Ambitious Goal Of Sergei Korolev

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RUSSIAN SPACE
Ambitious Goal Of Sergei Korolev
Sergei Korolev.
by Yury Zaitsev
Moscow, Russia (RIA Novosti) Jan 16, 2007
January 12 marks a hundred years since Sergei Korolev's birth and 41 years
since his death. It was only after he died that the nation and the rest of
the world learnt the name of the Chief Designer of Soviet missile and
space systems, and the founder of cosmonautics. Usually, Korolev's name is
associated with the first achievements of Soviet cosmonautics - the first
satellite, the first lunar robot, the first interplanetary station, and
the first manned flight into space.
But his influence on the development of missile space technology as a
unique new instrument of learning about the world was much greater than
that. Owing to him, humankind has been given a new dimension - it has
turned from the Earth's eternal prisoner with very limited living area and
resources into an explorer of boundless space, and received an opportunity
of endless advance in space and time.
In late October of 1929, Sergei Korolev visited Konstantin Tsiolkovsky to
discuss the idea of going into the stratosphere on a glider. He was only
22 then. Instead of getting an approval for his project, the young Korolev
received the great Goal of his Life, the program for its implementation,
and a warning about incredible difficulties of space exploration. It
seems, the early choice of this goal, one of the most challenging and
important for the destinies of humanity explains Korolev's unparalleled
achievements.
In 1931, he met Fridrikh Tsander and other reactive motion enthusiasts,
and established a public Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD).
Its aim was to promote rocket technologies and cosmonautics, as well as to
construct a simplistic rocket propelled aircraft with a liquid rocket
engine.
Very soon Korolev realized that this task could only be accomplished by
collective effort, and developed close cooperation with the
Leningrad-based Gas Dynamic Laboratory (GDL). He also established business

contacts with potential clients, primarily, in the Ministry of Defense and

the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, and drafted a large-scale experimental
program for rocket development and testing.
On instructions from RKKA (Red Army) Chief of Armaments Mikhail
Tukhachevsky, Korolev worked on a reactive research institute project
together with the GDL scientific supervisor Boris Petropavlovsky.
Successful launch of the first test liquid fuel rocket GIRD-09 in August
1933 was a decisive event in speeding up the institute's establishment.
Unfortunately, the institute's directors did not wish to go in this
direction, in particular develop a five-ton powered liquid rocket engine the priority was given to missiles. As a result, Korolev lost his
high-ranking position in the institute, but continued his work on cruise
and ballistic missiles, which was started at GIRD. In two years, he
managed to convert the institute's directors into his soul mates.
By the end of 1937, Korolev's work developed in all directions, and there
were grounds to expect big achievements, which would open up broad
prospects for missile technologies. Regrettably, a bright and active
personality, Korolev did not escape the state purges in 1937-38, and was
sent to a forced labor camp in Kolyma. At the end of 1940, his name was
put on the list of specialists with whom Andrei Tupolev wanted to work on
a project of a new bomber.
Korolev went to work at a so-called sharashka - a design bureau in prison,
run by the NKVD (Soviet secret police), where the best designers and
engineers from different parts of the GULAG consolidated the domestic
defenses. In 1944, Korolev was appointed deputy chief designer on testing
in a similar sharashka in Kazan. Valentin Glushko was his boss. Korolev
was still a prisoner when he received his first government Medal for
Valiant Labor during the Great Patriotic War.
Upon the rout of Nazism, Korolev was sent to Germany to study local
missile technologies together with many other specialists of the same
profile. He was charged with testing trophy missiles in flight, like the
Americans were doing. But Korolev not only prepared the ground for copying
FAU-2s, but also returned from Germany with a practically finished project
of a new ballistic missile with a double range as compared with its
long-range German counterpart.
On May 13, 1946 the U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers issued a decree on
missile armaments, which was signed by Stalin. The decree resolved many
financial and institutional questions pertaining to the development of
missile technologies; work was launched at three head ministries and in
related sectors of another five ministries. The Main Center for
Missile-Building Industry - NII-88 - was set up, and Korolev was appointed
to two positions, head of the design department, and chief designer of
long-range ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
Later on, he became the director of the center's OKB-1 (design bureau),
which became an independent organization. At his initiative, the
military-industrial complex (MIC) resumed cooperation with the Academy of
Sciences. As a result of this cooperation, all missiles, starting with
trophy rockets (1947 launches) came to be used in high-altitude physical
and biological testing; academic institutes rendered effective support to
research on multi-stage missile theory, and possibilities of creating
artificial Earth satellites.
Sergei Korolev did much for close connections between the missile industry
and the atomic program. They were working for a common goal - to give the

ICBMs a new strategic dimension

thermonuclear warheads. Korolev
intercontinental missiles had a
nuclear war, and did everything

by equipping them with nuclear and

realized better than others that
special role to play in preventing a
he could for the nation to receive them as

soon as possible.
He was also always committed to his initial goal - space exploration based
on Tsiolkovsky's ideas and his own plans. He launched manned lunar
programs, the piloted Soyuz spaceship, orbital refueling craft, and upper
stage rocket transfer vehicles. Korolev was designing manned spacecraft
for flights around the Earth, and to other planets of the solar system.
Having set up a new direction in missile or space technologies in his OKB,
Korolev usually transferred it to other organizations, and appointed his
colleagues and students to supervise it. Thus, Mikhail Yangel was put in
charge of special OKB 586 in Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine, to design systems of
land-based ballistic missiles and space vehicles.
OKB-1's Affiliate 3 was set up in the city of Kyibyshev (Samara) on the
Volga. Later on, it was transformed into a central specialized design
bureau (TsSKB) headed by Chief Designer Dmitry Kozlov. The Progres Plant
was part of it. TsSKB was charged with producing and upgrading the famous
Korolev's Seven - the R-7A missile. Now, 50 years after its construction,
its versions continue being used in many Russian and international space
programs. The same design bureau developed the first domestic
camera-carrying satellites. Credit for the idea of these satellites goes
to Korolev. Their subsequent development provided material and technical
foundations for the adoption of all treaties on reduction of nuclear
weapons and missiles.
OKB-1's eastern Affiliate 2 was established in the city of Krasnoyarsk in
Siberia, and later on renamed OKB-10 (Chief Designer Mikhail Reshetnev).
Its task was to develop space-based systems of communication and
navigation. OKB 385 was set up in the city of Zlatoust in the Chelyabinsk
Region in the southern Urals to test produce sea-based missiles (Chief
Designer Viktor Makeyev).
The father of cosmonautics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky wrote: "The chief motive
of my life is to do something useful for people, to bring humanity at
least one step forward, not to waste my life for nothing..." These words
fully apply to Sergei Korolev, just as his own description of Tsiolkovsky:
He "...was a man, who lived far ahead of his century, as a genuine and
great scientist should do."
Source: RIA Novosti
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RUSSIAN SPACE
Russia Celebrates 100th Birthday Of Space Pioneer
Moscow (AFP) Jan 12, 2007
Russia marked Friday the 100th anniversary of the birth of Soviet space
programme founder Sergei Korolev, the man behind iconic breakthroughs in
space exploration including the Sputnik satellite and the first man in
orbit. A concert was held at the Korolev ground control centre just
outside Moscow and flowers laid at the space pioneer's grave, which lies
alongside those of other prominent Soviet men under the Kremlin's wall on
Red Square.

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