Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DURABLE STRUCTURES
12
DS
Jlio Appleton
Full Professor
IC
31 May 2012
DURABLE STRUCTURES
LNE
C
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
IC
DS
unforeseen maintenance
Jlio Appleton
LNE
C
Owner
Identification of exposure
conditions
Contractor
Supervisor
Quality control of
execution
Control of minimum
cover
Quality of execution
Cover
Detailing
Durability design
Jlio Appleton
User
Proper use of construction
Implement maintenance
procedures (and
inspection)
Update information
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
Selected engineering information related to maintenance and durability, continuously updated including the
evaluation of the remaining service life
DS
General Information
Description of the construction, location, environment conditions. Identification of all participants, main dates,
Design Information
Design basis and drawings
Construction
IC
Durability Assessment
Jlio Appleton
LNE
C
Passive film
( Fe2 O3)
pH
Carbonatation
pH 9
Chlorides
Cl critical value
12,5
Corrosion is
not possible
Protection of reinforcement in
concrete
Jlio Appleton
Corrosion is
possible
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
Carbonation
of concrete
Chloride
Penetration
DS
depth [mm]
IC
depth [mm]
Jlio Appleton
LNE
C
Resistance to penetration
of CO2 and Cl-
Exposure Conditions
Concrete Quality
Reinforcement
Cover
Jlio Appleton
W/C
Concrete mix
Type of cement
aditions
Compaction
curing
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
DS
Cover =
Cnon
ti = 25 years
ti = 100 years
IC
W/C
Cover = Cnon
Jlio Appleton
ti (years)
LNE
C
Cmin [mm]
Jlio Appleton
10
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
Anode
DS
Cathode
Steel Dissolution
Oxygen Reduction
Fe Fe++ +2e-
O2 2OH-
CorrosionProducts
Fe++ +2OH- Fe(OH)2
Corrosion process
Anode
Cathod
Electric condutor
Electrolyte
- Bar
- Concrete
IC
11
LNE
C
Cracking loss of 15 to 40 m
Jlio Appleton
12
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
Localized Corrosion
IC
Uniforme Corrosion
DS
Jlio Appleton
13
LNE
C
Delamination
(Marine exposure)
r = 1 mm
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
Alcalis/Agregates
Expansion reactions
Sulphate attack
Destrutive reactions
Acid attack
IC
DS
Pure water
Jlio Appleton
15
LNE
C
Reactions
Relevant
control
parameters
Jlio Appleton
16
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
Reactions
Presence of aluminates
12
IC
Internal
sulphate
Reaction
DS
17
Jlio Appleton
OF
STRUCTURE
GEOMETRY
WITH
LNE
C
ENVIRONMENT
Jlio Appleton
18
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
MICROENVIRONMENTS INTERACTION
12
GEOMETRY
WITH
IC
DS
ENVIRONMENT
STRUCTURE
Jlio Appleton
19
LNE
C
The design service life is the period during which the structure has a satisfatory performance refering to
safety, functionality and economy.
The end of service life occurs when:
Jlio Appleton
20
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
LIMIT STATES
12
DS
Anode
Cathode
Steel Dissolution
Oxygen Reduction
Fe Fe++ +2e-
O2 2OH-
CorrosionProducts
IC
Jlio Appleton
21
LNE
C
Surface protection
Jlio Appleton
22
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
DS
Cathodic prevention
IC
23
LNE
C
Jlio Appleton
24
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
EXPOSURE CLASSES
12
XF Freeze/thaw attack
XA Chemical attack
IC
DS
Jlio Appleton
25
LNE
C
Class
XC1
Description of the
environment
occur
XC2
XC3
Moderate humidity
XC4
26
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
XS1
Description of the
environment
occur
DS
Class
XS3
27
IC
XS2
Jlio Appleton
LNE
C
Structural
Exposure Class
Class
X0
XC1
XC2/XC3
XC4
S1
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
S2
10
15
25
30
35
40
45
S3
10
20
30
35
40
45
50
S4
10
25
35
40
45
50
55
S5
15
30
40
45
50
55
60
S6
20
35
45
50
55
60
65
tg = 50 years S4
tg = 100 years S6
Jlio Appleton
28
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
REQUIREMENTS
Minimum Cover for tg = 50 years (class S4)
Areinf steel
Prest. Steel
10
10
XC1
15
25
XC2, XC3
25
35
DS
X0
XC4
30
40
XS1
35
45
XS2
40
50
XS3
45
55
29
IC
12
Jlio Appleton
LNE
C
Type of cement
Exposure class
XC1/XC2
XC3/XC4
XC1/XC2
XC3/XC4
Maximum water/cement
0,65
0,60
0,65
0,55
240
280
260
300
C25/30
C30/37
C25/30
C30/37
LC25/28
LC30/33
LC25/28
LC30/33
Type of cement
Exposure class
XS1/XD1 XS2/XD2
Maximum water/cement
0,55
(kg/m3)
XS3/XD3
XS3/XD3
XS2/XD2
0,45
0,45
0,40
320
340
360
380
C30/37 LC30/33
C35/45 LC35/38
C40/50
C50/60
LC40/44
LC50/55
Jlio Appleton
30
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
REQUIREMENTS
Concrete Quality
Type of cement
Exposure class
12
XA2 (4)
0,55
0,50
0,45
0,50
0,45
0,45
320
340
360
340
360
380
Minimum strength
C30/37
C35/45
C35/45
C35/45
C40/50
C40/50
class
LC30/33
LC35/38
LC35/38
LC35/38
LC40/44
LC40/44
water/cement
Minimum cement
content, C (kg/m3)
XA1
XA2 (4)
XA3 (4)
DS
Maximum
XA3 (4)
Water/cement water/binder
IC
Jlio Appleton
31
LNE
C
Jlio Appleton
32
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
XC1
XC3
DS
XC4
XC2
Description
Interior
Exposed surface
Protected surfaces
Preventive measure
Cnom
(a/c)max
Cmin
cub
fck
XC1
25
0.65
240
30
XC4
40
0.60
280
37
XC3
35
0.60
280
37
XC2
35(5)
0.65
240
30
IC
Underground
Classification
Jlio Appleton
33
LNE
C
Jlio Appleton
XS1
XS3
XA1
XS2
XA1
34
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
Classification
Atmosferic zone
Splash, spray zones
Reinforced corrosion
Tidal zone
Chemical attack
Reinforced corrosion
Submerged zone
Chemical attack
Biologic attack
XS1
(a/c)max
Cmin
(fck)cub
55
0.50
320
37
DS
Reinforced corrosion
Preventive measure
Cnom
XS3
65
0.40
340
45
XA2
360
55
XS3
65
0.40
XA1
0.45
360
55
XS2
60
Reinforced corrosion
IC
35
Jlio Appleton
LNE
C
Jlio Appleton
XS1
XS3
XA1
XS2
XA1
36
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
Description
Classification
XS1
40
0.55
320
37
50
0.45
340
45
XS3
50
0.45
340
45
XS2
45
0.50
340
45
DS
Atmospheric zone
XS3
XA1
IC
XA1
Jlio Appleton
37
LNE
C
Semiprobabilistic method
amin
minimum cover
tolerance
Jlio Appleton
38
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
Safety coefficient
DS
IC
Jlio Appleton
39
LNE
C
tp = K 0/(1,15 Icorr)
Jlio Appleton
40
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
IC
reliability classes
DS
12
Jlio Appleton
41
LNE
C
Probabilistic method
a cover
xc (t) carbonation depth
Jlio Appleton
42
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
DS
Exemple
E 465
IC
Jlio Appleton
43
LNE
C
Probabilistic Method
Cover [mm]
Reliability index
- D (t) from
med
D0
Time (years)
Jlio Appleton
44
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
IC
DS
Jlio Appleton
45
LNE
C
PL2 PL1 plus an envelope, enclosing the tensile element bundle over its full length
PL3 PL2 plus integrity of tendon or encapsulation to monitorable or inspectable at any time
Jlio Appleton
46
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
XD3
XA2, XA3
DS
XS1, XS3
IC
Quality of construction
Jlio Appleton
47
LNE
C
Environment exposure
A1
A2
A3
Risk cathegory
R1
P1
P1
P1
R2
P1
P2
P2
R3
P2 *
P3
P3
Preventive Measure
Jlio Appleton
R1, R2 , R3
Exposure conditions
A1, A2 , A3
Level of prevention
P1 No measures required
P2 One measure required
P3 Two measures required
48
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
Preventive Measures
DS
IC
Jlio Appleton
49
LNE
C
Jlio Appleton
50
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
IC
DS
Offshore 9 storey building constructed in an artificial jetty, 100m from the coast in Lisbon
Jlio Appleton
51
LNE
C
C > 35/45
w/c 0,40
Microsilica 15 Kg/m3
C 400 Kg/m3
Concrete performance
Water penetration
Capilarity absortion
Porosity
Chloride penetration
Jlio Appleton
52
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
EXAMPLE 2
Vasco da Gama Bridge Built 1998
12.3 Km in Tejo Estuary
South Viaduct
Central Viaduct
In the estuary
Expo Viaducts
IC
North Viaducts
DS
Main Bridge
12
Jlio Appleton
53
LNE
C
Jlio Appleton
54
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
EXAMPLE 2
Vasco da Gama Bridge Design Criteria
Concrete
cubes
fck
45 MPa (in general)
Concrete cover
DS
12
40 mm deck
IC
55
LNE
C
XC
Jlio Appleton
56
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
Cover 50 mm
C35/45 Foundations
DS
Concrete
C40/50 Piers
C50/60 Deck
IC
Jlio Appleton
57
LNE
C
Fly Ashes
120 Kg
Sand 1
306 Kg
Sand 2
Aggregate 1
400 Kg
307 Kg
505 Kg
Aggregate 2
505 Kg
Water
169 l
Admixtures
Pozolith 3.1 l
Jlio Appleton
58
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
Name
Type
Dimension
P. Chamin
R. Mora
L = 81,6 m
P. Arcos
R. Sado
Reinforced Concrete
Bowstring
L = 68 m
V. Duarte
Pacheco
Reinforced
Concrete
Arches and Viaducts
l = 27,2 m
l = 31,5 m
l = 90 m
P. Sousa
R. Sousa
Date of
Construction
XC
Date of
Repairing
Age of repair
1934
1994
60
1944
2008
64
1944
2001
57
XC
1952
2009
57
l = 115 m
P. Cvado
Caniada
Reservoir
XC
(Albufeira)
1954
2008
54
V. Alhandra
Prestressed Concrete
precast girder deck
XC
1961
2003
42
Cover
concrete
deffects
Cover
XC
XC
(ASR)
L = 153 m
Reinforced
Concrete
Continuous Girder
Main Cause of
Deterioration
Cover
ASR
DS
L = 355,1 m
Type of
Exposure
12
Cover
L = 176 m
l = 23 m
L = 276 m
Cover
Drainage
59
IC
l = 115 m
Cover
St cracking
Jlio Appleton
Type
P. Varela
Aveiro
Dimension
Type of
Exposure
Date of
Construction
Age of repair
L = 308 m
l = 30,8 m
Reinforced Concrete
Arches
1964
2008
44
XS
1965
2002
37
XC
Albufeira
(ASR)
1975
2012
37
XS
1975
2005
30
XS
1975
2000
25
XC
1976
2006
30
L = 493 m
l = 270 m
P. S.Joo
Areias
R.Mondego
Aguieira
Reservoir
L = 260 m
Silopor
Jetty
L = 254 m
Lisnave
Docks
L = 1000 m
Building
facade
Lisbon
10 Storeys
l = 40 m
Main Cause of
Deterioration
Cover
XS
LNE
C
P. Arrbida
R. Douro
Date of
Repairing
Jlio Appleton
Cover
Concrete
deffects
ASR
Cover
Conc. quality
cracks
Cover
60
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
Name
Type
Dimension
P. Pedrogo
R.Guadiana
P. Reservoir
L = 382 m
P. V.Nova
Milfontes
R. Mira
L = 367 m
V. B.
Mondego
R.Mondego
L = 295 m
l = 68 m
Date of
Construction
Date of
Repairing
Age of repair
Main Cause of
Deterioration
ASR
XC
(ASR)
1978
2005
27
1978
2012
34
Cover
XS
ASR
XC
(ASR)
DS
P. Figueira
da Foz
l = 45 m
Type of
Exposure
12
l = 27 m
Cable Stayed Bridge
with Steel Deck
L = 405 m
Prestressed Concrete
Approach Viaducts
L = 225 m
l = 90,5 m
1981
2003
22
XS
(ASR)
1982
2005
23
XS
1993
2006
13
(Replacement)
Concrete
deffects
Cover
ASR
l = 45 m
IC
Structure
Surounding
Mosque
Marrocos
Concrete
quality
Reinf. detailing
Jlio Appleton
61
LNE
C
Numberofstructures
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1930/1940
1940/1950
1950/1960
1960/1970
1970/1980
1980/1990
1990/2000
DateofConstruction
Jlio Appleton
62
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
14
12
12
Numberofcauses
8
6
4
2
10
8
DS
Numberofcauses
10
12
6
4
2
0
0
XC
XS
Cover+C.quality
ASR
Conc.defectand
quality
Cracksand
structuredefect
ASR
MainCausesofDeterioration
IC
MainCausesofDeterioration
Jlio Appleton
63
LNE
C
90
80
Ageofrepair
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Dateofconstruction
Jlio Appleton
64
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
12
Introduction of monitoring for assessment the future behaviour and durability of repairs
DS
The most relevant costs are the required access means and labour costs.
The experience shows that enourmous costs are associated with the unexpected
extension of repairing works.
IC
LNE
C
Jlio Appleton
65