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Barmetro

del Caf
2014

Sjoerd Panhuysen & Joost Pierrotz


Traducido por Laura Galn
40
bags
/ ha

13 /
ha
10 /
ha

India
5 mio

Vietnam
22 mio bags

Ethiopia
6 mio
7
Indonesia
13 mio bags

Hivos
IUCN Nederland
Oxfam Novib
Solidaridad
WWF

Contenido
2

1 Introduccin

1 Introduccin pgina1
2 Aspectos ecolgicos, econmicos y sociales de la produccin de caf pgina 3
3 Cambios climticos y caf

pgina 6

4 Sistemas de estndares voluntarios de caf pgina 12


5 Eltopdiezdetostadoresdecaf pgina 16
6 Conclusin pgina 22
7 Literatura & fuentes pgina24

Figure 1 on the cover: Top ten coffee production


countries in 2013 and volume per hectare

Figure 2 Coffee supply chain

Pequeo
Caficultor

Cooperativa

Planta de curado

Catering

Transador

Estate

Exportador

(con planta de curado propia)

Cereza seca

Tostador

Consumidor

Retail

Caf Verde

Caf tostado / instantneo

El caf, cultivado en ms de 80 pases de


Amrica Central y del Sur, frica y Asia, se
sita dentro de los productos agrcolas ms
valiosos del mundo. El cultivo de caf
provee recursos para alrededor de 20-25
millones de familias de productores [4], e
involucra a ms de 100 millones de
personas en actividades de produccin y
over 100 millionPequeos
people inproductores,
its producingen
procesamiento.
and processing.
coffee farmconjunto
con sus Smallholder
familias y trabajadores
rurales,
producen
el
70%
de
este
cultivo
ers, together with their families and
ruralde
labor
intensiva.
Las
mujeres
representan
workers produce over 70 per cent of thisla
mitad de la fuerza laboral productiva y
labour intensive crop. Women comprise half
juegan un rol crucial que con frecuencia se
the productive
play a crucial
pasa
por alto. Sinworkforce
embargo,and
conservar
el
role that oftenjuvenil
goes unnoticed.
envolvimiento
es un retoHowever,
debido a to
que
losthe
jvenes
frecuentemente
aspiran
retain
involvement
of rural youth
is aa
un futuro diferente y buscan empleo por
challenge as they often aspire to a different
fuera del sector cafetero.
future and seek employment outside the
coffee sector. el declive de los trminos
Histricamente,
de comercio y la volatilidad de los precios
han
plagado declining
la produccin
Historically,
termscafetera.
of tradeEsto
and
hace de la reduccin de la pobreza,
price volatility have plagued coffee producesencial para asegurar la sostenibilidad del
tion. This
makes
poverty
reduction,
which is
sector,
un reto
tanto
importante
como
essential
to ensure
the sustainability
difcil.
La figura
3 ofrece
un panoramaof
dethe
los
retos
sociales,
econmicos,
y
ambiensector, both an important and difficult chaltales que enfrentan los pequeos produclenge. Figure 3 presents an overview of the
tores y los trabajadores de los plantos.
mainproblemas
social, economic
environmental
Estos
al niveland
de la
produccin
for smallholders
and
plantation
sechallenges
han agravado
a razn de las
condiciones
climticas
La Organizacin
labourers.cambiantes.
These problems
at the producInternacional
Caf (OIC) [9]
tion level aredel
compounded
by reconoce
the effects of
que el sector cafetero se encuentra con
changing climatic conditions. The Interdesafos importantes derivados de los
nationalclimticos.
Coffee Organization
[9] acknowcambios
Sequas prolongadas,
ledges that the
world coffee
sector
is facing
temperaturas
elevadas,
o lluvias
intensivas
hacen
las temporadas
de cosecha
majorque
challenges
from climate
change.sean
impredecibles.
Prolonged droughts, raised temperatures
heavy rains
make the harvest
seasons
Laorsituacin
es alarmante.
Las errticas
unpredictable.
temperaturas y precipitaciones pueden
afectar las plantas de caf directamente,
generando
condiciones
poco
ptimas
para
The situation
is alarming.
Erratic
temperael crecimiento, e indirectamente, proveyture and rainfall can affect coffee plants
endo condiciones ptimas para el desarrolby bringingyabout
sub-optimal
lodirectly,
de enfermedades
plagas,
como
growing conditions,
by
oxidacin
de las hojasand
o laindirectly,
broca, respectivamente
[1].
Estos
cambios
afectan
los
providing favourable conditions for pests
tiempos y la calidad, e incrementan los
and diseases such as coffee rust and the
costos de produccin que derivan en

reducciones drsticas de ingresos a los


berry borer [1]. These changes affect yields
productores. Debido a la naturaleza
and quality,
and increase
costs
interconectada
delproduction
impacto a los
modos de
leadingvida
to drastic
of producer
por losreductions
cambios climticos,
se agravan
problemas
existentes en seguridad
income.
Due to theyainterconnected
nature
alimenticia,
suministros
de aguaityagproducof livelihoods climate change impacts,
cin agrcola. Son especialmente vulneragravates
existing
problems
in food
bles
los hogares
pobres
quesecurity,
son pequeos
water supplies
and agricultural
production.
productores,
quienes generalmente
dependen
de este
cultivo
en especfico y
Especially
vulnerable
are poor
households
difcilmente
tienen
otras
fuentes
de
with small coffee landholdings, who generingreso. Para los pequeos productores, los
ally depend on this crop and have few other
impactos por el cambio climtico ya estn
sourcessuperando
of income.las
Forcapacidades
many smallholder
que tienen para
coffee farmers,
change impacts
hacerlesclimate
frente [11,16].
are already outpacing their ability to cope
[11,16].El caf suele ser tenido en cuenta como un
indicador principal para los cultivos de
productos sostenibles; con frecuencia
Coffee establece
is regardedelas
a lead
indicator
for
ritmo
y otros
productos
lo
siguen.
La
cuota
de
mercado
del
caf
sustainable commodity crops; it often sets
sostenible
quefollow.
se atiende
a los marestndares
the pace
and others
The world
sociales, ambientales y econmicos, ha
ket share of sustainable coffee that adheres
aumentado rpidamente en los ltimos
to social,
environmental
andde
economic
aos.
Las compaas
caf, transadores y
standards
has grown
rapidly
in recent
years.
tostadores,
estn
haciendo
inversiones
en la produccin
deare
caf a
Coffee importantes
companies, traders
and roasters
travs
de
asociaciones
con
instituciones
making significant investments in coffee
pblicas y privadas en varios pases. Estos
farmingavances
through
partnerships
withlos
public
pueden
hacer que
productores
and private
in manyacountries.
sean institutions
menos vulnerables
los vaivenes
cclicos del mercado.
No coffee
obstante,
a los
These developments
can make
farmde inters
sectorboom
les
ers lessgrupos
vulnerable
to the del
markets
corresponde una responsabilidad colectiva
and bust cycle. Nevertheless, major players
para liderar la adaptacin y, en algunos
in the sector
a collective
responsibilcasos, have
incluso
mitigar cambios
climticos
ity andpor
leadership
role
in
adapting
to and,y las
venir. Claramente, los efectos
consecuencias
del cambio
climtico deben
in some
cases, mitigating
further climate
ser
considerados
y
enfrentados
change. Clearly, the effects and conse- desde la
totalidad del sector, pues sin duda
quences
of climate
must be
tackled
presentan
unchange
serio desafo
para
nuestros
sector wide
whichactuales
no doubt
a severe
conceptos
deposes
produccin
sostenible
de cafconcepts
[2]. La pregunta
challenge
to our current
of sus- que
surge
entonces
es
Pueden
nuestros
tainable coffee production [2] . The
quessistemas estandarizados ofrecer una
tion that arises then is: can our standard
solucin integral?
systems provide comprehensive solutions?
El Barmetro del Caf 2014 explora las
locales
y globales
del sistema
Coffee dimensiones
Barometer 2014
explores
the global
de
produccin
de
caf,
observando
and local dimensions of the coffee produc- cmo
los aspectos sociales, econmicos y
tion system,
by observing
how the
social,
ecolgicos
se encuentran
interconectados.

2 Aspectos ecolgicos,
econmicos y sociales
de la produccin de caf
de estrategias
de erent
adaptacin.
Con miras a los
climate
change in di
co ee producing
retos enfrentados por el sector cafetero, el
countries and present an overview of case
desarrollo de mercado para comercio
studies
advocating
adaptation
strategies.
sostenible
de caf
y su obtencin
porIn
parte de
viewlos
of diez
the challenges
the
ee sern
tostadoresfaced
lderesbyen
el co
mundo
discutidos.
En conclusin,
aspectos
sector,
market development
fordiversos
sustainable
deand
un sector
cafetero sostenible
han de ser
co ee
its procurement
by the worlds
asociados a travs de una estrategia que site
top ten
ee roastersen
willelbe
discussed.
a loscoproductores
centro
de las In
estrateconclusion,
diverse
aspects
of
a
sustainable
gias para el cambio.
co ee sector will be linked to an agenda
that places co ee farmers at the centre of
strategies for change.

Smallholder level

Estate level

Social issues

Food insecurity
Malnutrition
Poor access to education and healthcare
Gender inequality
Ageing farmer communities
Migration & young people leaving co ee farming

Labour abuse
Limited access to clean water
Poor living conditions
Discrimination
Gender inequality
Sexual harassment

Economical issues

Figure 3 : Overview of the social, economic and environmental issues at the producer level

Green bean prize volatility


Low productivity
Lack of farm credit
Lack of market information
Lack of direct market access
Rising cost of living
Ageing co ee trees
Land tenure uncertainty
Limited access to insurance instruments
Poor services through farmer organisations
No living income
Taxation

Green bean prize volatility


High casualization of labour
Un- and under-employment
Low formal minimum wages
No living wage
Lack of income diversification
(especially for temporary
workers)
Taxation
Partial freedom of association
Limited collective bargaining

Environmental

Por una parte


hemos notado
que
losinterproduceconomic
and ecological
aspects
are
tores
de
caf
estn
experimentando
una
twined. On the one hand we have noticed
diversidad de impactos referentes a los
that
co eeclimticos,
producers yare
experiencing
cambios
por
otra parte slo hay
dipocas
erenty climate
changemedidas
related impacts,
on
fragmentarias
de adaptacin
y mitigacin
en el
sector
the
other handimplementadas
there are only few
and
fragcafetero
para hacerand
frente
a esta nueva
mented
adaptation
mitigation
measures
realidad. Examinaremos avances recientes en
being implemented in the co ee sector to
el mercado cafetero para as trazar las
cope
with this
new reality.SeWe
willelexamine
corrientes
dominantes.
har
intento de
recent developments in the co ee market
en diferentes
pases
productores
y
toclimticos
trace the main
trends. An
attempt
will
se presentar un panorama de casos de
be made to identify the consequences of
estudios que exhorten a la implementacin

Conversion of primary forest habitat deforestation - loss of biodiversity and


habitat destruction soil erosion and degradation agrochemical use and runo
radation of water quality and supply limited waste water management
eutrophication - co ee pests and tree diseases mono-culture sun cropping

Encrop
la cosecha
de los aos
In
year 2012/13,
co ee2012/13
farmerslos
productores
registraron
un
rcord
de
produced a record crop of 145.1
million
produccin de 145.1 millones de sacos de 60
60-kg bags [10] (see Figure 4). Arabica and
kg [10] (ver Figura 4). Arabica y Robusta son
Robusta
are the
two main types
of co
ee.
los dos tipos
dominantes
de caf.
La especie
Arabica,
grown
at high altitudes
Arabica,mainly
cultivada
principalmente
en in
elevadas
altitudes
en Amrica
Latin
America
(including
Brazil) Latina
and North(incluyendo a Brasil) y en frica Nororiental,
east Africa, accounts for 60 percent of
representa el 60% de la produccin mundial.
world
production.
A highdeproportion
of this
Una buena
proporcin
este caf de
alta
high
quality
co ee is por
grown
by small-scale
calidad
es cultivado
pequeos
productores que
seproduce
establecen
reasaltitude
de cultivo
en
farmers
who
in high
growaltitudes
elevadas.has
Robusta
tiene
un sabor
ing
areas. Robusta
a much
stronger
mucho ms fuerte que Arabica, y es cultivado
taste than Arabica, and is grown in humid
en reas hmedas de baja altitud en Asia,
areas
low altitudes
in Asia,yWestern
fricaatOccidental
y Central,
Brasil. Esand
mucho
ms resistente
a las
enfermedades
y registra
Central
Africa, and
Brazil.
It is more reun mayor
rendimiento
por arbusto.
La
sistant
to diseases
and produces
a higher
produccin de Robusta, ms adecuada para
yield per tree. Production of Robusta, which
las preparaciones instantneas, a lo largo de
islawell
suited
for instant
co ee, has
over the
ltima
dcada
ha aumentado
significativalast
decade,
cantly
up tode
40la
mente
hastaincreased
ascendersignifi
a cerca
del 40%
produccin
mundial
[3].
percent
of world
production
[3] .
El rea dedicada para la produccin de caf
Total land dedicated to co ee production
cubre una porcin relativamente pequea
covers
a relatively
smallalrededor
area of agricultural
de superficie
agrcola,
de 10,5
millones
de hectreas
[3,20].
Cuatro[3,20]
pases.
land,
around
10,5 million
hectares
dominan
la produccin
Four
countries
dominate mundial
global codeeecaf:
proBrasil (35%), Vietnam (15%), Indonesia (9%) y
duction: Brazil (35 percent), Vietnam
Colombia (7%), (ver Figura 1) [10]. La
(15
percent), por
Indonesia
(9 percent)
and
produccin
hectrea
difiere ampliaColombia
(7
percent),
(see
Figure
1)
[10].
mente, respectivamente desde 24 sacos
por
hectrea
en
promedio
en
Brasil,
a
40
sacos
The production per hectare di ers greatly en
Vietnam
y solo 7 24
sacos
enper
Indonesia
from
respectively
bags
hectare[17].
on El
cultivo de caf est expandindose drsticaaverage in Brazil, to 40 bags in Vietnam
mente en Vietnam e Indonesia, en donde
and
only 7 bags
in Indonesiay el[17].
predomina
el monocultivo
cafCo
de ee
cultivo al sol
[1,3], y msinmoderadamente
en
cultivation
is expanding
a big way in
Etiopa,
Per,
y
Honduras
[3].
En
China,
Vietnam and Indonesia, with mono-cropping
multinacionales como Nestl o Starbucks
and sun-grown co ee as the norm [1,3],
estn capacitando a los productores en la
and
to a lesser
extent inpara
Ethiopia,
Peru and
provincia
de Yunnan,
emprender
un
Honduras
. In China,
giro a gran[3]
escala
de la multinationals
produccin de such
t a la
deNestl
caf [15].
que muchas
de las
as
andDado
Starbucks
are assisting
farmregiones
productoras
caf
se encuentran
ers,
in cooperation
withde
the
government
in
en algunos de los ms delicados ecosistemas
Yunnan Province, to undertake a large-scale
de la tierra, la expansin del cultivo de caf
shift
from
tea to co eehbitats
production
[15].
tiende
a reemplazar
de particularmente
alto
valor
de
biodiversidad.
El
Given that many co ee growing regions are
potencial
de daos
servicios
crticos
home
to some
of theserios
most adelicate
ecosys-

ecosistemas
es inquietantemente
tems onde
earth,
expanding
co ee cultivation alto,
debido a la deforestacin para expandir las
tends to replace habitats of particularly
superficies al servicio del cultivo de caf.
high biodiversity
value. The
potential of seriAdicionalmente,
la intensificacin
del cultivo
de caf
hectrea
va incrementalmente
a
ous damage
to por
critical
ecosystem
services
situarsehigh,
en reas
de produccin
marginales
is disturbingly
because
of deforestacon condiciones de produccin inestables,
tion to expand land under co ee cultivation.
incluyendo baja calidad de suelos, erosin y
Furthermore,
theacceso
intensifi
ofde
coagua.
ee La
limitado
a cation
fuentes
cultivation
per hectareywill
increasingly
deforestacin
la erosin
son ejemplos de
los in
impactos
ambientales
asociados al cultivo
take place
more marginal
production
de
caf
(Ver
figura
3).
areas with unstable production conditions,
including
quality,
erosiondeand
Enlower
otros soil
pases
hay signos
abandono en
more limited
access
to water.
Deforestation
plantos
de caf,
especialmente
en Amrica
Central,
deoffuertes
plagas de roya, un
and erosion
are vctima
examples
environmental
que oxida
a las hojasco
de ee
las plantas.
impactshongo
associated
with cultivating
En aos recientes, la roya ha afectado a cerca
(see Figure 3).
de 600.000 hectreas (cerca del 55% del rea
In othertotal).
countries,
are signs
co eede empleo
Esto there
va a reducir
losof
ndices
plantations
abandoned,
especially
in
entrebeing
el 30%
y el 40% para
la cosecha
2013/2014.
Al menos
1,4 millones
Central America,
which
has been
hit hard de
Guatemala,
Salvador,
by roya,personas
the co eeenrust
disease. InElrecent
Honduras, y Nicaragua dependen del sector
years, roya
a ected
nearly
600,000
hapases
(55 pequeos
cafetero
[10].
Muchos
de los
percentproductores
of the total area).
This
will
reduce
son fuertemente dependientes
de susby
exportaciones
de caf.
Por ejemplo, el
employment
30 to 40 per cent
during
caf
representa
cerca
de
la
mitad
the 2013/2014 harvest. At least 1,4 milliondel total
del ingreso por exportaciones en Ruanda,
people in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
Burundi, Etiopa, y ms del 20% en Guatemaand Nicaragua
depend
on the co ee sector
la, Honduras,
y Nicaragua.
[10]. Many of the smaller producing counnaturaleza
voltilon
deltheir
precio
tries areLa
heavily
dependent
co de
eegrano
verde
de
caf
es
bien
conocida.
Los
exports. For example, co ee accounts for factores
causales, ampliamente sistemticos, incluyen
more than
halfnuevas
the total
export income
in largos
el que
plantaciones
tengan
Burundi,periodos
Rwanda,improductivos
and Ethiopia and
more
as como tambin
de produccin
cambiantes; los
than 20condiciones
per cent in Guatemala,
Honduras,
intercambios
and Nicaragua
[10]. especulativos son tambin un
elemento. Hacia 2002 los precios de produccin se desplomaron en un bajn histrico.
The volatile
nature of
co ee llegaron
prices a estar
Los precios
delgreen
caf verde
is well known.
The causal
factors,
largely
por debajo
del costo
de produccin.
Lo
anterior
desencaden
una
serie
de
consesystemic, include new plantings having
cuencias
adversas
dentro
a lengthy
unproductive
period
as de
welllosastrabajadores
rurales y los pequeos productores,
changing
production
conditions;ruptura
speculaincluyendo
hambrunas,
de familias y
tive trading
is also an element.
Around
comunidades,
y migraciones
hacia las
ciudadesprices
[18]. A
pesar de incrementos
2002, producer
plummeted
to an
significativos
en
el
precio
internacional
del
all-time low. Green bean co ee prices
caf verde (ver Figura 4: Pico de precios en la
were often below the cost of production.

This 2010/11),
unleashedlas
a series
of adverse
temporada
dinmicas
del consemercado
cafetero
no se han
en
quences
among
ruraltransformado
workers and smallmanerasscale
quefarmers,
se garantice
una
estabilidad
a
including hunger, break up of
largo plazo para aquellos que se encuentran a
families
and communities,
migration
la base de
la cadena
de suministro.and
El declive
de to
[18]. Despite
cant increases
precios cities
en 2012/13
se debesignifi
aparentemente
a in
una sobreoferta
de caf verde
engreen
el mercado
the international
price of
coffee (see
que alcanz
niveles
que
afectaron
negativaFigure 4: Price spike in season 2010/11),
mente a los productores. El promedio del
the dynamics of the coffee market have not
indicador compuesto de precios de la OIC cay
in ade
ways
that
guarantees
a 119,51shifted
centavos
dlar
por
libra en long-term
for those
the bottom
of they
2012/13,stability
comparado
con at
156,34
en 2011/12
210,39 en
2010/11
[10]
(ver
Figurain4).
supply
chain.
The
decline
2012/13 coffee
prices is apparently due to an oversupply of
En todos los pases productores de caf, los
green
beans to the
marketyreaching
pequeos
productores,
hombres
mujeres,levels
that
harm
growers.
The
average
of thedeICO
enfrentan desafos particulares al momento
consolidar
sus medios
de vida
desde
la 119,51 US
composite
indicator
price
fell to
agricultura
para in
superar
la pobreza.
cents/lb
2012/13
compared to 156,34 US
cents/lb in 2011/12 and 210,39 US cents/lb.
Generalmente, estos productores de caf no
in 2010/11 [10]
(see Figurey4).
estn debidamente
organizados,
como
consecuencia carecen de informacin sobre el
mercado
decoffee
poderproducing
de negociacin.
Lossmall-scale
Inyall
countries
precios bajos y voltiles del caf verde junto
farmers, men and women, face particular
con incrementos en los costos de produccin,
challenges
in buildingdetheir
livelihoods
asociados
a los incrementos
los precios
de from
andfertilizantes,
in overcoming
poverty. y
insumosagriculture
claves como
transporte,

Generally,
growers
are not well
mano dethese
obra,coffee
disuaden
actividades
de
emprendimiento
as como inversiones
organized,
as a consequence
they lack mara largo
plazo en suspower.
tierras.Low
En
ketnecesarias
information
and bargaining
consecuencia, los productores de caf reciben
and
volatile prices
for their
green beans
nicamente
porciones
pequeas
del precio
and
increasing
production
costs, due
to risfinal
de mercado,
y este pobre
intercambio
limita
losofincentivos
cultivo
sostenible y
ing
prices
key inputs,para
suchelas
fertilizers,
para adoptarand
buenas
polticas
de agricultura.
transportation
labour,
discourage
entre[6,8]
preneurial activity and necessary long-term
investments
in their
farms.
Since, coffee
Ms del 80%
del caf
producido
se comercia
producers
receive only Los
a small
share
the
internacionalmente.
valores
deofexportacin
ascienden
a los 33,4
de millones
de
final
market value,
this miles
poor deal
may limit
dlares, y los precios de venta al detal se estima
their incentives to farm sustainably and
que captan hasta 100 miles de millones [20]. La
adopt
good agricultural
practices.con[6,8]
popularidad
del caf asciende
estabilidad y
hacia 2012 el consumo global se estima en 142
millones
de sacos
[10].
El consumo
especializaOver
80 percent
of the
coffee
produced
in
doworld
de cafs
de alta
calidad se ha expandido.
the
is traded
internationally.
Its export La
demanda de granos de caf de baja calidad
value amounts to US$ 33.4 billion and retail
tambin se ha incrementado, reflejando la
sales
are estimated
tocafs
fetchinstantneos
over US$ 100y
popularidad
de los
billion
[20]. Coffees
popularity
steadilyde caf
saborizados.
El consumo
msiselevado
se
encuentra
Brasil,
Estados
Unidos,
y Europa. El
increasing and in 2012 global consumption
incremento de ingresos del consumidor y los

crecientes estndares
vida, bags
especialmente
totaled 142de
million
[10]. Consumpen la creciente clase media en Asia, le han dado
tion of specialty high quality coffees has
al caf un impulso. Cada vez ms consumidores
expanded.
The
demand
for low-quality cofen Asia estn
bebiendo
caf;
el crecimiento
proyectadofee
para
Indiahas
e Indonesia
es alto
las the
beans
also increased
reflyecting
expectativas
para China
anand
msflavored
altas [10].
popularity
of son
instant
coffees.
En lugar de los productores de caf, compraCoffee consumption is highest in Brazil,
dores, procesadores, transadores, tostadores y
and Europe.
Rising
consumer
income
vendedoresUSA
capturan
gran parte
del
valor de la
and increasing
standards of living, especadena de suministro
del caf.
cially of the growing middle class in Asia,
have given coffee a boost. More and
more consumers in Asia are drinking
coffee; projected growth in India and
Indonesia is high and expectations
from China are even higher [10].
Instead of the coffee producers,
buyers, processors, traders,
roasters and retailers capture
much of the value in the
coffee supply chain.

129

140

120
112

128 total:
48 robusta

120

116 total:
43 robusta

125
117 total:
42 robusta

111 total:
41 robusta

106 total:
42 robusta

132

129 total:
50 robusta

133 total:
50 robusta
123 total:
50 robusta

80 arabica
75 arabica
70 arabica

ICO composite price


world consumption (mio bags)
world production (mio bags)
Arabica + Robusta

134 total:
53 robusta

145 total:
56 robusta

142

156,34

147,24

124,25

107,68
73 arabica

210,39

115,67

119,51

89 arabica
83 arabica

79 arabica

91 arabica

81 arabica

73 arabica

95,75

64 arabica
89,36

62,15
51,90 US cents/LB
2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

165 expected
consumption:
74 robusta

137
132

Figure 4: Arabica and


Robusta Production and
Consumption, with ICO
composite price, period
2003 2013

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2020

3 Cambio climtico
y caf

Haiti

Prediction of the impact of climate change


on co ee and mango growing areas in Haiti

La temperatura
ideal para
el crecimiento
delcultiThere is growing
evidence
that co ee
caf oscila
entre
15-24C
para
la
variedad
vation is under threat in some regions that
Arabica y entre 24-30C para Robusta. A pesar
are most vulnerable to climate change.
de que la variedad Robusta puede crecer en
Areas currently
suitable
for co
ee will
condiciones
ms clidas
y secas,
no puede
decrease
substantially
by,debajo
as soondeas,los
2020,
tolerar
temperaturas
muy por
15C, with
comothe
s lo
hace Arabica
por periodos
potential
to disrupt
current produccortos.
Mientras
quepractices
Robustasignifi
puedecantly
ser
tion
and trade
[1,2,13].
cultivado desde altitudes al nivel del mar
Thealtitudes
ideal temperature
range forcultivada
growing
mayores
y es comnmente
en reas
necesita
deand
unos
co montaosas.
ee is 15-24C El
forcaf
Arabica
co ee
niveles
de precipitacin
anuales
de entre
1500
24-30C
for Robusta.
Although
Robusta
can
y 3000 mm. El patrn de lluvias y periodos
flourish in hotter and drier conditions it cansecos es importante para el crecimiento,
not tolerate temperatures much below 15C,
as de
Arabica
can for short periods.
pocas
altas temperaturas,
sequas,Whereas,
y
lluviasRobusta
intensas,
ha
estimulado
epidemias
delevel
co ee can be grown from sea
roya [10].
to about 800 meters, Arabica flourishes at
higher altitudes
and
is often
grown de
in hilly
Presentamos
ms abajo
vistas
generales
ee needs
of
ocho areas.
casos Co
de estudio
enan
losannual
que serainfall
observa
los impactos
causados,
y una
prediccin
1500-3000
mm. The
pattern
of rainyde
and
efectos
por el cambio
climtico
drypotenciales,
periods is important
for growth,
budding
en la produccin de caf en Amrica Central y
and flowering. A combination of spells of
del Sur, frica, y Asia. La evidencia base
high
temperature,
dry weather
anden
heavy
incluye
reportes
de proyectos,
artculos
rainacadmicas
has stimulated
outbreaks
of roya,
revistas
revisados
por pares,
y the
literatura
gris
que
cumplen[10].
con los siguientes
co ee
rust
disease
criterios:
We present below overviews of eight case
1.Cuentan con acceso abierto al texto
studies with the evidence for observed
completo en lnea.
impacts and forecasts of potential e ects
2.Se enfocan en el sector cafetero
of climate change on co ee production in
3.Se enfocan en los impactos al nivel de la
Central and South America, Africa and Asia.
produccin
y/o en la
cadena
de valor
The evidence
base
includes
project reports,
peer-reviewed journal articles and grey
literature,
and meetde
thelafollowing
Excede
las posibilidades
presente criteria:
1. Openuna
access
of the en
fulldetalle
text online
publicacin
discusin
de todos,
pero los
ejemplos
dancocuenta
de un impor2. Focus
on the
ee sector
tante 3.
nmero
sobre
los and/or
que hay
Focus de
on problemas
the production
level
value chain impacts
4. Geographic diversity.

acuerdos
generalizados,
[Ver
1, 12,
It is beyond
the scope of
thistambin
publication
13,to14,
21]:
discuss all in detail, but the examples
communicate a number of issues on which
-Las nicas certezas en lo que respecta al
there isclimtico
general agreement,
[seeun
also
impacto
sobre el caf son
1,12,13,14,21]
crecimiento
en:la incertidumbre y la variabilidad, y un incremento en la frecuencia y la
severidad
decertainties
eventos extremos
The only
regarding(tormentas,
the impact
huracanes, sequas, etc.).
of climate change on co ee are increasing
and
variability,
and an increase
-La uncertainty
diversidad de
medios
y ambientes
en los
queinelfrequency
caf es cultivado
implica
que los
and severity
of extreme
impactos
sern igualmente
eventsambientales
(storms, hurricanes,
droughts, etc.).
diversos. Los efectos a pequea escala
The diversity of ways and environments
(intrarregionales y dentro de los pases)
in which
coa ee
grown pero
means
that
the
pueden
llegar
serisseveros
son
difciles
e ects of climate change will be very
de pronosticar.
diverse, impacts at smaller scales (intra-El cambio
va countries)
a afectar los
patrones
regionalclimtico
and within
may
be
internacionales del comercio de caf, los
severe
but hard to con
predict.
precios
y volmenes,
consecuencias
Climate changems
will aamplias.
ect theAlgunas
global cofmacroeconmicas
naciones
africanas
sonprices
particularmente
fee trade
patterns,
and volumes,
vulnerables
a impactos
adicionales
del
with wider
macroeconomic
consequences.
cambio climtico debido a su posicin
Some African countries are particularly
desfavorable en el mercado internacional.
vulnerable to additional impacts of climate
due todetheir
unfavourable posi-La change,
comprensin
las implicaciones
de estos
cambios
esin
esencial
para los
pequeos
tioning
international
trade.
productores,
de manera
que se desarrollen
Understanding
the implications
of these y
se implementen estrategias de adaptacin.
is essential
for en
smallholder
Laschanges
adaptaciones
exitosas
el sector farmers
to
develop
and
adopt
adaptation
requieren de redes de trabajo conjunto, straque
compartan
conocimiento
e inversiones
tegies. Successful
adaptation
in the co ee
colectivas.
sector will require collaborative networks,
sharing knowledge and collective invest-Las decisiones de produccin deben basarse
ments.
en escenarios
de cambio a largo plazo debido
Production
be que
based on
a que
el caf esdecisions
un cultivoshould
perenne
requiere
altos
niveles
de
capital
para
long-term scenarios of change, because
inversiones iniciales, con un horizonte de 10 a
co ee is a perennial crop requiring high
15 aos.
levels of initial capital investments, with a
10-15 year time horizon.

Country: Haiti Year: 2013 Authors: Eitzinger A; Lderach P; Carmona S; Navarro C; Collet L.
Organization: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT)
The altitude of co ee plantations in Haiti ranges from 400 meters in the North to 1,300 meters in the South.
Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns will generally decrease the areas suitable for co ee and reduce the
extent that currently possesses high suitability. Models predict that co ee will lose suitability in lower altitudes
and will gain suitability in higher areas by 2050. Changing climatic conditions in Haiti is likely to lower co ee
quality and yields, especially in farms at the lower end of the altitude range. For those co ee farms whose suitability will drop, but not drastically, proactive adaptation is crucial. Co ee agroforestry systems are not only an
important cash crop for smallholders, they also provide ecosystem services. A decrease in co ee suitability will
threaten the environmental services co ee systems provide, such as soil cover, carbon sequestration, biodiversity and water storage. Therefore a key adaptation strategy needs to focus on maintaining the environmental
services with a di erent agroforestry system. In this context cocoa is a promising option.
Retrieved from:
CIAT_final.pdf

http://dapa.ciat.cgiar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/CC_impact_co ee-mango_Haiti_CRS-

Uganda

The impact of climate change on co ee in Uganda.


Lessons from a case study in the Rwenzori Mountains
Country: Uganda Year: 2013 Author: Jassogne L; Lderach P; Van Asten P.
Organization: Oxfam Research Paper
In Uganda, climate change mapping shows that areas suitable for growing Arabica co ee will reduce drastically
in the future. Future production losses are estimated to reach tens of millions of US$ annually. Adaptation strategies will be necessary if co ee is still to be grown in the areas where suitability has declined. The lower altitude
areas (<1300 m) appear completely unsuitable in the future under the current agricultural practices. Farmers
observe that droughts are becoming longer, and even during the rainy season rainfall is more and more erratic.
This a ects the flowering stage and consequently the co ee yield. Certain pests and diseases (e.g. leaf miners,
co ee berry borers, mealy bugs, and leaf rust) seem to be increasing. An adaptation strategy locally used by
farmers is to plant shade trees, e.g. banana trees, in the co ee systems. Shade can reduce temperatures in the
co ee canopy by up to 2C and help to adapt the systems to increasing temperatures. These trees also provide
short-term benefits to farmers in the form of additional food and income, an important prerequisite for adoption
by smallholder farmers. To adapt successfully, the downside of adding shade, e.g. lower productivity, has to be
managed with good agronomic practices.
Retrieved from:
http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/the-impact-of-climate-change-on-co ee-inuganda-lessons-from-a-case-study-in-t-277813

South Sudan, Ethiopia

Rwanda

The Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Arabica Coffee (Coffea


arabica): Predicting Future Trends and Identifying Priorities

Planning and costing adaptation of perennial crop systems


to climate change: Coffee and banana in Rwanda

Country: South Sudan, Ethiopia Year: 2012 Author: Davis AP; Gole TW; Baena S; Moat J.
Organization: Royal Botanic Gardens KEW

Country: Rwanda Year: 2011 Authors: Chrysostome Ngabitsinze J; Mukashema A; Ikirezi M; Niyitanga F.
Organization: NUR IIED SEI

Precise modelling of the influence of climate change on Arabica coffee is limited; data are not available for
indigenous populations of this species. In this study we model the present and future predicted distribution of
indigenous Arabica, and identify priorities in order to facilitate appropriate decision making for conservation,
monitoring and future research. Using distribution data we perform bioclimatic modelling and examine future distribution with the HadCM3 climate model for three emission scenarios (A1B, A2A, B2A) over three time intervals
(2020, 2050, 2080). The models show a profoundly negative influence on indigenous Arabica. Based on known
occurrences and ecological tolerances of Arabica, bioclimatic unsuitability would place populations in peril, leading to severe stress and a high risk of extinction. This study establishes a fundamental baseline for assessing the
consequences of climate change on wild populations of Arabica coffee. Arabica coffee is confirmed as a climate
sensitive species, supporting data and inference that existing plantations will be negatively impacted by climate
change.

This study mainly focuses on coffee and banana farming systems to analyse climate change related shocks and
policy maker perspectives. Changing weather patterns have an adverse impact on Rwandas agricultural production and the countrys GDP. The following stumbling blocks were identified: Lack of research and reliable climate
data; Limited knowledge about mitigation and adaptation strategies; Poor farming, storage and processing
practices; Limited access to technologies; Inadequate financial mechanisms.
The adaptation options were then formulated accordingly, including the following efficiency-enhancing agricultural interventions: Adaptation of crop calendars to new climate patterns (more effective distribution of inputs such
as fertilizers and pesticides); Investments in farming equipment; Improvement of extension services and research;
Restructuring of the institutional frameworks and development plans.
However, primary requirements for agricultural adaptation to climate change include: integrated water resources
management (IWRM); setting up information systems for early warning systems and rapid intervention mechanisms; and research on climate-resilient varieties. In addition, developing alternative energy sources (e.g., substituting firewood) and the promotion of non-agricultural income-generating activities should be part of any climate
change adaptation strategy

Retrieved from: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047981

Retrieved from: http://pubs.iied.org/G03174.html

Brazil, Guatemala, Tanzania, Vietnam

Coffee and Climate Change: Impacts and options for


adaption in Brazil, Guatemala, Tanzania and Vietnam

Countries: Brazil, Guatemala, Tanzania, Vietnam Year: 2012 Authors: Haggar J; Schepp K. Organization: NRI
Stakeholders in the coffee value chains, in all four countries, already perceive changes in coffee production that
can be linked with changing climate conditions, although only two of the countries can count on specific climate
predictions. In Guatemala and Brazil, where scientific institutions provide suitability maps, large changes in the
distribution of the coffee are expected over the next forty years with a smaller net loss in the total area suitable
for coffee production. These predictions serve very well to start the development of adequate adaptation strategies. In Vietnam, climate impact scenarios are accessible for agriculture, but there are no estimates of impacts
on Robusta cultivation, while Vietnam is the worlds largest Robusta producer. Nevertheless, the institutional
framework in Vietnam appears to be very supportive of climate change initiatives and representatives at governmental and academic institutions are highly motivated to cooperate. In Tanzania climate change data based
on international research are generally available, but coffee impact scenarios only exist for the neighbouring
countries of Kenya and Uganda. Also the institutional framework is rather weak.
Without question, all four pilot countries are still suffering from climate change impacts and are expected to
experience more or less severe changes in the suitability of their current coffee cultivation areas. Surprisingly
there are few practical adaptation and mitigation measures being implemented to cope with climate change. The
only coffee specific adaptation actions are in Guatemala and Central America, and some agricultural initiatives in
Tanzania.
Retrieved from: http://www.nri.org/images/documents/publications/climate-change/D5930-11_NRI_Coffee_Climate_Change_WEB.pdf

Costa Rica

Intensification of coffee systems can increase


the effectiveness of REDD mechanisms
Country: Costa Rica Year: 2013 Authors: Noponen, M., Haggar, J., Edwards-Jones G., Healey J.
Organization: School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University,
In agricultural production systems with shade trees, such as coffee, the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from production intensification can be compensated for, or even outweighed, by the increase in carbon
sequestration into above-ground and below-ground tree biomass. Data from a long-term coffee agro-forestry
experiment in Costa Rica is used to evaluate the trade-offs between intensification, profitability and net greenhouse gas emissions through two scenarios. First, by assessing the GHG emissions associated with conversion
from shaded to more profitable full-sun (un-shaded) systems, we calculate the break-even carbon price which
would need to be paid to offset the opportunity cost not converting. Second, as an alternative to intensification,
the production area can be extended onto currently forested land. We estimate this land-use change required
to compensate for the shortfall in profitability from retaining lower intensity coffee production systems. It is
concluded that instead, by intensifying production, mechanisms similar to REDD that are based on reducing
emissions through avoided land-use change could play a major role in increasing the climate change mitigation
success of agro-forestry systems at the same time as aiding REDD through reducing pressure for further forest
conversion to agriculture.
Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X13000395

Honduras

Analysis of climate change impacts on coffee, cocoa


and basic grains value chains in Northern Honduras

10

Country: Honduras Year: 2013 Author: n.a. Organization:

FIC & IEH

This study applies an innovative methodology designed to analyse climate change impacts and make recommendations to strengthen the resilience of project beneficiaries in the coffee, cocoa, maize and bean value
chains. The methodology applies a range of minimum requirements for the reliable generation of climate change
scenarios through the use of the most advanced models and historical series of daily data. It quantifies uncertainties, verifies and validates the methods and applies regionalization to downscale the projected changes to a
local scale. By mapping the value chains and consulting experts, this methodology identifies the critical elements
vulnerable to climate change, formulates and verifies indicators to predict how future climate will affect the value
chains and analyses its impact, proposing adaptation measures.
The expected impacts for coffee are negative due to the increases in temperature that will provoke changes in
the crop cycle, with higher vulnerability to some diseases and more complicated (post-) harvest tasks. Recommendations include improving the existing varieties and crop management, supporting investment in infrastructure like irrigation systems or drying facilities, encouraging more efficient associations, and doing research on
the relationships between crop and climate. In general terms, more investment in meteorological stations is
suggested to collect meteorological data
Retrieved from:

http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/1302/FIC_IEH_Honduras_final_report_2013.pdf

Brazil

Potential Economic Impacts of Global Warming on


Two Brazilian Commodities, According to IPCC Prognostics
Country: Brazil Year: 2008 Authors: Zullo Jr J; Silveira Pinto H; Delgado Assad E; De Medeiros Evangelista S.R.
Organization: UNICAMP CEPAGRI - EMBRAPA
Global warming as predicted by IPCC will cause a significant decrease in the production of commodities in Brazil
in addition to moving crops to different regions. It appears that the extreme scenario of +5.8oC will transform
some states of the tropical area into rainy deserts since most crops will not develop due to excessive heat
despite water availability. Independent of the increase in rainfall across the country due to elevation in temperature, it seems that the effect of excessive heat will be the cause of the substantial decrease in the production
of commodities in Brazil. The principal cause can be considered the incidence of high temperature during the
flowering phase of crop plants, which kills the flowers. Another factor that must be considered is the possibility of
a strong increase in soil salinity that can also cause a decrease in yield. On the other hand, there is a possibility
that some areas in southern Brazil could be favoured due to the diminishing possibility of frost. Adaptive solutions such as the development of cultivars adapted to higher temperatures must be considered by policymakers
dealing with the effects of climate change.
Retrieved from:

http://www.ige.unicamp.br/terrae/V3/PDF-N3/T_A3.pdf

Adaptacin
Theestudios
case studies
illustrate
thatcmo
building
Los
de caso
ilustran
la up resilience to increasing
climate
variability
is the
construccin
de resiliencia
ante
la variabilidad
climtica
escant
el desafo
ms facing
significante
el
most signifi
challenge
coffeeante
farmcual
se
encuentran
los
caficultores.
Acaso
ms
ers. Perhaps most significantly for farmers,
significante para los productores, estos no
they can no longer depend on their own expepueden depender ya de la experiencia
rience, making
harder
fordifcil
themlatoplaneacin
plan and
personal,
lo queithace
ms
ymanage
el manejo
de la produccin
cuando
los
production
when planting
seasons
periodos
de siembra
losshifting.
patronesSupport
climticos
and weather
patternsyare
son cambiantes. Las diversas estrategias de
strategies to enhance and sustain coffee prosoporte para incrementar y sostener la
duction must
account
produccin
detake
cafinto
deben
tenerthe
en diversity
cuenta la
of
farming
environments,
the
complexity
diversidad de los ambientes de cultivo, laof
complejidad
de los medios
de vida
de las
livelihood strategies
of marginal
communities
comunidades
marginales,
y
los
impactos
and the uncertain impacts of climate change
inciertos del cambio climtico, combinados
combined with market pressures facing coffee
con las presiones de mercado que se ciernen
farmers
.
sobre
los[7,8]
caficultores
[7,8].
Una
respuesta
integral
cambio
climtico
A coherent
response
toalclimate
change
requiere un nfasis continuo en, por ejemplo,
requires continued emphasis on, for example,
administracin de recursos naturales basada
community-based
natural
resource manageen
las comunidades,
reconocimiento
de
ment, gender
awareness,
dealingde
with
land
gnero,
lidiar con
los problemas
propiedad
de
territorios,
mejoramiento
de
tenure
issues, el
improving
accessaltoacceso
financial
servicios
financieros
mercados,sustainable
incremento
services and
markets,yincreasing
de productividad sostenible, y la construccin
productivity, and institutional and human
de capacidad humana e institucional. Sigue
capacity
building.
It remains essentialy to emsiendo
esencial
el empoderamiento
reconocimiento
de
losthe
conocimientos
power and recognize
relevance of farmers
tradicionales
y
la
relevancia
de las prcticas
traditional and indigenous knowledge
and
autctonas, as como las diferencias entre los
the differences between womens and mens
conocimientos que poseen hombres y
knowledge
and
roles
to climate
mujeres
y sus
roles
eninlaresponding
respuesta ante
el
change.climtico.
cambio
Para
muchos
pequeos
productores
la to
For many
coffee
smallholders
their ability
habilidad para adaptarse al cambio climtico
adapt
to climate
change
is limited
by insufes
limitada
a cuenta
de un
acceso nulo
o
ficient or no aaccess
to the resources
required,
insuficiente
los recursos
necesarios,
incluyendo
asistencia
tcnica, acceso
al
including technical
assistance,
access to
sistema
financiero,
y soporte en
capacidad
finance and
capacity-building
support
at thede
construccin a nivel local. Las estrategias a
local level. Short-term adaptation strategies
corto plazo incluyen el soporte a las estrateinclude
support to community-based
adaptagias
de adaptacin
con base en las comunition
strategies.
This
can
help
rural
coffee
comdades. Esto puede ayudar a las comunidades
cafeteras
rurales
en
el
fortalecimiento
de
munities strengthen their capacity to copesu
capacidad
de afrenta
desastres,
mejorar
with disasters,
improveante
their
farming skills
(e.g.
sus habilidades de cultivo (ej. manejo de poda,
pruning,nutrientes,
shade, nutrient
andnegras),
waste water
sombra,
y aguas
y a management) and
their
livelihoods
[7] .
diversificar
sus diversify
medios de
vida
[7]. La adaptacin
a largo plazo
incluye includes
aumentocapacity
en la
Longer-term
adaptation
capacidad
de construccin,
un mejor
building, improved
monitoring
of climate data,
monitoreo a los datos climticos, un realce en
enhancement of soil fertility, introduction
la fertilidad de los suelos, la introduccin de
of shadow
trees, andy el
thedesarrollo
development
of
rboles
de sombra,
de resistendrought
and disease
resistant
cia
ante sequas
y plagas.
Otravarieties.
solucin Anpuede
ser
mudarse
delmay
cafbehacia
otros productos
other
solution
to convert
from coffeeo
mudar
produccin
hacia
reas msto
aptas.
to otherlaproducts
or shift
production
more
suitable areas.

Mitigacin
At
the same
time, coffee
production
itself
Al mismo
tiempo,
la produccin
cafetera
misma contribuye
al cambio
contributes
to climate
changeclimtico
through a travs
de los gases gases
invernadero
como
resultado
greenhouse
(GHG) that
result
from de la
deforestacin y la descomposicin de materia
deforestation and breakdown of organic matorgnica, y el uso excesivo o inapropiado de
ter,
and the inappropriate
or excessive
use of
agroqumicos.
Las estrategias
de mitigacin
agricultural
chemicals.
Mitigation
strategies
incluyen el clculo y reduccin de emisin de
gases invernaderos
en las
fincas, ygreenhouse
mejorar la
include
calculating and
reducing
captacin
de
carbono
en
los
suelos
y las
gas emissions on the farm, and enhancing
biomasas (ej. rboles de sombra).
carbon sequestration in soils and biomass
(e.g.
shade trees).
As mismo,
hay sinergias potenciales entre la
adaptacin al cambio climtico y su
mitigacin.
Grandessynergies
reas debetween
caf han climate
sido
There
are potential
convertidas desde agro-bosques hacia
change adaptation and mitigation. Large
cultivos con poca sombra e incluso hacia
areas
of coffee
have beenmonocultivo
converted from
sistemas
de produccin
con
agroforests
into lightly
shaded
or full-sun cofpocos o ningn
rbol para
as incrementar
la
exposicin
solarsystems
de las plantas
e
fee
production
with fewdeorcaf
no trees,
incrementar
consecuentemente
rendimiento
increase the
exposure of coffeeelplants
to
to. Si un proyecto de adaptacin tiene un
sunlight and thereby boost yields. If an adapimpacto positivo en los ecosistemas y el
tation
project
has a positiveforestal,
impact reforestacon ecocarbono
(ej. Conservacin
in de reas
sistemas
de
systems
and degradadas
carbon (e.g., con
forest
conservation,
agro-bosque),
integrar
de
afforestation
ofpuede
degraded
areasobjetivos
with coffee
mitigacin explcitos. Esto puede ayudar a los
agroforestry systems), it can integrate explicit
productores a superar barreras financieras
mitigation
objectives.
Thislacan
help farmers
para adaptarse
mediante
adquisicin
de
overcome
nancial barriers
to adaptation
by
beneficiosfiderivados
de bonos
de carbono
(como
mercados
voluntarios
de
carbono,
ej. el
benefiting from carbon funding (like voluntary
Estndar
Dorado
a
travs
del
cual
Hivos
y
carbon markets, e.g. the Gold Standard for
Solidaridad estn desarrollando una metodwhich Hivos and Solidaridad are developing a
ologa de cultivo de caf); dichas financiacoffee
methodology);
such
is
cionesfarming
son incentivos
atractivos
quefunding
incluyen
mitigacin
proyectos
de adaptacin.
an
attractiveen
incentive
to include
mitigation
into adaptation projects.
La medicin de la huella de carbono del caf
es compleja y no hay un consenso sobre
Measuring
coffees
carbon footprint
cules son las
implicaciones
exactasisde los
complex
there isEsto
no consensus
whata
clculos yand
reportes.
dificulta el on
acceso
los pagos
los servicios
que los
exactly
thepor
calculations
andambientales
reporting imply.
caficultores
atender
This
hinders proveen.
access to Para
payments
foreste
the
problema la SAI Platforms Coffee Working
environmental services that coffee farmGroup y la IDH desarrollaron una Regla de
ers
provide.deToProducto
address this
the SAI
Categoria
paraissue,
la Huella
de
Carbono del
CafWorking
Verde (CFP-PCR
porIDH
sus
Platforms
Coffee
Group and
siglas
en
ingls)
en
colaboracin
con
developed a Green Coffee Carbon Footprint
inversionistas en la cadena de valor del caf.
Product Category Rule (CFP-PCR) in collaboLos inversionistas industriales incluyen
ration
with como
stakeholders
the coffee
value
tostadores
Illycafe,inNestl,
Tchibo,
chain.
Industry
stakeholders
include
Mondelez,
DEMB,
Lavazza. Esta
Reglacoffee
para el
caf puede beneficiar los mecanismos que
buscanLavazza.
minimizar
impactos ambientales,
DEMB,
ThislosCoffee-PCR
may benefit
maximizar la captacin de carbono, y de esta
mechanisms
that
minimize
environmental
manera reducir los costos ante los que deben
impacts,
carbon sequestration
incurrir almaximize
nivel de (pequea)
produccin,and
al
alcanzarreduce
la escala
debe
adaptacin
thereby
themasiva
costs to
incurred atque es
requerida. farm level, in reaching the mas(smallholder)
sive scale of adaptation that is required.

11

4 Sistemas de estndares
voluntarios de caf
12

La
implementacin
The
implementationdeofsistemas
voluntarydestandestndares
voluntarios
(SEV)
en sector
el sector
ards systems (VSS) in the coffee
to
cafetero para atender problemas sociales y
address environmental and social issues
ambientales es considerada como una de
is regarded
way muchos
to overcome
many
las
maneras as
deone
superar
de los
of the unsustainable
of coffee de
aspectos
insosteniblesaspects
de la produccin
caf
que fueron
presentados
anteriorproduction
outlined
above. Certifi
cation is a
mente.
Los
procesos
de
certificacin
means for coffee farmers to upgrade son
their
un medio para que los caficultores
production
system
and
improve
productiactualicen sus sistemas de produccin y
vity, reduce
costs and increase
quality,
all
mejoren
su productividad,
reduzcan
costos
eofincrementen
la calidad.
Todos
los puntos
which can lead
to financial
benefi
ts and
anteriores
conllevan
increased profi
ts. Thebeneficios
conditionsfinancieros
under
e incrementan las ganancias. Las condiwhich certification will be a viable option
ciones bajo las cuales los procesos de
for farmers are
highly
their
certificacin
sern
unacontext
opcinspecifi
viablec,para
existing
links
to
markets,
the
ways
in
which
los productores son de un contexto
altamente
especfico:
Debe
teneris en
they are organized,
and
if there
a market
cuenta
los
enlaces
existentes
con .los
for their certified coffee [5,6,8]
mercados, las maneras en las que se
encuentran organizados, y si hay o no un
In the coffee
are seven
key
mercado
parasector,
su cafthere
certificado
[5,6,8].
VSS [18,20], no two VSS are the same.
En
el sectortheir
cafetero
hay siete
SEV claves;
Although
concerns
increasingly
no hay dos SEV iguales. A pesar que sus
overlap, all embody some combination of
preocupaciones se sobreponen cada vez
environmental,
economic
and
social goals,
ms,
todos encarnan
alguna
combinacin
and require
to meet standards
especfica
desuppliers
fines ambientales,
econmi-on
cos,
sociales,
y requieren
que los
foody safety,
working
conditions
and environproveedores
cumplan
con estndares
ento
mentally friendly
production.
This adds
seguridad alimenticia, condiciones
the confusion
for producers
and consumers
laborales,
y produccin
amigable
con el
as
well
as
others
in
the
supply
chain perambiente. Esto aumenta la confusin
que
los
productores
y consumidores,
como
taining
to the different
social andas
environotros
agentes
involucrados
cadena
mental
credentials
of coffee.en
Tolacomplicate
de suministros, sostienen respecto a las
it further the coffee sector applies two
diferentes credenciales sociales y ambiendifferent
conformity
assessmentan
processes:
tales
del caf.
Para complicarlo
ms, el
certification
andtiene
verifien
cation.
Certifi
sector
cafetero
cuenta
doscation
procesos
conformidad
derespect
evaluacin:
is used tode
make
claims with
to
Certificacin
y
validacin.
Los
procesos de
external stakeholders (e.g. communication
certificacin son usados para establecer
with a label), whereas
verification
is used
compromisos
con respecto
a grupos
de to
define conformity
for internal
inters
externos (ej.assessment
comunicacin
con
etiquetas),
mientras
que la verificacin
processes and
assurances
[20,22] . es
usada para definir la conformidad de los
procedimientos internos y las garantas
Independent monitoring and certifica[20,22].
tion are central to the four major coffee

Los
procesos standards:
de monitoreo
y certificacin
production
Fairtrade
Labelindependientes
son
centrales
para(IFOAM),
los
ling Organisation (FLO), Organic
cuatro mayores estndares de produccin:
Rainforest Alliance (RA) and UTZ CertiFairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO),
fied (UTZ).
Starbucks
has itsAlliance
own private
Organic
(IFOAM),
Rainforest
(RA) y
standard
for (UTZ).
qualityStarbucks
and sustainable
UTZ
Certified
tiene sucoffee
propio
estndar
privado
para la calidad
y la
production,
termed
Starbucks
Coffee and
produccin
sostenible
de
caf,
denominaFarmer Equity Practices (C.A.F.E. Practices).
do Starbucks Coffee and Farmer Equity
Nespressos
private
AAA guidelines
Practices
(C.A.F.E.
Practices).
Las guashave
AAA
a similarpara
approach
and focus
quality
privadas
Nespresso
tienenon
una
aproximacin
similarand
y setaste.
enfocan
en Aslos
aspects like origin
The 4C
aspectos
calidad relies
comoon
el sabor
y el
sociationdeinitiative
self-assessment
origen. La iniciativa de la Asociacin 4C se
and a three-year external verification cycle.
funda en una auto-valoracin y un ciclo de
Theaos
4C Code
of Conductexterna.
is positioned
as a
tres
de verificacin
El Cdigo
baseline
standard,
that
enables
producers
de Conducta 4C est posicionado como un
punto
deup
referencia
queVSS
permite
to step
to more estndar,
demanding
like FLO,
a RA
los and
productores
prepararse
para
SEV
ms
UTZ.
demandantes como el FLO, RA y UTZ.
The
stated objectives
of these
major cofLos
objetivos
establecidos
por estos
principales
SEV para
el cafbut
sugieren
una
fee VSS suggest
a broad,
often loosely
amplia,
aunque
vagamente
definida,
defined, notion of sustainability. In practice,
nocin de sostenibilidad. En la prctica,
they advise farmers on how to implement
aconsejan y acompaan a los productores
practices,
establish
protocols
enbetter
cmofarming
implementar
mejores
tcnicas
for dealing
with environmental
and social
agrcolas,
establecer
protocolos sobre
cmo
lidiar
con problemas
y
issues,
implement
auditingambientales
and (third party)
sociales,
implementar
auditoras
y
verification on these issues, and commuverificacin (a travs de terceras partes) en
nicateproblemas,
with consumers
at the end ofcon
trade
dichos
y en comunicarse
chains
to
give
them
the
necessary
assurlos consumidores al final de la cadena de
suministro
darles lasTrade
garantas
ance. The para
International
Center (ITC) is
correspondientes.
El
International
managing a web-based databaseTrade
to enable
Center (ITC) est administrando una base
users to quickly review many different VSSs
de datos en lnea que le permite a los
on everyrevisar
aspectrpidamente
of their specifi
c thematic
usuarios
diferentes
qualities
- aspecto
www.standardsmap.org
SEV
en cada
de sus calidades
temticas especficas www.standardsmap.org
The supply base of certified and verified
remains
highly concentrated,
with
Lacoffee
cadena
de suministro
de caf certificado
two-thirds
coming altamente
from the more
y over
verificado
se mantiene
concentrada,
compuesta
enLatin
ms American
de dos
organized and
developed
tercios
por los
latinoamericaproducers.
In productores
Colombia, more
than 60 per
nos ms organizados y desarrollados. En
cent of its total production is either certified
Colombia ms del 60% del total de la
or verified as sustainable. Peru has a high

produccin
est o bien
certificado
o bien
level of sustainable
production
(over
30
verificado
como
sostenible.
Per
tiene
unthe
percent) with a high diversity across all
alto nivel de produccin sostenible (ms
initiatives. By contrast, Brazils 40 percent
del 30%) con una amplia diversidad a lo
standard
largo
de lascompliant
diferentesproduction
iniciativas. relies
En heavily
on 4C verifi
cation,
23 large cooperacontraste,
el 40%
dee.g.
la conformidad
standard
en Brasil
tives in Brazil
are depende
the main ampliamente
supplier base.
deThe
la verificacin
4C,
ej.
23
grandes
growth and concentration in the Latin
cooperativas en Brasil son la base de
American
region contrasts
with they sparse
suministro principal.
El crecimiento
la
growth in African
Excluding
concentracin
en lacountries.
regin latinoamericanaKenya
contrastan
con un crecimiento
disperso
and Tanzania,
Africa is inadequately
enrepresented
los pases africanos.
Si excluimos
a
as a supplier
to sustainable
Kenia y a Tanzania, frica se encuentra
markets [20] .
inadecuadamente representada como un
proveedor de mercados sostenibles.
Figure 5 illustrates not only the rapid growth
LaofFigura
5 ilustra
no slo
el rpido
certified
and verifi
ed coffee
produccrecimiento
en
los
volmenes
de caf
tion volumes in 2013 (40 percent
of global
certificado y verificado en 2013 (40% de la
production),
it also
highlights
quantities
produccin
total
mundial),
sino the
adems
actually
There
is a
resalta
las purchased
cantidades(15
quepercent).
fueron de
hecho
compradas
(15%).
Hay una
growing gap
between
thebrecha
volumes of standcreciente
entre los
volmenes
ard compliant
coffee
availabledeatcaf
producer
conforme con los estndares disponibles al
level and the volume actually procured as
nivel de produccin y el volumen que de
standard
compliant
coffee
the buyer.
hecho
se procura
como
cafwith
conforme
con
los estndares para el comprador.
Besides the obvious reason - demand for
Alsustainable
margen de coffee
la razn
obvia
lathe
demanda
is less
than
volume
de caf sostenible es menor al volumen
produced,
some
other
factors
play
a role in
producido- hay otros factores que juegan
explaining
this
gap.
Firstly,
the
demand
for
un rol al momento de explicar esta brecha.
Engreen
primer
lugar,
la
demanda
de
caf
verde
coffee depends on various attributes
depende
deincluding
varios atributos
de origin.
calidad,Not all
of quality,
taste and
incluyendo sabor y origen. No todos los
the sustainable coffee available matches
cafs sostenibles disponibles cumplen con
buyersdel
criteria.
VSSs indicate
losthe
criterios
comprador.
Los SEVthat to
meet the
it is paramount
to have
indican
quedemand
para alcanzar
la demanda
es
vital
tener
en
oferta
una
amplia
variedad
on offer a broad range of qualities and oride caractersticas y orgenes [18]. En
gins [18]. Secondly, the statistics pertaining
segundo lugar, las estadsticas que aplican
to sustainable
coffee
are blurred,
para
los volmenes
de volumes
caf sostenible
son
becausepuesto
figures que
and las
forecasts
not allow
borrosas,
figurasdo
y las
predicciones
no permiten
una superfor overlap between
the systems;
douposicin
sistemas;
certificaciones
ble andentre
triplelos
certifi
cation is
not properly
dobles o triples no estn debidamente
recorded [18,20] . This is a critical element
registradas [18,20]. Esto es un elemento
in judging the market penetration of VSS;

crtico
la hora
deover-estimation
juzgar la penetracin
it canalead
to an
of the de
mercado
de
los
SEV;
esto
puede
derivar
en
total volume available. Especially difficult
una sobreestimacin del volumen total
to interpret are the figures of IFOAM, said
disponible. Es especialmente difcil
to overlaplas
some
50 to
percent
with
interpretar
figuras
del70IFOAM,
que
se FLO
certifi
coffee. entre el 50% y el 70%
dice
se ed
sobreponen
con caf certificado FLO.
Although some oversupply in sustainable
A pesar de que un exceso de suministro de
coffee production
might be unavoidable,
produccin
de caf sostenible
sea
figure 5 also
shows5an
increasing
imbalinevitable,
la Figura
tambin
muestra
un
creciente
desbalance
entre
y Only 20
ance between
supply
andoferta
demand.
demanda.
Tan
eled
20%
del is
caf
percent of
4Csolo
verifi
coffee
sold as such
verificado 4C es vendido como tal, al igual
and 28-35% of FT, RA and UTZ certified
que entre el 28% y el 35% de la produccin
production.
is the
exception with
certificada
FT, Organic
RA, o UTZ.
La designacin
50% market
When
compliorgnico
es lauptake.
excepcin
conVSS
cerca
de un
50%
del
consumo
en
el
mercado.
Cuando
ant coffee is produced but not sold as a
sesustainable
produce caf
certificado
mediantebenefi
SEV ts
product,
the potential
pero no se vende como un producto
of preferential
market access,
more direct
sostenible,
los beneficios
potenciales
o el
commercial
relations
premiums may not
acceso
preferencial
a losand
mercados,
direcciones
comerciales
directasand
y could limit
be available
to the producers
Premium,
pueden
no
estar
disponibles
opportunities for entry of new producers
para los productores y pueden limitar las
not yet certified or verified.
oportunidades de entrada para nuevos
productores que an no estn certificados
All VSS expect the market for sustainable
o verificados.
coffee to grow significantly. Given this,
Todas
los SEVtoaspiran
a queevaluate
el mercado
it is critical
objectively
the
para caf sostenible crezca significativaimpacts
of
VSS
and
adjust
their
strategies
mente. Dado lo anterior, es crtica una
to optimize
performance.
Effective de
leveragevaluacin
objetiva
de los impactos
los
SEV
y
el
ajuste
de
sus
estrategias
para
ing of voluntary standards within the sector
optimizar
subased
rendimiento.
El efectivo
should be
on a better
understanding
aprovechamiento de los estndares
of their performance - which initiatives are
voluntarios debe hacerse con base en una
having
the desired
and where.
mejor
compresin
deimpacts,
su rendimiento
cules iniciativas estn teniendo el
impacto
deseado,on
y en
dnde.
The Committee
Sustainability
Assessment (COSA) recently published The COSA
El Committee on Sustainability Assessment
Measuring
Sustainability
Report
[5] , which
(COSA)
recientemente
public
The COSA
assesses sustainability
in the
Measuring
Sustainabilityinitiatives
Report [5],
en el
que
atiende
iniciativas
sostenibilicoffee
and las
cocoa
sectors,de
without
singling
dad
sector del
caf y del cacao,
sin or
outena el
particular
sustainability
standard
singularizar un estndar de sostenibilidad
comparing standards. The report highlights
en particular as como tampoco realizando
the findings from nearly 18,000 farm and

13

2013

2280

4C Association

14

una
comparacin
entrecarried
estndares.
El 2009village
level surveys,
out from
reporte resalta el registro de cerca de
2013, in 12 countries in Africa, Asia and
18000 encuestas al nivel de fincas y
Latin America,
the impact
of certifi
cation
pueblos,
llevadason
a cabo
entre 2009
y 2013,
economic,
social
environmental
enon
12the
pases
en frica,
Asia,and
y Amrica
Latina,
sobre
impacto
situation
atel
farm
level. de los procesos de
certificacin al nivel de fincas en
situaciones econmicas, sociales, y
The COSA study confirms that certiambientales.
fied coffee and cocoa farms, on average,
El perform
estudio del
COSA
confirma que
fincas
better
economically,
andlastheir
defarmers
caf y cacao
certificadas,
en
promedio,
are better trained and pursue more
rinden mejor econmicamente, y sus
environment-friendly practices compared to
productores estn mejor capacitados y
non-certifi
edprcticas
farms. Nonetheless,
the sucprocuran
ms
amigables ambiencess of aen
particular
sustainability
interventalmente
comparacin
con las fincas
no
certificadas.
Empero, el
de una
tion often depends
onxito
the local
context. The
intervencin
de sostenimiento
applicationparticular
of the standard
can result in
frecuentemente depende del contexto
modest
or
no
improvement
and sometimes
local. La implementacin de estndares
it offers
measurable
benefits. There
are also
puede
resultar
en mejoramientos
modestosentry
o incluso
y puede
tambin
en be
costs,nulos,
not just
monetary,
that can
casos
ofrecer beneficios
medibles.
Asare not
challenging
for smallholders.
VSS
mismo hay costos de entrada, no propiaa magic formula and require a commente monetarios, que pueden ser difciles
mitment
to ongoing
capacity-building
para
los pequeos
productores.
Los SEV no
and
long-term
investment
if they areun
son una frmula mgica y requieren
compromiso
formacin
to improve de
thecontinua
conditions
of farmers
capacitada
e
inversiones
a
plazo
si se
and their communities. largo
COSA
concludes
pretende mejorar las condiciones de los
that despite
theircomunidades.
imperfections,COSA
VSS are
productores
y sus
among que
the best
tools
available
concluye
a pesar
decurrently
las imperfecciones
los
se encuentran
las serve
in SEV
agriculture;
in part dentro
becausedethey
mejores
herramientas
disponibles
la
as viable market mechanisms to en
transmit
agricultura; en parte porque sirven como
value (perhaps even to convey ethics to
mecanismos viables de mercado para
some extent)
in (tal
partvez
because
they
can
transferencia
deand
valor
incluso
para
diverse roles
in the food
andhasta
agriculla play
introduccin
de prcticas
ticas
cierto
y en parte
pueden
ture punto)
value chains
[5]porque
.
jugar diversos roles en las cadenas de valor
de alimentacin y agricultura [5].
ISEAL (the global association for sustainemphasizes
thatestnthe fuLaability
ISEAL standards)
(la asociacin
global para
dares
de
sostenibilidad)
enfatiza
que
la
ture credibility of the standards movement
credibilidad
futura
del
movimiento
de
depends on the contributions of standards
estandarizacin depende de la contribusystems to climate change solutions. VSS
cin que los sistemas de estandarizacin
puedan hacer para enfrentar el cambio
climtico. Los SEV pueden contribuir a la
restructuracin de la cadena de suministro

del caf, desarrollar nuevas asociaciones, e


can contribute to restructure the coffee
invertir en herramientas que se implementsupply
develop
new partnerships,
en enchain,
aras de
una respuesta
adaptativaand
ms
invest
in tools
in order
toamount
a comprentegra
que se
adece
la escala
de la
crisis. adaptation response that is comhensive
mensurate with the scale of the crisis.
Dado que muchos de los SEV fueron
diseados antes de que la amenaza del
Since
mostclimtico
of the VSS
wereevidente
designed
cambio
fuese
[2], estos
necesitan
definir
rol y sus
estrategias
before
the threat
ofsu
climate
change
became
ante
dicho
problema.
Para
los
SEV,
esto
apparent [2] , they need to define their
provee una ventana de oportunidad para
climate change role and strategy. For VSS,
estimular las conexiones y los multiplicathis
provides
a window
of opportunity
dores
de valor
en la cadena
del caf yto
stimulate
linkagesaand
multipliers informar
the
puede permitir
los productores
una mejor
resiliencia.
SEV
coffee
value chain
and toEmpero,
enable los
farmers
an garantizar
que puedenVSS
en
tonecesitan
become more
resilient. Nonetheless,
efecto contribuir para esta nueva realidad.
still
have
to ensure
theyRA,
areUTZ
actually
abletodos
Los
estndares
FLO,
y 4C son
tomiembros
deliver on de
thislanew
reality.
FLO,
RA,
ISEAL, lo que podraUTZ
asegurar
un
acercamiento
and 4C are all full members ofcomprensivo
ISEAL, which
paraensure
la generacin
de criterios
genricos
could
a comprehensive
approach
to
para el mejoramiento de las prcticas de
develop generic criteria for best manageadministracin para el fomento de
ment
practices
to foster yagricultural
adaptaprcticas
adaptativas
de mitigacin
en la
tion
and mitigation.
Alternatively,todos
all VSS
agricultura.
Alternativamente,
los
estn trabajando
en sus
propios
areSEV
working
with their own
modules
(and
mdulos
(y
proyectos
piloto)
para
afrontar
pilot-projects) to cope with rapidly changing
las condiciones rpidamente cambiantes
conditions
del sector.in the field.

Figure 5: Volume of certified and verified


coffee available and purchased in 2013
in 1000 MT

Certified produced
Certified sold

Verified produced
Verified sold

2013

727

Utz Certified

2013

2013

455

440

450

Rainforest Alliance

Fairtrade

2013

248

224

Organic

145

133

168

CAF Practices

170
Nespesso AAA
2,300 certified

55

15

5 Eltop diez de tostadores de caf


16

El mercado
mundial
de cafisesdominated
dominadoby
The world
coffee market
porthree
tres grandes
corporaciones
very large
transnationaltransnacorporations
cionales Nestl, Mondelez y DE Master
Blenders 1753 y unos pocos tostadores de
- and
a few bigStrauss,
coffee roasters
such
caf1753
como
Smuckers,
Starbucks
y as
Smuckers,
Strauss,tostadores
Starbucks and
Tchibo.
Tchibo.
Diez grandes
procesan
el 40%
queroasters
se consume
a nivel
The del
ten caf
largest
process
almost
mundial. Su respectiva participacin
40% of all the coffee that is consumed
individual varan desde el 1% (Keuring GM)
worldwide.
Their(Nestl).
individual
shares range
hasta
ms del 10%
La fusin
from 1%recientemente
(Keurig GM) toentre
morelathan
10%
anunciada
divisin
de caf
de Mondelez
DE Master
(Nestl).
The recentcon
merger
announcement
Blenders crear el ms grande negocio de
caf en el 2015: Jacobs Douwe Egberts.
ter Blenders will create the worlds largest
Mientras Nestl sigue siendo el lder
coffeeen
business
in 2015:
Jacobs Douwe
mundial
trminos
de ingresos
Egberts. While
Nestl
remains
the worlds
provenientes
de su
negocio
cafetero,
en
cuanto
a volmenes
Jacobs
leader
in terms of transados
revenue from
its coffee
Douwe Egberts montar al top de la lista y
business, in volumes traded Jacobs Douwe
constituir un competidor formidable para
Egberts
will take
the first place
and
Nestl
en pases
desarrollados
y en
vabecome
de
a
formidable
competitor
for
Nestl
in devedesarrollo.
loped and developing markets.
Los tostadores de caf han ganado un
creciente control sobre la cadena de
Coffee roasters have gained increasing
mercado en los aos recientes, no
controllaoffuerte
the marketing
chain
recent
obstante
competencia
deinlos
years, despiteystrong
competition
supermercados
sus propias
marcas from
de
caf.
En
respuesta
a
los
retos
que
supermarkets and their own label coffees. In
presentan las cadenas de caf especial
answer to the challenge of specialty coffee
(como Starbucks) y a la proliferacin de
chains (e.g. Starbucks)
and the
micro-tostadores
con su oferta
de proliferation
caf de
small-scale
roasters
withtostadores
their promotion
altaofcalidad,
los ms
grandes
se
estn
enfocando
desarrollar
productos
of high
qualityen
coffees,
the mainstream
msroasters
individualizados
para
consumi-more
are focusing
onsus
developing
dores.
individualized products for their consumers.
Actualmente, un rea de crecimiento
Currently, aenkey
growth in develofundamental
losdriver
pasesofdesarrollados
hanped
sidocoffee
los sistemas
autoservicio
quesysmarketsde
is the
single-serve
le permiten a los consumidores prepararse
tems, which allow consumers to brew single
una sola taza de caf (ej. Nespresso,
cups Tassimo).
of coffee (e.g.
Senseo,en
Senseo,
EsteNespresso,
nuevo segmento
Tassimo).
This
coffee
market
segment
is
el mercado de caf es nico a causa de las
diversas
asociaciones
formadas
entre
los
unique for the diverse partnerships formed
tostadores
caf yroasters
los manufactureros
de
betweende
coffee
and kitchenware
electrodomsticos y artefactos de cocina
manufacturers to produce, distribute, and
con el fin de producir, distribuir y crear una
brand
machines.
Nestl
the main
marca
de the
mquinas.
Nestl
es elis principal

actorindethis
este
segmento,
captura50%
el 50%
player
segment,
capturing
of del
mercado mundial. Esta empresa produce
the global market; the company makes both
tanto las mquinas como las cpsulas de
the
machines
and Unidos,
coffee capsules.
the
caf.
En Estados
Keuring In
Green
USA,
Keurig es
Green
Mountain
is the market
Mountain
el lder
del mercado
por ser el
primero
de una
mquina made caf,
leader
withena ventas
top-selling
single-serve
t
y
bebidas
lcteas
que
sirve
una
taza
chine to make coffee, tea, and milk drinksa la
vez y usa el K-Cup sistema de empaque.
using the K-Cup pack system.
A pesar de que el gusto del consumidor y
sus consideraciones
de precio
y calidad
Although
the consumers
taste and
priceson los
factores dominantes
para el
quality
considerations
are the dominant
consumo de caf, hay aspectos intangibles
factors, intangible aspects such as the
como la sostenibilidad del caf se estn
sustainability
coffee
are becoming
convirtiendoofen
el factor
que dirigeala
factor
in driving
the top
decisin
sobrebrand
marca.choice.
TodosAll
losoftostadores
decoffee
caf del
top diez
han
conformado
ten
roasters
have
developed
stratealianzas
estratgicas
con un
de
gic
alliances
with a number
of nmero
internatioiniciativas internacionales sobre estnnal standards initiatives, like FLO, RA and
dares como FLO, RA y UTZ, o tambin han
UTZ,
or developed
their own
privatede
coffee
desarrollado
sus propios
sistemas
estndares
(ej. C.A.F.E.
Practices, C.A.F.E.
de
standards
systems
(e.g. Starbucks
Starbucks,
AAA Sustainable
Quiality
Practices
andyNespressos
AAA Sustainable
Program, de Nespresso) como parte de sus
Quality Program) as part of their overall
estrategias corporativas. La figura 6
corporate
6 shows
the
muestra strategies.
el volumenFigure
total del
caf adquiritotal
volume
coffee purchased
by eachde
do por
cadaofcompaa,
los volmenes
caf certificado
adquirido
y las
company,
the volumes
of certifi
ediniciativas
and
de
SEV
con
las
que
han
lidiado
en
el 2013.
verified coffees purchased, and the VSS
initiatives they dealt with in 2013.
Los grandes tostadores tienden a depender fuertemente de las compaas transadoraslarge
de caf
para obtener
sus heavily
provisiones
The
roasters
tend to rely
uponde
caf verde.
compaas
son grandes
coffee
tradingEstas
companies
to obtain
their
actores que incluyen a Neumann Gruppe
supplies of green coffee [18]. These compa(Alemania), Volcaf (Suiza) y ECOM (Suiza).
nies
aredel
large
include
Neumann
50%
cafplayers
verde and
mundial
es transado
Gruppe
(Germany),
Volcaf
(Switzerland)
por ellos. En aos recientes, las transaderas
internacionales
han fortalecido
sus redes
and
ECOM (Switzerland);
50% of the
de
suministro
especialmente
para
worlds green coffee beans are tradedgaranby
tizar una cantidad mnima de caf
them.
In
recent
years,
international
traders
certificado para sus clientes principales.
have
their
networka los
Los strengthened
transadores son
lassupply
ms cercanas
caficultores
y tienen que
asegurar amount
los
especially,
to guarantee
a minimum
volmenes
requeridos
de
producto
of certified coffee to their major clients.deTracalidad. Para poder obtener una cantidad
ders are the closest to the farmer and have
creciente de caf producido sostenibletomente
secureestas
the required
volumes
quality
compaas
estnof
involucradas
produce.
To source
growing
share of susactivamente
en eladiseo
e implementac-

in
de programas
decoffee
entrenamiento
para
tainably
produced
they are actively
mejorar y ptroteger las condiciones
involved in the design and implementation
econmicas, sociales y ambientales en el
of trainingdeprogrammes
improve and
comienzo
la cadena detosuministro
delprotect the economic, social and environmental
caf.
conditions at the beginning of the coffee
Las
decisiones de los 10 tostadores y los 3
chain.
transadores tienen un impacto significativo en las inversiones en y la demanda total
The
decisions
of the
roasters
3 de
de
caf
sostenible.
En 10
el 2013,
lasand
ventas
caf
sostenible
crecido
hasta on
el 15%
traders
have a han
signifi
cant impact
the
del
consumo total.
A pesar
que es for,
una
investments
in, and
overallde
demand
participacin del mercado impresionante,
sustainable coffee. In 2013, the sales of suses tan slo una fraccin del 40% de caf
tainable coffee
have grown
to 15 percent
of
certificado
y verificado
disponible
(ver
total consumption.
impressive
figura
5). Aun con lasAlthough
promesasan
del
top 10
de
tostadores
caf
de hacer
del sector
market
share,de
this
is only
a fraction
of the
uno
ms
sostenible,
queda
mucho
40 percent of certified and verifiedespacio
coffee
para que esta participacin crezca.
available (see Figure 5). Given the pledges
of the
top tendel
coffee
roasters
to make
Para
ocuparse
cambio
climtico
en the
el
sector
cafmore
es preciso
una cooperacin
coffeedel
sector
sustainable
there is
y room
comunicacin
mejoradas entre las
for growth.
compaas, donantes, caficultores e
investigadores, que vayan ms all de las
Addressingde
climate
changeyin
the cofactividades
certificacin
verificacin
fee sector A
requires
enhanced
cooperation
existentes.
pesar del
potencial
para
establecer
estrategias between
de adaptacin
and communication
companies,
exitosas
travs de
SEV, el retogoing
ms
donors,afarmers
andlosresearchers,
grande es cmo generar accin colectiva a
beyond
certifi
and verifi
travs
de existing
la totalidad
decation
la cadena
de cation
activities.
Despite
the
potential
to
establish
suministro para encontrar soluciones
a los
problemas
globales
de
los
prximos
aos
successful adaptation strategies through
que
a largo
plazo.
cadena
del
VSS,perduren
the major
challenge
is La
how
to generate
caf necesita concientizarse de los
collective action across the coffee chain to
potenciales efectos del cambio climtico
find lasting
solutions
to theseyglobal
issues
sobre
la totalidad
del sistema
necesita
in the coming
years.
The coffeelachain
as
encontrar
formas
de incentivar
investigacin
sistemtica
de estrategias
de of the
such needs
to become
more aware
adaptacin
para distintas
escalas
deon the
potential effects
of climate
change
produccin.
entire system and find ways to encourage
strategic
research
and adaptation
En
2010, una
interesante
mezcla destrategies
grupos
de
privados
atinters
different
scales. de investigacin y
desarrollo fundaron la iniciativa Coffee&Climate (C&C www.coffeeandcliIn 2010, an interesting mixture of private,
mate.org). El grupo original se ha expandidevelopment
researchaos
stakeholders
do
a lo largo deand
los ltimos
y, desde
founded
the
initiative
for
coffee&climate
que el Sustainable Coffee Program (SCP) se

a l en el 2013, la iniciativaThe
gan
ms
(c&cuni
- www.coffeeandclimate.org).
origicampo de accin en el sector. Hoy el grupo
nal incluye
group has
expanded
overNeumann
the years Gruppe
and
a los
transadores
since
the Sustainable
Coffee
Program
(SCP)
y ECOM
Cofee y a los
tostadoes
Nestl,
Mondelez,
y Tchibo.
El grupo
joined
in 2013,DEMB
the initiative
gained
more
tambin
tiene
el apoyo
GIZ
ground
in the
sector.
Todayfinanciero
the group de
inclu(German Development Agency),
des traders like Neumann Gruppe and ECOM
Sida (Swedish Development Agency) y
IDH (Dutch Sustainable Trade Initiative).
and Tchibo, and a funding base with support
Esta(German
asociacin
se ocupa deAgency),
los retosSida
of GIZ
Development
presentados
por
el
cambio
climtico
(Swedish Development Agency) and IDHa toda
la cadena de valor del caf, especialmente
(Dutch
Sustainable
Trade
Initiative).las familias
los retos
a los que
se enfrentan

caficultoras en el mundo por esta causa. En


prctica, eladdresses
Hans R. Neumann
Stiftung
Thelapartnership
the challenges
(HRNS)
y
el
centro
Centre
for
Agricultural
posed by changing climatic conditions to
Bioscience (CABI) recogen y consolidan las
the entire coffee value chain, especially to
mejores estrategias de adaptacin en
coffee-farming
families
worldwide.Estos
In praccuatro regiones
del proyecto.
tice,incluyen
the Hansproyectos
R. Neumann
Stiftung
(HRNS)
semilla
en Brasil,
Trifinio
(Guatemala,
Honduras, El
andTanzania,
the Centre
for Agricultural
Bioscience
Salvador)
Vietnam.
Escogieron
estas
(CABI)
collect yand
consolidate
best practices
regiones por su relevancia como reas
for clave
adaptation
in four project
These
productoras
de caf regions.
en las que
se
include
pilot
projects
in
Brazil,
Tanzania,
cultiva tanto Arbica como Robusta, tienen
e intensos
sistemas
de cultivo y
Trifidiferentes
nio (Guatemala,
Honduras,
El Salvador)
procesos
secos y have
mojados.
andutilizan
Vietnam.
These regions
beenLos
chocaficultores participan en actividades de
sen because of their relevance as key coffee
formacin y entrenamiento trabajando
producing
areas, representing
Arabica
and
con los grupos
para encontrar
estrategias
Robusta
intensive
and diverse
que seproduction,
ajusten a sus
necesidades.
Adems,
los caficultores
otros
growing
system as ywell
as grupos
wet andde
dryinters
protienen
acceso
a
la
caja
de
herramientas
cessing. Coffee farmers take part in hands- de
C&C: http://toolbox.coffeeandclimate.org.
on training
activities,
assisting
to find
Esta es una
compilacin
dethem
las metodstrategies,
suit their
needs. Furtherologas,which
principios
y materiales
de entrenamiento
que le permiten
los caficultores
more,
coffee farmers
and otherastakeholders
ajustarse
al the
cambio
climtico. Se trata de
have
access to
c&c Toolbox:
una plataforma que favorece el intercamhttp://toolbox.coffeeandclimate.org
bio de conocimiento con respecto a
Thisconocidas
is a compilation
of methodologies,
guie innovadoras
prcticas de
delines
and training
materials
which
enable
adaptacin
adems
de servir
como
puente
entretolacope
ciencia
y el
saber hacer
deItlos
farmers
with
climate
change.
procaficultores.
vides
a platform to exchange knowledge on
known and innovative adaptation practices
and bridges the gap between science and
farmer know-how.

17

18

Nestl
In 2010,
worlds
largest cofEn
2010,the
la ms
grande
manufacturera
deannounced
caf, anunci
fee manufacturer,
el
Nescaf
para
optimizar
itsPlan
Nescaf
Plan,
to optimize
su cadena de suministro
Nestls coffee supply chain by
apoyando a los caficultores. Esta
supporting coffee
farmers. The a
multinacional
se comprometi
comprar
180.000
toneladas
de to
multinational
committed
itself
caf
verde180,000
verificado
4C para
purchase
tonnes
of 4Cel
ao 2015. Para el 2013, la
verified green coffee by the year
compaa ya haba comprado
2015. In toneladas.
2013, the company
al200.000
Ella contina
invirtiendo
en programas
de
ready sourced
200,000 tonnes
formacin
de coffee.
capacidades para
of 4C verified
los cultivadores al que estn
The company continues to ininscritos 125.000 caficultores en
vest
in farmeren
capacity
building
la
actualidad
varios pases.
Nestl
tiene lacurrently
intencinreaching
de
programmes,
comprar
90.000
toneladas
over 125,000
coffee
farmersde
in
caf para el 2020 de acuerdo
several countries. In addition
con los principios de la SustainNestl
intends toNetwork
source 90,000
able
Agriculture
y con
la
colaboracin
la Rainforest
tonnes
of coffeede
according
to
Alliance.
Para
finales
del
2013,
the Sustainable Agriculture
Nespresso adquiri el 84% de su
Network principles by 2020, in
caf del Nespresso AAA
close collaboration
RainforProgram
que cuentawith
aproximadamente
conthe
62.000
est Alliance. By
end of 2013,
caficultores
repartidos
Nespresso sourced
84%en
of8its
pases.
coffee from the Nespresso AAA
Program. This involves working
with about 62,000 farmers in
eight countries.
En el 2012, Mondelez lanz su
iniciativa
happyits
In 2012, Coffee made
launched
para apoyar a 1.000.000m de
Coffee made
happy initiative,
pequeos
caficultores,
especialto support
one million
small- El
mente
a la nueva
generacin.
lan
est
diseado
para
scale
coffee
farmers,
especially
incrementar
la productividad
the next generation
of coffee de
los caficultores y la viabilidad de
farmers.
The plan
is designed
las
pequeas
fincas
de caf,
to increase farmer
productivity
mejorando
las prcticas
de
agricultura
para as
ayudar a
and the viability
of small-scale
construir
comunidades
coffee farming,
improving agrisostenibles (ej. Proyectos en
cultural
practices
andPer
helping
to
Vietnam, Indonesia,
y
build more sustainable coffee
Honduras).

communities,(e.g. projects in
Vietnam,
Todas lasIndonesia,
marcas dePeru
caf and
europeas que le pertenecen
Honduras).
contendrn el 100% de caf
All its European coffee brands
sostenible para el 2015, que
will
contain 100%
sustainable
representan
aproximadamente
coffee
whichglobal
is about
el 55%by
del2015,
volumen
de
Mondelez.
Para
lograr
este
55% of
global coffee
objetivo, Mondelez est
volume. To reach this target,
comprando caf de la Rain
is purchasing
Forest Alliance
y de la 4Ccoffee
from
Rainforest
Association.
En Alliance
el 2013, and
la
compaa
adquiri In
alrededor
the
4C Association.
2013 the
del 60% de sus cafs europeos
company sourced around 60%
de acuerdo con 4C y 20%
of
its European
coffees accordcertificado
por RA.
ing to 4C and 20% certified by
RA.
D.E. Master Blenders 1753
Douwe Egberts Master Blenders
Douwe Egberts Master Blenders
1753, is the number one buyer
1753 es el comprador de caf
of UTZ Certifi
ed UTZ
coffee
and y
nmero
uno de
Certified
sourced 90,000
of this
adquiri
90.000 tonnes
toneladas
de
dicho
en 2012.
DEMB
coffeecaf
in 2012.
DEMB
planned
plane adquirir ms del 25% de
to procure more than 25%
caf certficado en todos sus
certified coffee
across allde
its
mercados
y segmentos
markets and
producto
paraproduct
el 2015.segments
Sin
embargo,
esta metathis
se target
cumpli
by 2015. However,
dos aos antes de lo planeado.
was achieved in 2013, two years
A pesar de que UTZ Certified es
ahead
of schedule.
el
principal
socio deAlthough
DEMB para
UTZ certificado
Certified is DEMBs
main
caf
la compaa
tambin
usacertifi
como
partner for
edproveedores
coffee, the
algunos certificados orgnicos y
company is also procuring some
RA. Esta seguir construyendo
certifi
ed Organic
RA coffee.
una
industria
msand
sostenible
en
The
company
continue
buildel
2014
y en loswill
aos
siguientes
aing
travs
de investigaciones
en
a more
sustainable coffee
profundizaciones del desarrollo
industry in 2014 and beyond
del sector en conjunto con
throughtostadores
investing iny further
algunos
otros sector development
together
with
socios
en el programa
sombrilla
IDH
Esto lo
the Sustainable
roasters and Coffee.
other partners
har trabajando con pases de
under the IDH Sustainable Coforigen del caf para hacer un
fee Program
umbrella;
working
mejor
producto
y ms sosteniwithtrabajando
trading partners
in counble,
tambin
con la

tries of origin to make coffee


DE
Foundation
en traceable
proyectosand
production
better
de
altosustainable;
impacto enworking
esos with
more
mismos pases.
the DE Foundation on projects
with high impact in countries of
origin.

coffee production processes, the


procesos
de produccin
del of
conservation
and restoration
caf, la conservacin y
natural habitat
opportunirestauracin
deland
hbitat
ties to facilitate
farmer access
natural
y las oportunidades
para
facilitar for
el acceso
de los
to payment
environmental
caficultores
services. al pago por
servicios ambientales.

Smuckers
La
meta degoal
estaisempresa
Smuckers
for certificon
ed
respecto
al
caf
certificado
coffees to reach 10 percent es
alcanzar el 10% de sus
of its total retail purchases,
compras totales de producto
by 2016.
Currently,
Smuckers
para
el 2016.
Actualmente,
la
empresa
caf from
procures adquiere
certified coffee
certificado
de Certifi
RA, Fare
Trade
RA, Fair Trade
ed and
UTZ
Certified y UTZ, tambin
and plans to increase purchases
planea incrementar sus
of UTZ Certifi
coffee. The
compras
de laedcertificacin
de
esta
ltima.
El
reporte de
Smuckers 2012 corporate
resostenibilidad
social
de 2012 its
sponsibility report highlights
resalta su asociacin con
partnership with coffee&climate,.
C&C.

Strauss
Strauss Coffee
Coffee tiene
has a una
strong
Strauss
fuerte
el its differmarketpresencia
presenceen
with
mercado
travs de
sus Brazil
ent coffeea brands
in Israel,
diferentes marcas en Israel,
and Eastern Europe. Strauss
Brazil, y Europa Oriental.
committed
in 2011 to increase
Strauss
se comprometi
en el
2011
a incrementar
sus volumes
its European
purchasing
volmenes
europeos
de20%
of 4C verified
coffee by
compra de caf certificado 4C
per annum. In absolute terms, it
de a 20% anual. En trminos
planned totiene
purchase
3,800lametabsolutos,
planeada
compra
3,8004,500
toneladas
ric tons de
in 2012,
metric
mtricas
en 2012,
entons
tons in 2013,
5,4004,500
metric
2013, 5,400 en 2014, y 6,500
in 2014 and 6,500 metric tons
toneladas mtricas para el
in 2015.
the
company
2015.
En In
el 2013,
2013 la
compaa
de
hechoprocured
adquiri4,280
4,280tons of
actually
toneladas
4C verifiedde
i.e.,caf
6%verificado
of its Euro4C, esto es, el 6% de su
pean volume.
volumen europeo.

Starbucks
Starbucks
set in 2008,
La
meta degoal,
Starbucks,
was that by 2015,
of itsfue
cofdeterminada
en elall
2008,
que
todo
caf fueraverified
fee will
besu
third-party
certificado o verificado por
or certified, either through its
un tercero, por su propio
own code,
C.A.F.E.
Practices,
FLO
cdigo:
C.A.F.E.
Practices,
FLO
another
program.
In 2013,
ooralgn
otro
programa.
En el
2013,
95%
delgreen
total coffee
de sus
95% ofelits
total
compras de caf verde, casi
purchases, of almost 180,000
180.000 toneladas mtricas,
metric tons,
were C.A.F.E.
Pracfueron
verificadas
por C.A.F.E.
tices verified.
Somecafs
coffees had
Practices.
Algunos
haban
receivedrecibido
multiplevarias
verifications or
certificaciones o verificacertifications including 15,000
ciones incluyendo 15.000
tons (8%) of
FLOdecertifi
toneladas
(8%)
FLOed
y
coffee(1%)
and toneladas
2,000 tonsde
(1%)
of
2.000
caf
orgnico
certificado.
certified organic coffee. StarStarbucks colabora con
bucks collaborates with ConserConservation International y
vation
International
and farmers
con
caficultores
en tres
in three coffeediferentes
communities.
comunidades
para
probar
la efectividad
de lasfor
To test effective
strategies
estrategias para mejorar la
improving the sustainability of
sostenibilidad de los

Tchibo
Tchibo has committed itself to a
Tchibo se ha comprometido
fullyun
sustainable
path; it plans to
con
camino completaprocure
25% sustainable
mente
sostenible;
planea coffee
adquirir
by 201525%
and de
hascaf
a future comcertificado sostenible para el
mitment of 100%. In 2013, the
2015 y tiene un compromiso
company
achievedelthe
procurefuturo
en alcanzar
100%.
ment
of 30lapercent
En
el 2013
compaacertified
alcanzo
porcentajes
deFLO,
coffee, either
RA, UTZ,
adquisicin del 30% de caf
Organic or 4C verified. Tchibo
certificado, bien haya sido
is one
ofFLO,
the main
buyers
RA,
UTX,
Orgnico,
o of
4C verified4C.
coffee,
but es
does
certificado
Tchibo
unonot
de
los mayores
compradores
disclose
the amounts
of certide caf certificado 4C, pero
fied coffee and verified coffee it
no revela las cantidades de
procured.
caf
certificado y verificado
que adquiere. La compaa

The company has developed


ha desarrollado Tchibo Joint
Tchibo Joint Forces!, a proForces!, un programa que
gramme toelpromote
the sustainpromueve
desarrollo
sostenible
en el sector
able development
of the coffee
cafetero.
El programme
programa consists
sector. The
consiste en cinco mdulos
of five modules to increase suspara aumentar la sostenibilitainability
and
can be applied
dad
y puede
serit implementado
en diversos
pases, regions
to individual
countries,
regiones,
y proyectos.
and projects.
UCC Coffee
UCC
en the
el JapaUCC Coffee
Coffee (activo
(active on
mercado japons desde el
nese market and since 2012
2012 y tambin en el
also on the
market)
manumercado
deEU
la UE)
manufactura
tanto
marcas
como
factures
both
brands
andcaf
private
de
etiquetado
label
coffees. privado.
UCC Coffee has not published a
UCC Coffee no ha publicado
specific compromiso
commitment on sourcningn
especfico
con lacoffee.
adquisicin
ing sustainable
In 2013,
de
caf
sostenible.
En
2013,
la
the company purchased 25,000
MT of certified coffee, of which
Lavazza
the
majority for their European
customers
of its
Lavazza, el (32%
lder en
el total
mercado italiano,
compra This
European
coffee volume).
cifras alrededor
las certified
volume
includedde
98%
150,000 toneladas al ao de
green coffee of FLO, RA, UTZ
las cuales 2,300 son certificaand
and
2% 4C
verified
das, Organic
ya sea RA
o UTZ.
Lavazza
a la fecha no ha hecho
coffee.
pblico ningn compromiso,
pero afirma que incrementar la cantidad de caf
Lavazza,
Italys
market leader,
certificado
de acuerdo
con la
demanda del
mercado.
purchases
a total
of 150,000
Lavazzaper
declara
que
grandes
tonnes
year of
which,
about
beneficios pueden ser
2,300 tonnes are certified cofadquiridos de la coordifee,
either
or UTZ.
Lavazza
nacin
de RA
diversos
participantes
la cadena
delcomcaf,
has
not de
published
any
en aras de but
crearaffi
sinergias
y
mitments,
rms it will
fortalecer el impacto de cada
increase the amount of certiproyecto. Por lo tanto,
fi
ed coffee according
to market
participan
de la sociedad
International Coffee Partners
demand.
y en la Coffee & Climate
Initiative.

Lavazza states that greater


Keurig Green Mountain
benefits can be achieved by
En
el 2013, Keuring
coordinating
variousGreen
players
Mountain adquiri el 26%
in the coffee chain in order to
(casi 26.000 toneladas
create synergies
mtricas)
FT USAand
cafstrengthen
y 5%
(casi
4.800 toneladas
the impact
of each project.
mtricas)
RA, para un in
total
Therefore,de
it participates
del 31% del total de sus
International Coffee Partners
adquisiciones de caf verde
and in the coffee&climate
certificado.
La meta que seinitiapropusieron
es incrementar
tive.
el nmero de cafs que
cumplen con estos estndares, particularmente FT
In 2013,
Keurig
Green
USA
y FLO,
a travs
deMountain
la
introduccin
nuevas26,000
procured 26%de
(almost
lneas
producto
metricde
tons)
FT USAycoffee, and
logrando certificar el
5% (almost 4,800 metric ton)
producto existente.
RA coffee, totaling 31% of its
La
compaa
se comprometi
green
coffee from
a certified
con
incrementar
la to
particisource.
The goal is
increase
pacin de los productos de
the number of coffees that meet
caf que cumplen con los
these standards,
estndares
de FT,particularly
Organic y FT
RA.
el 2020,
Keuringthe
Green
USAEn
and
FLO, through
inMountain
planea
que
el
troduction of new product lines,
100% de sus adquisisciones
and by achieving certification
pertenezcan a sus Responsifor their
existing
product.
ble
Sourcing
Guidelines
(unos criterios de certificacin
internosisde
la
The company
committed
to
compaa)
increase the share of coffee
products that meet the standards of FT, Organic, and RA
certifications. By 2020, the
company plans to purchase
100% of its coffee pertaining
to the Keurig Green Mountain
Responsible Sourcing Guidelines
(an internal verification guideline).

19

market share 860

market share 500

Figure 6: Top ten coffee


roasters: marketshare in
1,000 MT and certified
and verified coffees
purchased in 2012/13
and future commitments

20

Global future
commitment
market share 360

Market share
Certified share
Verified share 4C
Verified other
market share 300

Nestl
30%
2 FLO/Org certified
55 AAA verified

market share 230

Mondelez
44%

Increase 4C verified
coffee by 20% per
annum;
Target: 6500 ton by
2015

200 4C verified
55 RA certified
165 4C verified

Starbucks
market share 180

market share 180

2015: 100%

future: 100%

market share 177

95%

market share 150

15 FLO certified
2 Org. certified
154 CAFE verified
market share 98

D.E. Master
Blenders 1753

2020: 100%

25%

Tchibo

90 Utz certified

30%
2016: 10%

4 4C verified

Smuckers Strauss 2%

not specified:
Certified RA,
FLO, Org
Verified 4C

25 FLO, RA, UTZ


certified
0,4 4C verified

UCC
14%

Keurig Green
Mountain
2 RA certified

Lavazza 1%

FT
31% 26
5 RA

21

parte de la produccin mundial de caf pero en la


to adjust to ongoing and potential effects
mayora de los casos su habilidad para adaptarse
of climate
change.
Building
up resilience
al cambio
climtico
es ms
bien limitada pues
tienen acceso
o nulo
a los recursos
to increasing
climatemnimo
variability
is the
necesarios,
incluido
el
acceso
a asistencia tcnica.
most significant challenge facing coffee
Hay una amplia variedad de innovaciones
farmers.
disponibles para los pequeos productores pero
es difcil predecir su adecuacin a las distintas
regiones.produce
El cultivo
de caf
y su procesamiento
Smallholders
most
of the
contribuyen
a
la
emisin
de
gases invernaderos
worlds coffee but for many their ability
especialmente cuando las tierras se han transforElWorld
consumo
mundial
de caf is
est
creciendo
coffee
consumption
growing
steadily
to adapt
to climate
change
is limited
mado
para dicha
produccin
(ej. Deforestacin).
establemente en una tasa anual que est
at around 2.5% per year, and the demand for
due toLas
having
poor ordeberan
no access
to the
compaas
comprometerse
con un
alrededor del 2.5% y la demanda de caf est
planresources,
con cronogramas
estipulados
para prevenir
coffee
is
on
the
rise.
Growth
is
fastest
in
the
required
including
technical
creciendo. Este crecimiento es ms acelerado en
el aumento
dedifferent
la deforestacin
la degradacin
markets,
such as
those
Eastern
assistance.
Many
potentialy farmlosemerging
mercados
emergentes
como
losinde
Europa
de los bosques dentro de sus propias cadenas de
Oriental
y
Asia,
justo
en
los
pases
productores.
Se
Europe and Asia, and in the coffee produclevel innovations
but their
loca- deben
suministro, aare
la available,
vez estos planes
tambin
espera que en el 2020 la demanda llegue a los 165
ing countries themselves. The demand is
tion specifi
c
suitability
is
diffi
cult
to
predict.
proteger los derechos de las comunidades que
millones de sacos de caf, esto requiere un
estasand
tierras.
Si se encuentra
proyecto de
expected to
165 million bags
in en la
Coffeehabitan
cultivation
processing
contributes
incremento
dereach
aproximadamente
15%
adaptacin tiene un impacto positivo sobre los
produccin
de caf
verde durante
los siguientes
2020 and calls
for around
15 percent
to GHG emissions, especially when land-use
ecosistemas locales y la captacin de carbono,
cinco
aos.
Por
lo
que
es
necesario
considerar
el
increase in green bean production over
change
is included
(e.g. deforestation).
Com- y una
este
debera servir
como un precedente
cambio en la demanda hacia la preferencia del
idea
semilla
para to
financiar
trayectorias
the next 5 years.
Thereby a shift in demand
panies
should
commit
a time-bound
plan de
to
caf Robusta. La produccin global de este caf es
adaptacin.
preference
towards
Robusta
coffee
has
to
be
prevent
further
deforestation
and
degradation
de 12 sacos por hectrea; si el dficit en la
produccin
compensa
mediante
la expansin
factored in.seGlobal
production
averages
12
of forests in their coffee supply chain, while
Las prioridades actuales para asegurar los medios
debags
tierras
dedicadas
al
cultivo
del
caf,
se
per hectare. If the production shortfall
is
protecting
thederights
of communities
living
de vida
los hombres
y mujeres
caficultores
necesitar abrir al menos un milln de hectreas
tambin
son
ampliamente
aplicables
to
be
met
by
expanding
the
land
under
coffee
on
these
lands.
If
an
adaptation
project
has en el
casi todas cubiertas por bosques. Dada la presin
contexto
delon
cambio
climtico.
cultivation,
it willde
necessitate
opening
upms
at
a positive
impact
ecosystems
and Parece
carbonque la
sobre
los recursos
tierras, una
solucin
mayora de medidas de adaptacin que se han
sostenible
este dficit
seraoflamostly
de producir
sequestration,
it canahora
become
source
of direccin
least oneamillion
hectares
forest ms
tomado hasta
vanaen
la misma
cantidad
de
caf
por
unidad
terrestre,
optimizanfunding
adaptation
trajectories.
covered land. With the increased pressure on
queinlas
aproximaciones
de desarrollo sostenible
do tambin el uso de agua y agroqumicos. Para
comunes en el sector. Estas incluyen el acceso a
land
resources,
a
more
sustainable
solution
is
poder mantener e incrementar tanto la calidad
mejores
tcnicas
de manejo
y gestinofde las fincas
Current
priorities
to ensure
the livelihoods
to produce
moreen
coffee
perplazo
unit ofesland,
water
como
la cantidad
el largo
de suma
de caf, a aseguramiento, a informacin (como
importancia
enfocarseToenincrease
asegurarse
de que las
both men
and women
coffee
farmers are
also
and agrochemicals.
and maintain
pronsticos
del clima
y precios)
y a tecnologa.
mujeres y la siguiente generacin de campesinos
largely applicable in the context of climate
quality and quantity in the long-term, it is of
continen en la produccin de caf y adems que
Sin It
embargo,
el cambio
climtico y los retos de
change.
appears that
most adaptation
to focus on ensurseparamount
beneficien importance
de ella.
adaptacin cuestionan nuestro concepto de
measures are in line with sustainable
ing that women and the next generation of
produccin sostenible de caf. Sistemas de
Elfarmers
cambioremain
climtico
est
afectando
la producdevelopment
approaches
common
in
in, ya
and
benefi
t from coffee
Estndares
Voluntarios
(SEV) tienen
como meta
cin de caf de muchas maneras. Dos ejemplos
the sector.
These
includesocial
accessyto
better
production.
promover
un sistema
ecolgicamente
importantes en lo que se ven claramente los
sostenible de techniques,
produccin to
demarkets,
caf para los
farm management
impactos en los patrones del comercio de caf
pequeos caficultores. Acogerse a un SEV para
son
la sequa
extrema
en Brasil
durante
el 2014 y
to finance, to insurance, to information (like
Climate
change
is already
affecting
coffee
exportar es una herramienta para apoyar a las
lasproduction
epidemiasindemany
roya ways.
en Colombia
durante
los
weather
forecasting
and technolTwo good examproductores
deand
cafprices)
en la cadena
de valor, una
aos 2011 y 2012. Los drsticos cambios que
ogy. herramienta para promover prcticas ecolgicaples, with clear impacts on the coffee trade
subyacen a la sostenibilidad de las tierras que se
mente sostenibles de cultivo de caf y para crear
patterns,
the extreme
Brazil de
dedican
a laare
produccin
deldrought
caf enintrminos
acceso a un mercado de productos de calidad.
cantidad
y
calidad
son
preocupantes.
El
impacto
Nonetheless, climate change and the
in 2014, and the outbreaks of coffee rust in
Estos son objetivos importantes y globales, sin
del
cambio climtico
sobre
tan diversos
challenge
of adaptation
question
Colombia
in 2011/12.
The pases
underlying
drastic
embargo
la evidencia
que lasour
certificaciones
como Brasil, Honduras, Uganda y Vietnam sealan
presentan
con
respecto
a los beneficios que
concept of sustainable coffee producchanges
in land
suitability
producque
las reas
adecuadas
parafor
la coffee
produccin
de
es siempre
contundente.
Voluntaryno
Standards
Systems
(VSS) aimEs importiondisminuirn
in terms of
quantity and quality
isel 2020. tion. acarrean
caf
considerablemente
para
tante respaldar las afirmaciones sobre el impacto
Los
casos de estudio
ilustran
que la
adaptacin al to promote a socially and ecologically sustainworrisome.
The climate
change
impacts
en el nivel de los productores, medir el progreso
cambio climtico es vital para los pases producable coffee
production
system
for millions
of largo de
in countries as diverse as Brazil, Honen tiempo
real y crear
credibilidad
a lo
tores de caf. Esta adaptacin incluye los
todo el sector
paratojustificar
los
esfuerzos
smallholders.
Adhering
a
VSS
for
export
is de los
duras,
Uganda
and
Vietnam,
signal
that
esfuerzos que ya se estn haciendo por ajustarse a
grupos
de inters
involucrados.
Claramente
los
a
tool
for
supporting
producers
in
the
coffee
areas
suitable
for
coffee
will
decrease
los efectos del cambio climtico presentes y
SEV no son una solucin por s solos. Hay adems
futuros.
Crear resiliencia
a la variabilidad
valuemuchos
chain, topuntos
promote
sussubstantially
by as soonfrente
as 2020.
The
deenvironmentally
entrada que constituyen
del cambio es uno de los retos ms significativos a
tainable
farming
and create
market los
case-studies illustrate that climate change adventanas
depractices,
oportunidad
para estimular
los que se enfrentan los caficultores.
en laproduce.
cadena de
valor
caf y para
accessenlaces
for quality
These
aredel
imporaptation is vital in coffee producing countries.
empujar a los caficultores a volverse ms
Los
pequeosisproductores
la mayor
tant and worthwhile objectives, but evidence
Adaptation
understood representan
to include efforts

6 Conclusin
22

resilientes. Los SEV an deben demostrar su


that certification achieves these benefits
habilidad para enfrentar los retos que presenta el
is not
always clear-cut.
is important
to
cambio
climtico.
Todava es It
necesario
un avance
disruptivo
que cree
una colaboracin
genuina en
back claims
of impact
at the producer
el nivel
demeasure
los productores
as evitarand
perder el
level,
real timey progress
tiempo en la promocin de diferentes SEV con
create mdulos
sector wide
credibility for the
efdiferentes
y aproximaciones
al problema
forts
of
the
stakeholders
involved.
Cleardel cambio climtico. Sin embargo, an no hay
SEV disponibles
criterios
ly, VSS aloneque
are contengan
not the solution,
butgenricos para
las
mejores
prcticas
de
administracin
y
there are many entry points that provide
gestin que incentiven programas de adaptacin
a window
opportunity
stimulate
y mitigacin
deoflos
efectos deltocambio
climtico
in the
en ellinkages
sector del
caf.coffee value chain and to
enable farmers to become more resilAumentar la participacin del caf sostenible es
ient. VSS are yet to demonstrate their ability
todava una empresa dominante en el sector,
to deliver on
posed
especialmente
porthe
la challenges
lnea de control
deby climate
change.4C.
A breakthrough
is required
tocomo
bring
estndares
4C se posiciona
a s misma
un avance
en
los
mecanismos
de
certificacin
about genuine collaboration at the producer
pues tiene bajas barreras de entrada. La colabolevel and avoid wasting limited resources on
racin entre 4C y los SEV de ms altos estndares
promoting
different
VSS climate
modules
and
podra
incentivar
una trayectoria
continua
desde
la lnea
de estndares
que establece
4Ccriteria
hasta los
approaches.
However,
VSS generic
for
niveles
demanagement
certificacin practices
de estndares
msagriculbest
to foster
demandantes. Esta mecanismo de continuo
tural adaptation and mitigation in the coffee
mejoramiento puede ser especialmente relevante
sectoraare
available,
as yet.
si permite
losnot
pequeos
caficultores
entrar al
sistema de estndares. Desafortunadamente
todos
los SEV muestran
Increasing
the shareun
of desbalance
sustainable creciente
coffee is
entre la oferta y la demanda. A pesar de que los
still
the
dominant
pursuit,
especially
for the
tostadores estn comprometidos en proveer
caf
baselinela
verifi
cation actual
standard.
4C posi- a
ms 4C
sostenible,
situacin
no beneficia
los productores,
incluso limitar
las
tions itself aspuede
a stepping-up
mechanism,
that
oportunidades
de
entrada
para
los
productores
offers a low barrier for entry. Collaboration
que an no se han certificado o que an no han
4C and the higher bar VSS like UTZ,
sido between
verificados.
RA and FLO could support the continuous
Todos
los SEV han trajectory
pasado por
un 4C
crecimiento
en
improvement
from
baseline rela produccin de caf sostenible y pudieron
quirements to the more demanding certificapenetrar de manera significativa el principal
tion level.
This
mechanism
mercado
de caf
destepping-up
la Unin Europea
y los can be
particularly
if it enables
small-farmers
Estados
Unidos. relevant
Generalmente,
los grandes
tostadores
caf
compran
una o ms
variedades
to enterdethe
standard
systems.
Regrettably,
de caf certificados o verificados aunque para
all VSS show an increasing imbalance
algunos de ellos (como Lavazza, Strauss, Smuckbetween
supply and
demand.
Although
ers) solo
una pequea
parte
del total
de caf que
adquieren
viene
de ellos. Notoobstante
roasters
are committed
procure sus
more
comunicaciones
no siempre
son transparentes.
sustainable coffee,
the current
situaAlgunas compaas publican impresionantes
tion is not beneficial to the producers: it
compromisos solamente en el mercado de la UE o
coulddiferenciaciones
even limit entry opportunities
for de
no hacen
entre el volumen
caf producers
adquirido yet
conto
losbeestndares
4C
y
el
de las
certified or verified.
certificaciones que ponen barras ms altas. Al
comparar los compromisos actuales de los
All VSScon
haveelexperienced
growth
the
tostadores
volumen efectivo
deinsus
production
of sustainable
coffee
and
made
operaciones
se hace
evidente que
hay
mucho
espacio
para
que
la adquisicin
deEU
caf
certificado
signifi
cant
penetrations
in the
and
USA
crezca.
mainstream coffee market. Generally, the
large
roasters
are buying
one or more
A pesar
delcoffee
potencial
de dichos
tostadores
para
kindselof
certified orvirar
verifi
coffees,
although
cambiar
panorama,
laed
accin
colectiva
de
la cabalidad
de
la
cadena
de
suministro
para
for some of them (e.g. Lavazza, Strauss,
generar soluciones sostenibles a largo plazo es
Smuckers) this represents only a minimal

una empresa muy difcil aunque urgente. La


part ofcadena
their total
coffee
procurement.
del caf
necesita
aumentar Howla

ever, their
communications
are not always
concientizacin
del potencial
de efectos adversos
deltransparent.
cambio climticoSome
sobrecompanies
el sistemapublish
entero y as
clear or
incentivar la investigacin sistemtica para
impressive pledges for only the EU market or do
desarrollar estrategias de adaptacin que se
not differentiate
the baseline
4Cdeveriacomodenbetween
a las diferentes
escalas
produccin.
Un primer
prometedor
sera
fied volumes
andpaso
the higher
bar certifi
edlograr
coffeeun apoyo
de todo
el sector
a la
iniciativa
Coffe&Climate y a
volumes.
Comparing
the
roasters
present
la Green Carbon Footprint Cofee Category Rule. Es
commitments to the size of their operaclaro que la industria del caf necesita asumir la
tions reveal
there is much
room for
growth.
responsabilidad
de invertir
colectivamente
en los
procesos de adaptacin, en la transparencia de las
comunicaciones
y en asegurar
el apoyo
Despite
the potential, steering
collective
actionefectivo y
a largo plazo de los caficultores en todos los
acrosspases
the coffee
chain to develop lasting soluproductores.
tions to sustainability issues is a difficult yet
En el
nivel de los
de
pressing
challenge.
Theproductores,
coffee chain la
asformacin
such
capacidades
es
una
ardua
tarea
en
el
demandante
needs to raise its awareness of the potential
ambiente desorganizado de los pequeos
adverse
effects of climate
change
the entire
caficultores
en frica,
Asia yon
Amrica
Latina. Se
system,
and encourage
strategic
research topor parte de
requiere
un esfuerzo
comprehensivo
todos
los grupos
de inters
involucrados
develop
adaptation
strategies
to suit
different y con
contribuciones sustanciales, tanto monetarias
scales of production. Bringing about sector wide
como en especie. Los planes y las inversiones de
support
the Coffee&Climate
initiative,
and
losfor
grupos
de inters clave,
incluidos
los gobierthe Green
Carbon Footprint
Coffee Category
nos productos,
los tostadores,
los comerciantes,
los SEV,
ONGs, las fiorganizaciones
productores,
Rule would
belas
a promising
rst step. It is clear
las uniones y los institutos financieros, deberan
that the coffee industry has to take more
estar coordinados con el fin de construir una
responsibility
to invest
collectively in the
comprensin
y aproximaciones
conjuntas a la
sostenibilidad
de
orden global.
Ms an, es
adaptation process, communicate
transparenfoque
ms
amplio, como el
ently, necesario
and ensureuneffective
and
long-term
cambio del sistema de certificacin y verificacin
support for coffee farmers in all producing
finca a finca a una perspectiva ms amplia que
countries.
considere no slo el panorama de los paisajes
cafeteros sino tambin el nivel de la comunidad
para
as crear
sostenibles
Building
capacity
atpracticas
the producer
level, inde
theproduccin,
diversificacin del ingreso para mujeres y
demanding
environment
unorganized
smallhombres,
y prcticasofde
administracin
y gestin
holders
Africa,
Asianaturales
and Latinms
America,
is slo
an la
deinlos
recursos
all de
produccin
de caf.
arduous
task. It needs
a comprehensive effort
from all involved stakeholders with substantial
contributions, both monetary and in-kind. The
plans and investments of key stakeholders,
including producer governments, roasters,
traders, VSS, NGOs, producer organizations, unions and financial institutions
should be coordinated, in order to build a
shared understanding and approaches to
sustainability at the global level.

Further-

more, a much broader focus is called for, such


as shifting the current farm-by-farm certification
and verification to a broader perspective, by taking into account the coffee-based landscape and
community level to enable sustainable production
practices, diversification of income for women
and men, and natural resource management far
beyond the level of coffee production activities.

23

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24

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Predicted impact of climate change
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(2012). Coffee and Climate Change:
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[14] Ludi, E., Stevens C, Peskett L,


Cabral L (2007). Climate change
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Dorward, A. (2007). The Future of
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neumann.pdf
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M. (2012). Coffee Barometer 2012.
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Figure 1 Top ten coffee production countries in 2013


and volume per hectare
ICO (2013). ICO Annual review 2012/13. Retrieved from
http://www.ico.org/news/annual-review-2012-13-e.pdf
Neumann, D. (2012). The world of coffee in 2017.
Retrieved from: http://www.sintercafe.com/uploads/
File/2012/presentations/0.neumann.pdf
Figure 4 Arabica and Robusta Production and Consumption, with ICO composite price, period 2003
2013
ICO data on production and consumption (2014).
Retrieved from: http://www.ico.org/prices/po.htm and
http://www.ico.org/prices/p2.htm and
http://www.ico.org/documents/cy2012-13/presentations/icc-hop-market.pdf
Brando C. (2014). Coffee consumption, production, challenges and opportunities 2013-2020. EAFCA Presentation - P&A International Marketing.
Figure 5 Volume of available and purchased certified
and verified coffee in 2013
UTZ Certified (2014). Bringing practice to scale, annual
report 2013. Retrieved from: https://www.utzcertified.
org/en/mediacenter/reports-brochures?id=2074
Data provided by FLO (preliminary estimates) by personal communication
Data provided by Rainforest Alliance, by personal communication
Organic data are not readily available; data used here
from: Potts, J. et al. (2014). The state of sustainability
initiatives review 2014. Standards and the Green Economy. Retrieved from http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2014/
ssi_2014.pdf
4C Association (2014). Propagating a sustainable
coffee community, annual report 2013. Retrieved from:
http://www.4c-coffeeassociation.org/news/currentnews/article/4c-annual-report-out-now.html#2
Starbucks Coffee Company (2014). Global Responsibility Report, Goals and Progress 2013. Retrieved from:
http://www.starbucks.com/responsibility/global-report
Data provided by Nespresso AAA, by personal communication
Figure 6 Top Ten Coffee Roasters
All company data: Annual reports 2012 or 2013,
interpretations verified by personal communication

Green coffee conversion


1 bag = 60 kilogram
1,0 tonne = 1,000 kilogram = 16,67 bags

Colophon
Citation: Panhuysen, S. and Pierrot, J.
(2014). Coffee Barometer 2014.
Text: Sjoerd Panhuysen (Hivos)
and Joost Pierrot (Consultancy)
Additional contributions:
Yvette Faber (Solidaridad),
Frank Mechielsen (Oxfam-Novib),
Richard Holland (WWF),
Liliana Jauregui (IUCN-NL),
Catherine van der Wees (Hivos).
Design: Roelant Meijer (Tegenwind)
Print: Drukkerij Mostert & Van Onderen!,
Leiden
The final responsibility for the content
and the views expressed in this
publication lies solely with the authors.
Participating organizations:
Hivos
IUCN-NL
Oxfam-Novib
Solidaridad
WWF
Request for information
can be addressed to:
Sjoerd Panhuysen, Hivos
s.panhuysen@hivos.org
Raamweg 16
2596 HL The Hague
The Netherlands
+31(0)70 376 55 00

Coffee
Barometer
2014

Sjoerd Panhuysen & Joost Pierrot


6
Mexico
4 mio

14 /
ha
18 /
ha

Guatemala 4 mio

10 /
ha
9

Honduras 5 mio

24
bags
/ ha

Colombia
10 mio

Peru
4 mio

Vietnam
22 mio bags

7
Indonesia
13 mio bags

Brazil
51 mio bags

Top ten production countries 2013


Circle = Country production volume in mio 60-kg bags
Square = Country production average 60-kg bags/ha

India
5 mio

Ethiopia
6 mio

14 /
ha

Figure 1:

40
bags
/ ha

13 /
ha

Hivos
IUCN Nederland
Oxfam Novib
Solidaridad
WWF

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