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SPE 16484
GASWAT-PC: A Microcomputer Program for Gas Material
Balance With Water Influx
by B. Wang and T.S. Teasdale, Texaco Inc.
SPE Members
ABSTRACT
GASWAT-PC is a microcomputer material balance program
that calculates original gas in place (OGIP) from
production history for gas reservoirs with or without
water influx.
Several well-known analytical techniques, and some extensions and improvements, are
applied to a single input data set. The output for
each method is given in both tabular and graphical
form.
INTRODUCTION
Material balance methods have been employed for many
years to calculate OGIP for gas reservoirs.
Since
reservoir data and aquifer properties are uncertain
for most reservoirs, it is important to analyze the
data using different techniques.
By comparing the
results of various methods, one can improve reservoir
performance interpretation and can predict OGIP more
accurately.
.(1)
GASWAT-PC:
1.
(3)
Bg - Bgi
cw Swi + Cf
Bgi
1 - Swi
(4)
(Pi-P).
(5)
We= U S(P,t)
2.
Figure 1 demonstrates the G calculation for a volumetric reservoir using P/Z method 1 and method 2.
B.
OGIP CALCULATIONS
1.
= G Eg
2.
( 8)
Gwgp
[1-
-G-] ...........
P/Z Method 2:
(11)
( 7)
n - 1
Gwgp
( 6)
a(y) =
to obtain an equation
(1- - G - )
where
2<Ycj - Yj)2
j=1
. . (10)
F = G(Eg + Efw)
<Y> = 1oo
P/Z Method 2:
This method is similar to P/Z method 1 except
that the regression line is not forced to
pass through the initial (Pi/Zi) point.
Usually, this method applies to those reser~
voirs with questionable initial pressures.
P/Z Method 1:
A plot of P/Z versus Gw~p should yield a
straight line, and G is obta~ned by extrapolating the line to P = 0. A linear regression
technique is used in GASWAT-PC to search for
a best fit line for all observed data points,
and this line is forced to pass through the
initial point (Pi/Zi).
(2)
(Gp + Kc GLp)Bg + Wp Bw
SPE 16484
(9)
26
2.
(14)
Eg
18
G + (Bgi G ce + U)
Eg
Generally
useful for
Cole plots
influx much
Eg
We - Wp Bw
(12)
Gwgp Bg
---- = G +
G ( 1 + Bgi ce
Cole Method:
Equation (15) can be written as
Eg
3.
P/Z Methods:
pi
Zi
G - Gwgp
G- y
(16)
S(P,t) = Pi -
where
pi
y =
zi Psc
Tsc
T
(We - Wp Bw)
(19)
F = G Eg + We . . . . . . . . ( 1 5)
1.
S(P.t)
Eg
(20)
.(17)
27
GASWAT-PC:
To analyze a radial aquifer situation, additional data for aquifer permeability, porosity,
water viscosity and compressibility, formation
compressibility, and gas reservoir radius
must be given to calculate the theoretical
dimensionless time coefficient [ equation
(A-10)]. Also, the aquifer radius is required.
SPE 16484
G- Gwgp
. . . . . (21)
G[1 - ce (Pi-P)] - Y
SPE
I(Q4 <gl\
G(Egl + Efwl>
+ (We2- Wp Bwl)(l- A- B)
. . . . . (27)
(1 - Ev) +
. . . (22)
(1 -
Gwgpaw
G
)
and
(28)
where
A
Sgr
Bgl - Bgt
1 - Sgr - Swi
Bgt
Swi ow + Of
1 - Sgr - Swi
(Pt - P1)
. (23)
. (24)
Bgi G (1-Ft) + Wp Bw
B.
CASE STUDIES
To illustrate the various methods and their applications, four cases were analyzed with GASWAT-PC:
(1) an abnormally pressured reservoir with no influx,
( 2) a reservoir with a strong radial aquifer, ( 3) a
reservoir with an infinite linear aquifer, and (4) a
water drive reservoir with a large dip angle.
Watered-Out Reservoirs
Case 1:
Gwgpa
G
2.
. . . (29)
Gwgpaw
G
1 -
1 - Ft
. . . . . . (25)
. . . . . (26)
29
GASWAT-PC:
aquifers.
The calculated G and U are 961.39 BCF and
15143.31 RB/psi/yr [27.53 x 109 m3 and 349.19
m3/kPa/yr] for the Schilthuis aquifer, and 892.683
BCF and 81380.50 RB/psi [25.56 x 109 m3 and 1876.57
m3/kPa] for the Hurst simplifiedaquifer, respectively.
The Hurst aquifer yields a a smaller deviation of
6.94%.
Figure 4.c shows the result of HO method. The calculated G is 77.05 BCF [2.22 x 109m3], which is close
to the RF P/Z value.
A Cf of 12 microsips [1. 74 x
10-6 kPa-1] is calculated from the slope using equation
(12), which is lower than the reported value of 15
microsips [2.18 x 10-6 kPa-1].
Note that six data points (in the first 10% gas
production) are excluded from the HO calculation due
to their scattered distribution.
However, these
points are included in P/Z method 1 and RF P/Z method,
since P/Z plots are not as sensitive as HO calculations
to the early life data.6
The G and Cf values from the RF P/Z and HO calculations
are automatically input to the 'pressure match section, ' and then the reservoir pressure at each time
step is calculated and plotted in Figure 4.d. Comparing the observed data and the calculated results, it
is seen that both cases give excellent matches which
indicate the correct G value is within the range of
74 to 78 BCF [2.12 x 109 to 2.22 x 109m3],
KtD
= KtD
TDF
(12.78) (0.6)
SPE 16484
Case 3:
SPE
I {Q4cg4-
CONCLUSIONS
GASWAT-PC is a powerful, low cost microcomputer
program for material balance analysis of gas reservoirs.
Several commonly accepted techniques and
aquifer models (and extensions) are included for
interactive examination of condensate, volumetric,
abnormally pressured, and water drive situations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
S.
6.
7.
NOMENCLATURE
gas formation volume factor, RB/MCF
[res m3/stock-tank m3]
water formation volume factor, RB/STB
[res m3/stock-tank m3]
effective compressibility, psi-1 [kPa-1]
(cwSwi + Cf)/(1-Swi>
formation compressibility, psi-1 [kPa-1]
water compressibility, psi-1 [kPa-1]
cw
CGWC
current gas water contact
curvature, defined in equation (B-4)
CURV
expansion of water and reduction in pore
volume, RB/STB [res m3/stock-tank m3],
defined in Equation (4)
expansion of gas, RB/MCF [res m3 /stocktank m3], defined in Equation (3)
recovery efficiency, fraction
volumetric sweep efficiency, fraction
underground withdrawal, RB [res m3], defined
in Equation (1)
total trapped gas volume in HCPV, fraction
original wet gas in place, BCF [m3]
cumulative condensate produced, MMSTB [stocktank m3]
cumulative dry gas produced, BCF [m3]
trapped wet gas, BCF [m3]
cumulative wet gas produced, BCF [m3]
net thickness, ft. [m]
HCPV = hydrocarbon pore volume, MMRB [res m3]
Kc = condensate conversion factor, MCF/STB [m3Jm3]
~tD
dimensionless time coefficient, yr-1
KtD = theoretical dimensionless time coefficient,
yr-1, defined in Equation (A-10)
GASWAT-PC:
REFERENCES
kw
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ramagost, B. P. and Farshad, F. F.: "P/Z Abnormally Pressured Gas Reservoirs," paper SPE 10125,
presented at the 1981 SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Oct. 1981.
S.
6.
Dake, L. P. : Fundamentals of" Reservoir Engineering, Elservier Scientific Pubishing Company, 1978.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Cragoe, C. S.: "Thermodynamic Properties of Petroleum Product," Bureau of Standards, U. S. Department of Commerce Misc. Pub., No. 7 (1929) 26.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Shagroni, M. A.: "Effect of Formation Compressibility and Edge Water on Gas Field Performance,"
master thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 1977.
Subscriots
a
aw
i
j
sc
1
2
t
=
=
SPE 16484
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Texaco Inc. for permission to
publish this paper.
They also thank Dr. Joe P. Vogt
for his assistance in making the numerical simulation
run.
32
Bruns,
v. c.:
SPE Jv4~~-----------------------------B_._w_a_n~g_a_n~d_T_.__s_._T_e_a_sd_a_l_e_______________________________
9-.
18.
and
~ kw <cw + Cf)
u = 0.30S2
h W[
llw
O.S
] . (A-8)
19.
20.
Dumore, J. M. : "Material Balance for a BottomWater Drive Gas Reservoir," Soc. Pet. Eng. J.
(December 1973) 328-334.
S(P,t) =
21.
S.
APPENDIX A
. (A-1)
. . . . (A-10)
KtD
ra
- - ) . (A-9)
rg
2.309 kw
l APj Qd(tDj
j=1
radial
where
~is
encroachment angle.
APPENDIX B
3,
S(P,t) =
L[Pij=1
CURVATURE CALCULATION
(A-4)
1.
4.
n-1
S(P,t)
. (A-S)
j=1
Yi - y(xmin>
where
for j
(A-6)
2.
Pj-1 - Pj+1
APj
. (B-2)
Xmax - Xmin
Pi-P1
APj
. (B-1)
Xmax - Xmin
for j
2 to n-1
(A-7)
(B-3)
33
GASWAT-PC:
10
3.
SPE 16484
(C-4)
APPENDIX D
P1 AND Pt CALCULATIONS FOR LIBEAR AND RADIAL RESERVOIRS
Linear Reservoir:
(D-1)
APPENDIX C
MODIFIED MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
P2 - ( .001127 kwrg h W
As water influx enters into the reservoir, the conventional material balance equation has to be modified
by considering the pressure gradient in the water
invaded region (see Figure 2).
.(D-2)
.(D-3)
Radial Reservoir:
5.6146 x 106 (We2-WpBw1> 0.5
(1-Sgr-Swi> ~nh W/360) ]
. . (D- 4 )
th\,lS,
qwuwln(r2/r1)
P2(G - Gwgp - Gt)Bg1
G Bgi
- 0.433rwtane(r2-r1) (D-5)
0.00708kwrgh
+ Gt Bgt
1 - Swi
+ ce (Pi-P1) [aBgi- Gt Bgt
1 - Swi
+ Ce (Pi-Pt) [at Bgt
Sgr
Sgr
P2 -
365.25
(We2 - Wp Bw1> Sgr
1 - Sgr - Swi
. . . . (C-2)
OAPI
G(Eg1 + Efw1>
+ (We2 - Wp Bw1> (1 - A - B)
Sgr
1 - Sgr - Swi
Swi cw + Cf
B= 1 Sgr - Swi
r1+r2
] . (D-6)
Bg1 - Bgt
. . (C-3)
(C-4)
Bgt
(Pt-P1)
We2- Wp Bw1
tn - tn-1
. . . (D-7)
141.5/(131.5 +
= g/cm3
API)
E-01
m3
cp x 1.0*
E-03
Pas
ft
3.048*
E-01 = m
ft3
2.831 685
bbl
where
A
r22+r1r2+r12
. . . . . (C-1)
and since
Gt Bgt =
+ We2
- Wp Bw1
qwllw
[
0 5 0.00708kwrgh
1.589 873
oc
(F-32) /1.8
psi x 6.894 757
(C-5)
(C-6)
34
E+OO
kPa
SP'E 1 6 4 8 4,
TABLE 1
PZ2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
RF
HO
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3 microsips
15 microsips
0.2
0.35
267 F
9507 psia
0.5537 RB/MCF
-11167 ft
69 BCF by volumetrics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
p
t
Gp
GLp
{MSTB}
z
{BCF~
{J2sia}
{da:i:sl
0.0
69.00
182.00
280.00
340.00
372.00
455.00
507.00
583.00
628.00
663.00
804.00
987.00
1183.00
1373.00
1556.00
9507.0
9292.0
8970.0
8595.0
8332.0
8009.0
7603.0
7406.0
7002.0
6721.0
6535.0
5764.0
4766.0
4295.0
3750.0
3247.0
1.4400
1.4180
1.3870
1.3440
1.3160
1.2820
1.2390
1.2180
1.1760
1.1470
1.1270
1.0480
0.9770
0.9280
0.8910
0.8540
o.o
o.o
0.393
1. 642
3.226
4.260
5.504
7.538
8.749
10.509
11.758
12.789
17.262
22.890
28.144
32.567
36.820
29.90
122.90
240.90
317.10
406.90
561.20
650.80
776.70
864.30
939.50
1255.30
1615.80
1913.40
2136.00
2307.80
excluded in regression
included in regression
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Method Used
Gl
BCF
P/Z method 1
P/Z method 2
Ramagost-Farshad
Havlena-Odeh *
96.61
79.86
74.04
77.05
~~.
3.18
0.22
2.12
9.94
35
SPE 1 b 4 84.
TABLE 2
INPUT AND OUTPUT OF CASE 2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
c..QI&
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12.78 yr-1
10740 RB/psi
Data Select
~
3.1 microsips
3.2 microsips
0.33 cp
0.306
0.139
201 F
4243 psia
0.7673 RB/MCF
13000 ft
571 md
59 ft
180 degree
806 BCF by volumetrics
tlQ
__z_
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
o.o
4243.0
4165.0
4108.0
3935.0
3760.0
3538.0
3433.0
3408.0
3331.0
3178.0
3138.0
3100.0
3054.0
3078.0
2933.0
2917.0
2897.0
2875.0
2807.0
2496.0
2355.0
2300.0
2291.0
0.9718
0.9676
0.9651
0.9566
0.9486
0.9395
0.9357
0.9348
0.9322
0.9275
0. 92 64
0.9253
0.9242
0.9248
0.9214
0.9211
0.9207
0.9202
0.9190
0.9146
0.9142
0.9143
0.9143
283.0
452,0
799.0
1296.0
2172.0
2607.0
2966.0
3298.0
3663.0
4028.0
4390.0
4767.0
5156.0
5414.0
5504.0
5579.0
5809.0
5940,0
62 9 3 . 0
6501.0
6807.0
6875.0
CMSTB)
_.J.('1..S_'rn.l
o.o
o.o
23.451
29.324
57.343
102.318
165.984
190.122
226.208
263.241
297.909
327.622
352.843
370.186
387.236
417.052
424.861
433.398
449.844
465.379
521.950
549.323
575.786
581.104
129.58
150.52
214.96
338.86
534.18
603.17
698.68
808.73
902.81
1001.46
1070.02
1114.92
1165.00
1251.62
1272.07
1291.01
1330.60
1359.84
1457.16
1493.04
1524.69
1531.62
o.o
o.o
0.72
9.42
27.54
56,95
62.65
78.22
93.05
118.55
173.58
201.13
207.46
240.77
307.01
317.04
343.42
439.21
457.99
667.32
861.46
1153.86
1245.00
excluded in regression
included in regression
TABLE 2 (Cont.)
INPUT AND OUTPUT OF
CAS.IL2
G. BCF
_L_%
1074.75
947.54
916.65
1. 74
9.19
7.85
6.97
1430.23
961.39
892.68
7681.15
15143.31
81380.50
26.69
10.31
6.94
821.88
862.67
6330.95
5270.78
3. 04
5.70
dimensionless
RB/psi
RB/psi/yr
RB/psi
RB/psi
36
QQ.RY .....%
-11.82
- 0,08
TABLE 4
TABLE 3
INPUT AND
OUTPJ!~ .. Of .. CASE
water compressibility
formation compressibility
porosity
initial water saturation
reservoir temperature
initial pressure
initial gas formation factor
aquifer permeability
aquifer thickness
original gas in place
-...j
U?~r:..tl
_ _z_
___rn_&:L_
0.0
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
2333.0
2321.0
2203.0
2028.0
1854.0
1711.0
1531.0
1418.0
1306.0
1227.0
1153.0
0.8829
0.8843
0.8849
0.8893
0.8956
0. 9 005
0.8997
0.9134
0.9223
0.9231
0.9289
0.0
2.305
20.257
49.719
80.134
105.930
135.350
157.110
178.300
192.089
205.744
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Method Used
G. BCF
U *
~
383.27
347.83
0.21
0.91
9.77
429.56
339.69
332.13
309.03
-44339.40
5960.92
34315.29
28424.93
18.37
10.17
9.36
3. 09
formation compressibility
water viscosity
porosity
initial water saturation
residual gas saturation
reservoir temperature
gas gravity
gas radius
aquifer permeability, kw
effective permeability to water at
residual gas saturation, kwrg
aquifer thickness
water enchroachment angle
dip angle
original gas in place
aquifer radius/gas radius ratio, ralrg
dimensionless time coefficient KtD
radial aquifer constant u
4 microsips
0.25 cp
0.2
0.25
0.25
250 F
0.6
3786 ft
500 md
125 md
100 ft
30 degree
30 degree
20 BCF
5
230.1 yr- 1
187.2 RB/psi
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculated P1, psia
t
Gp
.lQgy_.l
..._...R]m!_
Simulation
~
~
P/Z method 1
Cole
Havlena-Odeh:
Small Pot
Schilthuis
Hurst Simplified
Infinite Linear
0.0
182.5
3 65.0
547.5
730.0
912.5
1095.0
1277.5
1460.0
1642.5
1825.0
2007.5
2190.0
2372.5
2555.0
2737.5
2920.0
3102.5
3285.0
3467.5
o.o
0.730
1.460
2.190
2.920
3.650
4.380
5.110
5.840
6.570
7.300
8.030
8.760
9.490
10.220
10.950
11.680
12.410
13 .140
13.870
10173.0
10009. 0
9866.0
9709.0
9562.0
9403.0
9236.0
9068.0
8908.0
8747.0
8567.0
8392.0
8221.0
8030.0
7840.0
7643.0
7435.0
7214.0
6972.0
6684.0
10173.0
10010.9
9859.4
9704.6
9547.8
9388.5
9226.4
9061.5
8893.9
8723.4
8549.0
8370.2
8186.4
7996.6
7801.2
7597.8
7384.3
7156.9
6909.9
6629.0
10173.0
10027.4
9893.8
9757.9
9620.9
9482.7
9343.2
9202.1
9059.5
8915.7
8770.8
8623.9
8475.3
8324.4
8171.5
8016.1
7859.2
7699.6
7537.1
7371.3
en
-o
rn
a---a
0
~
ex;
....
SPE 1 6 4 8~
5000
.....a:S
4000
en
p..
N'
P:;-
3000
2000
OBS
P-~!_
____ _
PZ2
1000~----~--~-----r----~----~--~-----r--~
20
40
80
60
Gwgp,BCF
Fig. 1-Sample plots of P/Z Method 1 and Method 2.
WATER DRIVE \
PERFORMANCE \
0.8
0.6
\\WATER-OUT LINE
',
\\
\
',
0.4
0.2
0~------~----~--~-------r------~~----~
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.2
vr
z
Gwgp/G, fraction
1.o
~ 1-Sor
oC
ffi
....
oC
INFLUX
GAS
Ill
AQUIFER
Fig. 3-Uitimate gas recovery calculations for depletion .and water-drive reservoirs.
Swl
I
0
,. 1
Lz
La
~"z
~"a
LENGTH OR RADIUS
(C)
Fig. 2-Schematic of water-drive reservoirs: (a) linear flow model, (b) radial flow
model, and (c) saturation profiles.
38
SP'E 1 6 4 84.
: ....I
8000T-----------------------------~
USED IN FIT
0.
NOT USED
~ 8000
..,.
v
0
0)
0.
N
.........
Q.
'"""-.,..,.. ............_
"0
i:,
~
4000
40 0 0
.,.
.'""'
2000+-------~------~------~----~
2000,+-------~------~------~------~
40
20
Gwgp, BCF
10000T-----------------------------~
-~~
.............
USED IN FIT
NOT USED
(.)
m
100
v--.............
....
~'
40
150~----~----------~----------~
lL
20
Gwgp,BCF
111.
1000
...~.....
.,.
HO
--RF
---...
..............
----.
................
0+-------~------T-------~----~
50 ~o----~---2-oTo,-o-o--~---4o-oro-o---?---8-0~ooo
(PI-P)/Eg, psi-MCF/RB
39
20
Gwgp, BCF
40
SPE 1 6 4 84;
2000r----------------------------,
SOOOr----------------------------,
~!!~P.l!tf.l.~
~~m~
o+---~----r-------~r-------~
0
800
40 0
100
400
Gwgp,BCf
,.
1800
100
Gwgp, BCf
2000r----------------------------,
2000r----------------------------,
...
NOT USED
20oo+---~----r---~--~r-------~
20 0
....
1000 ........ . -
3000
-~
.-"
~~
::
4000
~
0..
.
. ..........
....0
NOT USED
"
= 916.85 BCF
1--------:::'""''--,._
,....
w"'
-;;:. 1000
~!!~~.l!4.f.l.~
-~~
1100
_.,...,..
~1000/'
NOT USED
soo+-------2 o-o~o-o------.-o~oo-o------,-4oooo
soo+-----~--~--~------r-~---4
2000
4000
1000
8000
S(P,T)/Eg, pii-YR-MCf/RB
(PI-P)/Eg, psi-MCf/RB
11
....
1800
2000
...
.
___.___....
:~:
.... uoo
0
.;.
-;;:. 1000
~--
~.......~
-;;:. 1000
sao
500
0
5000
10000
S(P,T)/Eg, pei-MCf/RB
SOOOr----------------------------,
:."
a: 3000
- - - - SCHIL THUIS
-----HURST
..... ..........,,...____
"a.
4000
'ii
---RADIAL
"'~
~
Q.
..............
1000
200
Gwgp,BCf
40 0
.....\ ;,
---RADIAL
~..;:~
'''
,.~
2000
150000
8000~---------------------------,
-----COLE
........
.......
100000
4000
50000
S(P,T)/Eg, pal-MCf/RB
----WATER-OUT
LINE
""'''
eoo
500
Gwgp,BCf
40
''
'
1000
SPE 1 6 4 84,
3000,.---"'---'~---------,
= 3f'7.83 BCF
400,.--~~----------,
~.
~.A~~
CD
.;.
w
;;
~ J!IO ~~
If
~
": 2000
0.
0>
~
IOOO+-----,--~---r--------1
100
200
300~-~-~--~--r--~-~
300
/.
.;.
J!IO
Q "
{4) COMPARISON
ad.OII ICr
/ ..t<"'
or PRISSURI 114TCBIS
40
....
-PZI
'iii
0.
20
ui
/,/'
JOO
300
Cwgp, BCF
400
II...
zoo
100
Gwgp, BCF
.0
0
0..
cu
a..
1000
toOO
S(P,l')/Eg, psi-MCF/RB
-20
3000
100
100
300
Gwgp, BCF
PRESSURE PREDICTION
10000
<
9000
(/]
Il-l
8000
7000
SIMUL
~-V.~.L .. .
8000~------~------~------~~~----~------~--._--~
10
Gwgp,BCF
Fig. 7-Piots of Case 4.
41
15
R~~.&.. ...
SPE 1 b 4 8 4~
CURV=%
1.5------------------------ 60
40
30
20
10
1 ... ..... ........ ......................... a
,.....
-10
-20
-30
,.0
-40
~~..........- , -60
0~--------~--------+-----------------~
0
0.5
1
42