K 2 FSchoefs

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ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
DS
Degradation models and measurements

of corrosion in marine environment:
state of the art and challenges
Franck Schoefs
IC
LUNAM Universit, Univ. of Nantes, France

Institute for Research in Mechanical & Civil Engineering,
UMR CNRS 6183
Sea and Litoral Research Institute, FR CNRS 3473
Contents
LNE
C
Objectives of corrosion modeling for strutural

maintenance of steel structures
Key factors involved in the corrosion process

Review of existing models for LT corrosion
The Euromarcorr data base
Stochastic modelling:randomness and spatial
variability
Probabilistic modelling of NDT results and

inspection based decision
08/06/2012
Repair
efficiency
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Use of steel in harbour

structures
Long term prediction:

10 to 50 years
Modeling of the
influence of key factors
Modeling the variability
DS
Sheet-piles wall
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Objectives of modeling
for maintenance
(for reliability and risk analysis)
On-pile wharf
Accurate/Suitable for
updating
Suitable for repair
modeling
Computation cost
reduction (optimisation of
repair, )
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Key factors involved
Marine environment
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Solar
Energy
Primary constituents:
Na+,Cl,SO42,Mg2+,
K+,CO32,...
Secondary constituents:
NandPderivatives
+ CO2
+photosynthetic
pigments
Nutrients
Parameters
pH
Bacteria
Food chain
H2O
Temperature
Minerals salts
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Salinity
Gas
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>>dissolved O2<<
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Main mechanism
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH-
Oxo-hydroxyde
Fe(+III)
Fe Fe2+ + 2 e-
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Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe (OH)2
O2
Fe2+
O2
Steel
Magnetite
Fe(+II/+III)
Fe2+
Steel
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FranckSchoefs
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Other
effects
[S. Borenstein, 1994] [P. Roberge, 1999]
Actual knowledge:
Identification of underlying mechanims, validate
assumption in lab., relative quantification //
on site: non-independent mechanims (overlaying,
different kinetics, competition, effect of environment,
nutrients: govern by Stochastic
factors)
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O2
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Spatial dependence
Relationship between depth and loss of steel
DS
Bacteria
[Marsh 1999]
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Spatial dependence
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Relationship between depth and loss of steel

O2
high
SPRAY
TIDE
IMMERSION
MUD
O2
low
[Larrabee, LaQue 1950]
SOIL
Loss ofweight (151dKureBeach,USA)

Area very sensitives
to
FranckSchoefscorrosion
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Spatial dependence
Spray zone
Splash zone
PMM
Tide zone
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BMM
Low see level
Immersion zone
Mud zone
Soil zone
7 zone of
exposure
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Vertical theoretical profile of the velocity of loss of

thickness (mm/year)
near the coasts
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Main models
Type 1. Empirical models

Immersion zone (ship
corrosion)
[Melchers, Jeffrey, 2008]
[Guedes Soares, Garbatov 1999]
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Immersion and tidal

zone
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CoV
constant
or
decreasing
20
10
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Main models
Type 1. Empirical models

corrosion)
[Guedes Soares, Garbatov 1999]
[Paik 2003 2004]
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DS

corrosion)
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Main models
Type 2. Physico-chemical
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Immersion zone
[Evans 1996, Tomashev 1966,

Chernov & Ponomarenko 1999]
Where: K: loss of thickness

P : coefficient accouting for
protective properties of
corrosion layer (m2/an).
For instance, P = (1054,04
121,35)
[1+(0,045
0,008)t0]
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Main models
Type 3. Phenomenological
Immersion zone
DS
[Melchers 2008]
Where:
c(t,E) : loss of thickness fn(t,E) :
mean of loss of thickness
(mm)
(t,E) : variability of loss of
thickness (mm)
b(t,E) : bias (error of modeling)
E : vector of environmental
factors (physical, chemical &
biological).
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Strategy for LT modelling
LNE
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Challenges for the LT modeling:

The corrosion process is hard to model:
It is affected by a lot of time-variant and space-dependent

factors : Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity, Tide level,
Suspended materials-nutrients (bio-corrosion), pollution,
water flow/waves, abrasive materials.
Only few on-site measurements are available and not always
well documented (context+monitoring).
On-site measurements are costly and difficult to realize.
Complex and uncertain mecanisms: simultaneous and in
competition.
Need to gather data in a well documented data base
08/06/2012
FranckSchoefs
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The Euromarcor Data

Base
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FranckSchoefs
The Euromarcor Data

Base: the protocol
Z-axis
Sheet-pile
wall
Beam
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Vertical axil along the

structure
Zaxis
ZA : Aerial Zone
ZE : Spray Zone
ZT : Tidal Zone
Tie-rod
Measurement
zone
(average of
readings)
ZL : Low Seawater Zone

ZI : Immersion Zone
ZM : Mud Zone
Residual thickness measurements

by using ultrasonic testing
Soil
X-axis
Lateral and frontal section of the structure
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FranckSchoefs
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The Euromarcor Data

Base
Data distribution by
structures aging
Age (years)
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Number of NDT controls
Structures composed by sheet-piles

Concerns 4 harbors : Boulogne-sur-Mer & Le Havre
(Channel), Port-la-Nouvelle & Ste (Mediterranean sea)
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The Euromarcor Data

Base
Structures number
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23 studied structures
35 000 measures
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Harbors
FranckSchoefs
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23 studied structures
35 000 measures for sheet piles
ZA : Aerial Zone
ZL : Low Seawater Zone

ZI : Immersion Zone
ZM : Mud Zone
Soil
Harbors
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08/06/2012
Measurement collects distribution

of loss of thickness in function
of exposure zones for studied structures
DS
Measures number
ZT : Tidal Zone
Number ofmeasurements
ZE : Spray Zone
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The Euromarcor Data

Base
FranckSchoefs
The Euromarcor Data

Base
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Summary
100 000 measurements: The data base is now

documented
Nb and location of
measurements
Type of maritime
Environment / owner
Chemical
characteristics
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Data Analysis
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Synopsis
FranckSchoefs
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Data Analysis
Spatial evolution (with depth)
Marine cots (m)
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Spatial trend of corrosion as a function of Z-axis
Harbor HA : Basin, Tidal effect
Loss of thickness (mm)
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FranckSchoefs
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Data Analysis
Statistical analysis
Gamma pdf
the best one
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Best fit:
Maximum
Likelihood
Estimate
Number of Measures
PDF retained for representing loss of thickness in function of time
Age (years)
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Stochastic Modelling
Of corrosion
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General model
ZA
c(x,zj,t,) = T(x,zj,t) + c(0,zj,t,)
ZE
ZM
Loss of thickness c (mm) as a function of x, exposal

zone zj & time t, is the hazard
ZBE
ZI
ZB
Centered determinist trend T (mm) of stochastic

process as a function of x
Soil
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FranckSchoefs
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Of corrosion
c(x,zj,t,) gamma distributed
Gamma distribution of parameters & ( & > 0):

ZA
ZE
ZBE
ZI
ZB
Soil
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DS
ZM
FranckSchoefs
Of corrosion
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ZA
ZE
ZM
Five zones
ZBE
ZI
increases and reaches

a constant value
ZB
Soil
Temporal evolutions of loss of thickness from &
CoV isdecreasingwithtime
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FranckSchoefs
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Of corrosion

ZA
ZE
ZBE
ZI
ZB
Soil
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DS
ZM
Distribution for t = 25 years
IC
[Schoefs, Boero, Melchers, 2010]FranckSchoefs
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Of corrosion
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General model
ZA
c(x,zj,t,) = T(x,zj,t) + c(0,zj,t,)
ZE
ZM
Loss of thickness c (mm) as a function of x, exposal

zone zj & time t, is the hazard
ZBE
ZI
ZB
Centered determinist trend T (mm) of stochastic

process as a function of x
Soil
08/06/2012
FranckSchoefs
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Data Analysis
Spatial variability
- Pile scale
- Structural scale
Sea water
Sea water
Inspan
Outspan
DS
Wing
- Harbour scale
Tidal zone
7 mm
4 mm
2 mm
1 mm
Ratio Outspan/Inspan
IC
1000 m
FranckSchoefs
Data Analysis
1
0,8
Depth2.5
Depth2
Depth1.5
Depth1
Depth0.5
Depth0.0
Fluctuation parameter 28 cm
Depth0.5
0,4
0,2
0
51,50
52,50
53,50
54,50
55,50
Distance(m)
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0,6
0,2
50,50
0,35
Corrlation()
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0,6
Spatial variability
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Data Analysis
Spatial variability
Optimisation of the
distance between
15
inspection
meas.
c=95%, =3
[conf. Tran et al. 2012]
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18
meas.
PDF
Nt
Ns
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Min N=Nt*Ns
Number of sections of 10 meters

length
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Probabilistic Modelling
Of Inspection results
LNE
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RBI
(optimize the
planning)
In harsh environment
Bad detections exist
(detection of a non existing

defect, non detection of an
existing defect)
Consequence
analysis
Structural network
Limit states
Bad decisions (over-costs)

- Non necessary repair
(detection of a non existing
defect)
- Failure (non detection of an
existing defect)
Risk
Assessment
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Zone arienne
Error of measurements = f(z)
Zone dclaboussures
Zone de marnage
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Zone basses eaux

Zone immerge
Corrosion
Zone de boues
Sol de fondation
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IMdR 09 Cachan, France 13 octobre 2009
08/06/2012
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Introduction of inspection in decision process

Good
decisions
E1
E2
E4
E3
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No
corrosion
[Rouhan & Schoefs, 2003]
Useless repair
Decision
Corrosion
Failure
4 conditional probabilities:
- P4: probability
- P3: probability
- P2: probability
- P1: probability
of presence of corrosion, conditional to defect detection

of presence of corrosion, conditional to no corrosion detection
of no presence of corrosion, conditional to corrosion detection
of no presence of corrosion, conditional to no corrosion detection
: probability of defect presence

P(X=1) = ; P(X=0) = 1-
(from expert judgment for instance) FranckSchoefs
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Ultra-Sonic measurements on steel structures
Three cardinal points

Uncertainty on measurements
Signal + Noise
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Statistical
analysis
Loss of thickness
Error (Noise)
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Assumption (expert judgement):

Real value = mean value
(no systematic bias)
FranckSchoefs
LNE
C
[Boero & Schoefs, 2009-2011]
Failure
Repair
Inspection Practice 1 (P1)
Cost
1.0000
0.0100
0.0025
0.0020
0.0010
Error
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P1: Grinding of the rust with

quality control
P2: Grinding of the rust

without quality control
P3: Brushing of the rust
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DS
Corrosion in the mud zone after

25 years
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[Schoefs et al., 2010]
FranckSchoefs
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Fair discrepancies
Significant discrepancies
Knowledge of is essential
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Repair efficiency
Results of EC Interreg project (2007))
Ranking of 5 main coating products performance
Zinc polyurethane Monocomponent + mixed resin

polyurethane + hydrocarbon
------- : Bad
------- : Medium
Epoxy-polyamide or
polyester coating +
flakeglass
DS
3 limit states
------- : Good
Epoxy coating
Fixing (4 months)
Paint 1 Paint 2 Paint 3 Paint 4 Paint 5
Visual aspect(10 months)
Porosity (10 months)
Pb : head of pile
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Conclusion
LNE
C
A lot of existing models able fit the trend: the

propagation of uncertainties is another challenge
Need for future connections between models:
phenomenological and probabilistic
Gather data: duratiNet data base => key long term
factors (propagation of uncertainties) First year
monitoring
More data from various structures/environment to
understand the key factors for LT modelling
Resilient questions:
Updating models when errors of measurements occur
To know more: publications in Struct Safety, CACAIE,
FranckSchoefs
Paralia, NSIE
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Thanks to
DS
Medachs Project
(EC Interreg project 2005-2009)
Gerom Project
(French Collaborative project 2006-2010)
Oxand society (http://www.oxand.com/), PhDs, Msc
http://www.nantes.fr/
IC
08/06/2012
LNE
C
FranckSchoefs
41

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12

Degradation models and measurements

LUNAM Universit, Univ. of Nantes, France

Objectives of corrosion modeling for strutural

Key factors involved in the corrosion process

Probabilistic modelling of NDT results and

Use of steel in harbour

Long term prediction:

(for reliability and risk analysis)

Key factors involved

Key factors involved

Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe (OH)2

Key factors involved

[S. Borenstein, 1994] [P. Roberge, 1999]

Relationship between depth and loss of steel

[Larrabee, LaQue 1950]

Loss ofweight (151dKureBeach,USA)

Low see level

Vertical theoretical profile of the velocity of loss of

Type 1. Empirical models

[Melchers, Jeffrey, 2008]

[Guedes Soares, Garbatov 1999]

Immersion and tidal

Type 1. Empirical models

Immersion zone (ship

[Guedes Soares, Garbatov 1999]

[Paik 2003 2004]

Immersion zone (ship

[Evans 1996, Tomashev 1966,

Where: K: loss of thickness

Key factors involved

Challenges for the LT modeling:

It is affected by a lot of time-variant and space-dependent

Need to gather data in a well documented data base

The Euromarcor Data

The Euromarcor Data

Vertical axil along the

ZL : Low Seawater Zone

Residual thickness measurements

Lateral and frontal section of the structure

The Euromarcor Data

Number of NDT controls

Structures composed by sheet-piles

The Euromarcor Data

ZL : Low Seawater Zone

Measurement collects distribution

The Euromarcor Data

The Euromarcor Data

100 000 measurements: The data base is now

Spatial evolution (with depth)

Marine cots (m)

Spatial trend of corrosion as a function of Z-axis

Harbor HA : Basin, Tidal effect

Loss of thickness (mm)

PDF retained for representing loss of thickness in function of time

c(x,zj,t,) = T(x,zj,t) + c(0,zj,t,)

Loss of thickness c (mm) as a function of x, exposal

Centered determinist trend T (mm) of stochastic

c(x,zj,t,) gamma distributed

Gamma distribution of parameters & ( & > 0):

c(x,zj,t,) gamma distributed

increases and reaches

Temporal evolutions of loss of thickness from &

c(x,zj,t,) gamma distributed