Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BUILDING
ABSTRACT
The objective of our project is to analyze and design a MULTISTORIED SCHOOL
BUILDING of capacity 1300-1500 students considering gravity loads (Dead load and
Live load) using STAAD-Pro.
The foremost basic is to obtain the plan of the multistoried school building with ground
and 3 floors (G+3). Depending upon the area of plot and demand for the size of the rooms
(as per IS 8827-1978, BUILDING BYE LAWS, Primary classroom 1 to 1.4 sq.m per
student, secondary classroom 1.2 to 1.5 sq.m per student, staff room 2.5 to 3 sq.m per
teacher, laboratories 60 to 65 sq.m, medical inspection room 30 to 35 sq.m office room 30
to 35 sq.m verandah 2 to 2.1 sq.m Wash rooms 1.2 to 1.5 sq.m per student, width of stair
case 1.5 to 2 mts. other required room dimensions are also obtained from these code
books ). The columns and beams are fixed up as per structural requirement and their
layouts are also prepared.
There after loads are calculated namely dead load and live load using IS 875 part 1 and
part 2. Once the loads are obtained, the component that takes the load first i.e. the slab
(continuous slabs are preferred in multistoried buildings comprising tee beam and slab
floors, the slabs are continuous over the beams which are spaced at regular intervals) is
designed upon the end conditions. For designing columns, it is necessary to know the
moments they are subjected to. For this purpose, frame analysis is done using STAADPro.
The design involves load calculations manually and analyzing the whole using STAADPro. The design of structure is based on LIMIT STATE METHOD (IS 456:2000). The
drawings of various structural members are prepared using AUTO-CAD.
pg. 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BASIC INTRODUCTION
During the nineteenth century as population grew and became more urbanized ,
the organization of society required institutions to focus and concentrate activities for the
individual and mutual benefit. These institutions required buildings to accommodate their
activities and, typically, the Victorians built them with great civic pride. Consequently,
the designs could achieve high standards and many institutional buildings are now listed.
Educational building include any building used for school, college or day-care
purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not
covered by assembly buildings.
The object of this project is to illustrate the design of R.C.C member along with
analysis of framed structure and all its components in addition to planning, estimation.
Serviceability
Safety
Durability
Economy
pg. 2
Column positioning
Orientation of columns
Beam location
Spanning of slabs
Layout and planning of stairs
Type of footing
The preliminary terms commonly used in the planning techniques and methods of
building construction are introduced:
Building
Building is defined as any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever
materials constructed and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not and
includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors, chimneys, plumbing and building services,
fixed platforms, verandah, balcony, cornice(or projection), and signs and outdoor display
structures. Broadly speaking, buildings consist of three parts, namely (i) Foundation (ii)
Plinth (iii) Superstructure.
(i) Foundation: It is the lowest artificially prepared part ,below the surface of the
surrounding ground ,which is in direct contact with sub-strata and transmits all the loads
to the sub-soil.
(ii) Plinth: It is the middle part of the structure, above the surface of the surrounding
ground up to the surface of the floor (i.e., floor level), immediately above the ground.
(iii) Super structure: The part of structure constructed above the plinth level (or ground
floor level) is termed as superstructure.
pg. 3
pg. 4
pg. 5
Masonry construction
Masonry: Masonry is defined as an art of construction in which building units, such as
clay bricks, sand-lime bricks, stones, precast hollow concrete blocks, concrete slabs, glass
blocks, a combination of some of these building units, etc. are arranged systematically
and bonded together to form a homogeneous mass in such a manner that they can
withstand point or other loads and transmit them through the mass without failure or
disintegration.
Walls: The primary function of the walls is to enclose or divide space. In addition to this,
they serve number of secondary functions such as supporting the weight of the upper
floors and roofs, providing privacy, affording security and giving protection against heat,
cold, sun and rain. Walls are of several types depending upon their positions, functions
and types of construction.
Non-Load Bearing Walls: Those walls, which support no vertical load (i.e.,
superimposed load) other than their own weight, are termed as non-load bearing walls.
pg. 6
Floor structure:
Floors: These are the horizontal elements of building structure which divide a building
into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation within a restricted
space one above the other and provide support for the occupants, furniture and equipment
of a building. Floor consists of components, namely, (i) A sub-floor, which imparts
strength and stability to loads, and (ii) Floor covering or flooring, which provides a clean,
smooth, impervious, durable and wear-resisting surface.
Ground Floor: The bottom floor near the natural surrounding ground level is termed as
the ground floor. The function of the ground floor is to give a clean, smooth, impervious
(i.e., damp-resisting), durable and a wear-resisting surface. Ground floors rest directly on
the ground and hence do not require the construction of a sub floor.
pg. 7
It should have sufficient resistance to fire wear and tear, temperature changes
Roof structure
A roof is the upper most part of a building, which is supported on structural
member and covered with a roofing material, whose main function is to enclose the space
and to protect the same from the weather effects such as rain, wind, heat, snow, etc.
However, the choice of a roof type construction, in addition to weather effects should be
based on various other considerations such as strength and stability under anticipated
pg. 8
Wooden Lintels
Stone Lintels
Brick Lintels
pg. 9
Steel Lintels
Reinforced concrete lintels
Reinforced brick lintels (i.e. R.B. Lintels.
Roofs
A roof is the upper most part of a building whose function is to provide a covering
to keep out rain, snow, wind, etc.
Classification of roofs: Roofs are classified as follows. They are
Pitched roofs.
Flat roofs.
Pitched roofs: A pitched roof is a sloping roof. It is suitable for places where there is
heavy snow fall or rain fall.
Flat roofs: Common types of flat roofs are as follows
R.C.C roof: R.C.C Roofs are widely used in modern construction. For spans up to 3m
for ordinary loads, a simple R.C.C slab is adequate. For greater spans a simple R.C.C.
beam and slab construction would be necessary. For constructing R.C.C. floors or slabs
the following procedure is adopted.
Erection of forms.
Typing and placing reinforcing grills.
Batching, mixing, placing and compacting.
Stripping of forms.
Vertical transportation
pg. 10
A stair case should be located so that it is easily accessible from the different
4
5
6
R.C.C Stairs: All types of stairs can be constructed with R.C.C. This stairs are designed
mainly in two ways they are as follows.
1
2
Building finishes
Such as plastering, pointing, painting, varnishing, distempering, white-washing,
coloring, etc. Basically perform two functions-
pg. 11
They give a protective coating to the surfaces which protects them from weather
effects such as rain water frost heat etc., and
ii
They provide decorative effects which add to the appearance of the surfaces and
buildings as a whole.
Plastering: Plastering is a thin coat of mortar applied on the surfaces of walls and
ceilings, plastering covers the uneven surface, scales and hides joints of walls and same
times used for decorative purposes. External plastering and other finishes applied for the
purpose of protection and decoration are rendering.
Objects of plastering: The main objects of plastering are as follows.
Lime mortar.
Cement mortar.
Combination mortar or cement-lime mortar.
The plaster can be one or two coats of thickness 12mm or 20mm respectively.
Pointing: The finishing and protection of mortar joints of walls with cement mortar or
lime mortar is known as pointing. Generally pointing is done with cement mortar (1:3) or
(1:4).
Objects of points: The main objects of point are:
White washing and color washing: The internal and external walls are treated with one,
two or three coats of white wash made lime and water. If a pigment is added then it is
called color wash. The objects of white washings and color washings are: as follows.
pg. 12
Painting: Wooden and steel members and sometimes walls are painted for the following
reasons.
pg. 13
Excavation Equipment,
Boring Equipment,
Concrete Mixers,
Pile Driving Equipment,
Vibrators,
Dump Trucks ( or Dumpers),
Cranes,
Gantries and etc.
Asc
pg. 14
fck
fy
Ld
Lx
Ly
: bending moment
Mu
: factored moment
Mux
Muy
: modular ratio
Pu
Pt
qu
pg. 15
Vu
Vus
Xu
cmax
Ast
Astc
Asty
Astyc
B.M
: Bending Moment
bw
DL
: Dead load
Leff
: Effective length
LL
: Live load
S.F.
: Shear Force
: Lever arm
pg. 16
st
pg. 17
1.5.1 ORIENTATION
Orientation means proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind,
rain, topography and outlook and at the same time providing a convenient access
both to the street and back yard
pg. 18
pg. 19
Intensity of wind:
Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window openings of
comparatively small size are recommended in such regions.
Site conditions:
Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas also effects
orientation, sometimes to achieve maximum benefits, the building has to be oriented in a
particular direction.
Lighting:
Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary aims. The first is to
promote the work or other activities carried on within the building. The second is to
promote the safety of people using the buildings. The third is to create, in conjunction to
interest and of well beings.
Ventilation:
Ventilation may be defined as the system of supplying or removing air by natural
or mechanical mean or from any enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable
conditions. Operation of building and location to windows helps in providing proper
ventilation. Sensations of comfort, reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of
oxygen are the basic requirements in ventilation apart from reduction of dust.
pg. 20
Geometric Details
Height of building
Walls thickness
Outer wall thickness : 0.23m
Inner wall thickness : 0.15m
Staircases
Number
: Two
Type of staircase
: Doglegged staircases
Width of landing
:1m
Tread
: 270 mm
Rise
: 150 mm
: 25 KN/m3
PCC
: 24 KN/m3
Brick masonry
: 19 KN/m3
pg. 21
: 3 KN/m2
: 4 KN/m2
Floor finishes
: 2 KN/m2
: 2.5 KN/m2
: 2.5 KN/m2
Washroom load
: 2.0 KN/m2
Beams
Columns
Footings
Beam
Width of beam
: 230 mm
Column
Number of columns
: 116
Shape of column
: Rectangular column
Column size
: 230 mm x 400 mm
pg. 22
: 116
Type of footing
: Isolated footing
Design methods
Slabs
Beams
: Using Staad-Pro
Columns
: Using Staad-Pro
Footings
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
pg. 23
CHAPTER 3
PLANNING
pg. 24
Aspect
(02)
Prospect
(03)
Privacy
(04)
Grouping
(05)
Roominess
(06)
Furniture Requirement
(07)
Sanitation
(08)
Flexibility
(09)
Circulation
(10)
Elegance
(11)
Economy
(12)
Practical Considerations
pg. 25
From the above sun-diagram, it is clear that a kitchen should have an E-aspect,
so that the morning sun would refresh and purify the air and keep the kitchen cool during
the remaining period of the day. The dining, drawing and living rooms should have a Saspect or S-E-aspect. The sun is towards the south during winter and more deviated
towards the north during summer. Similarly, the bedrooms should have W-aspect or S-Waspect, since the breeze required in summer will be available from west side only. But a
verandah, a gallery or some such sun-shading device, must be provided on that side (i.e.,
W or S-W side) so as to protect the structure from the hot afternoon sun. as there will be
no direct sun from the north and only diffused light will be available, hence, reading
rooms, stored, stairs, studios, class-rooms, etc. are placed towards the north.
2.Prospect: - it includes the attainment of pleasing appearance by the use of
natural beauties; disposition of doors and windows; and concealment of some undesirable
views in a given outlook.
Prospect and Aspect both demand disposition of doors and windows. For sake of
either seeing or hiding certain views, window sites play a vital role.
3.Privacy: - Privacy is one of the important principles in the planning of buildings
of all types in general and residential buildings in particular. Privacy requires
consideration in two ways:
i
ii
pg. 26
pg. 27
pg. 28
pg. 29
ii
iii
iv
pg. 30
CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS
4.1 ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE
Analysis of a structure involves in determination of the following :
1
2
3
4
5
The basic principle in deciding the layout of component members is that the loads should
be transferred to the foundation along the shortest path.
pg. 31
Cantilevers
Simply supported
Fixed/continuous
rectangular
3meters
6meters
8meters
flanged
5meters
10meters
12meters
4) Avoid larger center to center distance between columns. Larger spacing of columns
not only increases the load on the column at each floor posing problem of stocky
columns in lower storeys of a multi storied building. Heavy sections of column lead
to offsets from walls and obstruct the floor area.
5) The columns on property line need special treatment. Since column footing requires
certain area beyond the column, difficulties are encountered in providing footing for
such columns. In such cases, the column may be shifted inside along a cross wall to
make room for accommodating the footing within the property line.
pg. 32
directions is not large the depth of the column may be taken along the wall provided
column has sufficient strength in the plane of large moment. This will avoid offsets in the
rooms.
pg. 33
the short span only and the load is transferred to two opposite supports only. The
steel along the long span just acts as distribution steel and is not designed for transferring
the load but to distribute the load and to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses.
2) A two way slab having aspect ratio Ly / Lx < 2 is generally economical
compared to one way slab because steel along the spans acts as main steel and
transfers the load to all its four supports. The two way action is advantageous
essentially for large spans and for live loads greater than 3kN/m^2. For short spans and
light loads, steel required for two way slab does not differ appreciably as compared to
steel for one way slab because of the requirement of minimum steel.
3) Spanning of the slab is also decided by the continuity of the slab.
pg. 34
pg. 35
CHAPTER 5
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural design for framed R.C.C structure can be done by three methods:
a
This method is primarily based on strength concept. In this method the structural
element is proportioned to with stand the ultimate load, which is obtained by enhancing
the service load of some factor referred to as load factor for giving desired margin of
safety. Since this method is based on actual stress strain behavior of the material, of the
member as of the structure that too right up to failure, the values calculated by this
method agree well the experiment results.
pg. 36
During the past several years, extension research works have been carried out on
the different aspects of the research in the actual behavior of member and structure has
led to the development of design and approach of LIMIT STATE METHOD OF
DESIGN.
pg. 37
CHAPTER 6
LOAD CALCULATIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Loads and properties of materials constitute the basic parameter of a R.C
structures. Both of them are basically of a varying nature .for such a quality of varying
nature, it is necessary to arrive of a single representative value. Such value is known as
characteristic value. The value to be taken in design which provides appropriate or
designed margin of safety is known as design values. The loads are taken as per IS-875
and the material properties like characteristic value are taken from IS-456.
6.2TYPES OF LOAD
The various types of loads acting on the structure which needs consideration in
building design as follows:1
dead loads
live loads
wind loads
earthquake loads
other loads
pg. 38
The unit weight of commonly used building materials are given in the following
table.
UNIT WEIGHT (KN/m3)
MATERIAL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Plain concrete
Reinforced concrete
Brick masonry, cement plaster
Fly ash
Wood
Steel
Floor finishes
24.0 KN/m3
25.0 KN/m3
20.0 KN/m3
5.0 KN/m3
8.0 KN/m3
78.5 KN/m3
0.6 1.2 KN/m3
pg. 39
3.0 KN/m2
(ii)
4.0 KN/m2
(iii)
4.0 KN/m2
Wind load:Wind load is primary horizontal load caused by movement of air relative to earth.
The details of design wind load are given is IS : 875 (part - 3)
Wind load is required to be considered in design especially when the height of the
building exceeds two times dimensions transverse to the exposed wind surface. For
low rise building say up to 4 to 5 stories the wind load is not critical because the moment
of resistance provided by the continuity of floor system to column connection and
walls provided between column connection and walls provided between columns are
sufficient to accommodate the effect of these forces.
Earthquake forces :- (As per IS 1893-2002)
Earthquake shocks causes movement of foundation of structures. Due to inertia
additional forces develop on the super structure. The impact of earthquake on structures
depends on the stiffness of the structure; stiffness of the soil media, height and location of
the structure etc. Accordingly, the country has been divided into several zones depending
on the magnitude of the earthquake. Depending on the problem, one of the following two
methods may be used for computing the seismic forces.
pg. 40
DL + IL
IL
1.5
DL
IL
WL
1.0
1.0
1.0
pg. 41
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
DL + IL + WL
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.8
* This value is considered when stability against overturning or stress reversal is critical
Notes: (1) DL = dead load
IL = imposed load
WL = wind load
The maximum positive moments producing tension at the bottom will occur when
the deflection is maximum or curvature producing concavity upwards is maximum.
This condition will occur when maximum load (i.e. Both DL and LL) covers the whole
span while minimum load (i.e. only DL) is on adjacent spans.
pg. 42
pg. 43
= 16.79 KN/m
Amount of distributed load coming from slab either in the form of triangular load or
Trapezoidal load = {w Lx (3 (Lx / Ly) 2} / 6
or {w Lx / 3}
= 1.0 KN/m2
= 3.0 KN/m
------------------------
Total
7.75 KN/m2
DESIGN CONSTANTS
pg. 44
Fy
Structural analysis
The procedure of structural analysis is simple in concept but complex. In
detail, it involves the analysis of a proposed structure to show that its resistance or
strength will meet or exceed a reasonable expectation. This expectation is
usually
The concept of useful life implies consideration of durability and established the
basis for considering the cumulative exposure to time varying risks (i.e. corrosive
environments, that performance is inextricably linked to cost, owners, builders, and
designer must considers economic limit to the primary goal of safety and durability.
In the view of the above discussion, structural designer may appear to have little
control over the fundamental goals of structural design except to comply with or exceed
the minimum limits established by law. While this is generally true,
do much to optimize the design through alternative means and methods that can for more
efficient analysis techniques, creative design detailing, and the use of innovative
construction materials and methods. In summary the goal of structural design are
defined by law and reflect the collective interpretation of general public welfare by
those involved in the development and local adoption of building could.
pg. 45
UNIT 7
STAAD-PRO INTRODUCTION
STAAD PRO
This chapter reviews about some of the fundamental concepts of structural
design and present them in a manner relevant to the design of light frame residential
structures. The concepts from the basis for understanding the design procedures
and overall design approach addressed in the remaining chapter of the guide. With this
conceptual background, it is hoped that the designer will gain a greater appreciation for
creative and efficient design of home, particularly the many assumptions that must be
made.
pg. 46
Specifying Supports.
Specifying Loads.
pg. 47
all
types
of
may
be
structures
utilized
for
buildings,
analyzing
bridges,
and
towers,
transportation, industrial and utility structures. STAAD.Pro implements the most modern
technologies in today's Computer-Aided-Engineering.
It unifies leading-edge graphics and visualization techniques with proven
and time tested analysis and design. A live, unified database provides seamless
integration across all mission critical
to
detail
design,
simulation
application
and visualization.
STAAD.Pro Overview:
Graphics Environment:
Model Generation
pg. 48
structural models.
Generate Copy, Repeat, Mirror, Pivot, etc, or quick and easy geometry
generation.
Quick/easy mesh generation.
Comprehensive graphics editing.
Graphical Specification and Display of Properties, Loadings, Supports,
Orientations.
Import AutoCAD DXF files.
Access to Text Editor.
Model Verification
Static Analysis
2D/3D analysis based on state-of-the-art Matrix method to handle extremely
larger job.
Beam, Truss, Tapered Beam, Shell/Plate Bending/Plane Stress.
Full/partial Moment Releases.
Member Offset Specification.
Fixed, Pinned and Spring Supports with Releases. Also inclined Supports.
Automatic Spring Support Generator.
Linear, P-Delta Analysis, Non-Linear Analysis with automatic load and
stiffness correction.
Multiple Analysis within same run.
Active/Inactive Members for Load-Dependent structures.
pg. 49
supports.
CIMSTEEL Interface.
Loading
Uniform, Linear,
Trapezoidal, Temperature, Strain, Support Displacement, Prestressed and
for
Joints,
Members/Elements
including
Concentrated,
Fixed-end Loads.
Floor/Area Load converts load-per-area to member loads based on oneway or two-way actions.
Concrete Design:
pg. 50
CHAPTER 8
DESIGNS
8.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Design of slabs
Beam Design.
Column Design.
Foundation Design.
8.1.1 S L A B S
Slab is plain structural members forming floors and roofs of building whose
thickness is quite small compared to their other dimensions. These carry load primarily
by flexure and are in various shapes such as square, rectangular, circular and triangular
in buildings, tanks etc. inclined slabs may be used as ramps for multistoried as parking.
A staircase is considered to be an inclined slab.
Slab may be supported by beams or by walls and may be simply supported or
continuous over one or more supports. When all four edges are off same length (aspect
ratio Ly/Lx = 1), then the load on slab will be equally distributed to all the four edges.
But as the length of long span increases (aspect ratio > 1) the tendency of the load on slab
would be such that more load will tries to flow along short span (to the beams supporting
long edges) than along long span(the beams supporting short edges).
When the length of long span further increases to such extent that Ly/Lx > 2 then the total
load on slab will tends to flow along only short span and no load flows along long span.
It has to be noted that what everything said above regarding flow of load is just
the tendency based on the aspect ratio. However the actual flow of load along any
pg. 51
On the basis of the direction of transfer of the load, slabs are classified into two types:
1) One Way Slab
2) Two Way Slab
pg. 52
However, when Live Load >3 KN/m2 and Lx > 3.5 m then only two way slabs are
advantageous or economical. As per the minimum requirement of reinforcement, unless
LL and Lx values are less than what is specified above, there will not be any advantage in
particular in differentiating between One Way Slabs and Two Way Slabs.
Despite the fact that the two way slabs are economical the reason behind choosing
the one way slabs is the functional requirement. In order to avoid certain structural
hindrances such as columns in a hall, and heavier sections for beams, one way slabs are
preferred.
The thickness of the reinforced concrete slabs ranges from 75mm to 300mm
slabs are designed just like beams keeping the breadth of slab as unity depending on the
system of units. Thus the total slab is assumed to the consisting of strips of unit width
compression reinforcement is used only in exceptional basis in a slab. Shear stress in a
slab are very low and hence shear reinforcement is never provided and if necessary it is
preferred to increase the depth of the slab to reduce the stress than providing the
reinforcement. Temperature reinforcement is provided at right angles to the main
longitudinal reinforcement in a slab. The design of the slab is purely is accordance with
the code IS-456 2000 the designing process of the slabs the following assumption are
made.M20 Concrete and Fe415 steel is used both for design and execution purpose.
The overall depth of the slab is restricted to 150mm with a clear cover of 20mm.
pg. 53
The main reinforcement consists of Tor steel bars and temperature reinforcement
consists of mild steel bars.
The total depth of the section is obtained from the maximum bending moment of
all moments on the span.
Assume suitable thickness or depth (D) of the slab for working out its self
weight.
Calculate
Dead load
Live load
Floor Finish load
Imposed load (if any)
Length(l y )
Breadth (l x )
If
(One-Way Slab)
Length(l y )
Breadth (l x )
If
2
(Two-Way Slab)
Calculate the maximum bending moment (M) by the Near middle of Span
pg. 54
d=
7
Mu
2.76 1000
d f y Ast
f ck b
0.87 f y Ast
M=
Distribution Reinforcement
Area of distribution steel
Adist = 0.15% of bd for Mild Steel
Or Adist = 0.12% of bd for Tor Steel
Select suitable diameter (d) of the bar and find their center to center spacing.
9. Check for shear by following the steps given below.
pg. 55
v
=
Vu
b.d
c
Calculate from table 13 of IS 456 the value of permissible shear (
)for the
c
=k
v
If
c
=k
10.
Ld < 1.3
M1
V
+ Lo
Assume suitable thickness or depth (D) of the slab for working out its self
weight.
Live load
Floor finish Load
Imposed Load (if any)
Assume suitable thickness of depth (D) of the slab for working out its self-weight.
pg. 56
Calculate effective spans both in respect of short span (lx) as well as long span (ly)
o To find the type of slab by the governing formula.
Length(l y )
Breadth (l x )
If
(One-Way Slab)
Length(l y )
Breadth (l x )
If
5
(Two-Way Slab)
Calculate the maximum Bending Moments per unit width along short span and
long span by I.S code method.
Mx = x .w. lx2
My = y.w.lx2
Calculate the effective depth of the slab from Max B.M consideration.
M=
d
d
2
f ck bd
(or)
Mu
2.76 1000
d=
pg. 57
Span
BasicValue ModificationFactor
D=
Note: Basic Value for different kinds of slabs is given in clause 23.1 of IS 456.
This should work out to be less than the value of effective depth adopted in
design.
8
Calculate the area of steel per meter width along each span by
d f y Ast
f ck b
0.87 f y Ast
M=
v
=
Vu
b.d
pg. 58
c
Calculate from table 13 of IS 456 the value of permissible shear (
)for the
c
=k
v
If
c
=k
Ld < 1.3
M1
V
+ Lo
8.1.2 BEAMS
A reinforcement concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and
shear stresses induced in it by the on the beam. Concrete is fairly strong in compression
but very weak in tension. Paint concrete beams are thus limited in carrying capacity by
the low tensile strength. Steel is very strong in tension. Thus, the tensile weakness of
concrete is overcome by the provision of reinforced steel in the tension zone round the
concrete to make a reinforce concrete beam.
The beams and slabs in concrete structure are cast monolithic. Hence the structure
becomes a slab, which is stiffened by concrete ribs in which the intermediate beams act
as T beam, and beams round the staircase. Lift openings, supports frames, etc. act as L
pg. 59
The slab shall be cast integrally with the web, or the web and the slab shall be
effectively bounded together in any other manner, and
II.
If the main reinforcement of the slab is parallel to the beam, the transverse
reinforcement shall not be less than 60% of the main rein for cement and at mid
span of the slab.
Hence the sections of the beam are taken as rectangle and the beams are doubly
reinforced.
The necessity of providing steel in the compression region arises due to two reasons,
A)
B)
At the support of a continuous beam the bending moment changes its sing. Such a
situation may also arise in the design of a beam.
Beams may be singly reinforced or doubly reinforced. If case of singly reinforced
beam, the main reinforcement is provided near the faces of the beam subjected to tension
and compression.
pg. 60
When the depth and breadth of the beam are restricted and it has to resist greater
bending moment than a singly reinforced beam of that section would do.
2.
When the beam is continuous over several supports, the section of the beam at the
support is usually designed as doubly reinforces section.
3.
4.
When the bending moment in the member reverses according to the loading
conditions e.g., the wall of the under ground R.C.C storage reservoir, brackets
etc.,
5.
Control of deflection
The deflection of a structure or a part there of shall not adversely affect the
appearance or efficiency of the structure of finishes or partitions. The deflection shall
generally be limited to the following:
The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep
and shrinkage are measured from the as-cast level of the support of the floor, roofs and all
other horizontal members not normally exceed span/250.
pg. 61
Both slab and beam must be casted monolithically or they must be connected
Shear
pg. 62
Cranked bars
Stirrups
i
Vertical
ii
Inclined.
8.1.3 COLUMN
A Column is a vertical member in a structure used to transfer the loads from slabs
to the foundation below. The load from slab may be either directly transferred to the
columns or indirectly transferred to the columns through the beams. Only those vertical
members in a structure whose slenderness ratio is greater than 3 are called columns.
If the slenderness ratio is less than 3, those vertical members are called PEDESTALS.
If the slenderness ratio is more than 12, those members are called SLENDER (or Long
Columns).
If the slenderness ratio is less than 12, those vertical members are called Short
Columns.
However, the maximum slenderness ratio of a column should not exceed 60.
In addition to the compressive loads, the columns may be subjected to tension due to
either accidental eccentricity of load or due to bending moment owing to the end
restraint. To resist this tension some amount of steel has to be provided longitudinally. To
keep this longitudinal steel in position and to prevent buckling of bars, transverse
reinforcement (generally called as TIES) has to be provided.
The common shapes of Columns are in practice are:
1) Circular Columns
2) Square Columns
3) Rectangular Columns
pg. 63
When all other factors such as Grade of Materials, Cross Sectional area etc., are
constant a short column will carry more load than a long column. In other words the load
carrying capacity of a column decreases as its length increases.
Effective Length
The effective length of a column is defined as the length between the points of
contra flexure of the buckled column. The code has given certain values of the
effective length for normal usage assuming idealized and condition shown in
appendix D of IS 456 (table 24)
pg. 64
=1.0
= 2.0
pg. 65
8.1.4 FOUNDATION
Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the buildings or
individual column to the earth. If these loads are to be properly transmitted,
foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement of rotation, to minimize
differential settlement and to provide adequate safety against sliding and overturning
most foundations may be classified as follows:
1
Pile foundations
Pile caps are used to tie a group of piles together. These may support isolated
column, or groups of several column or load bearing walls.
pg. 66
The area of the footing is worked out based on the number including self-weight
of footing and bearing capacity of the soil. The calculations for bending moment, shear
force, development length etc. are made based on provision in IS code. The various
recommendations made in IS 456 design of footing are given below.
General
Footing shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and
the induced reactions and to ensure that may settlement which may occur will be
as nearly uniform as possible and the safe bearing capacity of the soil is not
exceed.
Bending moment:
pg. 67
1)
At the face of column, pedestal or wall for footing supporting concrete column,
pedestal or wall.
2)
Half way between the centerline and edge of the wall, for footing under masonry
walls.
3)
Half way between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gusseted
base for footing or gusseted bases.
The footing acting essentially as wide beam with a potential diagonal crack
extending in a plane across the entire width. Theoretical section located from the face of
the column pedestal or wall equal to the half effective depth of footing for footing on
piles.
2)
Two-way action of the footing with potential diagonal cracking along with surface
of truncated cone or pyramid around the concentrated load. In this case the footing shall
be designed for shear in accordance with appropriate provision specified in 30.6.
3)
The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be
assumed at the same planes as those described for bending moment in 33.2.3 and also at
all other vertical planes where abrupt changes of section occur. If the reinforcement is
curtails, the anchorage requirement shall be checked in accordance with 25.2.3
pg. 68
Tensile reinforcement
The total reinforcement at any section shall provide a moment or resistance at
least equal to the bending moment on the section calculated in accordance with 33.23.
pg. 69
For limit stress method of design the permissible bearing stress on full area of concrete
shall be taken as 0.45fck
Extended longitudinal reinforcement or dowels of at least 0.5 percent of crosssectional area of the supported column or pedestal and a minimum of fours bars
shall be provided. Where dowels are used their diameter shall not exceed the
diameter of the column bars by more than 2mm.
Development length of the column bar and into the footing distance equal to the
development length of the dowel
.
pg. 70
CHAPTER 9
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
9.1 DESIGN OF SLABS
DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SLAB:
SLAB 1: 2.1 x 6.785
Ly/Lx =6.785/2.1=3.23>2 (one-way slab)
M20 Grade Concrete, Fck = 20 N/mm2
Fe 415 Grade Steel,
Fy = 415 N/mm2
pg. 71
Step 3 Loads
Dead Load of Slab of 1m width = B*D*25= 1*0.1*25 = 2.5 kN/m
Floor Finish Load = 1 kN/m
Live Load = 4 kN/m
Total Load = 7.5 kN/m
Factored Load = 1.5*7.5 = 11.25 kN/m
Step4. Factored Bending Moment and Shear Force
Mu = (Wu*Lx2) / 2 = (11.25*2.1752) / 8 = 6.65 kN-m
Vu = (Wu*Lx) / 2 = (11.25*2.175) / 2 = 12.23 KN
Step 5: Minimum Depth Required
Mulim = K*b*d*d*Fck (K=0.134 for Fy=500)
6.65*106=0.137*1000*d2*20
d =49.26mm
Depth provided > required depth
75 > 49.26
Hence safe in provided depth
Step 6: Reinforcement
pg. 72
pg. 73
v =
Vu
bd
pg. 74
Fy = 415 N/mm2
= 1*1 =1 kN/m
Live load
= 3 kN/m
Total load
pg. 75
Eff. Lx = 3.575m
Ly/ Lx = 6.910/3.575
Eff. Ly = 6.910m
= 1.93
x(-ve)
0.089
x(+ve)
0.067
y(-ve)
0.047
y(+ve)
0.035
Mx(-ve) = (x-)*w*Lx*Lx
= 0.089 *11.625*3.57*3.57 = 13.22 kN-m
Mx(+ve)= (x+)*w*Lx*Lx
= 0.067 *11.625*3.57*3.57 = 9.95 kN-m
My(-ve) = (y-)*w*Lx*Lx
= 0.047*11.625*3.57*3.57= 6.98 kN-m
My(+ve) = (y+)*w*Lx*Lx
pg. 76
pg. 77
pg. 78
pg. 79
v =
Vu
bd
M20
Fe415 (Main)
LENGTH: 7015 mm
Fe415 (Sec.)
COVER: 25.0 mm
pg. 80
SECTION
0.0 mm
1753.8mm
3507.8 mm
5261.2 mm
7015.0 mm
TOP REINF.
987.6 (Sq.
0.00 (Sq.
0.00(Sq.
0.00 (Sq.
954.10(Sq.
BOTTOM
mm)
297.51 (Sq.
mm)
150.75 (Sq.
mm)
529.8 (Sq.
mm)
150.7(Sq.
mm)
263.13(Sq.
REINF.
mm)
mm)
mm)
mm)
mm)
SECTION
0.0 mm
1753.8
3507.8
5261.2
7015.0
TOP REINF
5-161
mm
2-16 1
mm
2-16 1
mm
2-16 1
mm
5-161
BOTTOM REINF.
layer(s)
4-10 1
layer(s)
2-10 1
layer(s)
7-10 2
layer(s)
2-10 1
layer(s)
4-101
SHEAR REINF.
layer(s)
2 legged
layer(s)
2 legged
layer(s)
2 legged
layer(s)
2 legged
layer(s)
2 legged
8 @ 110
8 @ 110
8 @ 110
8 @ 110
8 @ 110
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
pg. 81
M20
Fe415 (Main)
LENGTH: 7015 mm
Fe415 (Sec.)
COVER: 25.0 mm
pg. 82
SECTION
0.0 mm
1753.8mm
3507.5 mm
5261.3 mm
7015.0 mm
TOP REINF.
863.2 (Sq.
0.00 (Sq.
0.00(Sq.
0.00 (Sq.
1073.92(Sq.
BOTTOM
mm)
189.07 (Sq.
mm)
209.8 (Sq.
mm)
586.8 (Sq.
mm)
149.3 (Sq.
mm)
412.58(Sq.
REINF.
mm)
mm)
mm)
mm)
mm)
SECTION
0.0 mm
1753.8
3507.5
5261.3
7015.0
TOP REINF
8-122
mm
2-12 1
mm
2-12 1
mm
2-12 1
mm
10-122
BOTTOM REINF.
layer(s)
2-16 1
layer(s)
2-16 1
layer(s)
3-16 1
layer(s)
2-16 1
layer(s)
3-161
SHEAR REINF.
layer(s)
2 legged
layer(s)
2 legged
layer(s)
2 legged
layer(s)
2 legged
layer(s)
2 legged
8 @ 110
8 @ 110
8 @ 110
8 @ 110
8 @ 110
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
pg. 83
LENGTH: 3500.0 mm
40.0mm
Fe415 (Main)
Fe415 (Sec.)
COVER:
pg. 84
Muz1 : 50.8
Muy1 : 26.82
C O L U M N N O. 1264 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M20
LENGTH: 3500.0 mm
40.0mm
Fe415 (Main)
Fe415 (Sec.)
COVER:
pg. 85
Muz1 : 49.4
Muy1 : 26.71
pg. 86
pg. 87
Input Values
Footing Geometry
pg. 88
Calculate Dimension
305.000 mm
1000.000 mm
1000.000 mm
0.000 mm
0.000 mm
Column Dimensions
column type : rectangular
length : 400mm
width : 230mm
Design Parameters
Concrete and Rebar Properties
Unit Weight of Concrete :
25.000 kN/m3
Strength of Concrete :
25.000 N/mm2
415.000 N/mm2
10
32
50.000 mm
500.000 mm
50.000 mm
50.000 mm
pg. 89
Soil Properties
Soil Type :
Drained
Unit Weight :
25.000 kN/m3
250.000 kN/m2
Soil Surcharge :
0.000 kN/m2
0.000 mm
Cohesion :
0.000 kN/m2
0.000
Sliding and Overturning
Coefficient of Friction :
Factor of Safety Against Sliding :
Factor of Safety Against Overturning :
0.500
1.500
1.500
Load Combination
Number
1
2
LC
1
2
Shear X
Shear Z
Moment X
(kN)
(kN)
(kNm)
0.459
0.252
-0.022
-33.549
-11.844
-2.662
Applied Loads - Strength Level
Moment Z
(kNm)
1.513
3.133
pg. 90
LC
1
2
Axial
(kN)
69.526
515.217
Shear X
(kN)
0.459
-33.549
Shear Z
(kN)
0.252
-11.844
Moment X
(kNm)
-0.022
-2.662
Moment Z
(kNm)
1.513
3.133
Design Calculations
Footing Size
Initial Length (Lo) =
Initial Width (Wo) =
Uplift force due to buoyancy =
Effect due to adhesion =
Area from initial length and width,
Ao =
Min. area required from bearing
pressure, Amin =
1.000 m
1.000 m
0.000 kN
0.000 kN
Lo X Wo = 1.000 m2
P / qmax = 2.091 m2
1.600
#2
Width (W2) =
1.600
#2
Depth (D2) =
0.355
#2
Area (A2) =
2.560
m2
pg. 91
Load Case
Pressure at
corner 1 (q1)
(kN/m2)
Pressure at
corner 2 (q2)
(kN/m2)
Pressure at
corner 3 (q3)
(kN/m2)
Pressure at
corner 4 (q4)
(kN/m2)
Area of
footing in
uplift (Au)
(m2)
237.6510
198.4960
180.1126
219.2676
0.000
237.6510
198.4960
180.1126
219.2676
0.000
237.6510
198.4960
180.1126
219.2676
0.000
237.6510
198.4960
180.1126
219.2676
0.000
Pressure at
corner 2 (q2)
Pressure at
corner 3 (q3)
Pressure at
corner 4 (q4)
(kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
(kN/m2)
237.6510
198.4960
180.1126
219.2676
237.6510
198.4960
180.1126
219.2676
237.6510
198.4960
180.1126
219.2676
237.6510
198.4960
180.1126
219.2676
Load Case
pg. 92
N/A
2.560 sq.m
0.000 sq.m
0.000%
Load Case
No.
Along XDirection
Along ZDirection
About X-Direction
About Z-Direction
97.075
176.626
1302.268
51.864
7.970
22.573
68.175
32.008
Critical Load Case And The Governing Factor Of Safety For Overturning and Sliding X Direction
Critical Load Case for Sliding along X-Direction :2
Governing Disturbing Force :-33.549 kN
Governing Restoring Force :267.369 kN
Minimum Sliding Ratio for the Critical Load Case :7.970
Critical Load Case for Overturning about X-Direction :2
Governing Overturning Moment :-6.275 kNm
Governing Resisting Moment :427.782 kNm
Minimum Overturning Ratio for the Critical Load Case :68.175
Critical Load Case And The Governing Factor Of Safety For Overturning and Sliding Z Direction
Critical Load Case for Sliding along Z-Direction : 2
Governing Disturbing Force : -11.844 kN
Governing Restoring Force : 267.369 kN
Minimum Sliding Ratio for the Critical Load Case : 22.573
Critical Load Case for Overturning about Z-Direction : 2
Governing Overturning Moment : 13.365 kNm
Governing Resisting Moment : 427.782 kNm
Minimum Overturning Ratio for the Critical Load Case : 32.008
Moment Calculation
Check Trial Depth against moment (w.r.t. X Axis)
Critical Load Case = #2
= 0.300 m
Effective Depth =
Governing moment (Mu) = 78.011 kNm
pg. 93
= 0.479107
= 3444.291146 kN/m2
= 495.968888 kNm
Mu <= Mumax hence, safe
= 0.479107
= 3444.291146 kN/m2
= 495.968888 kNm
Mu <= Mumax hence, safe
Shear Calculation
Check Trial Depth for one way shear (Along X Axis)
(Shear Plane Parallel to X Axis)
pg. 94
pg. 95
pg. 96
Reinforcement Calculation
Calculation of Maximum Bar Size
pg. 97
= 0.484 m
= 0.550 m
ldb >=ld hence, safe
Along Z Axis
Bar diameter corresponding to max bar size(db) = 12 mm
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.2.1
Development Length(ld) =
Allowable Length(ldb) =
= 0.484 m
= 0.635 m
ldb >=ld hence, safe
pg. 98
pg. 99
pg. 100
Along X Axis
pg. 101
pg. 102
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
The main objective of the project to Analyze and Design of a MULTISTORIED
SCHOOL BUILDING considering Gravity Loads (Dead and Live Loads) using STAADPro has been done successfully.
Design of slabs was done manually referring text books and strictly as per IS:
456-2000. Design of beams, columns and footings were done using Staad-Pro. The
building frame was analyzed using Staad-Pro and using the same, the design of beams,
pg. 103
REFERENCES
Text Books:
1
2
3
4
5
pg. 104
IS 456:2000
IS 875 Part I & II
SP 34
Model Building bye Laws (November 2004)
5
6
pg. 105