FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA,

40450, SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

GUIDELINES

BY
NOR HAYATI BINTI ABDUL HAMID
TURAHIM ABD HAMID
ZAHRULLAILI YAHYA

APRIL 2009

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

GUIDELINES

AUTHORS
NOR HAYATI ABDUL HAMID
TURAHIM ABD. HAMID
ZAHRULLAILI YAHYA

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
40450, SHAH ALAM
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

EDITED BY
CHE MAZNAH MAT ISA
APRIL 2009

PREFACE
This document has been prepared mainly for students who are undertaking Final
Year Project as a partial requirement to be awarded as Bachelor of Civil Engineering
(Hons.) at Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). As part
of this program, final year students are required to carry out their individual
research project known as the Final Year Project (FYP) throughout one final year
(two semesters). This document is designed to guide the students in various stages
especially in exploring the issue, organizing the work, conducting experimental
work and field work, thesis writing and finally writing technical paper.
This manual can also be used for postgraduate students, supervisors, panels and
management staffs in managing and conducting research work. Various criteria
such as problem statement, objective, scope, literature review, methodology,
analysis and results are addressed in assessing the FYP students for their
presentations and reports. Students and supervisors are encouraged to follow one
year project calendar in planning and conducting research activities.
In order to ensure that all the planned activities work efficiently and according to
time frame, a set of forms are attached at the back of this manual for perusal of
students, supervisors, examiners and technicians. These forms are ranging from
proposing research title or scope, booking and registering of the topic, logbook as a
mean of monitoring, booking facilities, evaluation from supervisors, panels and also
purchasing of consumable items are provided.
Hence, students, supervisors, academia and supporting staffs are advised to read
and understand this guidelines/manual before conducting any student research
project. A briefing on the procedure and implementation of Final Year Project will
be conducted at first week of every semester. Students are advised to attend the
talk.
Finally, the authors would like to thank PM Dr Khafilah Din, Siti Rashidah Mohd
Nasir, Md Rasul Mohammad Nor, Haryati Awang and Norliyati Mohd Amin on their
effort to produce a useful document for students, supervisors, lecturers and

supporting staffs in this faculty in achieving good quality of final year students
project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES

1
2
4
5

CHAPTER ONE:

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

1.1

Introduction

1.2

Project Organization
1.2.1 Academic Board FKA
1.2.2 Advisory Committee
1.2.3 Project Coordinator
1.2.4 Project Supervisor
1.2.5 Panels of Presentation
1.2.6 Final Year Project Student
1.2.7 Administrative Staff
1.2.8 Laboratory Staff

7
8
8
9
9
10
11
11
11

1.3

Project Calendar

12

1.4

Credit Hours

12

1.5

Project Evaluation

14

1.6

Propose Title or Scope of Research

14

1.7

Implementation and Monitoring

17

1.8

Cost and Budget

1.7.1 Faculty Budget (Bendahari Zon 8)
1.7.2 Supervisors Research Grant

17
19
19

1.9

Research Ethics

19

1.10

Forms

22

1.11

Program Educational Objectives of the Faculty

23

CHAPTER TWO:

25

REPORT WRITING FORMAT

2.1

General Technical Specifications

2.1.1 Length of the Report
2.1.2 Typing and Printing
2.1.3 Typeface, Typing Quality and Font Size
2.1.4 Margins
2.1.5 Paragraph
2.1.6 Spacing
2.1.7 Pagination
2.1.8 Tables and Figures
2.1.9 Paper and Duplication
2.1.10 Binding and Submission

25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26

2.2

Layout or Arrangement of the Report

2.2.1 The Preliminary
2.2.2 The Main Body or Text
2.2.3 The Reference Materials

26
26
37
38

2.3

Editorial Service

38

2.4

Progress Report

38

2.5

Oral Presentation

38

2.5

Frequent questions normally asked by Final Year Project Students

39

CHAPTER THREE:

41

FORMAT FOR TECHNICAL PAPER

3.1

Title of the Technical Paper

41

3.2

Abstract

41

3.3

Introduction

41

3.4

Headings

41

3.4.1 Sub-heading

41

3.5

Figures

42

3.6
3.7
3.8

Tables
References Citation and Listing
Conclusion
CHAPTER FOUR: FORMAT FOR POSTER PRESENTATION
Sample of Poster
FORMS
Topic Registration -FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 1)
Booking Form - FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 2)
Registration Form-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 3)
Lab and Computer Lab Registration Form -FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 4)
Meeting Document -FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 5)
Submission Form (ECW 511/ KJC 527)-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 6)
Evaluation Form ECW 511/ KJC 527(Supervisor)- FKAUiTM / FYP/

42
43
43
44
45

2006 (Bil. 7)

Evaluation Form ECW 511/ KJC 527 (Panel I )- FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006
(Bil. 8)

Evaluation Form ECW 511/ KJC 527 (Panel II)- FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006
(Bil.9)

Recommendation Form (Panels)-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil.10)

Submission Form (ECW 512/ KJC 537)-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2003 (Bil.11)
Evaluation Form ECW 512/ KJC 537(Supervisor)- FKAUiTM / FYP/
2006 (Bil.12)

Evaluation Form ECW 512/ KJC 537 (Panel I )- FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006
(Bil.13)

Evaluation Form ECW 512/ KJC 537 (Panel II)- FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006
(Bil.14)

Amendment of Topic -FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil.15)

Incomplete FYP Report Form-FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 16)
Remarks and Comments (After Corrected)- FKAUiTM / FYP/ 2006 (Bil. 17)

LIST OF FIGURES
Figures

Descriptions

Page

Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Project Organization Chart

Flow chart upon an approval of FYP for staff on study leave
Flow chart showing the implementation of FYP students
Flow chart of procedure in determining budget/cost
Sample of the Spine and Cover of the Report
Sample of the Title Page
Sample of Declaration by the Candidate and Supervisor/s
Sample of Acknowledgement
Sample of Abstract
Sample of List of Contents
Sample of List of Figures
Sample of List of Tables
Sample of List of Abbreviations
Sample of Main Body/Text of the Report
Sample of Writing an Equation
Sample of Listing References
Sample of Listing Appendices
Isometric view of rocking precast hollow core wall
Forces acting on seismic and non-seismic walls
The prototype of warehouse Type III building
Test specimens used in the experimental investigation
Experimental set-up and instrumentation
Theoretical and experimental results for Wall 1 with 64%
prestressing of unbonded tendon tested on shaking table
The experimental and theoretical results of Wall 2-P+B:
Performance snug tight unbonded tendons and 50%
prestressing unbonded fuse-bars
Wall 2-P+C: Performance with 50% prestressing unbonded
tendons and external mechanical energy dissipators

8
10
18
21
27
28
29
30
30
31
32
32
33
33
34
35
35
36
42
50
51
52
53
54

55

LIST OF TABLES
Table
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
Table 1.4
Table 2.1
Table 3.1

Descriptions
Activities of Final Year Project Students
Project Calendar
Project Evaluation for KJC 527 (Supervisor and Panels)
Project Evaluation for KJC 537 (Supervisor and Panels)
The role of potentiometers in a multi-panel precast wall
system
HAZUS damage states and the probability of occurrences

Page
7
13
15
16
36
43

CHAPTER ONE
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
1.1

INTRODUCTION

The final year project (FYP) manual is designed to guide the undergraduate
students in conducting their research/project before submitting to Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). This report is a partial requirement
in awarding the Bachelor in Engineering (Hons.)(Civil). This manual is intended to
give students the exposure how to conduct research, technical and report writing
within the standard requirements which had been practiced by local and
international universities.
Various activities involve in FYP such as planning, executing and documentation of
their outcomes. In conjunction with these activities, the objectives of FYP as
outlined below to achieve a good quality of outcomes:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

f)
g)
h)

To develop the students basic skill of research.

To have insight into the organization, approach, analysis and research
methodology in any particular topic in areas of students interest.
To expose student in finding literature review from research materials such
as journals, internet, magazines, etc.
To train the student to achieve the objective, formulate problem statement,
solve engineering problem and defend such statement.
To act effectively as an individual in carrying out experimental projects and
analyze data using the relevant tools in achieving objective of the study
within limit scope and time.
To assist student in analyzing primary and secondary data.
To produce an acceptable research proposal, final year report and technical
paper which can be apply in the specific Civil Engineering discipline.
To build-up students self-confidence, communication, presentation, writing
and time management skills.

The FYP is conducted in the last three semesters of the students study period i.e.
in semester 6(course code: ECW 501/KJC 517), semester 7 (course code: ECW
511/ KJC 527) and semester 8 (course code: ECW 521/ KJC 537). The students

are expected to finish their research proposal at the end semester 6. They must
frequently meet the supervisors asking about the topics and make the clarification
on problem statement, scope of research and past literature review.
In semester 7, the students must start their research work by conducting
experimental work, field works, prepare questionnaires and data collection. At the
beginning of semester 8, the students should make analysis on the data obtained
and prepare the final version of project report. On top of this, they also required to
prepare the technical paper similar to journal format. Finally, the students need to
present their output in front of two panels. This is to train the students in
expounding statements of facts and defend such statement in front of audiences. It
is a good practice for the students to pursue their career as civil engineering in the
future.
Supervisors are advised to ascertain the standard and quality of the projects
carried out by their students. Supervisors will assess the progress of project and
the two panels/examiners will be appointed by the Final Year Coordinator to
evaluate the report and presentation of the students. The activities, duration, credit
hours and mode of assessment in executing FYP courses which include ECW
501/KJC 517, ECW 511/KJC 527 and ECW 521/ KJC 537 are shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Activities of Final Year Project Students

Activities

Duration

Credit
Hours

Mode of
Assessment

Examiner

Report
Bindings

ECW 501/KJC 517

- Problem Identification
- Literature Review
- Writing Research
Proposal

6 months
(Sem.6)

Presentation
of research
proposal

Lecturers

Spiral
binding

ECW 511/ KJC 527

- Theoretical
Background
- Construction of
Specimen
- Experimental Set-up
- Instrumentation
- Data Collection
- Submission of
Progress Report

6 months
(Sem.7)

0.0

Presentation
on progress
report

Supervisor and
panels

Spiral
Binding

ECW 521/ KJC 537

6 months

6.0

Poster

Super-

Spiral

- Data Analysis
- Interpretation of
Results
- Report Writing
- Poster Presentation
- Submission of Report

1.2

(Sem.8)

presentation

visor and
panels (2
from
Faculty
and 2
from
Industry)

Binding

PROJECT ORGANIZATION

The flow chart for the final year project organization is shown in Figure 1.1. It is
signified the communication hierarchy of various parties involved in the execution
of FYP. The people who are involved in this hierarchy are Deputy Dean of
Academic, supervisors, project coordinator, panels, laboratory staffs, administrative
staffs and students. Students are advised to communicate with their supervisors
on the topic and how to conduct the experimental work either in laboratory or on
site.

1.2.1 Academic Board Faculty of Civil Engineering

The Academic Board of FKA is the policy maker body who is accountable to the
standard quality of FYP report. The roles of the Academic Board are:
a)
to attend and make decision for abnormal cases which is outside the
jurisdiction of this manual.
b)
to review policy of FYP according to current requirement of the faculty if
necessary.
c)
to oversee the overall management and operational of FYP.

ACADEMIC BOARD
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXAMINER

SUPERVISOR

PROJECT
COORDINATOR

LABORATORY
STAFF

ADVISORY
COMMITTEE

STUDENTS

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

Figure 1.1: Project Organization Chart

1.2.2 Advisory Committee

The advisory committee members are appointed by the Dean from faculty members
who are currently the Head of Division and Head of Program. The committee is led
by the Deputy Dean (Academic). The task of this committee is to produce the
guidelines for FYP including:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

f)
g)

1.2.3

Specify the nature of project, in case of any dispute

Set a benchmark to maintain the standard of FYP
Act as the second examiners for ECW 511/KJC 527 and ECW 521/ KJC 537
Attending appeal cases
Selecting panel for examiners and ensuring it continuity by appointing the
same examiners for ECW 511/ KJC 527 and ECW 521/ KJC 537 for each
student
Monitoring the quality of evaluation and assessment by supervisor and
panels.
Analyze, validate and endorse the marks given by panels and supervisors
before submitted to LAF (Lembaga Akademik Fakulti) for approval.

Project Coordinator

The implementation and coordination of FYP is leading by a Project Coordinator

and assisted by administrative/supporting staffs. The project coordinator is
appointed by the Dean with the following responsibilities:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Give briefing to the final year students on the implementation of FYP at first
week of every semester.
Collect titles and scope of project from supervisors.
Display project titles for students to choose based on their area of interest.
Distribute research projects among supervisors and ensuring that the topics
are equally distributed amongst division.
Collect topic registration, project registration, submission and evaluation
forms from students and supervisors.
Update data base on FYP topics (record all completed FYP).
Prepare a schedule together with panels for student project presentation.
Manage and organize the facilities for day of presentation.

i)
j)

1.2.4

Submit names of examiners who are absent during student presentation to

the Dean.
Compile student evaluation forms from supervisors and panel of examiners
and fill-in the marks in LE-15 form.

Project Supervisor

The faculty members who are going to supervise FYP student must at least
graduated with Master Degree and he/she should become a main supervisor.
Faculty members on study leave can supervise FYP students as co-supervisors with
Deans endorsement after obtaining approvals from both Deputy Dean (Academic)
and Deputy Dean (Resource) according to flow chart shown in Figure 1.2. Faculty
members without Master Degree are encouraged to supervise FYP students as cosupervisors only. The project supervisors are given the trust and duty to guide the
students upon the completion of FYP.
The role and responsibilities of project supervisors are as listed below:
a)
b)
c)

d)

e)
f)
h)
i)
j)
k)

l)
m)

Submit sufficient project topics and scope of research to Project Coordinator

according to project calendar.
Explain the objectives and scope of project to the students and set regular
meeting with them.
Remind students on the issues of plagiarism and its consequences.
Originality of the work and report should be stressed out at the beginning of
semester.
Guide, supervise, encourage, and motivate the student from the
commencing until the end of FYP. Supervisors are encouraged to build a
good relationship with their students without any prejudice.
Check and endorse students logbook and ensure they follow the schedule
closely as plan earlier.
Evaluate research proposal and progress report prepared by students from
KJC527/ECW511
Evaluate and correct the final report submitted by student from
KJC537/ECW521.
Write the comments in final report and give marks by filling the supervisor
evaluation form.
Submit all the marks to Project Coordinator directly after student
presentation.
Bar students and ask them to fill-in incomplete FYP report form from
carrying out the work if they fail to follow the schedule and requirements of
FYP at least one month before presentation.
Work closely with the laboratory staffs in purchasing the consumable items.
Endorse over time claim to laboratory staff.
Faculty member on study leave (MSL)
Proposes topic to Project Coordinator

Approval by Deputy Dean

(Academic) provided:
a) Supervision is done with
full-time faculty member as
main supervisor
b) No. of student depends on
the main supervisor
capability
c) Work load given to the main
supervisor

Approval by Deputy Dean

(Resource) provided:
a) Equipments to be used is
approved by Deputy Dean
(Resource)
b) Consumable materials and
stationary bear by
research grants of MSL or
main supervisor

Deputy Dean (Resource) identifies

laboratory staff to assist FYP

Dean issues official letter

Figure 1.2: Flow chart upon an approval of FYP for staff on study leave.

1.2.5 Panels of Presentation

Panel of examiners are appointed by the Head of Division respectively according to
area of specialization. Their duties are:
a)

Evaluate student presentation based on criteria listed in evaluation form

(panels) as shown in the manual.
b)
Assess students progress report and final report prior to project
presentation.
c)
Attend project presentation, find replacement if panel could not attend.
d)
Instruct students to make corrections after their presentation.
e)
Submit all students marks directly after presentation to Project Coordinator.
Note: Action will be taken for examiners who absent during students project
presentation.

1.2.6 Final Year Project Student

All final year undergraduate students are mandatory to take FYP as a partial
fulfillment in awarding Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering. Their responsibilities
are as listed below:
a)

b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)

m)

1.2.7

Decide a research topic, preferably based on area of students interest.

She/he is encouraged to propose some research topics to Project Coordinator
if any.
Submit registration form to Project Coordinator. Make one copy for
supervisor and one copy for own reference.
Plan the work properly and prepare work schedule for one year with the
guidance of the supervisors.
Students must follow strictly to the work schedule so that the project can be
completed within stipulated the time frame.
Keep record on progress work using a logbook and ensure the supervisor to
endorse the meeting form.
Each student must meet his/her supervisor regularly at least once a week so
that the progress of their works can be monitored closely.
Prepare project research proposal according to the project calendar.
Submit the progress report by the end of semester 7 to supervisor and
examiners. Students are required to prepare project presentation.
Students are encouraged to do their experimental work during semester
break in order to avoid congested at the end of semester.
Ensure no grammatical errors on the reports before submitting to respective
supervisors.
Submit the final report at week 13 in semester 8 to supervisor and panels
and presentation will be held in the following week.
Make necessary correction after the project presentation and before
submitting the hard bind copy to the faculty.
Ready to face certain action from the faculty if they fail to follow schedule
and requirements of FYP. They may appeal to the Advisory Committee for
any cases related to FYP.

Administrative Staff

The administrative/supporting staffs of the faculty is headed by an Assistant

Registrar and assisted by the Executive Officers. Their duties are:
a)
b)
c)

1.2.8

Assist Project Coordinator maintaining database of FYP.

Perform some clerical works related to FYP.
Collect booking, lab and computer registration form from students.

Laboratory Staff

Laboratory staffs coordinated and instructed by Senior Technician and Senior

Laboratory Assistant to:

a)
b)
c)

1.3

Assist the students in conducting experimental work in the laboratory.

Advice and assist the students in operating the machines, testing
equipment, calibrating instruments and any other related facilities.
Handling and purchasing consumable/usable materials for the FYP
students.

PROJECT CALENDAR

Each student must follow closely the activities and date stated in Table 1.2. This
table shows duration in weeks for semester 06, 07 and 08 together with action
which should be taken by the students. Students are advised to fill-in all the forms
as stated in the Table 1.2 for documentation and data base purposes. Project
Calendar is essential to final year students upon the successful and completion of
project.

1.4

CREDIT HOURS
Semester 07
CODE
COURSE
HOURS/WEEK
CREDIT HOURS
GRADE
PREREQUISITE
PASSING MARK

: ECW 511/ KJC 527*

: CIVIL ENGINEERING REPORT 1
(FINAL YEAR PROJECT I)
: Practical: 6.0 Hrs/Week
: 2.0
: PASS or FAIL
: KJC 517/ECW 501
: C (50%)

* Forty percent (40%) of the marks in this code will be given by supervisor based on
students progress work, written research proposal and content of the study.
Another sixty percent (60%) marks will be assessed from report writing,
presentation and communication skills evaluated by two panels from the faculty.
(Quote: From Syllabus KJC 527 and ECW 511).
Semester 08
CODE
COURSE
HOURS/WEEK
CREDIT HOURS
GRADE
PRE-REQUISITE

: ECW 521/ KJC 537**

: CIVIL ENGINEERING REPORT 2
(FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2)
: Practical: 12 .0 hrs/Week
: 4.0
: C (50%)
: ECW 511/ KJC 527 (PASS)

**Thirty percent (30%) is accumulated from ECW 511/ KJC 527 assessment, and
another seventy percent (70%) comes from ECW 521/ KJC 537 which consists
report writing, oral presentation, contents of research, discussion (questions and

answers) between candidate and two panels and by

Syllabus ECW 521/ KJC 537).

supervisor. (Quote: From

Note:
Supervisors and panels must submit the marks of ECW 511/ KJC 527 to Project
Coordinator immediately after student presentation. These marks will be recorded and
carried over into the next semester as 30% of the mark for ECW 521/ KJC 537. Two panels
from the faculty will give a total mark of 50%, supervisor will contribute 30% based on the
report while two panels from the industry will contribute a total of 20% for ECW ECW 521/
KJC 537.
Total final mark of FYP in ECW 521/ KJC 537 is calculated below:
30% from ECW 511/ KJC 527 + 70% from ECW 521/ KJC 537

Table 1.2: PROJECT CALENDAR

SEM 6
SEMESTER 7
SEMESTER 8

18***week

17***week

16***week

week 15**

week 14

week 13

week 12

week 11

week 10

week 9

week 8

week 7*

week 6

week 5

week 4

week 3

week 2

week 1

Activities
Supervisor/Student submits topics
(FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.1))

FKAUiTM/ GCFYP/ EDITION 2-2006

Actions
Supervisor/Student-->Coordinator

Topics will be released to students

Coordinator--> Student

Booking topic (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.2))

Student --> FKA Office Counter

Full list of project will be released to students

Coordinator--> Student

Students register to UiTM/ FKA

Student --> FKA registration counter

Confirmation registration (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.3))

Student--> FKA office counter

Briefing on FYP
Due date for submission of proposal to supervisor for
evaluation

Coordinator--> Student&Supervisor

Laboratory registration (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.4))

Student&Supervisor-->Lab Staff

Project Implementation (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.5))

Student, Supervisor& Lab Staff

Notice on submission of Progress Report

Due date for submission of Prog.Rep.
(FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.6))

Coordinator --> Student& Supervisor

Student --> Supervisor

Notice on Presentation & List of Examiners

Coordinator --> Student& Supervisor

Coordinator -->
Student,S'visor&Examiners

Presentation Week
Marks for KJC 527/ECW
511(FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.7, Bil.8 & Bil.9))

Student,Supervisor&Examiners
Supervisor&Examiners -->
Coordinator

Grading & fill-in LE form

Coordinator

Students register to UiTM/FKA

Student --> FKA registration counter

Amendments of topic(FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.15))

Student(Supervisor)-->Coordinator

Lab registration (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.4))

Student&Supervisor-->Lab Staff

Project Implementation (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.5))

Student,Supervisor& Lab Staff

Notice on submission of Project Report/Thesis

Due submission of P.
Report(FKAUiTM/FYP/20036(Bil.11))
Notice on Presentation & List of Examiners

Coordinator --> Student

Student(Supervisor) -->Coordinator
Coordinator -->
Student,S'visor&Examiners

Presentation Week
Submission of Corrected
Report(FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.17))
Marks for KJC 537/ECW
521(FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.12, Bil.13 & Bil.14))

Student,Supervisor&Examiners

Grading & fill-in LE-15 forms

Coordinator

*Mid Term Break, **Study Leave, ***Examination Week are subjected to changes
Week 1 begins during registration week of students into UiTM and
FKA

Student(Supervisor) -->Coordinator
Supervisor& Examiners -->
Coordinator

1.5

PROJECT EVALUATION

The appraisal of final year project (ECW 511/ KJC 527 & ECW 521/KJC 537) will
be based on research proposal, progress work, presentation and report writing.
Each candidate must submit their report on thirteen week and presentation will be
performed on fourteen week. If the students did not present, they are required to
complete it next semester even though they were already submitted the report.
The breakdown marks for the evaluation of ECW 511/ KJC 527 by supervisor and
two panels are illustrated in Table 1.3. Supervisor is required to give marks on
research proposal, work progress and report writing which will give the overall
marks of 40%. While the panels should give the total overall marks on presentation
of 60% Furthermore, the two panels do not need to give marks on proposal and
progress work.
Table 1.4 illustrates the distribution marks for supervisor, two panels from the
faculty and two panels from the industry for subject ECW 521/ KJC 537. The
difference with ECW 511/ KJC 527 is that supervisor did not give mark on
research proposal. Supervisors are not required to attend their student
presentation. There will be an additional of two (2) panels selected from the
industry to assess the soft skills of the students (communication/presentation
skills). The marks will be given based on progress work and report writing, which
gives an overall mark of 30%. Subsequently, both panels from the faculty should
give marks on report writing of 50%, while the panels from the industry will give
marks on the poster presentation of another 20%

1.6

PROPOSE A TITLE FOR RESEARCH/PROJECT

a)

b)

c)

d)

Supervisor must provide sufficient topics for the students. The topics
must be related to Civil Engineering studies/works and the scope
should be suitable for Undergraduate Level in fulfilling the partial
requirement of Final Year Project (FYP).
Supervisor must submit five proposed topics to Project Coordinator at
beginning of the semester. Students are also encouraged to propose
their own topics/scope of research to Project Coordinator if they have
any according to the project calendar i.e. the sixth week of semester
06 or earlier. These topics will be counted as two contact hours in
supervisors timetable and yearly assessment. Supervisors who did
not submit research topics will not get any credit.
Project Coordinator should display the list of proposed topics after
mid-term break from the eight to ninth week of semester 06. This
list should not be revealed the supervisors names.
Student must choose and book the listed topic from the Project
Coordinator before examination of semester 06 started, i.e. from
the eight to twelve week.

e)

f)

Project Coordinator will release full list of topics (including propose

topics, supervisors, name of students and ID number on first week of
examination (sixteenth week) during semester 06.
Students must register the topics they had chosen by filling the
registration form and signed by supervisor at the first week of the
semester 07. The registration form must be submitted to the Project
Coordinator by end of second week for documentation.

Table 1.3: PROJECT EVALUATION FOR KJC

527/ ECW 511
(SUPERVISOR AND PANELS)
Supervisor
A. PROPOSAL
Problem Statement
Objectives
Significance
Scope/Limitation
Application of research
Sub Total
B.PROGRESS
Creative & Initiative
Planning & Scheduling
Work Progress
Discussion with Supervisor
Sub Total
C. PRESENTATION
Technical/Methods
Communication Skill
Presentation Skill
Discussion (Q&A)
Content of Presentation

5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
25%
5%
5%
5%
5%
20%
NA

Introduction
Problem Statement
Scope of Work
Objectives
Literature Review
Gap of Research
Theoretical Background
Methodology
Expected Outcomes
References

Sub Total
D.REPORT WRITING
Introduction
Scope of Work
Objectives
Problem Statement
Literature Review
Gap of Research
Theoretical Background
Methodology
Expected Outcomes
References
Originality/Future Research

5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%

FKAUiTM/ CGFYP/EDITION 3-2009

Panel 1

Panel 2

NA

NA

NA

NA
Notes:
1. Supervisors have to evaluate student's progress

5%
5%
5%
5%

5%
5%
5%
5%

5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
70%

5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
70%

NA

NA

report for KJC 527/ECW 511

usingFKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil 7)
2. Examiners have to evaluate student's report
using form FKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil 8) and
FKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil. 9) .
3. Main supervisor is advised to discuss with cosupervisor regarding total mark on their parts.

Sub Total
TOTAL
EVALUATION FOR KJC 527
1. SUPERVISOR MARKS
Mark = (A+B+D)/100 x 40
2. PANEL 1 MARKS
Mark = (C)/70x 30
3. PANEL 2 MARKS
Mark = (C)/70 x 30
TOTAL MARKS FOR KJC
527/ECW511 ****

55%
100%

70%

70%

****Total mark for KJC 527/ECW 511 (passing mark is 50%) =(Supervisor + Panel 1 +
Panel 2)

Supervisor (40%) +
Panels (60%) = 100%

****Carry over marks for KJC 537/ ECW

521(30%)=(Supervisor + Panel 1 + Panel 2) x 0.3

Table 1.4 PROJECT EVALUATION FOR KJC 537/ ECW

521
(SUPERVISOR AND
PANELS FROM FACULTY AND
INDUSTRY)
Supervisor
A.PROGRESS WORK
Creative & Initiative
Experimental Set-up/Data
Collection
Analysis of Results
Discussion with Supervisor
Sub Total
B. POSTER PRESENTATION
Technical/Methods
Contents
Communication Skill
Presesntation Skill
Discussion (Q&A)
Sub Total
C.REPORT WRITING
Objectives
Scope of Work
Problem Statement
Literature Review
Theoretical Development
Methodology
Data Collection & Analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References & Appendices
Originality/Recommendations
Sub Total
EVALUATION FOR KJC
537/ECW521
1. Supervisor's Marks
Mark=((A+C)/80) x 30%

Panel 1

Panel 2

NA

NA

Industry
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
25%

Industry
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
25%

Faculty
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
60%

Faculty
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
60%

FKAUiTM/ CGFYP/EDITION 2-2006

5%
5%
5%
5%
20%

NA

5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
60%

Notes:
1. Supervisors have to evaluate student's report for
KJC 537/ ECW 521 using form
FKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil 13)
2. Examiners have to evaluate student's report for
KJC 537/ ECW 521 using form
FKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil 14) and
FKAUiTM/FYP/2003(Bil. 9) .
3. Main supervisor is advised to discuss with cosupervisor regarding total mark on their parts.

2. Panel 1 From Faculty

Mark=(C)/60 x 25%
3. Panel 2 from Faculty
Mark = ( C)/60 x 25%
4. Panel 1 From Industry
Marks = (B)/25 x 10%

****Total Mark KJC 537/

ECW521
(Supervisor + Panel 1 - Faculty +
Panel 2 - Faculty + Panel 1- Industry
+ Panel 2 - Industry) x 0.7 + (Total
mark from KJC 527/ECW511) x 0.3

5. Panel 2 From Industry

Marks = (B)/25 x 10%
TOTAL MARKS FOR KJC
537/ECW521****

g)

h)
i)
j)

=Supervisor (30%) + Panels from

Faculty (50%) + Panels from Industry
(20%) = 100%

Project Coordinator should record all previous topics that have been
registered in data base or using spreadsheet which could be accessed
by students/lecturers/coordinator to avoid any similarity of topics.
Students are encouraged to confer with Project Coordinator or
supervisor if they have problem with the topics or scope of works.
Any changes/amendments of topics must be informed to the Project
Coordinator one month before project presentation of semester 08.
If students cannot complete the project on time, they are required to
fill-in incomplete FYP forms on eleventh week of semester 08.

Note: All the events as mentioned above should refer to FYP calendar tabulated in
Table 1.1 of this manual.

1.7

IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING PROCEDURES

An effective time management and well planning are the key factors for the
completion and successful of the project. All the activities and time durations
involved in the project should be scheduled using Gantt chart. All students are
required to prepare this type of chart for one year duration in their research
proposal and must be endorsed by their supervisors.
In monitoring process, each student is required to keep proper logbook
documentation so that he/she can record any work done on weekly basis. The
logbook must follow the format as given in meeting document form
FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil. 5). Supervisor is required to comment on the students
work progress in the logbook. Weekly meeting between student and supervisor is
very important for monitoring purposes. Students in ECW 511/ KJC 527 must
submit their research proposal at the fifth week of each semester to their
supervisor for reviewing purposes. This will give the supervisor an ample time for
justification of scope either it is sufficient, too broad or narrow.
Final year project student who have register for ECW 511/ KJC 527 followed by
ECW 521/ KJC 537 for the following semester. Both subjects are required to
submit the progress report and final report accordingly to the faculty for
assessment. They must also attached logbook together with reports on the fourteen

week of corresponding semester. The logbook will act as an evident, in case any
dispute arose between supervisor and student.
The progress report (ECW 511/ KJC 527) should contain problem statement,
objectives,
scope of work,
literature
review,
theoretical
background,
preliminary/pilot/try run data, methodology and expected outcomes. The final
report (ECW 521/ KJC 537) should contain progress report, primary data, data
analysis, discussion, conclusion and recommendation. These documents must be
submitted one week before presentation for the panels to access the report. Figure
1.3 shows the procedure in implementing final year project with specific forms to be
filled in by the students. The students are advised to follow closely the flow chart
given so that they can accomplish FYP on time without delaying it with flying
colors.

1.8

COST AND BUDGET

Students who wish to proceed with the research can claim from the following
budget with the approval of their supervisors.

BRIEFING LECTURE BY PROJECT COORDINATOR

TOPICS REGISTRATION BY STUDENTS

Registration Form (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.3)
SIGNED BY SUPERVISOR AND SUBMIT AT LEVEL 7, FKA

PROGRESS REPORT MEETING DOCUMENTS

Meeting Document Form (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.5) WEEKLY
Lab and Computer Lab Registration Form (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.4)

AMENDMENT OF TOPIC
(FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.15)

SUBMISSION OF REPORTS TO THE FACULTY

Submission Form (ECW 511/ KJC 527) (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.6) & Report
Submission Form (ECW 521/ KJC 537) (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.11) & Report &
Technical Paper
UNDERGRADUATE SEMINARPARALLEL SESSIONS
SEMINAR ECW 511/ KJC 527 4 DIVISIONS
SEMINAR ECW 521/ KJC 537 4 DIVISIONS

EVALUATION FROM SUPERVISORS AND PANELS

EVALUATION FORM ECW 511/ KJC 527(SUPERVISOR) (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil 7)
EVALUATION FORM ECW 511/ KJC 527 (PANELS) (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil 8&9)
EVALUATION FORM ECW 521/ KJC 537(SUPERVISOR) (FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil 12)
EVALUATION FORM ECW 512/ KJC 537 (PANELS)(FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil 13&14)
REPORT DOES NOT COMPLETE APPLY TL STATUS
FILL IN INCOMPLETE FYP REPORT FORM FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil 16)

MAKE RELEVANT CORRECTIONS AND ADMENDMENTS

APPROVED BY SUPERVISORS AND TWO PANELS
REMARKS AND COMMENTS (after corrected) FKAUiTM/FYP/2006/Bil.17)

SUBMIT FINAL REPORT TO FACULTY

1 HARD COPY & 2 SOFT COPIES (CD)

Figure 1.3: Flow chart showing the implementation of FYP students

1.8.1 Faculty Budget (Bendahari Zon 8)

1.
2.

3.

Faculty budget is given to students who are not funded by any sponsors e.g.
PTPTN, MARA, Yayasan Negeri and others.
Any claim to bursar must provide an original receipt as a proof of purchase
and endorsement are required from Supervisor and Deputy Dean
(Resource) or the Dean.
Consumable items can be purchased under laboratory budget; these items
can be used by final year report student and teaching staff.

1.8.2 Supervisors Research Grant

a)

b)

Student can claim directly from their supervisor under IRPA or IRDC
research project to buy any specific materials, equipment and tools.
However, approval of claim will be granted at the discretion of the respective
supervisor.
Expenses for expensive instruments and machineries can be ordered under
yearly budget plan or can be inclusive in the research grant of the respective
supervisor. Subsequently, supervisor is encouraged to plan and anticipated
in yearly budget for his/her division.

Figure 1.4 shows the procedure of purchasing new materials or equipment for
his/her division based on the availability of budget. The supervisors and lecturers
are encouraged to buy the instruments and equipment based on his/her area of
specialization.

1.9

RESEARCH ETHICS

Research ethic in final year project content is to guide the students in pursuing and
continuing their research in an acceptable manner and attitude. Following are the
meaning of ethics and research.
Ethics mean:
Research mean:

Conscience, moral code, moral philosophy, moral values,

principles and standard.
a systematic and scientific method of inquiry. Research
findings of the investigation will add new knowledge to the
existing structure of knowledge.

The word ethic is an important element in pursuing research work. The

researchers must follow these criteria:
a).

Being honest (avoid plagiarism)

i.

Plagiarism must not be allowed in preparing report writing. Plagiarism can

be defined as
"...to plagiarize is to give the impression that you wrote or
thought something that you in fact borrowed from someone..." (Joseph Gibaldi,
MLA

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.
vi.
vii.

b).

Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 2nd ed, New York: MLA,
1998: 151)
When writing research paper, report, web page, or other products, resources
from others publication may be used but must be credited to the person
who had done it before. If the students did not do the citation or credited to
the original authors, it is committed plagiarism which considered unethical
and a serious infraction of the student codes of virtually to universities.
Unfortunately, many students commit plagiarism unintentionally and they
were told frequently to do citation in proper way by supervisors. It is a form
of theft and is certainly regarded as a serious offence in educational
systems.
If the author wants to reproduce the text or ideas from other sources,
he/she must obtain a written permission from the copyright holder and
probably require to affix a copyright notice from the previous author.
Plagiarism can be detected when there are insufficient references and
acknowledgement direct copying of paragraphs, sentences, ideas, pictures,
concepts and statistical tables from sources such as journals, textbooks,
magazines, internet and others.
The flow of sentences will become discontinuous and did not synchronize
with previous and later sentences.
The readers will find difficulties in understanding the texts because most of
the sentences are cut and paste of statements from other multiple sources.
Students are encourage to construct their own words and sentences based
on their understanding after reading sources such as internet, journals,
textbooks, lecture notes and others.
Being friendly

Maintain friendliness amongst team members of research work in order to create

and maintain linkages in which may lead to the completion of the research project
with high quality product.
c).

Being Responsible

i.

The researcher should be accountable for the successful of project objectives

as outlined in research proposal. He should also identify the appropriate
technical and managerial resources required.
Technical elements in research project should be determined prior to the
progress work in order to obtain the standard quality or validity of data.
This is to assess any possible risk involved and appropriate quality planning
as required.

ii.

d).

Being meticulous

The successful of a research project is often depending on the adequacy of planning

process starting from beginning towards the end of project. Proper planning means,
the research should comprise the following elements:

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.

Sufficient detail so that a technical competent person can understand and

perform the required work.
Define project goals and objectives.
Assign responsibilities, reporting mechanism and interfaces.
Provide detailed design for experiment work and the analysis.
Describe the parameters to be investigated, verification process to be utilized
and test apparatus required.
Define acceptable measurement uncertainties
Specify all required milestone and deliverables, including report.

Semester 7
Confirmation of the availability of material
and equipment by Supervisor with each lab. staff

If available
Supervisor arrange with
Laboratory staff

If not available
Supervisor arrange the budget for the special
material and equipment following to the either of
the budget describe in section 8.1 to 8.2

Submission of project title by Supervisor to Coordinator

describing source of budget taken

Notice on Project Title for student

Project Registration
student to collect Laboratory Registration Form

Student to confirm with Respective

Supervisors on the availability of materials or use of laboratory

If material available
Student may proceed

If material not available

Student should arrange with Supervisor in
purchasing material or equipment. Budget is in
accordance

Registration for laboratory and material use with

Senior Technician Submission of Registration Form
FKAUiTM/FYP/2006(Bil.4)

Notice on Laboratory Work Schedule

will be posted at the faculty notice board

Figure 1.4 : Flow chart of procedure in determining budget/cost

Note:

Please refer to Project Calendar for the time

schedule.
Laboratory Registration Form.
In case student requires an extra time for laboratory work,
submission of Over Time form to the Senior Technician with the
approval granted from the Supervisor are necessary. This is because
to distribute equal amount of work among laboratory staffs.
Extra hours during semester are as follows:
Weekdays (4.30 p.m. to 6.30 p.m.) and (8.00 to 10.00 p.m.)
Weekends and public holidays a maximum of 4 hours.
Please note that laboratory only open until 10.00 p.m.

Laboratory Staff is advised to use the faculty Over Time form with
additional endorsement from the respective Supervisor.
e).

Maintain standards and quality

i.
ii.

The standard and quality of the research should be maintained throughout

the research process from the beginning to the completion of the project.
It is essential that each researcher must be meticulous to maintain the
standard and quality of research so that more funds will come from either
private or government agency.

f).

Being fair

i.

ii.

In conducting a research, it is advisable not to be biased on data or personal

involvement. There should not be preconceived ideas that would affect the
data and lead to the unreliable results.
In analyzing data, it is recommended to relate with the objectives, filling in
the gap in literature review before written a precise statement for conclusion.

1.10 FORMS
Project Coordinator will keep the list of research topics in data base. All supervisors
are advised to submit project title or scope of research to the Project Coordinator
using form FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 1) (Topic Registration Form). As mentioned
earlier, each supervisor must propose a minimum of five topics to Project
Coordinator.
Each student shall book a topic before he/she can register for that particular topic.
They can book the topic as first come first serve basis and have to submit the form
FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 2) to the main office. The student also has to keep their
copy for the registration purposes. For project registration the student has to
submit form FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 3) to Project Coordinator. Amendments of
topic can be made with the knowledge of supervisor using form
FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 15).
The progress report (ECW 511/ KJC 527) and final report (ECW 512/ KJC 537)
have to be submitted together with the submission form, FKAUiTM/FYP/2006
(Bil. 6) and FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 11), respectively.
ECW 521/KJC 537s student is required to submit the corrected final report
together with form FKAUiTM/FYP/2006 (Bil. 17).
It is important to remind that the students are required to use the original forms.
The photocopy form is invalid to use, subsequently disqualify the students to
register, present and submit their final year project reports.

1.11 PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES OF THE FACULTY

Final year project is one of the requirements imposed by the Engineering
Accreditation Council (EAC) to final year students in order for them to be awarded
Bachelor in Engineering (Hons.)(Civil). Under this requirement, the students should
be able to integrate any specific areas in civil engineering field such as structural,
transportation, environment, geotechnical and construction management.
Furthermore, this project demands the individual analysis, judgment, presentation
and capability of being assessed independently from the work of others. They also
encourage utilizing modern technology, computer programmes and multimedia for

assessing and evaluating their project. Thus, Faculty of Civil Engineering

introduced and implemented program educational objectives (PEO) and program
outcomes for final year project. Program educational objective consists of five items
as listed below:
1. Have a sound of understanding as well as the ability to apply fundamental
principles of engineering knowledge and are capable of expanding this
knowledge through engineering and scientific research.
2. Practice with strong professional ethics and understand the impacts of
engineering projects on the environment, society, politics and the well being
of local and regional economy.
3. Are able to communicate effectively with members of the profession and the
society in general on engineering and non-engineering subjects.
4. Have the competency to contribute as a team member of a multi-disciplinary
team or assume the role of a team leader in projects undertaken within or
beyond the national boundaries.
5. Have the ability to adopt to changes in economic climate through awareness
on contemporary issues, entrepreneurship and life-long learning skills.
Whereas the program outcome consists of eleven items as listed below:
PO1: Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science, mathematics and
Engineering.
PO2: Ability to communicate effectively, not only with engineers but also with the
public
PO3: Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems
PO4: Ability to use a system approach to design and evaluate operational
performance.
PO5: Ability to act effectively as an individual and in a group, with leadership and
experimental managerial capabilities.
PO6: Understanding of the social, cultural, global and environmental
responsibilities and ethnics of a professional engineer and the need for
sustainable development.
PO7: Recognizing
the
need
to
undertake
lifelong
learning
and
possessing/acquiring the capacity to do so.
PO8: Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and
interpret data.
PO9: Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams
PO10: Having technical competency and ability to specific Civil Engineering
disciplines.
PO11: Having the knowledge of contemporary issues.

Conjunction with the implementation of Outcome Based Program (OBE), students

final year projects are tailored to individual course outcomes for subject ECW
511/KJC 527 and ECW 521/KJC 537. The course outcomes for Final Year Project I
(ECW 511/KJC 527) are as follows:

CO1:
CO2:
CO3:
CO4:

Formulate research problem and research direction.

Write a literature review base on a given topic.
Develop and report the research methodology to be adopted.
Write, present and defend a research proposal.

The course outcomes for Final Year Project II (ECW 521/KJC 537) are as follows:
CO1: Implement the research design/methodology of a given topic.
CO2: Systematically collect, analyzed and select suitable method of presenting the
data.
CO3: Interpret, discuss and draw conclusion from the analyzed data.
CO4: Write, present and defend the final research report.
The learning outcomes for final year project students are as follows:
1. The ability of student to formulate problem statement, research objectives
and research design.
2. The ability of student in enhancing her/his critical thinking.
3. The ability of student to present and defend research findings.
4. The ability of student to write final report, technical paper and presentation.
The program outcomes which addresses the course outcomes of ECW 511/KJC
527 and ECW 521/KJC 537 are PO2, PO3, PO7, PO8 and PO10. The CO-PO matrix
is developed based on the course outcomes and program outcomes for these
subjects. From CO-PO matrix, performance criteria are assessed according to the
students abilities to achieve the standard which categorized using the domain as
specified in bloom taxonomy. The direct instrument such as report writing,
research proposal, technical paper and meeting documents are used to evaluate the
students performance. Finally, the grades of students are given into five ranges
which are bad, poor, mediocre, good and outstanding.
Students are required to meet with supervisor every week and meeting documents
must be signed by supervisor to indicate that they already fulfill attendance sheets
and progress work. Students are also advised to record the work in log book and
schedule properly the activities using Gantt Chart. The comparison can be made
between the actual work done and the planned activities so that students will know
whether they are ahead of schedule or behind schedule.
The overall assessment of final year project can be conducted based on research
proposal, final report, technical paper and presentation. At the end of each course,
students are required to present their work in front of two panels. Prior to final
submission, students are required to submit their report to the supervisors to
check for contents, flow of sentences, organization and presentation of final thesis.
Panels will assess the students report and presentation based on contents,
communication skills, presentation skills, discussion (Question and Answer),
objectives, scope of work, problem statement, literature review, methodology, data

collection, analysis and interpretation of results, discussion, conclusion and

recommendations.

CHAPTER TWO
REPORT WRITING FORMAT

2.1
0

GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

2.1.1 Length of the Report as a general guideline, the length of
the report should not exceed 70 pages for ECW 511/ KJC 527 and
100 pages for ECW 521/ KJC 537.

2.1.2 Typing and Printing Use word processors for typing and
print using letter quality preferably on a laser printer.

2.1.3 Typeface, Typing Quality and Font Size The entire text

of the report including headings and page numbers must be within

the same font or typeface.
a) Font size for text is 12 points and should not be scripted or
italicized except for scientific names.
b) Text for tables and figures not less than 10 points. Script is
unacceptable.
Bold prints may be used for headings. The report must be cleaned.
Crossing-out of the letters or words is not permitted. Any form of
patching is not allowed.

2.1.4 Margins for general texts

Top edge:
2.0cm
Right Side:
2.0cm
Left Side:
2.5cm
Bottom edge:
2.0cm
All information such as text heading, illustration, footnotes and page
numbers must be within the text area.

2.1.5 Paragraph a new paragraph at the bottom of a page must have at

least two fill lines of type or it should begin on the next page.

2.1.6 Spacing the report should be typed double-spaced except for

references, multi-line captions (illustration likes tables, figures,

plates), appendices, heading or sub-heading

2.1.7 Pagination throughout the report, the text, reference and appendix
pages should be numbered consecutively in Arabic Numerals (1, 2, 3,
4, 5, ..) including pages for tables, figures and appendices.

Page number should be by itself without bracketed, hyphenated nor

accompanied by any decorative devices. They should be placed
without punctuation about 1.0 cm from the bottom edge below the
middle of the text lines and at the centre of the page. The selected
page number position must be consistent throughout.
The preliminary are numbered in consecutive lower case Roman
Numerals (i, ii,.., ix etc.). No paging on title page. Pagination begins
with number 1 on the first page of chapter 1.

2.1.8 Tables and Figures Tables and figures must be centred within the

prescribed margins. They must bear a reference number (in Arabic

numerals) and a caption. They should be numbered as in sequence
accordingly. For example, tables in chapter 5 can be numbered as
Table 5.1, Table 5.2, Table 5.3 and so on. A similar notation is used
for figures in chapter 6; e.g. Figure 6.1, Figure 6.2 etc. The first
number indicates the chapter and the second number is showing the
sequence numbers of figures or tables in that particular chapter.
Title for the Table, its number and its caption should be appeared
above the table, while title for Figure is placed below the pictures. If
the table and/or the figure are reproduced from other works, the
reference must be cited.

2.1.9 Paper and Duplication Use quality plain white simile paper (80
gm) of A4 size for all copies of the report. Print text or illustrations
only on one side of each sheet. Only the original copy is acceptable.

2.1.10 Binding and Submission - Prior to viva, three copies of spiral

binding of the report should be submitted to the Project Coordinator.
After viva, two copy of corrected report should be submitted in the
form of in the form of CD. The folder in the CD is organized into 3
sections, namely Preliminary (contains title page, content,
acknowledge etc), Main body such as Chapter1, Chapter 2 etc, and
lastly References and Appendices. The students should get an
approval from supervisor and panels before submitting their final
reports to the faculty.

2.2

LAYOUT OR ARRANGEMENT OF THE REPORT

The report must comprise of three divisions which are preliminary, text or
main body (chapters, sections and parts) and references. The details
description of this division will be explained implicitly in what follows:

2.2.1 The Preliminary The format for preliminary section should follow
the arrangement as listed below. The samples together with the
margin of each page are shown in the following figures.
0
Cover of report (see Figure 2.1)
1
Title page (see Figure 2.2)
2
Declaration (see Figure 2.3)
3
Acknowledgement (see Figure 2.4)
4
Abstract (see Figure 2.5)
5
List of Content (see Figure 2.6)
6
List of Figures (see Figure 2.7)
7
List of Tables (see Figure 2.8)
8
Abbreviations / Symbols (see Figure 2.9)
9
Main text/body (Chapters) (see Figure 2.10 & 2.11)
10
References (see Figure 2.11)
11
Appendices (see Figure 2.12)

25 mm

25 mm

B. Eng (Hons)

MARINE EFFECT ON
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(capital and centred)

ANIS AMIRA HUSSIN

(Horizontally and vertically centred)

April 2004
25 mm

Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
2009
25 mm

Cover

Spine

Cover of the Report

0
1
2

a) Binding: Hard Bound buckrum

b) Colour: Pure black
c) Cover: 18-point GOLD BLOCK FONT with particulars
Title of Report
Name of Candidates
Degree (seeking for)
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Year of Submission
d) Spine: 24-point GOLD BLOCK FONT to includes
Degree for which the work is submitted
Month and Year of Submission (e.g. April or October

Figure 2.1: Sample of Spine and Cover of the Report

25mm

MARINE EFFECTS ON
CONCRETE STRUCTURES

(capital and centred, 14-point Block font)

By

1 space

ANIS AMIRA HUSSIN

(horizontally and vertically centred, 12-point font)

This report is submitted as a

partial requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil
(12-point font)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

APRIL 2009

2 spaces

15 mm

Title Page

a) Title of Report should describe the content of the report and omitting
words such as An Investigation, An Analysis, A Study of.
b) Full Name of Author
c) The degree for which the report is submitted
d) Universiti Teknologi Mara
e) The month and year in which the report is submitted for examination

Figure 2.2: Sample of the Title Page

5 spaces

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

2 spaces

I (write down the candidates name, UiTM no.) confirm that the work in this
report is my own work and the appropriate credit has been given where
references have been made to the work of other researchers.
2 spaces

( signature of the candidate)

Student Name
Student ID
Date

:_____________
:_____________
:_____________

a) 12-point font size

b) Single spacing
c) Student must sign the declaration sheet

Figure 2.3: Sample of Declaration Sheet by the Candidate

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to.. (12-point font)

..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

a) This statemet is an optional item. Most of the reports include a brief

statement of appreciation in recognition of any special assistance from
supervisor, technician and company who supply the materials for testing.
b) Statement of dedication is not preferred.
c) Appears on one page by itself.

Figure 2.4: Sample of Acknowledgement

ABSTRACT
Concrete structures deteriorate for various reasons and upgrading has been
achieved for over 20 years by bonding steel plates using epoxy resins.
Disadvantages of this method include transporting, handling and installing
heavy plates and corrosion of the plates. The rehabilitation.. (12-point
font)

ABSTRACT
a) An abstract must be stated. The abstract is a digest of the entire report
and should be given careful attention as the main text.
b) The abstract should give a brief exposition of the research problems,
purposes of the study, scope of study, research approach and limitation.
A summary of the finding in the context of the whole study is also
required.
c) The abstract should be placed immediately before the first chapter of the
report.
d) It should be typed single spacing on one single sheet only (not more than
300 words)
e) Paragraph when necessary.

Figure 2.5: Sample of Abstract

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
i
ii
iii
vii
viii
xii

ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

Performance of Precast Industrial Buildings During Past

Earthquakes
Failures of Tilt-up Precast Wall Panels
Research Motivation
The Advantages of Using Precast Hollow Core Walls
Literature Review and The State-Of-The-Art
1.5.1 Rocking Structures

1
2
6
7
9
10

CHAPTER 2: SEISMIC BI-LATERAL PERFORMANCE OF PRECAST

CONCRETE HOLLOW CORE WALLS
2.1
2.2
2.3

Introduction
Design Concepts of Precast Wall Panels
Theoretical Response of A Single Rocking Precast Hollow Core
Wall

11
14
16

List of Contents
a)

The titles of parts, sections or chapters and their principal, and their
principal subdivisions should be listed in the Table of Contents and
must be worded exactly as they appear in the body of the report.

b) It is advisable to use numbers for;

Heading: e.g. 5
ANALYISIS AND DISCUSSION
Sub-heading: 5.2 Effect of Stress Level
Sub sub-heading: 5.2.1 Mean Stress
(No further sub-division is allowed)
0

c) Major headings and sub-headings are typed flushed with the left
margin.

d)

Candidate is free to label or give title for each chapter as sensibly

Figure 2.6: Sample of List of Contents

LIST OF FIGURES

Descriptions

Page

Figure 1.1

Several examples of structural damage to precast wall

panels after earthquake

53

Figure 1.2

The construction failure and collapse of precast wall

panels

54

Figure 1.3

The flowchart for direct displacement based design

procedure
(FIP, 2000)

55

Figure 1.4

Flow chart of the performance-based seismic

engineering design (after SEAOC, 1999)

56

Figure 1.5

Reinforcement detail of Unit 1, Unit 2 and Unit 3

(Rahman and Restrepo, 2000)

57

Figure 2.7: Sample of List of Figures

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1

Descriptions
Modification of the damping factor, B used in the
current codes

Page
48

(after UBC-94, UBC-97, ATC-40 and FEMA-273)

Table 1.2

The VISION 2000 Performance Objectives (after

SEAOC,1999)

49

Table 1.3

Earthquake Design Levels for the study (after

SEAOC,1999)

50

Table 1.4

Standard Performance Level Definitions

(after ATC-40, 1995 and SEAOC, 1995)

51

Table 1.5

Performance Levels and Permissible Structural

Damage-Vertical Elements (after SEAOC, 1999)

49

Figure 2.8: Sample of List of Tables

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

wall width

Cc

base shear capacity

Cd

seismic demand spectrum

CcDBE

base shear capacity under Design Basis Earthquake

CcMCE

base shear capacity under Maximum Considered Earthquake

median drift demand

DBE

Design Basis Earthquake

DS

Damage State

ep

eccentricity between unbonded post-tensioned tendons

Figure 2.9: Sample of List of Abbreviation

CHAPTER 3

DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THIN PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS

2 spaces of 1.5 spacing

3.1

Introduction (this is the main heading No.1, bold and left-aligned)

There may be a preamble in the beginning of a chapter. The purpose may be
to introduce the themes of the main headings. Normally, it is one paragraph,
short and brief linking between this chapter and the previous chapter.

3.2

Experimental Setup and Results (this is another main heading, bold and
left-aligned)
Two specimens were tested on shaking table under dynamic response. Figure
3.1 shows the experimental setup together with instrumentation used in
measuring strain of energy dissipator and lateral displacement of wall.

3.2.1 Visual observation on Specimen 1(this is the sub-heading, bold, leftaligned, there should be a minimum of two-subheading to justify having subheadings)

Figure 2.10: Sample of the Main Body/Text of the Report

Writing an Equation
M / EI re I g t i e i

1
M / EI g I re e
e
e

(2-1)

The written equations shall be centred with one blank line above and below
to separate them from text. If possible, equations shall be written by
equation generator or MS WORD program with 11 point letters. They should
be numbered with chapter number follow by consecutively with number
right justified, and the equation is referred by these numbers.

Figure 2.11: Sample of Writing an Equation

Writing References

1.

Referencing from Book

Format: Surname, First alphabet of the first name. (the year of publication),
Title of the book-bold, Publisher-italic, town of publication, edition number
Owens, G.W. (1987), Design of structural steelwork connections,
Butterworths, London, Edition 3
Porter, D. (1982), Battened columns recent developments. In
Compressed Structures Stability and Strength, edited by
Narayanan,R., Applied science Publishers, London

2.

Axially

Referencing from Journal

Format: Surname, First alphabet of the first name. (year of publication),
Title of the paper-bold, Name of the journal-italic, volume or edition, paging
Toma, S. and Chen, W.F. (1994), Calibration frames for second-order
inelastic analysis in Japan. J. Construct. Steel Research, 28, 51-77

3.

Referencing from Code of Practice

Format: Surname, First alphabet of the first and second name. (year of
publication), Title of the code/guidance/practice-bold, Name of the
code/guidance-italic, place of publication
Cheal, B.D. (1980), Design guidance for friction grip bolted connections.
CIRIA Technical Note 98, London
American Society of Civil Engineers- ASCE (1971), Plastic design in steel,
Manual 41, 2nd edition, New York

4.

Referencing from Internet

Giving the name of the web site alone is not accepted. Hence, a full list of the
information as one of those above is required or at least;
Format: Author/s or group name, Year of establishment of the website, Title
of the article, Full address of the website, Source of information, Date of
visiting the site
Fibres Engineering Group, Application of synthetic fibre in civil
engineering, http:/www.uitm.edu/fka/fibre.html (4 Mac2003)

Citation in the text

Talib, S.A and Baharom, B.B, (1994a) the a indicates the first paper in
the year 1994 published by the authors.
Talib, S.A and Baharom, B.B, (1994b) the b indicates the second paper in
the year 1994 from the same authors above.

For more than 2 authors, e.g. Talib, S.A and Baharom, B.B, Din,K.B, and
Hamzah, S.H., (2003) should be cited in the text as; Talib et al., (2003)

Figure 2.12: Sample of Listing References

LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A

A-1

A.1

Specimen Modeling

A.2

Tensile Test of Reinforcing Bars

A.3

Concrete Cylinder Compressive Test

Appendix B

A-1
A-2
A-4

B-1

B.1

Strut-and-Tie Modeling

B-1

B.2

Prestressing Tendon Capacity

B-3

B.3

Design of Energy Dissipators

B-6

Appendix C

C-1

C.1

C-1

Rocking Wall Dynamic Testing Runs

C.2

Theoretical Resistance Capacity of Wall

C-4

C.3

Dissipator Uplift Test

C-6

Figure 2.13: Sample of List of Appendices

Sample of Figure

Figure 2.14: Isometric view of rocking precast hollow core wall.

Sample of Table

Table 2.1: The role of potentiometers in a multi-panel precast wall system

Potentiometers
P1,P20

Type of
potentiometers
Linear

Functions
To measure the sliding or horizontal
movement

P31,P33, P5

Linear

To measure the uplift of foundation

beam

P2,P3,P4,P21,P24,P25

Rotary

To measure the rotation/drift of

seismic wall

P32,P27,P8,P6

Linear

To measure
seismic wall

P17,P30, P9,P7

Linear

To measure the uplift of top concrete

block on seismic wall

P26, P23, P22, P19

Linear

To measure the rotation/drift of

non seismic wall

the

uplift

bottom

2.2.2

The Main Body or Text a common structure of the report can be

summarized as below.

a) Introduction contains background of research and Problem

Statement that is clear-cut, precise, concise and explicit

explained. It must also include the main objectives of the study
together with the outline of research as correct and extremely
concise as possible and should not contain argument or
discussion. The scope of research must be spell-out clearly
together with limitations. The significance and contribution of
this research should be included in this section.

b) Literature Review gives some information on research

findings based on previous study. A proper format of citations

must be followed which come from journals, conferences,
proceedings, magazines, internet, etc. In this section, the author
must have an original critical opinions and thinking not just
reporting from previous research. A good critical comment
includes the disadvantages, benefits, finding the gaps and gives
some comments or suggestions based on previous work. It
should be pertinent, balanced and concise, with evidence of
original critical thought and technically correct citations.

c) Theoretical Background and Research Development

clearly defined hypotheses of the study which is in-line with
research topic. The students must develop a theoretical
framework which suit to their study. Some mathematical
derivations must be included under this topic as a benchmark in
comparing the theoretical values with the experimental data.
Further development in terms of concepts, applications and
procedure must clearly defined before proceeding to the following
topics.

d) Research Methodology - In order to verify the theoretical

values obtained in section c, a well-designed research
methodology must be adopted herein. Data collection and
sampling can be carried out in the form of quantitative or
qualitative measurements. The investigation/study can be
conducted either using an experimental work or questionnaire
(interview) based on the nature of study. The parameters used in
research methodology must reflect the theoretical framework so
that the objectives of study can be attained.

e) Analysis and Interpretation of Result the analytical

results must portray a similar relationship between theoretical

and experimental results. If poor correlation exists between

them, a depth explanation and good reasons should be given as
to why it is happened in that manner. It must be presented in a
logical order with relevant figures and tables together with proper
comments and explanations. The graphs must be properly
labeled along their axis with appropriate units and title. This
section is the gist of your findings and evidences of students
work.

f) Discussion the discussion of the finding in relation to the

hypotheses, FOLLOWED by any further discussion thought to be

necessary. Discuss of (d) in the framework provided by (b) and
(c).

g) Conclusion and Recommendation a very brief statement

of the prime/major finding along with recommendation for future
research. It also can include the contribution of this study
towards end-user communities or societies.

2.2.3

Reference Materials
a) Bibliography (or List of References) any citations which make
use of other peoples work, either in direct quotation or reference,
must contain a bibliography listing together with the sources.
b) Illustrations can be in the form of pictures, photographs,
diagrams, graphs, maps, charts and templates. Photographs are
normally listed as PLATES, while the rest are called FIGURES.
Illustrations must be of good quality either colour or blank and white.
They should conform to margin requirements and the page number
typed in the standard position.
c)
Appendices this part contains supplementary illustrative
materials, original data, and quotations too long for inclusion in the
text or not immediately essential to an understanding of the subject
or may break the flow of the writing. This section should be divided
into several sections like Appendix A, Appendix B etc. Each appendix
with its title, if it has one, should be listed separately in the Table of
Contents. Refer to Figure 2.13 for the sample of list of Appendices.

2.3

EDITORIAL SERVICES
It is the responsibility of the candidates to ensure that the report is free from
typo and grammatical error. Consequently, they are suggested to use/employ
professional editors from Language Center. Supervisors are responsible to
check the reports in terms of facts and contents but they also encourage

checking the grammatical errors in order to improve the flow, consistency

and quality of the reports.

2.4

PROGRESS REPORT
The candidates are required to plan their activities together with durations
before commencing their research work. It is recommended that the students
must prepare their scheduling in terms of Gantt Chart. Under the code of
ECW 511/KJC 527, the report must contain the Problem Statement,
Objectives of Research, Scope of Work, Significance of Study, Literature
Review together with critical comments and gaps, Research Methodology,
Result of Pilot Study, Expected Outcomes and Work Planning for the
following semester (ECW 521/KJC 537). Supervisor is advised to guide and
monitor the work done by their students. Finally, the candidates are advised
to submit a progress report during semester 7 and final report at the end of
semester according to the project calendar.

2.5

ORAL PRESENTATION
The purpose of oral presentation is to allow the students to present their
work, show their understanding in depth of the subject matter as well as
communication skills. Therefore, each student must attend and present
his/her work in front of two panels which have been appointed by advisory
committee members at the end of the semester. The lists of panels,
supervisors, date, time and venue will be displayed on notice board before
oral presentation. Students must take note the date of submission and
presentation so that they are really well-prepared before presentation. They
must wear proper dress code during presentation. They also are encouraged
to use visual aids such as power point, laser pointer and slides in their
presentation. At the end of presentation, the two panels will ask the question
on any aspect of the project and the students must elaborate or defend
issues arising from their work.

2.6

FREQUENT QUESTIONS NORMALLY ASKED BY FINAL YEAR

PROJECT STUDENTS (FYP)

Q:

How do I choose a suitable topic for my FYP?

A:

The project topics that have been proposed by supervisors between week 13
and 15 of semester 6 according to the academic calendar can be booked by
filling the booking form contains in this manual.

Q:

Can the students propose their own topics?

A:

Yes, they are encouraged to do so but they must discuss and get an approval
from their supervisors before commencing their work.

Q:

Who will supervise my FYP?

A:

The lecturers in the relevant field of expertise will supervise the student
based on the chosen topic.

Q:

How many students can be supervised under one supervisor?

A:

A supervisor is allows to supervise a total number of 8 to 20 students for

ECW 511/ KJC 527 and ECW 512/ KJC 537.

Q:

What is the qualification of a lecturer so that he/she can

supervise FYP students?

A:

The lecturers must have at least a Master Degree and are not on study leave.
Lecturers on study leave are only allowed to become a co-supervisor.

Q:

Can a student from main campus supervise by a lecturer from

UiTM branch campus?

A:

Yes, they can supervise but it is discouraged due to do so because of the

distance and communication problem.

Q:

Can a lecturer from other faculties supervise the FYP students?

A:

Yes, with the approval from Dean of Faculty Civil Engineering.

Q:

Is it a requirement to register subject ECW 521/KJC 537 in the

following semester even though I completed ECW 511/ KJC 527
in previous semester?

A:

The students must register the subject ECW 521/KJC 537 directly after they
had completed ECW 511/ KJC 527. This is because subjects ECW 511/ KJC
527 and ECW 521/KJC 537 are a one-year sequence course with two
different codes.

Q:

Can I drop the subject ECW 511/ KJC 527 after I registered?

A:

Yes you can, but must be during the time frame as specified in academic
calendar.

Q:

Can I drop subject ECW 521/ KJC 537 after I registered?

A:

You are not allowed to do this but you can apply for TL (Tidak Lengkap)
status.

Q:

What should I do if I did not complete ECW 521/ KJC 537 report
due to delay in laboratory work?

A:

You can apply an extension of one semester through Deputy Dean of

Academic with an approval from your supervisor and normally TL status will
be given.

Q:

What is project proposal?

A:

Project proposal is a document which contains problem statement,

objectives, scope of work, limitations, literature review, proposed research
methodology and schedules submit to the supervisor before the actual work
is conducted.

Q:

What is thesis presentation?

A:

A thesis presentation or viva is the oral presentation given by students based

on progress report for ECW 511/ KJC 527 and final report for ECW 521/
KJC 537 in front of two panels followed by questions and answers.

Q:

How many copies of FYP report should I submit to the faculty?

A:

4 copies of FYP reports which consist of two soft copies in CD form and 2
hard binding copies must be submitted to faculty after oral presentation. In
the CD, students must include the final year report, power point of the
presentation and technical paper. Each student must write the title of

project, supervisors name, students name and academic year on the cover
of CD.

CHAPTER 3
FORMAT FOR TECHNICAL PAPER
3.1 TITLE OF THE TECHNICAL PAPER
The title must be located at the top page and centered. It should be bolded with font size 16 pt. The
authors names together with affiliations should be formatted as follows:

PAPER TITLE
(16 PT, TIMES NEW ROMAN, BOLD STYLE)
First authors name1, Second authors name2, Third authors name3
(Family name, initials:Hamid, N.H.A) (11pt, Times New Roman, Italic)
1

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.

(10 pt, Times New Roman)
2
Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor D.E.
Malaysia (10 pt, Times New Roman)
3
Engineer, Highway Planning Unit, Works Ministry of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
(10 pt, Times New Roman)

3.2 ABSTRACT
The abstract should be in Capitalized Bold Times New Roman font, size 11 pt. The abstract text must
be single-lined in font size 11 pt, Times New Roman. It should contain an overview of your research
work together with the outcomes and must be summarized not more than 200 words.
Keywords: Five keywords are to be listed here which is contained in the abstract. The keywords
should be arranged in alphabetical order and use the same format as in the Abstract section above.

3.3 INTRODUCTION
All the technical papers must comply with the following requirement as explained in the
sequence sub-topic to ensure the students followed the standard format, produce a good paper
and upon the completion of the seminar. Non-compliance format will results in reduction of
marks and rejected. Final year project students (ECW 512/ KJC 537) are required to read
through the following instructions before submitting their final manuscript. Articles
submitted for publication in this seminar must be original, unpublished elsewhere and
addressed the interest to the engineering community. The technical content should be
presented in a readable and accessible style.

Articles should be single-spaced, type in Times New Roman font and with size 12 pt. An
article, including tables and figures should be no longer than 12 pages.
The author may be requested to modify the article or to clarify certain points in the article.
Accepted document format is the Microsoft Word 2004 DOC format. Your documents should
have meaningful and unambiguous names.. Submissions of article (soft copy) using CDROM are mandatory for each of the student. The students are required to submit hardcopy
and soft-copy to Faculty of Civil Engineering before presentation.
3.4 HEADINGS
Headings should be in Capitalized Bold Times New Roman font, size 12, numbered using
Arabic numeration.
3.4.1

Sub-Heading

First level Sub-Headings should be in Bold Times New Roman, size 11 and must also be
numbered in Arabic numeration
3.5

FIGURES

All photographs should be of high quality, ready for typesetting. Images should be in
JPG/JPEG format and of a high resolution (300 DPI or better).
Drawn illustrations must be of high quality, as they will be used as is. All figures, tables,
graphs and photographs must be properly captions must be aligned center and presented as
shown in the example below.

WALL 5

WALL 6

T1

T2

WALL 4

WALL 3

WALL 2

WALL 1

T1

ep

ep

ep
Vs Vs

Vs

Vs

Vs

Vs

Vs

Vs

T2
ep

Vs Vs

BW/2

BW/2

BW

BW

V1

BW

V2
C1

BW

V3
C2

BW

BW

V4
C3

V6
C4

C5

Figure 3.1: Forces acting on seismic and non-seismic walls

3.6 TABLES

C6

Insert a table directly after the paragraph where it is first referred to. Insert table caption
before the table using Times New Roman font, size 11 pt. All tables and their captions must
be aligned center similar to the figure captions mentioned above. Table 3.1 shows an example
of table which will be included in the text. A brief description must be explained in the text.
Table 3.1: HAZUS damage states and the probability of occurrences
Damage HAZUS*
State
Damage

Physical
State

Operational
Condition

Earthquake

1
2

None
Slight

Pre-yield
Tolerable

3
4

Moderate
Heavy

Fully Operational
Immediate
Occupancy
Life Safety
Collapse
Prevention
Collapse

Repairable
Irreparabl
e
5
Complete Global
Instability
*Refer to HAZUS99-SR2 (2004)

3.7

Annual
Probability

100% in 50yrs
50% in 50yrs

Return
Period(yrs
)
63
150

10% in 50yrs
2% in 50yrs

475
2450

0.002
0.0004

0.016
0.007

REFERENCES CITATION & LISTING

Include references at the end of the paper in the same format that appears in the
REFERENCES section. List your references accordingly in alphabetical order. The citation
order should appear in the text are as follows (Ariffin et al.(2004); Nakato, T. (1990)).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The HEADERS of the conclusion, acknowledgement and references sections SHOULD NOT
be numbered. Proof read your manuscript before submitting the final version.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Kindly acknowledge the support, help, contribution of individuals, agencies, etc. that you
received and utilized towards completing this work.

REFERENCES

Fintel, M. (1995). "Perfomance of Buildings with Shear Walls in Earthquake in the Last
Thirty Years." PCI Journal, 40(3), 62-80.
Holden, T. J., Restrepo, J., and Mander, J. B. (2003). "Seismic Performance of Precast
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Walls." Journal of Structural Engineering,
ASCE(March 2003), pp 286-296.
Kurama, Y. (2001). "Simplified Seismic Design Approach for Friction-Damped Unbonded
Post-Tensioned Precast Concrete Walls." Technical Paper, ACI Structural Journal,
Vol. 98, No.5(September-October 2001), pp705-715.
Liyanage, L. U. (2004). "Biaxial Lateral Loading Behaviour of Thin Concrete Walls," Master
Thesis, University of Canterbury, Cnristchurch.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BI-LATERAL SEISMIC

PERFORMANCE OF PRECAST HOLLOW CORE WALL
USING SHAKING TABLE
N.H.A Hamid 1 & J. B. Mander2

Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ

ABSTRACT
Two geometrically identical full scales of precast hollow core wall panels are constructed together
with their foundations beam. These walls are tested under bi-lateral loading using various biaxial
displacement controlled such as 2-leaf clover, 4-leaf clover and double 4-leaf clover pattern.
They are designed in accordance to Damage Avoidance Design philosophy to carry wind, roof and
seismic loading. The walls are detailed with steel-armouring at their wall-foundation interface to
provide some damage protection against seismic attack. Moreover, longitudinal prestress strands
wires together with unbonded post-tensioned tendons will allow the walls to rock forward and
backward due to discontinuity between wall and foundation beam. Mechanical energy dissipator,
unbonded fuse-bars and bonded fuse-bars are added to these walls so that the rocking system can
dissipate more energy during ground motion. A shaking table is used in slow motion to perform the
bi-lateral quasi-static experiments for both walls. Wall 1, with a fixed location of bonded fuse-bars
and unbonded tendons, is tested under various biaxial load paths including 4-leaf clover patterns.
Wall 2 is tested with different configurations by utilizing unbonded post-tensioned tendons, unbonded
fuse-bars and mechanical energy dissipator under double 4-leaf clover pattern. Experimental results
show that due to the damage avoidance design details both walls perform very well under biaxial load
paths without any discernable structural damage up to 2.0% drift. Visual observation also proved that
precast hollow core wall does not experience any cracks or spalling of concrete as compared to fixedbase monolithic wall panels and slender walls. Thus, precast hollow core wall panels are
recommended to use in the construction of warehouse/industrial buildings especially in prone seismic
regions.
Keyword: displacement compatibility, earthquake excitation, shaking table, strut-and-tie model,
shear-buckling.

1.0

INTRODUCTION

In seismic regions, wall panels are expected to resist in-plane seismic forces where lateral
resisting load is provided by wall panels in both directions. These walls often perform a dual
function in providing the exterior cladding as well as resisting loads. The loads may arise
from the combination of roof (gravity), in-plane and out-of-plane wind and/or seismic
loadings. These lateral loads must be resisted by special wall known as seismic wall. Figure
1(a) presents the conceptual design of a prototype building where it is envisaged precast
hollow core wall units as the principal structural and cladding elements. Plan view of the
conceptual prototype structure used in this study is shown in Figure 1(b). The seismic walls
carry gravity, seismic and wind loads from the roof where rafters are seated on top of these
structural elements. The non-seismic walls are principally designed to act as cladding. The
infill wall units are only required to sustain their self_weight and wind face_loads. Resistance
of lateral wind and seismic forces is via a longitudinal wind truss system that acts through a
roof diaphragm. Figure 1(c) shows front elevation of 1200mm wide wall units that are held in
position by an inverted channel which also as edge chord of the wind truss. This continuous
steel channel is also used to seat the rafters and anchor the vertical post-tensioned prestress
and unbonded fuse-bars.
Thus, this research seeks to design, construct and test a subassembly seismic wall under
bi-lateral loading. The seismic wall is designed and detailed according to Damage

Avoidance Design (DAD) principles as proposed by Mander and Cheng (1997) where the
bottom of the wall is protected with steel-armouring. A couple of unbonded post-tensioned
tendons in each wall are used to provide a self-centring for rocking system without forming
any residual displacement. In addition, mechanical energy disspator, bonded and unbonded
fuse-bars are also fully-utilized in this design to achieve the maximum efficiency of energy
dissipation.
2.0

FINDINGS FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCH

From past earthquake such as the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Berg and Stratta,1964), the
Armenia earthquake (Wyllie and Filson, 1989), the1994 Northridge earthquake (Iverson and
Hawkins, 1994), the 1999 Koceali (Turkey) earthquake (Youd et al., 2000) and the 2001 Bhuj
(India) earthquake (Ghosh, 2001) showed that precast concrete wall buildings did not
perform very wellparticularly at connections and junctions with other structural
components. Although many buildings did perform sufficiently well so that life-safety was
preserved, substantial damage to the walls in many buildings lead to loss of amenity
including major business interruption.
A lot of research had been conducted dealing with precast wall panels under reverse quasistatic cyclic loading. For example, McMenamin (1999) tested five precast walls with 4/10scale under in-plane seismic loading. Results revealed that these walls failed by shearbuckling and fracture of reinforcement bars leading to cracking and spalling of concrete.
Further investigation was carry out by Chiewanichakorn (1999) to solve this problem by
using four precast walls with variation of axial loading and length of lap-splices. He also
demonstrated that these walls could perform better with starter bars clustered at edges of the
wall as compare to those walls with uniform spacing of the longitudinal reinforcement
through the entire length of the wall. In order to validate the experimental work performed by
McMenamin (1999) and Chiewanichakorn (1999), a global computational model which can
predict the possible failure mechanism of reinforced concrete wall was further investigated by
Lander (2001). He modelled these failure mechanism using displacement compatibility and
force-equilibrium in the form of strut-and-tie model. The analytical modelling developed by
Lander (2001) showed a good agreement with McMenamins and Chiewanichakorns
experimental results.
On-line with this research matter, Holden et. al, (2003) studied the seismic performance of
two half-scaled precast concrete walls tested under reversed quasi-static static regime. The
first wall is designed according to requirements of the New Zealand Concrete Structures
Standard (NZS 3101) as fixed-based monolithic emulation precast concrete wall, while the
second wall designed as a rocking-base connection using Damage Avoidance Design (DAD).
This design philosophy was proposed by Mander and Cheng (1997) where a steel-steel
rocking interface protects (or armour) point forces to prevent any local damage propagating
into the concrete structures. Both walls had a height to thickness ratio of 30:1 and
reinforcement ratios of 0.84% and 0.25% in the longitudinal and transverse direction,
respectively. The first wall performed as a ductile cast-in-place unit with a degradation of
strength was observed when it reached 2.5% drift. But second wall performed better than the
first wall without any structural damage. Hence, this research extends the DAD work of
Holden et al.(2003) who demonstrated that good seismic performance of precast wall
systems can be achieved by avoiding the formation of a plastic hinge at the bottom of the
wall through disconnecting the wall-foundation interface and clamping the precast wall unit
to the foundation using post-tensioned unbonded tendons.

3.0

CONSTRUCTION OF SEISMIC WALL PANELS

Two specimens consisted of precast hollow core wall and foundation beam were designed
according to Damage Avoidance Design Philosophy and constructed in the laboratory. Figure
2 presents cross-section of two specimens including reinforcement bars, location of energy
dissipators and unbonded tendons. Also shown is the mix of prestress unbonded tendons,
mechanical dissipating devices, bonded and unbonded fuse-bars investigated. Wall 1 was
designed with a pair of bonded fuse-bars (Type A) and Wall 2 was designed with two
replaceable energy dissipators which are unbonded fuse-bars (Type B) and mechanical energy
dissipator (Type C). Steel channel was inserted into bottom of wall panels as damage
protection against earthquake impact. Steel plate placed at top of foundation beam to allow
rocking mechanism under earthquake excitation. A concrete block weighed 34kN was
constructed separately to simulate the gravity loads which comes from roof loading. Figure
2(a) shows details of reinforcement bars in the foundation beam and the cross-section of each
wall together with unbonded tendons (RB25). Figure 2(b) exhibits a special fitting for
installation of mechanical energy dissipators (Type C) made from steel block with a hole at
the center. Figure 2 (c) shows the location of bonded fuse-bars (Type A) at the two-middle
void sections together with unbonded tendons of Wall 1. Figure 2(d) presents Wall 2 with two
combinations of two types of energy dissipators with unbonded tendons. The first
combinations is unbonded fuse-bars (Type B) and unbonded tendons whilst second
combination is mechanical energy dissipators (Type C) and unbonded tendons. After the
construction of these specimens, both of the walls were placed on shaking table and
instrumentation took place before testing.
4.0

INSTRUMENTATIONS, EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND TESTING

PROCEDURE

Bi-lateral loading experiments were conducted on both specimens based on instrumentations

and experimental set-up as shown in Figure 3. A shaking table was used under quasi-static
sinusoidal motion to apply in-plane displacements at the base of the specimen while
simultaneously lateral out-of-plane displacements were applied via an external reaction frame
to the top of the specimens as shown in Figure 3(a). The in-plane lateral load was applied by
a 440kN servo-controlled actuator mounted at height of 2830mm from base plate of shaking
table. One end of in-plane actuator was connected to a reaction frame bolted to shaking table
while the other end was connected to the top of the walls. Instrumentation together with
linear and rotary potentiometer used to measure in-plane and out-of-plane displacement both
is shown in Figure 3(b). A total number of twenty-seven potentiometers were used to measure
uplift, sliding, in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. The experimental set-up together
with instrumentation which was ready for testing is shown in the photograph (Figure 3 (c)).

5.0

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR WALL 1

Figure 4 presents the overall experimental and theoretical results of seismic bi-lateral
performance of Wall 1 at 1.5% drift amplitude under the 4-leaf clover displacement
controlled pattern. The location of unbonded tendons (RB25), 16mm diameter and 260mm
length of bonded fuse-bars (Type A), foundation beam and top concrete block of Wall 1 are
presented herein. Figure 4(a) presents the experimental 4-leaf clover displacement

controlled pattern used to provide bi-lateral loading. This pattern was chosen to examine the
extreme seismic behaviour when the out-of-plane loading reached maximum drift while zero
drift at in-plane directions or vice-versa. Figure 4(b) presents the in-plane force-displacement
response to the applied displacements, while Figure 4(c) presents the theoretical behaviour
assuming rigid body kinematics. Although the experimental and theoretical force capacities
are in good agreement at large displacements (> 25mm), it is evident that the initial
stiffnesses do not compare well. Figure 4(d) presents the experimental and theoretical results
for out-of-plane behaviour.
The theoretical results show that an elastic response is expected for out-of-plane direction,
but considerable non-linear is evident. It should be noted, however, that the out-of-plane
forces are only some 10% of the in-plane forces, and the energy absorbed is attributed to
friction in the fittings of the experimental apparatus. Figure 4(e) and (f) show a similar
pattern as the predicted with flat plateau when bonded fuse-bars exceeding yielding strength.
Similar results were also obtained in-plane and out-of-plane load path except that in-plane
load path remains constant at +1.5% drift even though further increment of in-plane
displacement took place. This is because the bonded fuse-bars had already yield of at 1.0%
drift and then reached a maximum plateau at 1.5% drift. It was observed that Wall 1 did not
experience cracking and damage through the entire experiment. Both of unbonded fuse-bars
were yielded and leaving a gap of 3mm between wall-foundation interface.
6.0

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FOR WALL 2

Experimental work on Wall 2 subjected to double 4-leaf clover displacement controlled

pattern was carried out on shaking table. The results of Wall 2 with two combinations of
bonded fuses bars with different level of prestressing of unbonded tendons and unbonded
tendons with mechanical energy devices presented herein:
6.1

WALL 2 (UNBONDED FUSE-BARS AND UNBONDED TENDONS)

Figure 5 presents the experimental and theoretical results of Wall 2 which had a pair of
unbonded tendons together with a pair of unbonded fuse-bars. The specimen was tested at
four drift levels (0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) using the double 4-leaf clover
displacement controlled pattern as shown in Figure 5(a). The unbonded fuse-bars were
prestressed to 50% of their yield capacity. For the lower drift amplitude (0.1%, 0.5% and
1.0%) the wall remained mostly elastic, whereas a nonlinear flag-shape behaviour
occurred at 1.5% drift amplitudes when the main tendons yielded. For the latter, the
unbonded tendon remained in elastic region but the fuse-bars yielded and dissipated most of
their energy as shown in Figure 5(b). Figure 5(c) shows the theoretical in-plane behaviour
where the flag-shape is slightly bigger than experimental results due to higher stiffness in
unbonded tendons and unbonded fuse-bar.
Under biaxial loading testing, some of the lateral loading lost due to friction in the actuator
and connections. Out-of-plane, the wall behaved in a mostly elastic fashion. However, from
Figure 5(d) shows some hysteretic behaviour is evident. This is attributed to changes in the
level of prestress during the concurrent in-plane behaviour as well as some friction present in
the connections of the experimental apparatus. The overall force response to the applied
displacement pattern is shown in Figure 5(e). A slight degree of asymmetry in response is
evident, this is attributed to eccentric placement of the tendons at the top of the wall. No
damage to the precast concrete unit was observed during this experiment on Wall 2. The

theoretical force capacity arising from the bi-lateral push-over analysis for the double 4-leaf
clover loading pattern is shown in Figure 5(f). The combination of 50% prestressing of
fuse-bars gave the optimum solution in this design.
6.2

WALL 2 (MECHANICAL ENERGY DISSPATORS AND

UNBONDED TENDONS)

Figure 6 presents the overall experimental performance of Wall 2 which comprises a couple
of unbounded tendons prestressed to 50% of their yield capacity plus four external
mechanical energy dissipators. The external energy dissiptors were first prefabricated, and
then welded to a steel angle at the foundation and attached to the wall through bolts that were
grouted in place across the center of the first and sixth of section void (refer to Figure 6(g)).
Wall 2 was tested using double 4-leaf clover pattern up to 1.5% drift as given Figure 6(a).
The in-plane force response to the applied displacement pattern is shown in Figure 5 (b)
where a modest amount of hysteresis is evident. Results show that Wall 2 still maintain a
self-centering capability with only a small value of residual displacement recorded during
unloading.
It should be noted that buckling of the mechanical energy dissipators devices caused minor
residual displacement. It can be seen in Figure 6(c) where the theoretical result shows that
during unloading path, the wall went back to it original position without any residual
displacement. Figure 6(d) shows experimental and theoretical for out-of-plane response.
Figure 6(e) illustrates the experimental bi-lateral loading path behaviour while Figure 6(f)
shows the theoretical bi-lateral loading path response. At +1.0% drift under in-plane loading,
the threaded bars, which were holding the mechanical energy dissipators, bent and the
through-bolts became loose. When the drift increased up to 1.5%, the concrete immediately
surrounding the threaded through-bolts started to crush and crack lines propagated around
the bolts. This slight degree of damage is evident in the photographs of Figure 6(g) and (h).
During the 1.5% drift amplitude, the mechanical energy dissipators buckled outward from the
wall due to compression force during unloading cycle. This type of energy dissipator is not
suitable to use because it is located outside the wall and for aesthetic reason.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the experimental study on single rocking precast prestressed concrete hollowcore
wall units using three types of energy dissipators presented herein the following conclusions
are drawn:
1)
Wall 2 tested with unbonded fuse-bars and tendons gives the optimum solution in
the terms of design where the yielding of fuse-bars can be restressed after ground
shaking. The location of unbonded fuse-bar at two third height of wall will make
it easier to replace.

2)
3)
4)

Bonded fuse-bars is not suitable to use in precast wall panel because it is difficult
to replace, yielded after strong earthquake and cannot replace due to the location
inside the foundation beam.
Mechanical energy devices had problem of buckling during unloading cycle and
some cracks were formed around high yield threaded rods. In addition these rods
also buckling during uplifting of the wall.
The success of the rocking hollowcore walls is attributed to the Damage
Avoidance Design (DAD) approach that requires carefully detailed armouring at
the base of the wall to enable high point load stresses to be dispersed up the wall
and also into the foundation.

REFERENCES
Berg, G.V., and Stratta, J.L. (1964)."Anchorage and the Alaska Earthquake on March 27,
1964." American Iron and Steel Institute, 63pp.
Chiewanichakorn, M. (1999). Stability of Thin Precast Concret Wall Panels Subejected to
Gravity and Seismic Forces, M.E. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Canterbury.

Ghosh, S.K. (2001)."Observations from the Bhuj Earthquake of January 16, 2001." PCI
Journal, Vol.46, No.2 ( March-April 2001), pp 34-42.
Holden, T. J., Restrepo, J., and Mander, J.B. (2003). "Seismic Performance of Precast
Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Walls," Journal of Structural
Engineering,Vol.129, No.3, ASCE, March 2003, pp 286-296.
Iverson, J.K., and Hawkins, N.M.(1994)." Performance of Precast/Prestressing Building
Structures During Northridge Earthquake." PCI Journal, Vol.36, No.2 (March-April,
1994), pp38-55.
Lander, M. R. E. (2001). Analytical Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Wall Behaviour
Under Seismic Loading, ME Report, Department of Civil Engineering, University
of Canterbury.
Mander, J.B., and Cheng, C.-T.(1997). "Seismic Resistance of Piers Based on Damage
Avoidance Design," Technical Report NCEER-97-0014, State University of New
York at Buffalo, Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering,
Buffalo, New York, U.S.A.
McMenanin, A. P. (1999) The Performance of Slender Precast reinforced Cantilever
Walls with Roof Level Lateral Displacement Restrain under Simulated In-Plane
Seismic Loading, M.E. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Canterbury.
Wyllie Jr, L. A., and Filson, J. R. (1989). "Armenia Earthquake Reconnaissance Report."
Earthquake Spectra, Special Supplement (August 1989).
Youd, T.L., Bardet, J.P., Bray, J.D. (2000). " Kocaeli, Turkey, Earthquake of August 17,1999
Reconnaissance Report." Earthquake Spectra, Supplement A to Volume 6, (December
2000).

BRACING HORIZONTAL ELEMENT FOR

LONGITUDINAL LOADS

LONGITUDINAL
LOADS

TRANSVERSE
LOADS

PORTAL FRAME -VERTICAL ELEMENT

FOR TRANVERSE LOADS

(a)

)
b
(

Rafters
supported
on
PHCW's

Seismic
Wall

Door
Wind
Trusses

Non-Seismic
Wall

Typical tributary area for

one seismic precast wall panel

(b)

RAFTER

RB25N

STEEL CHANNEL

UNBONDED TENDON

SEISMIC
WALL

NON-SEISMIC
WALL

( C)

SEALANT

NON-SEISMIC
WALL

STEEL CHANNEL

RUBBER PAD
SPREAD FOOTING

(c)
Figure 3.2: The prototype of warehouse Type III building; (a) 3D isometric view of the warehouse;
(b)layout plan showing the schematic arrangement of seismic and non-seismic walls together with
wind trusses; and (c)side elevation showing the locations of unbonded tendons inside the seismic
wall are screwed to the couplers inside the foundation beam.

Y
PHCW

THREADED BAR
DIAMETER 20mm

RB25
STEEL BLOCK
WITH 25MM HOLE

MECHANICAL
ENERGY DEVICES

RB25N

UNBONDED
TENDONS (RB25)

PHCW REFILL
WITH CONCRETE
fcu=67MPa

STEEL
ANGLE

THREADED ROD
WITH 12MM DIAMETER

BONDED
FUSE-BARS
(Diameter-16mm)

RB25C (COUPLERS)
STEEL CHANNEL
(254x89x35.74kg/m)

FOUNDATION BEAM

RB25N (NUTS)
STEEL
STIFFENER
(300x215x10)

PINTEL
FOUNDATION BEAM
Fuse length
=150mm

(b)
(a)
34kN MASS
CONCRETE
BLOCK

STEEL ANGLE

UNBONDED
FUSE-BARS

UNBONDED
TENDONS (RB25)
SELF-WEIGHT
PHCW=3.45kN/M

EXTERNAL
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
DISSIPATOR
STEEL CHANNEL

BONDED
FUSE-BARS

PRECAST
FOUNDATION
BEAM

WALL 1
(c)

WALL 2
(d)

Figure 3.3: Test specimens used in the experimental investigation; (a) PHCW in-filled with concrete
together with connection interface between PHCW and foundation beam; (b) connection detailing for
mechanical energy dissipators; (c) location energy dissipators inside Wall 1-P+A; (d) combination of
unbonded tendons and energy dissipators on Wall 2.

OUT-OF-PLANE ACUATOR

TOP CONCRETE BLOCK (34kN)

IN-PLANE RESISTANCE
ACUATOR

3330

PHCW
UNBONDED
TENDON

FOUNDATION BEAM
SHAKING TABLE

(a)

NORTH ELEVATION

P27

P21

P26
P19

P20

P17

P18

P15

P16
P25

P13

P14
P24

P4 P5 P6 P7

P8

P9 P10 P11 P12

P23

P1

P2

P3
P22

(b) INSTRUMENTATION

(c)

Figure 3.4: Experimental set-up and instrumentation: (a)schematic loading frame for Wall 1-P+A and
Wall 2 on shaking table; (b) instrumentation arrangement for Wall 1-P+A and Wall 2 on shaking
table; and (c) photograph looking south-east of the wall specimen ready for testing.

CONCRETE
BLOCK=34KN

P.S=166kN
Fy =260kN

Bonded
Fuse-bar
Dia=16mm
Fy=260kN

WALL 1- P + A

Figure 3.5: Theoretical and experimental results for Wall 1 with 64% prestressing of unbonded tendon
tested on shaking table: (a) 4-leaf clover displacement controlled pattern; (b) experimental in-plane
behaviour; (c) theoretical in-plane behaviour; (d) experimental and theoretical out-of-plane behaviour;
(e) experimental biaxial loading path; and (f) theoretical biaxial loading path.

CONCRETE
BLOCK=34kN

P.S=84kN
Fy=166kN

P.S= 0kN
Fy= 260kN

WALL 2- P+B

Figure 3.6: The experimental and theoretical results of Wall 2-P+B : Performance snug tight
unbonded tendons and 50% prestressing unbonded fuse-bars; (a) double 4-leaf clover displacement
controlled pattern at different level of drift; (b) experimental in-plane behaviour; (c) theoretical inplane behaviour; (d) experimental and theoretical out-of-plane behaviour ; (e) experimental bi-lateral
loading path; (f) theoretical loading path.

CONCRETE
BLOCK=34kN

Fy=260kN
P.S=130kN

EXTERNAL
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
DISSIPATOR

WALL 2-P + C

(g)

(h)

Figure 3.7: Wall 2-P+C: Performance with 50% prestressing unbonded tendons and external
mechanical energy dissipators; (a) double 4-leaf clover displacement controlled pattern; (b) in-plane
behaviour; (c) theoretical in-plane behaviour; (d) theoretical and experimental out-of-plane behaviour;
(e) experimental biaxial load path; (f) theoretical biaxial load path; (g) buckling of energy dissipators;
and (h) location of energy dissipators at front view.

CHAPTER 4
FORMAT FOR POSTER PRESENTATION
4.1 TITLE OF THE POSTER PRESENTATION
The title must be located at the top page and centered. It should be bolded with font size 12 pt
(Microsoft Power Point). The authors names together with affiliations should be formatted as
follows:

PAPER TITLE
(12 PT, ARIAL, BOLD STYLE)
First authors name, Second authors name and Third authors name
Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM
(8pt, Arial, Bold)

Example:
PM Ir. Dr. Sooi Took Kowng, En. Yong Chua Bon, Prof. Wan Mahmood Wan Abd Majid and Ir. Hj. Shan Bin Suleiman.
Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM

4.2 ABSTRACT
The abstract should be in Bold Arial font, size 8 pt. The abstract text must be single-lined in font size
8 pt, Bold Arial. It should contain an overview of your research work together with the outcomes and
must be summarized not more than 350 words.

The poster should also include the followings:

4.3
INTRODUCTION
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10

PROBLEM STATEMENT
OBJECTIVES
BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Kindly acknowledge the support, help, contribution of individuals, agencies, etc. that you
received and utilized towards completing this work
4.11
FIGURES
All photographs should be of high quality, ready for typesetting. Images should be in
JPG/JPEG format and of a high resolution (300 DPI or better).
Background colour
Blue (WRES Division)
Green (StruC Division)
Yellow (CEPM Division)
Maroon (IsES Division)

Poster size (3 X 4)
Example Poster