Country Profile Trinidad and Tobago

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE
Trinidad
& Tobago
UNEP RIS
JUNE 2013
SUPPORTED BY
ACP-MEA & UNFCCC
Trinidad and Tobago
Acknowledgements
The country emission profiles have been long underway. Keeping it on track would not
have been possible without the initiation, the continuous support and the encouragement
of Miriam Hinostroza, head of the Low Carbon Development team at UNEP Ris and the
financing and continuous support from the EU ACP MEA programme and UNFCCC Secretariat, in particular Fatima-Zahra Taibi and Miguel Alejandro Naranjo Gonzalez, who have
provided essential guidance and revisions.
We also wish to thank the Designated National Authorities of the countries for which the
emissions reduction potentials have been assessed. The countries have commented on the
reports in two iterations and valuable comments have been incorporated in the texts.
The profiles have benefited from shifting, but dedicated teams of research assistance. We
wish to acknowledge the significant contributions from Maija Bertule, Jacob Ipsen Hansen,
Maryna Karavai, Sunniva Sandbukt, Frederik Staun and Emilie Wieben, as well as Sren E.
Ltken, senior adviser and contributing editor of the profiles and the summary report.
Trinidad and Tobago
Contents
Economy, Growth and Emissions...................................................................................................................................................................5
Energy ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Status of CDM Development and Capacity Building in Trinidad and Tobago ..........................................................................6
Overview of CDM Opportunities in Trinidad and Tobago .................................................................................................................7
Agriculture and Forests ................................................................................................................................................................................7
Forest Carbon Options ............................................................................................................................................................................7
Biodiesel.........................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Charcoal Production.................................................................................................................................................................................9
Waste .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Agricultural Waste ................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Energy Generation from Rice Residues ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Landfill Gas ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Wastewater ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Conventional Power Production ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
Renewable Energy........................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Hydro ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Wind .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Solar .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Solar Lighting............................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Solar Water Heaters (SWH) ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
Energy Consumption .................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Industrial Production Processes ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
Transportation ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Trinidad and Tobago
Brief Profile
Full name:
Population:
Capital:
Area:
Major languages:
Major religion:
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

1.3 million (UN, 2010)
Port of Spain
5,128 sq km (1,980 sq miles)
English
Christianity, Hinduism, Islam
Life expectancy:
Monetary unit:
Main exports
67 years (men), 74 years

(women) (UN)
1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar =
100 cents
Petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, chemicals
Figure 1, Map of Trinidad and Tobago1
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/caribbean/trinidad-and-tobago/map_of_trinidad-and-tobago.jpg
Trinidad and Tobago
Economy, Growth and Emissions

Trinidad and Tobago is one of the most robust, cosmopolitan, and industrialized countries
in Latin America and the Caribbean, with a GDP/capita standing at 15,781 USD (2009).
First colonized by the Spanish, the islands came under British control in the early 19th
century. After the emancipation of slavery in 1834, manpower was replaced by contract
laborers from India, between 1845 and 1917, which boosted sugar production and the
cocoa industry. Independence was attained in 1962. The discovery of oil in Trinidad in
1910 added another important export. Currently, the country is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean due largely to petroleum and natural gas production and processing.
Tourism, predominantly in Tobago, is growing and is targeted for expansion. The country
is the most significant market in the regional free trade area -- the Caribbean Common
Market (CARICOM). Possessing one of the more diversified manufacturing sectors in the
region, it is the largest net exporter of goods and services to other CARICOM member
states, and to extra regional markets in North, Central and South America.
Energy
Despite being a primarily energy-based economy with significant exports of oil, gas and
downstream energy products, which provided 66% of the countrys export revenue in
2007, there is also a developed industrial base, a deeply entrenched manufacturing sector,
and an increasingly strong services sector, especially in the area of financial services.
Trinidad and Tobago is a global leader in the energy industry. The country is currently
ranked as the number one single site exporter of methanol and ammonia in the world. In
2007, approximately 60% of LNG imports to the United States originated from Trinidad
and Tobago. It is also a major player on the international iron and steel market, as well as
in the export of crude oil and refined petroleum products.
SUPPLY and CONSUMPTION
Coal
and
Peat
Crude
Oil
Oil
Products
Natural Gas
Biofuels
and Waste
Electricity
Production
7,817
36,177
12
TFC
1,203
13,573
636
Industry
162
3,524
374
Transport
941
Residential
86
190
199
Commercial and
Public Services
62
Figure 2, Total primary energy supply and consumption in ktoe/year
The energy industry continues to play a dominant role in the economy. The total output
from the oil and gas sector in 2007 was approximately 800,000 boepd (oil equivalent). Of
this amount, crude oil production was 140,000 bpd, and gas was 650,000 boepd -- or 4.0
bcfd. Trinidad and Tobago is now considered to have a gas economy with gas-based production exceeding oil production, in terms of contributions to GDP.
Trinidad and Tobago
Due to its oil and gas production, Trinidad & Tobago has a very carbon intensive economy.
The CO2 emission per capita is among the highest in the world with about 37 tCO2e per
year, higher than most of the oil economies in the Middle East. Naturally, most of these
emissions are attributable to the oil and gas exploration, and less as a result of consumption in the country. Nevertheless, the access to cheap oil and gas is influencing the energy
policy, posing a challenge to the introduction of renewable energy sources.
The figures below show economic growth, and increase in emissions in Trinidad and Tobago, since 1990.
15,00%
10,00%
5,00%
0,00%
1990
1995
2000
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Figure 3, GDP Percent Change, Trinidad and Tobago
60
40
20
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2006
2007
Figure 4, GDP of Trinidad and Tobago, in USD
20000
10000
0
1990
1995
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
Figure 5, Total carbon emissions since 1990
Status of CDM Development and Capacity Building

in Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago has established a DNA, and a number of capacity building activities
for CDM have already taken place in the country. Trinidad and Tobago is one of the countries taking part in the ACP-CD4CDM Project, covering 12 countries. The project is part of
the European Commission Programme for Capacity Building, related to Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries. It aims
at enabling the participating ACP countries to fully take part in the carbon market, through
capacity building.
To date, three National Workshops have been held, and, as a result, the CDM project
PETROTRIN Onshore Oil Fields Associated Gas Recovery and Utilization Project was
Trinidad and Tobago
submitted for preliminary consideration on 23 February 2012. A number of additional

potential activities for CDM have also been identified, covering a number of sectors.
Trinidad and Tobago has also been included amongst host countries for several Programmes of Activities:
Title
Status
Type
tCO2 reduction/year
Date of submission
International water purification programme
At Validation
Water purification
12,488
29-07-2011
CarbonSoft Open Source

PoA, LED Lighting Distribution: Oceania
At Validation
Lighting
44,183
23-12-2011
Petrotrin Oil Fields Associated Gas Recovery and

Utilization PoA
At Validation
Oil field flaring

reduction
45,209
03-08-2012
So far, only the latter PoA has included a CPA specific to Trinidad and Tobago. The project
will construct Oilfield Associated Gas Recovery and Utilization facilities, in order to recover and utilize associated gas emanating from several stranded oil-wells located in the following oilfields in the South-western area of the country: Grand Ravine, Fyzabad, Parry
Lands, Barrackpore/Penal and Palo Seco South. The project is expected to reduce an average of 45,209 tons of CO2 annually over a period of 7 years.
Overview of CDM Opportunities in Trinidad and Tobago

Agriculture and Forests
While Trinidad was originally a tropically forested country, the sugarcane has been an
important crop for centuries. The current rate of deforestation is about 0.3% annually, or
about 1,000 hectares (FAO, 2010)2, corresponding to emissions of approximately 168,000
tCO2e3. Loss of forest cover in Trinidad and Tobago is attributed to both fuelwood and
timber production. About 36,000 m3 of fuelwood, and 51,000 m3 of timber are produced
annually4.
Forest Carbon Options
According to recent FAO estimates, Trinidad and Tobagos forests cover an area of
227,120 ha, which translates into approximately 44% of the countrys total surface land
area.5 Estimates of deforestation, and change in forest cover show that between 19902
http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/
http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/archive/Trinidad_and_Tobago.htm (forest cover divided by carbon stock)
http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/archive/Trinidad_and_Tobago.htm
http://faostat.fao.org/site/377/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=377#ancor
Trinidad and Tobago
2010, Trinidad and Tobago lost an average of 750 ha, or 0.31%, per year. In total, this
amounted to approximately 6.2% of the islands forest cover (15,000 ha). About 28% of
Trinidad and Tobagos forests are classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse and
carbon-dense type, while 64% consist of naturally regenerated forest, and the remaining
8% are planted forest.6
Afforestation and reforestation of degraded forest lands, and mangrove restoration, present a potential for climate change mitigation in Trinidad and Tobago, while generating
financial flows from forest carbon activities under the CDM. However, A/R CDM activities
have generally remained underdeveloped, compared to other CDM sectors, mainly as a
result of the complexity of the A/R CDM procedure, and the limited market demand for
A/R CDM credits. Moreover, CERs from these projects are not eligible in the European
Emission Trading System, and only tCERs are issued to A/R CDM projects.
REDD+ also presents an opportunity for creating financial flows for Trinidad and Tobagos
efforts to mitigate GHG emissions, through forest carbon activities. Calculating the potential emission reductions from REDD+ activities in the islands demonstrates that there is
mitigation potential, if deforestation is avoided completely. Assuming that the baseline is
entirely based on historical emissions, avoided emissions are calculated by multiplying the
annual deforestation in Trinidad and Tobago, estimated to be 750 ha per year, with 104
tC/ha, which is the approximate amount of tons of carbon stored per ha in the countrys
forests, annually.7 Based on this data, and the conversion of 1 ton of biomass carbon to the
equivalent of 3.67 tCO28, avoiding deforestation, alone, in Trinidad and Tobago has the
potential to contribute to nearly 290 thousand tons in CO2 emission reductions every year.
Reversing the trend, and adding reforestation to these estimates would increase this number even more. Afforestation/reforestation initiatives aiming to replant 50% of the loss in
forest cover during 1990-2005 (-9,000 ha), would require the regeneration of 4,500 ha of
forest land, which could generate more than 1.7 million tCO2e reductions every year.
Technology type
Emission Reduction Potential per

year (tCO2e)
Baseline Methodologies
REDD+ / Avoided deforestation
286,260
Historical baseline
Afforestation/
Reforestation
1,717,560
AR-AM1, AR-AM3, AR-AM4,

AR-AM5, AR-AM9, AR-AM10,
AR-AMS1, AR-ACM1, AR-ACM2
While the total deforestation in Trinidad and Tobago is not negligible, in emissions terms,
its potential, compared to other sources, is small.
Biodiesel
Biodiesel may be produced from vegetable oil or animal fats, or from the cleaning of waste
cooking oil. Vegetable oil can be extracted from dedicated plantations, e.g. jatropha, or
other oil seeds, such as linseeds or sunflower. Some of these crops are equally usable for
6
http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Trinidad_and_Tobago.htm
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0350e/i0350e04c.pdf
http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/8864/TR68%20part%202.pdf
Trinidad and Tobago
food production, while others may be grown on arid lands with little other use. Animal fats
can be sourced from slaughterhouses or facilities disposing of dead animals. Most diesel
engines can accept solutions of diesel and biodiesel; many may run on pure biodiesel. This
pertains to both stationary and mobile engines, i.e. diesel power plants as well as cars,
buses, and trucks. In the context of CDMs, biodiesel must be used in a captive fleet, i.e. a
(large) number of identifiable vehicles like city buses or the trucks of specific companies,
to allow the generation of Certified Emission Reductions.
Alternatively, and maybe relevant in Trinidad and Tobago, biodiesel may be used in diesel
power plants. Though most of T&Ts power supply is gas-based, a 21 MW diesel plant is
operating in Tobago, and a new 64 MW gas-fired power plant has diesel backup. Theoretically, replacement of diesel with biodiesel for a 21 MW power plant, producing up to about
100,000 MWh/year and consuming approximately 46 million litres of diesel, would correspond to about 120,000 CERs/year. This, of course, requires sufficient amounts of biodiesel to be produced. A Trinidadian company started the production of biodiesel in 2011,
based on about 1.1 million litres of waste oil per year. While the project is phase one of a
larger project9, it is unlikely that waste oil alone will be able to supply more than 10% of
the consumption of the power plant, thus corresponding to reductions of about 12,000
tCO2e/year using 4.6 million liters of diesel as a baseline scenarion. Additional supply
could be produced from jatropha plantations, but none have been identified.
Three methodologies are relevant, of which, so far, only one has been applied in a registered project, AMS-III.T. The recently consolidated ACM17 is currently being applied in
nine projects, under development, while one project follows AMS-III.AK.
Technological risks are few, if any. Financial risks are related to the traditionally highly
fluctuating oil market prices, and may cause financiers to require significant equity financing and/or high interest rates. However, there is a stable and relatively inelastic national,
and if necessary international, market for diesel/biodiesel, which would result in little
market risk -- apart from pricing.
Type of Technology
Emission Reduction Potential

per year (tCO2e)
Biodiesel
12,000
ACM0017, AMS-III.AK., AM0041
Charcoal Production
Trinidad and Tobago produces 33 million m3 of fuelwood per year (FAOStat). As there is
no reporting of its use for production of charcoal, it is assumed to be used unprocessed. As
its current use has not been established, emission reduction potentials could only exist in
its being utilized more efficiently.
Waste
Waste management has a great GHG emissions reduction potential. The potential for reductions lies in two different areas of waste handling: proper disposal of organic matter,
that would otherwise emit methane (CH4), or waste incineration, that can serve to replace
energy (both thermal and electric) that would have been produced from fossil fuels.
http://www.greenantilles.com/2011/09/21/trinidadian-company-to-begin-producing-biodiesel-from-waste-vegetable-oil/
Trinidad and Tobago
Organic matter, for instance in the form of waste, emits large quantities of greenhouse
gasses, primarily methane (CH4), if not disposed of properly. The potential for the reduction of these emissions lies in various sectors.
Waste in the domestic sector, e.g. from small household livestock units, as well as in the
industrial sector and municipalities, is most often left unutilized, to decay, or rarely used
for the purposes of fertilizer or burning in open pits. The waste is, therefore, both harmful
to the surrounding environment, and often a health issue. Consequently, a waste management project will be greatly beneficial to local sustainable development.
Waste management projects can be implemented in various sectors in Trinidad and Tobago. The challenge of mitigating GHG emissions from waste lies in the lack of existing incentives. This is because the proper handling of waste does not present an opportunity to
generate revenue for the stakeholders involved.
Agricultural Waste
Agricultural production leaves considerable amounts of agricultural waste, in the form of
biomass, and animal waste in particular. Some of it is recycled into the agricultural production as fertilizer, while large amounts remain unutilized and in many instances pose a
disposal problem. Uncontrolled burning in the fields is not only a hazardous disposal solution, it is also a waste of a potential energy source. With efficient collection systems in
place, waste from agricultural production can be utilized as fuel for power and heat production. In the sugar industry, significant amounts of bagasse the waste after extraction
of sugar is an excellent fuel. Rice production may also be industrialized, to the extent that
rice husks are available in amounts sufficient for incineration in a boiler, thereby securing
a basis for power and heat production. In the forest industry, large concentrations of biomass waste can be utilized for power and heat production, e.g. at sawmills. The forest industry also supplies raw material for briquettes production, where sawdust, charcoal dust,
degradable waste paper and dust from agricultural production may constitute a final utilization of waste materials from agriculture related production.
Biomass energy projects can be built in a wide range of sizes and for broad applications.
Such projects are also cost-efficient solutions for waste generated by the sugar industry.
They can be as large as 100 MW power stations generating both electricity and heat, but
are typically 15-30 MW in size. Biomass energy projects are also technically feasible in
much smaller sizes, but are rarely commercially viable below 8-10 MW, depending on
availability and pricing of biomass residues.
The Economy in Trinidad and Tobago is mainly industrial and service-based, with only 0.7
% of the GDP from agriculture. The GHG emissions from the agricultural sector are, therefore, not as significant as the available amount of agricultural wastes for energy utilization.
While there are agricultural activities in Trinidad and Tobago, the main agricultural products are cocoa, rice, citrus, coffee and vegetables, of which the residues from rice production are the most suited for energy production, in terms of waste burning.
Energy Generation from Rice Residues
In 2010, the yearly production of rice paddies was 2,800 tons. Using a default value for
production/waste ratio, the residues available from the rice production could potentially
produce electricity in a 1 MW biomass power plant. Assuming that all these residues could
be gathered to one location, and with 360 days yearly power production, the potential
emissions reduction would then be 1 MW * 360 days * 24 hours * 0.77 tCO2/MWh = 6,650
tCO2.
10
Trinidad and Tobago
Type of Technology

per year (tCO2e)
Energy generation from rice residues
6,650
AM36, ACM6, ACM3, ACM2, ACM18,

AMS-III.E., AMS-I.D., AMS-I.C.
Landfill Gas
In terms of emission reductions in the waste sector, the highest potential, by far, is from
municipal domestic waste particularly for its energy generation potential. The amount of
waste generated per capita in Trinidad and Tobago is very high, as in other industrial developing countries. From 1997 to 2008 the average daily waste generated in the country
was 1,150 tons, which is quite substantial10. Currently, there are three landfills operating
in the country: Guanapo, Forres Park, and Beetham Landfill. Beetham is located near the
capital, Port-of-Spain, and is the biggest one, receiving more than 60% of the daily gathered municipal solid waste. The landfill has almost reached its maximum capacity, and
new initiatives are needed to keep up with the ever increasing amount of waste generated.
There are several options for emissions reduction, and one of them is to reduce the methane emitted from the existing landfills by capturing the landfill gas and either flaring it
use it for power generation in gas engines.
The potential emissions reduction from flaring is difficult to determine as it depends on
the waste type fractions, waste management, on-site management, the age of the waste,
the climate, and the future situation. However, it is possible to make an estimation by using pre-existing and registered landfill gas projects from the same climate and geographical area as the baseline scenarios. Based on the daily waste delivered to all three landfills,
the emission reductions are calculated to be about 350,000 tCO2/year11.
Type of Technology

per year (tCO2e)
Landfill Gas
350,000
AMS-I.C., AMS-I.D., AMS-I.F., AMSIII.D.,

AMS-III.E., AMS-III.F., AMS-III.G.,
ACM1, ACM2, AM25, AM53
A scientific report on the potential for incinerating waste was carried out in 2009, by an
association of local engineers. It stated that if all municipal solid waste, currently disposed
of at the three landfills, was utilized for incineration under the best technical conditions,
after recycling metals and other wastes, it would be possible to generate electricity with a
capacity of 35.11 MW, 360 days per year12. Using the grid emission factor, and 360 days of
operation, the project could potentially reduce the emissions by 35.11 MW * 360 days * 24
hours * 0.77 tCO2e/MWh = 233,580 tCO2e. This potential does not include the emission
reductions from the waste left untreated in the landfills.
10
SWMCOL, 2009.
11
Calculations are made in an internal spreadsheet
"Municipal Solid Waste to Energy: Potential for Application in Trinidad and Tobago", The Journal of the Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago, 2009.
12
11
Trinidad and Tobago
Type of Technology

per year (tCO2e)
MSV incineration
233,580
AM25, ACM1, AMS-III.E., AMS-I.C.,

AMS-I.D.
Wastewater
Approximately 70% of the population is without sewage systems, relying on septic tanks,
pit latrines and soakaways, while the remaining 30% is served by sewage systems in Portof-Spain, San Fernando, Arima, Point Fortin and Scarborough Tobago13. There are about
70 wastewater treatment plants in Trinidad and Tobago, but the vast majority of them are
not functioning properly, which leads to a large discharge of polluted water into the natural environment. Furthermore, it decreases the potential for introducing emissionreducing technologies, as the wastewater is presently primarily treated aerobically. This
also results in difficulties establishing the baseline. Nevertheless, it is assumed that if the
lagoons at the Beetham wastewater treatment plant are under the right conditions, there
could be a potential for generating gas for energy purposes. Based on previously registered CDM projects from the same climatic area, it is estimated that the energy potential
from a daily inflow of 56,700 m3 at the Beetham wastewater treatment plant14 would be
around 250,000 MWh/year. Applying the grid emission factor, this gives a potential emissions reduction of 250,000 MWh * 0.77 tCO2/MWh = 192,500 tCO2/year.
Type of Technology

per year (tCO2e)
Wastewater
192,500
M36, ACM6, ACM2, AMS-I.C., AM36,

ACM6, ACM2, AMS-I.D., AMS-I.C.,
ACM6, ACM2, AMS-I.D. and AMS-I.C.
Conventional Power Production

The primary source of power generation in Trinidad and Tobago is natural gas, and the
electrification rate is 97%15. Electricity is supplied by the Trinidad and Tobago Electricity
Commission (T&TEC), which is responsible for power supply on both islands via a single
interconnected grid. T&TEC owns a 21 MW diesel power station and a 64 MW Cove natural gas/diesel power station in Tobago, and receives the rest of its power from independent power producers (IPPs) whose total installed capacity amount to 2,192 MW. The main
IPPs are Powergen, whose power production facilities total 1,183 MW, and Trinity Power,
totalling 225 MW1617. In addition, a 720 MW combined cycle natural gas power plant in La
Brea was recently made operational by Trinidad Generation Unlimited (TGU), which is
soon to be the countrys largest power producer (once it reaches full operational capacity).
13
Water and Sewage Authorities in Trinidad and Tobago (WASA), 2010.
14
Water and Sewage Authorities in Trinidad and Tobago (WASA), 2010.
15
REEGLE, 2012, http://www.reegle.info/countries/trinidad-and-tobago-energy-profile/TT
16
17
Regulated Industries Commission, 2012, http://www.ric.org.tt/cms/content/view/59/75/
12
Trinidad and Tobago
Of the installed 720 MW, 450 MW will be used to power a proposed aluminum smelter
plant, and the remaining 270 MW will be supplied to the grid18.
The best emission reduction possibilities within the conventional power production exist
in fossil fuel switch, from diesel to natural gas, and efficiency improvements in natural gas
power stations --conversion from single to combined cycle.
The recently commissioned 64 MW Cove power station in Tobago currently operates using
diesel; conversion to natural gas could yield emissions savings of about 72,57619 tons of
CO2. The design of the power plant is configured to use natural gas, therefore, the existing
technology would make such a conversion possible. If a similar conversion were also possible for the 21 MW diesel power plant in Tobago, it could yield additional emissions savings of 27,216 tons20 of CO2.
Type of Technology

per year (tCO2e)
Fossil fuel switch
99,792
AMS-III.B., ACM9, ACM11, AM8,

AMS-II.D., AMS-III.AH., AMS-III.Q.
Renewable Energy
To date, there is no renewable energy generation in the national grid. The existing RE generation is minimal, and is mainly through small-scale applications of solar water heaters
and solar PV. The government has set focus on expansion of renewable energy use as part
of its strategy for sustainable growth and development21.
Hydro
Based on the local resource availability, hydropower is not a viable option.
Wind
The National Framework for Development of a Renewable Energy Policy for Trinidad and
Tobago, puts wind energy as the RE technology of choice for bulk energy generation in the
national grid22. The target is to generate 5% (or 60 MW) of peak demand from RE energy
sources by 2020, most of which is expected to be generated from wind power, since solar
technologies pose limitations in terms of land availability for any large-scale application.
More data needs to be gathered on technically feasible wind power generation locations,
and the size of the wind farms. Assuming that 50 MW of energy would be generated by
wind, a rough estimate shows that potential emission reductions would be about 96,250
18
Trinidad Express Newspapers, 2011, http://www.trinidadexpress.com/business-magazine/Unlimited_power-129769308.html
Calculated using IPCCC standard values for emission factors for natural gas and diesel, and plant efficiency of 40%, working
an average of 7,000 hours a year.
19
Calculated using IPCCC standard values for emission factors for natural gas and diesel, and plant efficiency of 35%, working
an average of 7,000 hours a year.
20
Ministry of Energy and Energy Affairs, The National Framework for Development of a Renewable Energy Policy for Trinidad
and Tobago, January 2011.
21
Ministry of Energy and Energy Affairs, The National Framework for Development of a Renewable Energy Policy for Trinidad
and Tobago, January 2011.
22
13
Trinidad and Tobago
tons of CO2 (calculated using the grid emission factor of 0.77 tCO2/MWh23, and 2500 annual working hours).
Solar
There is an abundance of solar power that the government intends to develop into solar
energy in the future. The average global horizontal irradiance is 5.5-6.0 kWh/m2/day24,
creating favourable conditions for both solar thermal and solar power applications.
Since large-scale solar PV power production for the national grid would need considerable
land area, that might not be readily available, this technology is seen as having the biggest
potential for off-grid micro-scale applications. Amongst other things, it can be used for
lighting, back-up power production, and solar water heaters.
Solar Lighting
Solar lighting has been considered as one of the possibilities for emission reductions.
T&TEC (Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission) has a system of approximately
160,000 sodium streetlights, and has been considering the possibility of more energy efficient solar street induction lights. Of the 160,000 streetlights, 20,000 are high voltage
lights, and replacement of these with induction lights is estimated to have emission reduction potentials of 7,600 tons of CO225. The costs of the project, however, are very high;
therefore, no move has been made towards implementation, as of yet.
Solar Water Heaters (SWH)
A study by the Engineering Institute at the University of the West Indies (UWI) has estimated that there are 26,538 residential consumers owning an electric heater. The study
also found that a single SWH had the consumption of approximately 630 kWh of electricity26 per month, hence 7.56 MWh a year. If all electric water heaters were to be replaced
with SWHs, this would save 200,627 MWh in electricity consumption, thereby yielding
emissions savings of 154,482 tons of CO2.
Technology type

year (tCO2e)
Wind
96,250
ACM2, AMS-I.D., AMS-I.F.
Solar Lighting
7,600
AMS-I.A., AMS-II.J.
Solar Water Heaters
154,482
AMS-I.C.
Energy Consumption
Greater efficiency in the consumption of energy is commonly an attractive option for emissions reduction, due to its dual benefit of reducing both emissions and the size of the enerBrander et al., 2011: Electricity-specific emission factors for grid electricity,
http://www.eclac.org/portofspain/noticias/paginas/0/44160/Trinidad_and_Tobagolcarl325.pdf
23
24
25 CD4CDM,
Project Outlines & Feedback from Sectoral Workshop on 27/10/2011, Second National
and Sectoral Capacity Building Workshops for CDM.
ECLAC, 2011, An Assessment of the Economic Impact of Climate Change on the Energy Sector in Trinidad and Tobago,
http://www.eclac.org/portofspain/noticias/paginas/0/44160/Trinidad_and_Tobagolcarl325.pdf
26
14
Trinidad and Tobago
gy bill. However, despite many years of promotion, it is also the most overlooked option.
In the CDM, for instance, demand-side energy efficiency projects only make up 1% of the
CER generation. There are many reasons for this, including the fact that most developing
countries focus on energy access rather than energy saving. However, this is not the case
in Trinidad & Tobago, which is almost fully electrified.27 Furthermore, its abundant access
to fossil fuels has not been an ideal basis for initiating energy efficiency measures, either.
Per capita energy consumption is almost six times the world average, and almost 30%
higher than that of the USA.28 The Government of Trinidad and Tobago is currently developing a national energy policy Green Paper that recognizes renewable energy (RE) combined with energy efficiency (EE). A major challenge to the promotion of renewable energy and energy efficiency is the subsidized domestic energy prices, which make it difficult
to compete29.
Economic viability aside, the reduction options are clear. Nearly all households are operating a number of electrical appliances, including A/Cs, which can have their efficiency improved through labelling initiatives, or fiscal support mechanisms like tax credits, import
duty exemptions, 0-rating for VAT purposes, wear and tear allowances, etc. These initiatives were mentioned in the recent Brief on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.30
The below graph illustrates the total bi-monthly electricity consumption.31
Figure 6, Total Bi-monthly electricity consumption
27
http://www.photius.com/rankings/electrification_by_country_2007_2008.html
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0301421511005957/1-s2.0-S0301421511005957main.pdf?_tid=9284b68c58acf97d2f88d565defe7a3e&acdnat=1345099417_ac2998c5856d640b4cf3aab316e05f8c
28
29
http://www.energy.gov.tt/energy_industry.php?mid=164
30
http://www.energy.gov.tt/energy_industry.php?mid=164
31
http://energy.gov.tt/content/266.pdf
15
Trinidad and Tobago
The above figure illustrates the electricity consumption of a typical household in Trinidad,
which reveals obvious areas of intervention. Water heating is the largest source of consumption, and has clear substitution options in solar water heating (see the Renewable
Energy section), while the second largest source of consumption is air conditioning. Normally, up to 30% energy can be saved when replacing an inefficient air conditioner with an
efficient one, which would result in potential reductions of 1,100 kWh/year, corresponding to about 1 tCO2e/year per household. The baseline is the energy that would have been
used and the emission reduction potential is the electricity saved times the grid emission
factor of 0.77 tCO2/MWh. If half of all households run A/Cs, and half of these would exchange them for efficient ones, the total reduction potential would be about 90,000
tCO2e/year. In comparison, a similar uptake of solar water heating would yield 650,000
tCO2e of annual emissions reduction. The public sector and the hotels sector would hold
significant reduction potentials as well. The website Tripadvisor.com lists 58 hotels that
if assumed to have an average of 100 air-conditioned rooms could reduce about 12,000
tCO2e (average usage 12 hours/day). It is likely that a comprehensive A/C exchange programme could yield about 100,000 tCO2e of emissions reduction per year.
A countrywide CFL programme could theoretically reduce 250 kWh/household/year, or
about 100,000 tCO2e, assuming 10 incandescent bulbs per household are exchanged, and
efficiency gains are 75%. The public sector and private businesses could add further reduction potentials.
Public services such as streetlights, traffic lights and water pumping, also represent reduction options. No data for traffic lights have been retrievable for T&T, but in Jamaica an
87% reduction of energy consumption is expected from a complete exchange of the countrys 3,300 lamps in traffic lights.32 Assuming a similar coverage, in relative terms,33 there
would be about 6,000 lamps in traffic lights in T&T. With an average bulb wattage of
150W, and an average usage of 8 hours per day-- assuming 3 lamps in one traffic light
(red, green and yellow)--energy consumption would be reduced by little less than 2,300
MWh, or about 2,000 tCO2e/year. There are no reports on any activity on LED conversion
of streetlights, but Trinidad airport has initiated a conversion programme for its runways.34 A figure from 1997 has the total energy consumption for street lighting in T&T
amounting to 16,000 MWh.35 Using this figure, an assumed efficiency gain of 80%, and a
50% conversion rate, 6,400 MWh could be saved, or about 6,000 tCO2e.
Trinidad and Tobago consumes 350-400 million cubic meters of water per year, mainly
pumped from different aquifers -- e.g. the Northern Gravels Aquifer, which is extensively
pumped for water supply throughout North Trinidad, i.e. also supplying Port of Spain.36
Energy consumption for pumping depends on a range of variables, particularly the distance and height (up or down) the water is to be moved. Flat pumping of 25 km could require about 0.2 kwh/m3, which could potentially be reduced by 40% through the installation of energy efficient pumps.37 Assuming that this corresponds to the average pumping
32
http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/LED-to-the-rescue_7932378
Adjusted for number of inhabitants and gdp/cap, though there is no evidence for correlation between these figures and the
number of traffic lights in a country.
33
34
http://www.electricityforum.com/news/may09/SolarLEDlightsaddedtoTrinidadairport.html
35
http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/ene_ele_con_by_pub_lig-energy-electricity-consumption-public-lighting
36
http://www.wasa.gov.tt/Forms/IADB2011/Maloney%20Report%20Final%20Draft%20Rev%202%20with%20Appendices.pdf
37
http://www.energibesparelser-vand.dk/Default.aspx?ID=2250&TokenExist=no
16
Trinidad and Tobago
needs for water in T&T (the assumption has not been verified), potential energy savings
could amount to 30,000 MWh, or more than 25,000 tCO2e for water supply alone. Further
reduction options could be anticipated in sewage treatment.
Technology type

year (tCO2e)
CFL distribution
100,000
AMS-II.E.
AMS-II.J.
A/Cs
100,000
AMS-II.C
LED traffic lights
2,000
AMS-II.C
LED streetlights
6,000
AMS-II.C
Water pumping
25,000
AMS-II.C
Industrial Production Processes

The industry sector represents, by far, the largest energy consumer in Trinidad and Tobago. In 2003, according to the IEA, 86% of all energy was consumed by the industry sector.38
Recently, T&T has sought ways to promote and implement energy efficiency policies, especially as it relates to the design and construction of buildings, plants, and other projects.
In the 2010 budget, the government announced a tax break for companies undertaking
energy audits.39 In July 2010, the Minister of Energy and Energy Affairs mandated the National Energy Corporation (NEC) to embark on a study, developing a framework for an
energy efficiency policy. Moreover, it was to include an energy management program for
petrochemical plants, as well as providing, in the 20102011 national budget, tax allowances of 150% on the costs incurred by companies in the commissioning of energy audits,
and accelerated depreciation of 75% in the year of acquisition on the capital incurred by
companies in the acquisition of smart energy efficient systems.40 While these initiatives
will likely help to lessen emissions, the emissions reduction potential cannot be assessed.
The petrochemical and heavy industries are responsible for 56% of T&Ts emissions,41
and, therefore, are obvious targets for emissions reduction initiatives. The petrochemicals
industry, including oil production, is the primary source of emissions. The bulk of the associated gas in onshore oil production is vented into the atmosphere. Onshore production
yields about 20,000 bopd, with a gas to oil ratio (GOR) of about 500 scf per bbl.42 Furthermore, 500 scf corresponds to just above 10 kg of methane with a global warming potential
38
39
http://www.guardian.co.tt/business-guardian/2011/04/07/green-buildings-and-energy-efficiency
40
41
http://energy.gov.tt/content/266.pdf
42
http://www.energy.gov.tt/content/231.pdf
17
Trinidad and Tobago
of 21. That is 217 kg of CO2e, or 4,348 tCO2e/day, which amounts to 1,587,000

tCO2e/year.43 Additional reductions could be achieved if the methane is used for energy
production. Known resources amount to 100,000 bbl/day for a hundred years, and thus
represent immense reduction options (or avoidance of emissions).44
ArcelorMittal Point Lisas is the largest steelmaker in the Caribbean and the largest non-oil
industrial complex in Trinidad and Tobago. The companys total direct reduced iron (DRI)
production capacity is now 2.7 million tons from 1.3 million tpa DRI Midrex plants, a 1.4
million tpa DRI Midrex Megamod plant, and two 120-ton modern electric arc furnaces
with a capacity of 1 million tons of liquid steel. This is, by any measure, a large production.
In comparison, two CDM projects recovering waste heat in the Indian steel sector establish
14 MW power capacity from the production of 120,000 t sponge iron per year (CDM project no. 367), and 10 MW power capacity from a similar 120,000 t annual sponge iron production (CDM project no. 1157), respectively. The Indian grid emission factor of 0.86 is
comparable to that of T&T. These two projects are expected to reduce 32,500 and 44,600
tCO2e/year, respectively. A 25 MW installation at a 360,000 tpa sponge iron facility is expected to reduce 160,000 tCO2e/year (CDM project no. 1719). On this basis, it would be
reasonable to assess the reduction potential at Point Lisas to be at least 500,000 tCO 2e,
and possibly larger. There are about 10 local manufacturers of iron products, based on
ArcelorMittals output such as Centrin, which has an annual production capacity of
120,000 t, and produces Rounds, Rebars, Flats, Angles, Squares, etc. 45. There are likely to
be additional energy efficiency options in these companies, though it has not been assessed.
Trinidad Cement Ltd.s cement production was about 950,000 tons in 200846, which is
assumed to be the entire T&T production (national production in 2007 was 900,000
tons47). Waste heat recovery in the cement industry is common in CDMs. The size of TCLs
production is comparable to CDM project no. 432948 in the Philippines, where a 1 Mta cement plant is expected to generate emission reductions of 11,800 tCO2e/year from waste
heat recovery.
The chemicals industry in T&T is significant and diverse. Emissions reduction potentials in
many of the 41 chemical manufacturing companies listed in the manufacturers index49 are
limited. Plastics, cosmetics, industrial cleaning products, and paints are prevalent, but with
no reduction potential. Micro Milling Limited produces mortar and limestone products,
and might be a target for emissions reduction, though the potential cannot be assessed.
Ammonia production is, without doubt, the largest source of GHG emissions in T&T. In
2009, production corresponded to 5,100,000 tons of nitrogen content,50 responsible for
43
The source arrives at 200,000 tCO2e, but the calculation is not explained
44
http://www.energy.gov.tt/content/231.pdf
45
http://www.centrintt.com/
46
http://www.tcl.co.tt/about-tcl/tcl-sales-and-production
47
http://www.undp.org.tt/TT-Today/Trinidad-Tobago-Production-of-Cement-Sugar-1960-2007.html
48
http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/S/T/A/STAX2E8ZGJ5YLCB0VQPI96D1FUNM34/4329%20PDD.pdf?t=ZkJ8bTkzenlzfDBGPXfm
ebplRcSkZMwW6Zdz
49
http://www.ttma.com/directory/manufacturing/
50
http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=tt&product=ammonia&graph=production
18
Trinidad and Tobago
54% of T&Ts emissions -- or about 30 million tCO2e.51 The CO2 emissions are unavoidable
in the production process of ammonia based on NH4CO3, thus, reductions require alternative usage of the CO2, possibly for the production of urea, which may already be ongoing
(urea production constitutes 1% of T&Ts GHG emissions52). The reduction potential,
therefore, cannot be assessed.
CaribGlass is a manufacturer of glass packaging, the production of which requires high
temperatures, consequently offering energy efficiency opportunities. Efficiency gains may
be in the order of about 40%.53 Current production output and energy consumption is not
known, though CGLs annual turnover is 27million USD.54 This may, very roughly, be assessed to reflect a production of about 2,000 tons of glass.55 CDM project no. 1018 in India
achieves emission reductions of about 15,000 tCO2e in the production of approximately
1,000 tons/year, leading to an assumption that CaribGlass may hold a potential of emission reductions of about 30,000 tCO2e.
Technology type

year (tCO2e)
Cement industry
11,800
AMS-II.D., AMS-III.B., AMSIII.Q., AMS-III.AS. ACM12,

AM24
Steel waste heat recovery
500,000
ACM12
Glass waste heat recovery
30,000
ACM12
Flaring in oil fields
1,587,000
AM9
Transportation
Trinidad and Tobago has already established clear targets for emissions reduction in the
transport sector:
1) Moving from less than 1% to 15 20% of the vehicle population (i.e. about 75,000
to 100,000 vehicles) to CNG, from T&Ts oil and gas fields, especially high mileage
vehicles.
2) A 40% reduction in liquid fuel volumes, which in turn will significantly reduce the
petroleum subsidy bill.
3) A 10 15% reduction in the carbon footprint of the transportation sector.56
51
http://trinidadandtobago.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/296137/1stnational_sectoralworkshopsreport.pdf
52
http://trinidadandtobago.acp-cd4cdm.org/media/296137/1stnational_sectoralworkshopsreport.pdf
53
http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/T/5/N/T5NVJ6WK5LQ2OSZTTQP1G94C365BME/HNG%20PDD.pdf?t=Yzd8bTk3ZHAyfDAJqh
8CAZeXqI4QmV41TNXQ
54
http://www.ansamcal.com/eng/2manufacturing.asp?articleid=32&zoneid=11
http://emb.gov.ph/nswmc/PDF/others/Price%20of%20Recyclables.PDF using an average factory price of 7 US cents per

kilo of glass.
55
http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/csd-19-ipm/28february/presentations/Sustainable-TransportationDevelopment-TrevorTownsend.pdf
56
19
Trinidad and Tobago
The Ministry of Works and Transport estimates that there are approximately 630,000 vehicles in the country, increasing by about 30,000 annually.57 The emissions from consumption of liquid fuels in T&T, in 2008, were 3.7 million tons, nearly all of which stems from
transportation (all power production is based on gas).58 A CNG conversion programme for
the petrol-based vehicles has the potential to reduce emissions by about 25%,59 but it is
uncertain how big a share is converted voluntarily. Petrol is the dominant fuel, and SUVs
are very common, which could render even a 10% conversion significant, in emissions
reduction terms roughly 60,000 tCO2e. If the target of 40% reduction in liquid fuel volumes were reached, it would correspond to about 370,000 tCO2e.
Greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector have increased by 278% over
the period 1990 to 2006.60 The Government has attempted to reduce emissions from the
transportation sector by encouraging the increased use of alternative low-carbon emission
fuels, such as CNG, through the removal of Value Added Taxes (VAT) and import duties on
CNG conversion kits. To enhance this effort, the Cabinet agreed in 2011 that the main artery of the road network utilised by public (buses) and private (maxi taxis) mass transportation, the Priority Bus Route, be converted into a Green route, allowing vehicles powered by either low-carbon emission fuels (CNG), zero emissions (electric power), or a
combination of electric power and fossil fuel (hybrid power) to use the Priority Bus Route.
Additionally, street and traffic lights along the Priority Bus Route would be converted to
solar power.
Trinidad and Tobago already has a modern bus fleet of 300 buses operated by PTSC, including 12 Volvo articulated buses, accommodating 115 passengers per unit, purchased in
2005. Converting the fleet to operate on CNG may qualify as a CDM activity, though reductions would only be approximately 15,000 tCO2e/year (assuming about 300 km/bus/day
and emissions reduction from conversion of diesel to CNG to be about 25%). This could be
supported by a recently initiated GPS system to track movements of public buses61. However, 90% of public transportation is by 25,000 privately owned 45 passenger sedans and
4,500 privatelyowned 925 seater vehicles62 that do not constitute captive fleets and,
therefore, cannot be a basis for any CDM activity. These would naturally be encompassed
by the already existing CNG conversion campaign. Furthermore, there is a heavily subsidized lowvolume luxury Water Taxi System linking North to South, and two major ports
handling international and regional cargo.63 Both are sources of emissions that may be
addressed in a conversion of current fuel consumption to biofuels. However, so far, no
activity on biofuels production has been reported in Trinidad & Tobago, except for CMS
Limited, a company located in San Juan, which T&T has announced will produce 1.1 million litres/year of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil collected on the island64. This corresponds to an estimated emissions reduction of about 3,000 tCO2e or a little less if it replaces CNG.
57
http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2011/08/25/govt-moves-green-priority-bus-route
58
http://www.tradingeconomics.com/trinidad-and-tobago/indicators
59
http://www.swenergy.org/publications/documents/Ozone_Precursor_and_GHG_Emissions_RAQC_04-08-11.pdf
60
http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2011/08/25/govt-moves-green-priority-bus-route
61
http://www.stabroeknews.com/2012/archives/05/24/gps-system-to-track-trinidad-public-transport-buses/
62
63
64
http://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/article/caribbean-island-to-produce-biodiesel-from-waste
20
Trinidad and Tobago
Type of Technology

per year (tCO2e)
Biodiesel for transport
60,000
ACM17, AMS-III.C., AMS-III.T.
Summary
Trinidad & Tobago has an overall abatement potential of 5,314,914 tCO2e. The total investments needed to achieve these reductions can only be roughly assessed, as a sizeable
share of the reductions relate to technologies for which no data currently exists -- in terms
of their investment to CER-revenue ratio.
Technology type
Emission Reduction Potential per year (tCO2e)
REDD+ / Avoided deforestation
286,260
Afforestation/
Reforestation
1,717,560
Biodiesel
12,000
Waste
590,230
Waste water
192,500
Fossil fuel switch
99,792
Wind
96,250
Solar lighting
7,600
Solar Water Heaters
154,482
CFL distribution
100,000
A/Cs
100,000
LED traffic lights
2,000
LED street lights
6,000
Water pumping
25,000
Cement industry
11,800
Steel waste heat recovery
500,000
Glass waste heat recovery
30,000
Flaring in oil fields
1,587,000
Biodiesel for transport
60,000
These estimates should not be regarded as being precise. Rather, they represent a form of
calculation that allows comparison among economies, and their relative attractiveness as
destinations for carbon finance.
It should be emphasized that while attempting to be exhaustive, the estimates here do not
claim to be all-inclusive. There may be unidentified sources of reductions not included in
the technology overview, and not represented by existing methodologies, but in all likelihood these would be minor compared to the potentials identified.
21
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EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

67 years (men), 74 years

Figure 1, Map of Trinidad and Tobago1

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

Economy, Growth and Emissions

Figure 2, Total primary energy supply and consumption in ktoe/year

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

Figure 3, GDP Percent Change, Trinidad and Tobago

Figure 4, GDP of Trinidad and Tobago, in USD

Figure 5, Total carbon emissions since 1990

Status of CDM Development and Capacity Building

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

submitted for preliminary consideration on 23 February 2012. A number of additional

International water purification programme

CarbonSoft Open Source

Petrotrin Oil Fields Associated Gas Recovery and

Oil field flaring

Overview of CDM Opportunities in Trinidad and Tobago

http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/archive/Trinidad_and_Tobago.htm (forest cover divided by carbon stock)

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

Emission Reduction Potential per

REDD+ / Avoided deforestation

AR-AM1, AR-AM3, AR-AM4,

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

Emission Reduction Potential

ACM0017, AMS-III.AK., AM0041

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

Emission Reduction Potential

Energy generation from rice residues

AM36, ACM6, ACM3, ACM2, ACM18,

Emission Reduction Potential

AMS-I.C., AMS-I.D., AMS-I.F., AMSIII.D.,

Calculations are made in an internal spreadsheet

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

Emission Reduction Potential

AM25, ACM1, AMS-III.E., AMS-I.C.,

Emission Reduction Potential

M36, ACM6, ACM2, AMS-I.C., AM36,

Conventional Power Production

Water and Sewage Authorities in Trinidad and Tobago (WASA), 2010.

Water and Sewage Authorities in Trinidad and Tobago (WASA), 2010.

REEGLE, 2012, http://www.reegle.info/countries/trinidad-and-tobago-energy-profile/TT

REEGLE, 2012, http://www.reegle.info/countries/trinidad-and-tobago-energy-profile/TT

Regulated Industries Commission, 2012, http://www.ric.org.tt/cms/content/view/59/75/

EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROFILE

Trinidad and Tobago

Emission Reduction Potential

Fossil fuel switch