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Tessarolo
HYDRO-POWER
A. Tessarolo
Todays scenario
Fuel shares in
world electricity production in 2011
IEA Renewable Energies Information 2013
2
Share Trend
Hydropower is (going to be) the main renewable energy source
Other sources are growing faster (hydro is mature.)
Wind power has the main share among other sources
4
Reservoir
Head
Dam
Penstock
Generator
Turbine
Discharge
Turbine Type
Head Flow
Rated power
Reservoir Run of River Pumped storage
Head
Power
Pelton
(50-1300m)
Kaplan
(10-80m)
Francis
(10-400m)
Flow rate
8
Size
Large Hydropower
Although definitions vary, DOE defines large hydropower
as facilities that have a capacity of more than 30
megawatts.
Small Hydropower
Although definitions vary, DOE defines small
hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of 100
kilowatts to 30 megawatts.
Micro Hydropower
A micro hydropower plant has a capacity of up to 100
kilowatts. A small or micro-hydroelectric power system
can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ranch,
or village.
Development
Large Hydro is mature:
Turbines: Francis 1848 , Pelton 1880, Kaplan 1913
all over 90% efficiency
Large synchronous generators 1882
First hydropower plant 1881 (DC), 1891 (AC)
18
Italian Hydropower
NUMBER
1-10MW >10MW
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2000
1270
1727
1858
2001
2002
682
700
743
2003
POWER [GW]
Avg Power
<1MW 1-10MW >10MW [MW]
8.5
Average Power
8.7
8.5
8.5
8.4
8.4
8.3
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
8.2
8.1
297
465.6
2189.6 15066.3
7.9
302
523.5
2210.5 15142.2
6.6
301
567.7
2328.3 15196.2
6.2
Low investment
(short pay-back time)
Safety and
environmental impact
issues
1929
Depend on Q !!
Pn
Design flow
SECOND CASE
Available power
TO BE
COMPUTED
FOR ANY n !
load
Daily delivered power
THIS WILL BE
INTEGRATED
OVER n TO
FIND THE
DELIVERED
POWER
1929
Monfalcone
Adriatic
sea
Canale
Valentinis
Monfalcone
Power
plant
Underground
stream
Outlet
Harbour
Vista da sopra
Upstream
fllow
Plant
Downstream
flow
Underground stream
to the sea
UPSTRAM VIEW
Plant
Upstream
flow
DOWNSTREAM VIEW
PREVALENZA
Plant
Downstream
flow
VARIATION OF HEAD
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
STRONGLY
VARIABLE TIDES
Upstream
level (rains)
Downstream level
(tides)
2
Induction
generator
226 kVA
6 poles
380 V
50 Hz
1000 rpm
Kaplan turbine
210 kW
Q = 6.8 m3/s
H = 3.5 m
200 rpm
Adjustable
blades
Induction generator
Penstock
Outlet ducts
90
Physical layout
After revamping
SPM generator
305 kVA
32 poles
170240 rpm
45.364 Hz
Turbina Kaplan
Q = 6.8 m3/s
n = 170240 rpm
Adjustable blades
Induction generator
SPM generator
226 kVA
305 kVA
6 poli
32 poli
1000 rpm
170240 rpm
50 Hz
45.364 Hz
Turbine before
revamping
Turbine after
revamping
Q = 6.8 m3/s
Q = 7.4 m3/s
n = 200 rpm
n = 170240 rpm
Physical layout
After revamping
SPM generators
Functional layout
Before revamping
Induction generator
~1000 rpm
50 Hz
~200 rpm
Functional layout
After revamping
SPM generator
PWM Rectifier
4564 Hz
170240 rpm
PWM Inverter
DC link
50 Hz
SPM generators
SPM solution
Fractional slot
winding
Design
optimization
with genetic
algorithms
High
performance
magnets
N
S
Highly efficient
cooling system
N
S
Cooling system
Heat exchanger with water pipes
integrated in the frame
Project results
PMG
IG
Weight
kg
4200
1700
Torque
kNm
13.9
2.0
Nm/kg
3.7
1.2
98.1
93.5
Generatore SPM
PWM Rectifier
4564 Hz
170240 rpm
PWM Inverter
DC link
50 Hz
Head = H1
opt
2
1
Qopt
nopt
n [rpm]
Head = H2
opt
Qopt
nopt
n [rpm]
Speed
control
n*
Plant
automation
HEAD
> IG = 93.5%
+ GEAR-BOX !!
Conclusions so far
Importance of hydroelectricity
Importance of mini and micro- hydroelectric
run-of-river plants
A case of revamping of an existing plant.
Fixed-frequency geared induction generator
replaced by direct-drive SPM alternator
connected to a power converter
Benefits obtained
Installation and plant layout
Higher efficiency
Better turbine exploitation thanks to the variablespeed control for efficiency maximization
Further
experience with
microhydroelectricity
PM technology
Taking into consideration the long life generally request to hydro power
plants (never less than a few tens of years), for an absolute guarantee on
the preservation of the performance of PMG over time, is important
during design steps to accurately manage external stresses potentially
affect the physical properties of the magnets. In particular, the
temperature of the magnets and the cooling system are critical to the
good operation of the machine on long and very long term.
The best solution is a cooling system integrated in the frame, type water
jacket.
This method has several benefits:
- high efficient cooling system
- best protection the machine from the environment due to the
totally enclosed construction
- very compact solution
- sound proof.
Damper cage
In both cases, the losses on the power electronics are still very
modest: the compensator is designed in fact for the amount of
reactive power that the PMG naturally not be able to deliver
because of the discrepancy between its no load voltage and the
grid voltage, and this is normally only a part of the rated output.
For this reason, the combination of PMG DOL and static
compensator guarantees maximum efficiency
(maximum productivity) at the same time to guarantee the
stability of the network, in consequence both of transient
perturbations and/or daily variations.
Moreover, the static compensator can even be only one in a power
plant with several PMG DOL, or be sized in order to stabilize and
control the grid voltage when other loads are connected, allowing a
great flexibility of the project from the system integration point of
view, not only of the generating
Efficiency comparison
CASE HISTORY
The Lake of Paneveggio (1460 m asl) is part of the Natural Park of Paneveggio-Pale di San
Martino, a protected naturalistic environment, in the heart of the Trento Dolomites.
The lake is formed by the dam of Forte Buso, more than 100 meters high and with a
reservoir of about 30 million cubic meters, mainly exploited by a historic and important
hydroelectric power plant.
The small hpp of Forte Buso have been built practically at the base of the dam, to exploit the
reserved flow, previously released in a free way.
Whereas a hydraulic turbine generally manages with difficulty an important head variation,
the variable speed control is an optimum solution for hydroelectric exploitation of the
ecologic flow of a dam, subject to significant changes in the water level.
The solution technically advanced, shows excellent performance, the base of which there is
the best operating the power plant at highest/lowest water levels.
A quick comparison can give some idea of the difference between a possible solution at synchronous
speed and the adopted solution at variable speed
On the basis of the diagrams seen so far, in particular:
- the daily records of reservoir levels, as a result of the net head,
- the seasonal values imposed for the reserved flow, as a result of the available flow discharge,
- a plant shutdown for not applicable conditions of operating of the turbine below a minimum head of
77 meters (see Figg. 17 and 18) (See also HYDRO 2013 - Session 4a: Variable speed Pelton turbine ),
- the efficiencies of an equivalent system at synchronous speed and the adopted solution at variable
speed, both for the mechanical part (turbine, see Figg. 17 and 18) and the electrical part (generator and
power electronics; see Fig. 6 and 9), it is interesting to draw up two tables to compare the average
annual results of:
- overall efficiency
-annual mean power output
-Energy production
CONCLUSIONS
The new technologies applied to the established and traditional solutions on small hydro, can provide
good
solutions.
It is not a general approach, but where conventional technology (brushless synchronous generators and
asynchronous) can be constrained, the direct driven permanent magnet generators PMG give
performing
solutions in terms of:
- compact footprint
- reduce weight
- more acceptable noise level
- less construction constraints
- high performances
The power electronics for variable speed operation, already integrated since longtime in industrial
applications and renewable energy sources (PV, wind, ), is a further integration to traditional
schemes, for
- a smart exploitation of the entire operating range (avoiding some limitations of operation)
- the cost-effective use of a single performing machine (avoiding schemes with more machines in backup
each other)
- simpler mechanics with less moving parts, in particular with Kaplan turbines.
The case history of the Forte Buso shpp is proof, but many other situations.