Passive Optical Network (PON):

Eco-Friendly Network Infrastructure

Component, Design, and Topology

FTTx and Passive Optical Network (PON)

FTTx is a general term used to describe fiber-based access networks
where x could be H(ome) if the fibers are terminated at the home of the
subscriber; x could also be B(usiness), if the fibers are terminated at an
office building.

A passive optical network (PON) is a type of FTTx fiber optic network

that does not require any active electronics in the field. It is 'passive',
because it doesn't need any active devices nor amplification between
the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) in the central office (CO) and the
Optical Network Unit (ONU) (or Optical Network Terminal (ONT)

GPON and EPON

EPON is one implementation of Ethernet in the access network as
EPON is developed based on Ethernet, it simplifies the interoperability
between metro networks and the Ethernet LANs at the subscribers
premises. a 10 Gigabit/s version of EPON is also available.

GPON is developed to meet the growing demand for higher speeds,

longer transmission distances, and higher splitting ratios in the access
network. Unlike EPON, which is purely based on Ethernet, GPON is
based on both ATM and Ethernet with the introduction of a new
encapsulation method for data called GPON Encapsulation Method
(GEM). With GEM, GPON can support voice, Ethernet, ATM, leased
lines, and wireless applications.

Glance at FTTx Technologies

Currently Deployed PON Technologies

Glance at FTTx Technologies

Next-Generation PON Technologies

GPON Achictecture on High Rise Building

GPON Architecture

Single- Stage Architecture

Two- Stage Architecture

Typical Bandwidth Usage

PON Eco Friendly Network Infrastructure

1. Floor Space Savings
PON significantly reduces the need for Telco distribution
closets
OLT can (based on 7,000 ports):
Replace up to 8-racks of Ethernet equipment
Elimination of IDF Rooms, Passive Splitters can:
Be located up to 12 miles (20 Km) out
mounted in wall space or plenum space
Fewer or No Telecom Rooms (TR) , ONTs can:
Located up to 3,280 feet (1,000 m) from splitter
Mount on/under desk, in wall or in plenum

PON Eco Friendly Network Infrastructure

2. Reduced Power Requirement
Once the equipment energy consumption is totaled, the following
formula can be used to calculate cost savings for commercial power
between traditional copper/fiber and PON:
Equipment wattage x 1.1 x 2/1000 = KW
KW x 8760 hrs per year = KWH
Rp 1.500 (Indonesia Average cost per KWH) =Annual energy costs
for the equipment

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PON Eco Friendly Network Infrastructure

2. Reduced Power Requirement
Copper Solution example (700 users)
MDF has a router, servers, an analog gateway and a LAN switch
Each floor is equipped with multiple LAN switches and gateways
Combined Watts = 82,368
Combined BTU = 52,948
PON Solution example (700 users)
MDF has the same level 3 WAN router, an Optical Line Terminal(OLT), an
edge router, and DC power distribution units
Each floor is equipped with low power consumption Optical Network
Terminals (ONTs) at each user and all other equipment is passive
Combined Watts = 24,088
Combined BTU = 41,330

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PON Eco Friendly Network Infrastructure

2. Reduced Power Requirement
The results:
PON saves 58,280 watts over copper solution (70%)
PON saves 11,618 BTUs (22%)
Annual electricity cost for copper solution IDR 2.381.094.144
Annual electricity cost for copper solution IDR 696.335.904
Projected annual electricity cost savings IDR 1.684.758.240

Traditional LAN
PON
Saving

Combined Watt
Combined BTU
Total Electricity Cost / Year
82,368
52,948
IDR 2,381,094,144
24,088
41,330
IDR 696,335,904
58,280
11,618
IDR 1,684,758,240

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PON Eco Friendly Network Infrastructure

3. Cable Plant Savings
Eliminating :
Access Switch rack which need switch, power, and battery backup

Passive Optical Network

Traditional LAN
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PON Eco Friendly Network Infrastructure

3. Cable Plant Savings

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PON Eco Friendly Network Infrastructure

4. Further Reduction :
Reduced Annual Maintenance costs
Yearly Maintenance Agreements
Less active equipment to inspect and maintain

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Active Optical Network (AON)

Optical Line Termination (OLT)
OLT located on server room or main equipment room if deployed on high
rise building.
OLT responsible for the transmission and control bi-directional data traffic
across the Optical Distribution Network (ODN)
In downstream direction, from OLT to ONTs/ONUs, OLT will take data,
voice, and video into building fiber backbone and distribute them to all
registered ONTs/ONUs through ODN.
In upstream direction, OLT will receive signal from the registered
ONUs/ONTs.
OLT equipment usually support multiple PONs. One PON port on OLT can
support up to 128 ONUs/ONTs.

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Active Optical Network (AON)

OLT serving 4 PONs

each PON serving 128 ONUs/ONTs through 4 unit 1 to 32 Splitter

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Active Optical Network (AON)

Example of OLT which can serve up to 4096 ONTs/ONUs

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Active Optical Network (AON)

Example of OLT which can serve up to 512 ONTs/ONUs for small
commercial building with multi tenant; apartment; hotel

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Active Optical Network (AON)

Optical Network Terminal (ONT) and Optical Network Unit (ONU)
ONT can located on customer premise (unit apartment ; guest
room; tenant)
ONU can located on the shaft telecom room and served
connection from Public Area Facility (IP-CCTV, BAS automation
Server, Access Control Gateway)
ONT can have multiple output services like : RJ45 port for
data/internet/IPTV/IP Telephone; Built-in Wifi; RJ11 port for
Analog telephone; Coaxial for Analog TV (need to install WDM
before OLT side)
Highly recommended for using same brand with OLT for
compability issue

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Active Optical Network (AON)

Example of Optical Network
Unit (ONU)

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Active Optical Network (AON)

Example of ONT with 4 port RJ45 10/100/1000Mbps

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Active Optical Network (AON)

Example of ONT with 4 port RJ45 10/100Mbps + 2 Port RJ11

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Active Optical Network (AON)

Example of ONT with 4 port RJ45 10/100Mbps + Built in Wifi

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Passive ODN Equipment

Passive Optical Distribution Network (ODN) Equipment consist of
gear and components located between the OLT (active) and the
customer premise (ONT ; active)

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Distribution of Fibers in the ODN

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Passive ODN Equipment

1. Fiber Optic Cable
This component is mostly costly element in PON Development. There are
three basic cable-installation methods being used :
a. Direct Burial
Cable placed in underground, in direct contact with the soil, this is done
by trenching, plowing, and boring.
b. Duct Installation
Cable placed inside an underground duct network, although the initial
duct installation more expensive than direct-burial installation, the use of
duct makes it much easier to add and remove cables.
c. Aerial Installation
Cables typically installed on poles or towers, above the ground. This Type
of installation commonly used for residential and more affordable than
underground installation

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Passive ODN Equipment

2.

Splitter
Part of the transport media, the splitter enables multiple devices to be
serviced from a single inbound fiber. The passive optical splitter uses a
series of silicon dioxide waveguides to split a fiber from one to two
strands. The amount of outputs in the splitter determines the number of
splits that occur. Approximately -3dB of loss occurs at each split, as
shown here.

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Passive ODN Equipment

2.

Splitter

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Passive ODN Equipment

3. Connector
The most commonly connector used in GPON application is
Simplex SC-APC ( Angled Polished Connector)

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Passive ODN Equipment

4. Splices
There is Two types splice :
a. Mechanical Splices
Mechanical splices are used to create permanent joints between two fibers
by holding the fibers in an alignment fixture and reducing loss and
reflectance with a transparent gel or optical adhesive between the fibers that
matches the optical properties of the glass. Mechanical splices generally
have higher loss and greater reflectance than fusion splices, and because
the fibers are crimped to hold them in place, do not have as good fiber
retention or pull-out strength.

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Passive Optical Network Distribution

Equipment
4. Splices
There is Two types splice :
b. Fusion Splices
Fusion splicing is the process of fusing or welding two fibers together usually
by an electric arc. Fusion splicing is the most widely used method of splicing
as it provides for the lowest loss and least reflectance, as well as providing
the strongest and most reliable joint between two fibers.

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Passive Optical Network Distribution

Equipment
5. Indoor Multidwelling Unit Equipment
Typical Multidwelling Unit Equipment (MDU) architecture to be deployed
a.

Fiber Optic

Feeder cable from central office

(CO) to Fiber Distribution Hub
(FDH)

Riser Cable from FDH to Fiber

Distribution Terminal (FDT) located
in each floor or at Fiber Collector
(FC). Riser cables can be
composed of single fiber per splitter
port or MTP cables.

Drop Cable from FDT to Optical

Network Terminal (ONT) located on
Customer unit.

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Passive Optical Network Distribution

Equipment
5. Indoor Multidwelling Unit Equipment
Typical Multidwelling Unit Equipment (MDU) architecture to be deployed
b.

Fiber Distribution Hub

Including :

Cabinet, Splice Enclosure

Splitter(s)

Patch panel(s)

Fiber-management elements

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Passive ODN Equipment

5. Indoor Multidwelling Unit Equipment
Typical Multidwelling Unit Equipment (MDU) architecture to be deployed
c.

Fiber Distribution Terminal (FDT)

FDT Located in each floor serves as the junction between
FDH and the drop cable, it can be connectorized or spliced

d.

Fiber Collector (FC)

FC serves as junction point between FDH and FDT.

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MDU Riser Cable Deployment

Comparison

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Transport Media of GPON

1. Pre-terminated (recommended) or field terminated:
Multi-fiber backbone cable assemblies
Simplex backbone cable assemblies
Simplex horizontal cable assemblies

2. Fiber Optic Splitters (typically 1x16 or 1x32)

Can have redundant input capabilities (2x16 or 2x32)
3. Simplex fiber optic patch cords
4. Fiber optic connectors and couplers Angled Polish Connector (APC)
Typically the SC/APC connector is used, but LC connector and UPC
solutions are available

5. Copper patch cords (Category 6 or better recommended)

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Installation Topology
Star/Hierarchical Star Topology
1. Follows
traditional
hierarchical
star
topology and uses common horizontal
distribution methods from an Equipment
Room (ER)/ localized Telecommunications
Room (TR)

Zone Distribution Topology

1.

2.

3.
2.Uses existing TR located in a dedicated
floor space on every floor

Allowed per ANSI/TIA standards. Requires

additional design considerations from
hierarchical star
Uses telecom enclosures located under
raised floor; in wall; Mounted on open
ceiling space.
Requires longer backbone cabling and
shorter horizontal fiber runs (less fiber
cabling)

4.

Uses enclosures which may be an added

expense in existing environments or a
lower-cost alternative in new environments
(as opposed to needing a TR)

4. Allows interconnect or cross-connect

methods at the ER/TR location

5.

5. Allows easy access for IT personnel for

any required maintenance, much of which
is centralized away from office spaces

Allows interconnect or cross-connect at the

enclosure location. Provides modularity and
scalability

6.

Allows easy access for IT personnel for any

required maintenance, and minimizes the
impact of moves, adds, and changes

3. Requires longer horizontal cable runs and

less backbone fiber

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Star/Hierarchical Star Topology

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Star/Hierarchical Star Topology

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Zone Distribution Topology

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Zone Distribution Topology

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Residential Cabling System Requirements for FTTx

What is a Residential Telecommunications Cabling System?

Central management of
telecommunications systems.

Systems of Voice, Data , TV and

building facilities

Termination of cables into a

single box

The distribution device is

foundation of all devices

A good cabling system allows

flexibility for future expansion
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Residential Cabling System Requirements for FTTx

LexCom Home Central Management Solution

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Residential Cabling System Requirements for FTTx

LexCom Home Central Management Solution

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Residential Cabling System Requirements for FTTx

LexCom Home Central Management Solution

Voice
Cat5e
ONU from
Telecom

Cat5e/6
Telecom
lead in
Fiber

Data

LexCom Home D5
FTTH
socke
t

Coaxial
RG6

TV

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Residential Cabling System Requirements for FTTx

Configuration Example
TV

TV

TV

1 No. Dining Rooms

1 No. Living Rooms
4 Nos. Bed Rooms
1 Nos. Kitchen
In House Cables:
1. CAT5e/6 for Data &
Telephone application
2. 75 ohm coaxial : RG6 for TV
application

CHC

LexCom
Home D5

Incoming Lines:
1. CATV
2. Broadband Data / FTTH
3. Telephone

TV TV

TV
Data Outlet
Telephone Outlet
TV TV Outlet

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Key Physical Parameter Affecting

Network Performance
Loss Budget
Key parameter to calculating loss budget on Passive Optical Network
Fiber Connections :
Splitter, connector, and splices ( insertion loss)

Cables :
Fiber loss (attenuation)
Others :
Safety margin and repairs.

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Channel Attenuation Allowance / Loss budget

The ITU-T G.984 standard determines the minimum and maximum channel
attenuation allowed over a maximum distance. ITU-T G.984 GPON Class B+ values
are as follows:

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Example Typical Total Loss Budget

Splitter Loss : (Typical)
1: 8 = 10dB ; 1:16 = 12dB ; 1:32 =
16dB
WDM coupler insertion loss
typically around 0.7dB to 1.0dB,
Generally used to combined video
signal (1550nm) with data/voice
(1310nm)
Connector and splice losses are
typically around 2.0dB to 3.0dB
for complete link from OLT to ONT
Fiber loss equals attenuation
multiplied by distance.

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Example of Budget Loss Calculation

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PON Troubleshooting

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