Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd.

2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.1 Analysing the Magnetic Effect

of a Currentcarrying Conductor

 Magnetic Effect of a Currentcarrying Conductor

(a)

Electric bell
switch

battery
spring
current
electromagnet
pulled by
electromagnet

contact point
contact screw
armature

hammer

gong

(b)

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

44

Magnetic relay

output

contact switch
fulcrum

input

armature
electromagnet

+
pulled by electromagnet

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.1 Analysing the Magnetic Effect

of a Current-carrying Conductor

 Magnetic Field

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

45

behaves
like
a big
magnet

earth's magnetic
field

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.1 Analysing the Magnetic Effect

of a Current-carrying Conductor

 Magnetic Field By Current-carrying Conductors

(a)

Straight wire
+

(b)

current

Coil

+
Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

46

(c)

Solenoid

I
+

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.1 Analysing the Magnetic Effect

of a Current-carrying Conductor

 Maxwells Right Hand Rule

I
Direction of
current

Direction of
current
N

Direction of
magnetic field

Direction of
magnetic field
I

current

magnetic
field

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

47

Electric current is coming out

direction of magnetic field is

anti-clockwise

Battery

Direction of
magnetic field

S
X

Electric current is going in

direction of magnetic field is
clockwise

Battery

current

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.2 Understanding the Force on a

Current-carrying Conductor in
a Magnetic Field

 Force on a Current-carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Flemings left hand rule
M
I

M (magnetic field)
I (current)
F
F (force)

Force in a lastic (catapult) field

uniform field
from magnet
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48

concentric field
by electric current

Force

stretching of magnetic
field to produce a force

Generating force in a magnetic field

magnadur magnet
south pole
metal rod taped
I

light
conductor

I
F

I
north pole
wooden block

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.2 Understanding the Force on a

Current-carrying Conductor in
a Magnetic Field

 Principle of Motor

A.C. MOTOR
Direction of turning
permanent
magnet

wire
coil

rotating slip-rings

A.C.
carbon
brushes

D.C. MOTOR
Direction of turning
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49

permanent
magnet
wire coil
S

commutator
+

carbon
brush

rheostat
battery

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.3 Analysing Electromagnetic Induction

 Electromagnetic Induction
FARADAYS LAW
Cutting the magnetic flux produces electric current

Movement of rod
wire

magnadur
magnet
metal
rod

G
I
Induced
current

galvanometer

Flemings right hand rule

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50

Magnetic
field
M

I
Electric current

Motion

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.3 Analysing Electromagnetic Induction

 Electromagnetic Induction
LENZS LAW
Same magnetic pole produced generates
a repulsive force

solenoid
push in
N

N
magnet

Induced
current

galvanometer

Opposite magnetic pole produced generates an

attractive force

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

pull out
S

magnet
I
G

galvanometer

51

Induced
current

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.3 Analysing Electromagnetic Induction

 Current Generator
A.C. GENERATOR
Turning

strong
magnet

A
N

B
slip-rings

Q
wire
coil
Load
P
carbon
brushes

Induced
e.m.f.

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

52

1
4

1
2

3
4

Number of
revolution

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.3 Analysing Electromagnetic Induction

 Current Generator
D.C. GENERATOR

Turning

strong
magnet

S
A

NN
B

commutator

carbon
brush

wire
coil

Q
I

Load

direct
current

Induced
e.m.f.
Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

53

1
4

1
2

3
4

Number of
revolution
1

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.4 Analysing Transformers

3.5 Understanding the Generation and
Transmission of Electricity

 Transformer
Structure

Symbol
primary

primary
coil

laminated soft-iron

Np

secondary
coil
Ns
Is

800

200

Ip
Vp

Vs

A.C. input

A.C. output

Vp primary voltage
Vs secondary voltage
Np number of turns in
primary coil
Ns number of turns in
secondary coil
Ip primary current
Is secondary current

Principle of transformer
Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

54

secondary

1 Voltage V Number of turns N

Vs
Ns
Ip
=
=
Vp
Np
Is
2 With no power loss

P = IpVp = IsVs

3 Efficiency = power output 100%

power input
VI
= s s 100%
VpIp

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.4 Analysing Transformers

3.5 Understanding the Generation and
Transmission of Electricity

 Type of transformer
Step-up transformer

Vp

Np

Ns

Step-down transformer

Vs

Vp

Vs > Vp
Ns > Np

Np

Ns

Vs

Vs < V p
Ns < Np

National grid transmission system

132 kV
25 kV

power
station

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

55

step-up
transformer
power cable
at 33 kV

33 kV 11 kV
step-down
transformer

132 kV
33 kV
step-down transformer
11 kV

480 V
240 V
Local stations

11 kV
11 kV

240 V

Houses

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.4 Analysing Transformers

3.5 Understanding the Generation and
Transmission of Electricity

 Moving Coil Galvanometer (for D.C. only)

pointer
linear scale
spring
rectangular
coil

I
N

semicircular
magnet

SS

soft-iron core
spring
D.C.

Radial field

Advantages
Sensitive
Linear scale
Can be adapted to become an
ammeter or a voltmeter

As an ammeter

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56

Io

Io

As a voltmeter
I

(I- Io)

R
shunt

Ir
shunt R = VG = o
I- Io I- Io

Io R

Io
r

VR

VG
V

V-Ior
multiplier R = V-VG =
Io
Io

r = internal resistance of galvanometer

Io = maximum current for full-scale deflection
VG = maximum p.d. across galvanometer

 Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

CHAPTER

Electromagnetism

3.4 Analysing Transformers

3.5 Understanding the Generation and
Transmission of Electricity

 Instruments for Measuring Electric Current (for D.C. and A.C.)

Hot-wire meter
pointer
non-linear scale

silk thread
zero adjustor
platinum
wire

adjusting screw
A
I

B
I

shunt

Moving-iron meter
non-linear scale
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57

bearing

shaft

fine spring
pointer
movable iron plate

permanent
iron plate

solenoid

terminal T1

terminal T2
bearing