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Transfer function:
T represents the time required for the system response to reach 63.2% of the
final value. T is referred to as the Time Constant of the system
The slope of the system response at time = 0 is:
S-plane representation
Laplace transform with zero initial conditions leads to:
Transient Response
In analyzing and designing control systems, we must have a basis of comparison of
performance of various control systems. This basis may be set up by specifying
particular test input signals and by comparing the response of various systems to these
input signals. Typical test signals: Step function, ramp function, impulse function,
sinusoid function.
The time response of a control system consists of two parts: the transient and the
steady-state response. Transient response corresponds to the behavior of the system
from the initial state to the final state. By steady state, we mean the manner in which
the system output behaves as time approaches infinity.
For a step input, the transient response can be characterized by:
Delay time td: time to reach half the final value for the first time.
Rise time tr: time required for the response to rise from 10% to 90% for overdamped
systems, and from 0% to 100% for underdamped systems
Peak time tp: time required to reach the first peak of the overshoot
Percent Overshoot Mp:
Settling time ts: time required for the response curve to reach and stay within 2% or
5% of the final value. Is a function of the largest time constant of the control system.
Transient Response
Transient Response
For a step input, the transient response can be characterized by:
Rise time tr: time required for the response to rise from 10% to 90% for overdamped
systems, and from 0% to 100& for underdamped systems
Since
Transient Response
For a step input, the transient response can be characterized by:
Peak time tp: time required to reach the first peak of the overshoot
Transient Response
For a step input, the transient response can be characterized by:
Transient Response
For a step input, the transient response can be characterized by:
2 % Settling Time
5% Settling time:
5 % Settling Time
Transient Response
zetavec = linspace(0.3,1,501);
tvec = linspace(0,30,1001);
ind = 1;
for zeta = zetavec,
sys = tf([1],[1 2*zeta 1]);
[y,t] = step(sys,tvec);
err = 1-y;
ii = find(abs(err) > 0.02);
tind(ind) = t(max(ii))*zeta;
ind = ind+1;
end;
plot(zetavec,tind);
sn
sn-1
sn-2
sn-3
sn-4
s2
s1
s0
a0
a1
b1
c1
d1
e1
f1
g1
a2
a3
b2
c2
d2
e2
a4
a5
b3
c3
d3
a6
a7
b4
c4
d4
Special Case:
If a first-column term in any row is zero, but the remaining terms are
not zero or there is no remaining term, then the zero term is replaced by a
very small positive number and the rest of the array is evaluated.
If the sign of the coefficient above the zero is the same as that below it, it indicates
that there are a pair of poles on the imaginary axis.
In such a case, the evaluation of the rest of the array can be continued by forming an
auxiliary polynomial with the coefficient of the last row and the coefficients of the
derivative of this polynomial in the next row
One change in sign, implying one pole with a positive real part. Solving the
characteristic equation, we have:
x1
u
x2
k
m
Assuming m = k =1, the transfer function relating the input u to the output x1 is:
Assuming a PD controller:
The requirement:
Results in a stable controller for all gains which satisfy the inequality constraints:
R(s) +
E(s)
C(s)
R(s) +
C(s)
E(s)
G(s)
H(s)
For a type 1 or higher system, the static position error coefficient Kp is:
The steady state error is finite for a type 0 system and is zero for system of type 1 or
higher.
For a type 2 or higher system, the static velocity error coefficient Kv is:
The steady state error is infinite for a type 0 system, finite for a type 1 system and is
zero for system of type 2 or higher.
The steady state error is infinite for a type 0 & 1 system, finite for a type 2 system and
is zero for system of type 3 or higher.