a British/american alliance

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Valley Forge

Area of Pennsylvania approx. 20 miles NW of Philly where George Washington's troops were quartered from
December 1777 to June 1778 while the British occupied Philly. Contractors demanded large sums of money for
supplies at rates which congress refused to pay; bad conditions led to epidemics of small pox and typhus;
approximately 2500 men lost their lives over that winter

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