Power supplies

EE328 Power Electronics

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mutlu BOZTEPE
Ege University, Dept. of E&E

EE328 POWER ELECTRONICS

Outline of lecture

Introduction to power supplies

Modelling a power transformer
Analysis method of converters including a transformer
Steady-state analysis of

Flyback dc-dc converter

Forward dc-dc converter
Push-pull dc-dc converter
Full-bridge dc-dc converter
Half-bridge dc-dc converter

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2014

Electrical isolation requirement

A basic disadvantage of the dc-dc converters (buck, boost etc.) is
the electrical connection between the input and the output.
If the input supply is grounded, that same ground will be present on
the output.
A way to isolate the output from the input electrically is with a
transformer.
If the dc-dc converter has a first stage that rectifies an ac power
source to dc, a transformer could be used on the ac side.
However, not all applications require ac to dc conversion as a first
stage.
Moreover, a transformer operating at a low frequency (50 or 60 Hz)
requires a large magnetic core and is therefore relatively large,
heavy, and expensive.

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2014

Electrical isolation requirement

A more efficient method of providing electrical isolation between
input and output of a dc-dc converter is to use a transformer in the
switching scheme.
The switching frequency is much greater than the ac power-source
frequency, enabling the transformer to be small.
Additionally, the transformer turns ratio provides increased design
flexibility in the overall relationship between the input and the output
of the converter.
With the use of multiple transformer windings, switching converters
can be designed to provide multiple output voltages.

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2014

Ideal transformer model

(a) Transformer;

(b) Ideal model

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2014

Real transformer model

(c) Complete model

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2014

Most used transformer model

The leakage inductances L1 and L2 are usually not crucial to the general
operation of the power electronics circuits described in this chapter, but they
are important when considering switching transients.

Magnetic core reset is important! The average voltage of Lm must be zero!

Otherwise the transformer saturates!

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2014

THE FLYBACK CONVERTER

Note the transformer

winding direction !!!
EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2014

Assumptions for the analysis

1. The output capacitor is very large, resulting in a constant output
voltage Vo.
2. The circuit is operating in the steady state, implying that all voltages
an currents are periodic, beginning and ending at the same points
over one switching period.
3. The duty ratio of the switch is D, being closed for time DT and open
(1-D)T.
4. The switch and diode are ideal.

EE328 Power Electronics, Dr. Mutlu Boztepe, Ege University, 2014

Analysis for the Switch ON

On the source side of the transformer

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Analysis for the Switch OFF

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Output voltage

Since the net change in inductor current must be zero over

one period for steady-state operation

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Switch withstand voltage

Note that vsw, the voltage across
the open switch, is greater than
the source voltage.

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Average magnetizing current

Substituting

Substituting

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Min&max value of ILm

Continues current operation requires that ILm,min >0

At the boundary between CCM and DCM; ILm,min =0

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Output voltage ripple

Buck-boost
The output configuration for the
flyback converter is the same as for
the buck-boost converter, so the
output ripple voltages for the two
converters are also the same.

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EXAMPLE 7-1

Flyback Converter

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EXAMPLE 7-2
Homework!!
Flyback converter design

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FORWARD CONVERTER

Note that transformer

winding direction!!!

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Analysis for the Switch ON

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Analysis for the Switch OFF

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Output voltage

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Transformer reset

When switch is on

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Transformer reset

When switch is off

Slope for

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Transformer reset
When switch is on

When switch is off

By combining these two equations, time duration of Tx can be found as

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Transformer reset

For proper resetting of transformer it should be t0<T

Result in
For example, if the ratio
N3/N1=1 (a common practice),
then the duty ratio D must be
less than 0.5

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Some waveforms

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Some waveforms

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Output voltage ripple

The circuit conguration on the output of the forward converter is the same
as that for the buck converter, so the output voltage ripple based on an
ideal capacitance is also the same.
EXAMPLE 7-4
AND 7-5 ARE
HOMEWORK
The equivalent series resistance of the capacitor often dominates the
output voltage ripple.
The peak-to-peak voltage variation due to the ESR is

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THE PUSH-PULL
CONVERTER

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THE PUSH-PULL
CONVERTER
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Sw1 is ON

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Sw2 is ON

Same with the previous one

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Both switches are OFF

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Output voltage
the net change in inductor current over one period must be zero for
steady state operation,

Solving for Vo

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Output voltage ripple

Ripple voltage on the output is derived in a manner similar to the
buck converter.
The output ripple for the push-pull converter is
EXAMPLE 7-6
ARE HOMEWORK

As with the other converters analyzed previously, the equivalent

series resistance of the capacitor is usually responsible for most of
the voltage output ripple.
Recognizing that
and using

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No reset winding!!!

THE FULL BRIDGE

CONVERTER
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Note that the maximum voltage across an

open switch for the full-bridge converter is
Vs, rather than 2Vs as for the push-pull
and single-ended forward
converters.
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THE HALF BRIDGE

CONVERTER
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Multiple output flyback

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Multiple output forward

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