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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL

BUILDING

ABSTRACT
The objective of our project is to analyze and design a MULTISTORIED SCHOOL
BUILDING of capacity 1300-1500 students considering gravity loads (Dead load and
Live load) using STAAD-Pro.
The foremost basic is to obtain the plan of the multistoried school building with ground
and 3 floors (G+3). Depending upon the area of plot and demand for the size of the rooms
(as per IS 8827-1978, BUILDING BYE LAWS, Primary classroom 1 to 1.4 sq.m per
student, secondary classroom 1.2 to 1.5 sq.m per student, staff room 2.5 to 3 sq.m per
teacher, laboratories 60 to 65 sq.m, medical inspection room 30 to 35 sq.m office room 30
to 35 sq.m verandah 2 to 2.1 sq.m Wash rooms 1.2 to 1.5 sq.m per student, width of stair
case 1.5 to 2 mts. other required room dimensions are also obtained from these code
books ). The columns and beams are fixed up as per structural requirement and their
layouts are also prepared.
There after loads are calculated namely dead load and live load using IS 875 part 1 and
part 2. Once the loads are obtained, the component that takes the load first i.e. the slab
(continuous slabs are preferred in multistoried buildings comprising tee beam and slab
floors, the slabs are continuous over the beams which are spaced at regular intervals) is
designed upon the end conditions. For designing columns, it is necessary to know the
moments they are subjected to. For this purpose, frame analysis is done using STAADPro.
The design involves load calculations manually and analyzing the whole using STAADPro. The design of structure is based on LIMIT STATE METHOD (IS 456:2000). The
drawings of various structural members are prepared using AUTO-CAD.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BASIC INTRODUCTION
During the nineteenth century as population grew and became more urbanized ,
the organization of society required institutions to focus and concentrate activities for the
individual and mutual benefit. These institutions required buildings to accommodate their
activities and, typically, the Victorians built them with great civic pride. Consequently,
the designs could achieve high standards and many institutional buildings are now listed.
Educational building include any building used for school, college or day-care
purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not
covered by assembly buildings.
The object of this project is to illustrate the design of R.C.C member along with
analysis of framed structure and all its components in addition to planning, estimation.

1.2 ENGINEERING STRUCTURE AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN


An engineering structure is an assembly of members or elements transferring the
load or resisting external actions and providing a form to serve the desired function.
The structural design is a science and art of designing with economy and
elegance. A durable structure is one which can safely carry the forces and can serve the
desired function satisfactorily during its expected service life plan.

1.3 BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Serviceability
Safety
Durability
Economy

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Stages in structural planning
Once the type of structure is finalized and planned, design of structure involves the
corresponding stages in the planning.

Column positioning
Orientation of columns
Beam location
Spanning of slabs
Layout and planning of stairs
Type of footing

The preliminary terms commonly used in the planning techniques and methods of
building construction are introduced:
Building
Building is defined as any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever
materials constructed and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not and
includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors, chimneys, plumbing and building services,
fixed platforms, verandah, balcony, cornice(or projection), and signs and outdoor display
structures. Broadly speaking, buildings consist of three parts, namely (i) Foundation (ii)
Plinth (iii) Superstructure.
(i) Foundation: It is the lowest artificially prepared part ,below the surface of the
surrounding ground ,which is in direct contact with sub-strata and transmits all the loads
to the sub-soil.
(ii) Plinth: It is the middle part of the structure, above the surface of the surrounding
ground up to the surface of the floor (i.e., floor level), immediately above the ground.
(iii) Super structure: The part of structure constructed above the plinth level (or ground
floor level) is termed as superstructure.

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Buildings are generally classified on the basis of occupancy and types of
construction. Based on occupancy buildings are classified as Residential, Educational,
Institutional, Assembly, Business, Mercantile, Industrial Storage and Hazardous.
Materials of construction
Rocks, Soils, Stones, Aggregates, Clay products, Limes, Cement, Mortars,
Concrete, and Reinforced cement concrete.
Rock: It is a hard and compact natural aggregate of mineral grains cemented by strong
more or less permanent bonds. Rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary,
metamorphic depending upon their mode of formation. Rocks form the best foundation
surface for buildings.
Gravel: These are cohesion less aggregates of either rounded, sub-rounded, angular, subangular, or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rocks or minerals consisting of 90
percent of the particles greater than 2mm and less than 60mm.
Sand: These are cohesion less aggregates of rounded, sub-rounded, angular, sub-angular
or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rocks or minerals consisting of 90 percent of
the particles of size greater than 0.06mm and less than 2mm.
Silt: It is a fine grained soil with particles ranging in size from 0.002mm to 0.06mm with
little or no plasticity. Silt is relatively impervious and also exhibits the slight tendency of
swelling and shrinkage. This soil does not provide as good foundation surface as sand.
Building stones: All those classes of natural rocks, rather pieces of rocks, which are
finished in small building units for masonry construction, are termed as building stones,
viz., lime stones, sand stones, marbles, granites, etc. These stones are used in building
construction for foundations, walls, floorings etc.
Coarse Aggregate: This consist of aggregate, such as stones, gravels, boulders, etc.
either crushed or uncrushed but of such a size that most of which (more than 90%) is
retained on 4.75mm IS Sieve. Coarse Aggregate is mainly used in production of concrete.

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Fine Aggregate: This consist of sand such as natural sand crushed stone sand, crushed
gravel sand or such other inert materials, most of which passes 4.75mm IS Sieve and
contains not more than 5% coarser material. This fine aggregate is also used in preparing
mortar, plaster, etc. in addition to its wide application in the production of concrete.
Clay Bricks: It is like an artificial stone obtained by moulding clay in rectangular blocks
of uniform size (19cm*9cm*9cm) and then by drying and burning these blocks.
Mortars: It is a plastic mixture of binding material (like cement, lime, etc.), fine
aggregates (like sand, surkhi, etc.), water and any admixture approved by the engineer in
charge. This is used to bond masonry or other structural units.
Cement Mortar: It is a mixture of cement, sand and water where cement acts as a
binding material. The proportion of cement to sand varies from 1:2 to1:6 depending upon
strength desired for a particular work.
Cement Concrete: It is a mixture of cement, water, fine aggregate (i.e., sand) and coarse
aggregate (i.e., crushed stone, crushed boulders, gravel, etc.) and any admixture approved
by the engineer in charge. The proportion of cement, sand and aggregates is 1:2 or 3: 4
Water-Cement Ratio: The ratio of the amount of water to the amount of cement by
weight is termed as water-cement ratio, and the strength and quality of concrete primarily
depend upon the ratio.
Reinforced Cement Concrete(R.C.C.): Reinforced cement concrete is one in which the
concrete and reinforcing metal, usually steel, are so combined as to act together as one
material and to produce a more economical material than either acting alone.
Foundations
Foundation is the lowest artificially prepared part of a structure below the surface
of surrounding ground which provides the base for the superstructure proper and
transmits all the dead, superimposed and wind loads from a building to the soil on which
the building rests in stressed beyond its safe load bearing capacity so that settlement,
particularly uneven or relative settlement of the structure, is limited and failure of
underlying soil is avoided.

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Types of foundations:
(i) Shallow foundations
(ii) Deep foundations
Shallow foundations: These are those foundations which transfer the load to the soil at a
level close to the lowest floor of the building. These foundations, of course, may be
formed at great depth below ground surface where there is a basement.
Ex: Strip, slab and raft (or mat) foundations.
Deep foundations: These are those foundations which transfer the load to the sub-soil to
a greater depth from ground surface and are generally employed only when the conditions
of sub-strata or loading of structure or both, so dictate. They are generally provided when
depth of foundation is more than 5 meter.
Ex: Pile and pier foundations.

Masonry construction
Masonry: Masonry is defined as an art of construction in which building units, such as
clay bricks, sand-lime bricks, stones, precast hollow concrete blocks, concrete slabs, glass
blocks, a combination of some of these building units, etc. are arranged systematically
and bonded together to form a homogeneous mass in such a manner that they can
withstand point or other loads and transmit them through the mass without failure or
disintegration.
Walls: The primary function of the walls is to enclose or divide space. In addition to this,
they serve number of secondary functions such as supporting the weight of the upper
floors and roofs, providing privacy, affording security and giving protection against heat,
cold, sun and rain. Walls are of several types depending upon their positions, functions
and types of construction.
Non-Load Bearing Walls: Those walls, which support no vertical load (i.e.,
superimposed load) other than their own weight, are termed as non-load bearing walls.

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Curtain Wall (or Filler Wall or screen wall or Panel wall): It is an external selfsupporting wall (i.e., external non-load bearing wall) which carries no other vertical loads
but is subjected to lateral loads. In framed structures, this external non-load bearing wall
built between columns or piers is termed as panel wall or filler wall.
Partition wall(or Division wall): It is generally an interior non-load bearing wall
dividing the space within the building, one storey or part storey in height, for providing
privacy from sight, sound or both within a room or rooms. In some cases when partition
is required to partially support girders of floor above it, it is called a bearing partition.
Shear wall: Any wall designed to carry horizontal forces acting in its plane with or
without the imposed loads is termed as a shear wall.
Pier: It is a member similar to a column expects that it is bonded into load bearing walls
at the sides to form an integral part and extends to full height of the wall. Its main
function is to increase the stiffness of the wall to carry additional load or to carry vertical
concentrated loads or resist lateral pressure without buckling.

Floor structure:
Floors: These are the horizontal elements of building structure which divide a building
into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation within a restricted
space one above the other and provide support for the occupants, furniture and equipment
of a building. Floor consists of components, namely, (i) A sub-floor, which imparts
strength and stability to loads, and (ii) Floor covering or flooring, which provides a clean,
smooth, impervious, durable and wear-resisting surface.
Ground Floor: The bottom floor near the natural surrounding ground level is termed as
the ground floor. The function of the ground floor is to give a clean, smooth, impervious
(i.e., damp-resisting), durable and a wear-resisting surface. Ground floors rest directly on
the ground and hence do not require the construction of a sub floor.

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Basement Floor: A floor when provided for the accommodation below the natural
ground level (i.e., a basement), is termed as a basement floor. A basement floor is similar
to ground floor except its location.
Upper Floors: All other floors above the ground floor such as 1 st floor, 2nd floor, 3rd floor,
etc., are termed as upper floors. These floors, in addition to performing the functions of
ground and basement floors, have to be stronger and stable. Not only this, they have also
to act as horizontal barriers for the passage of sound and fire (i.e., they should possess
sound insulation and fire-resistance properties) in vertical direction when building
consists of more than one storey.
Note: Walls act as vertical barriers for the passage of sound and fire.
Suspended Floors: In a building consisting of more than one storey, all the floors except
the bottom floor (either ground floor or basement floor) and top-most floor (i.e., roof or
terrace are termed as suspended floors.
Requirements of good flooring:
A good floor should possess the following features. They are as follows

It should have sufficient resistance to fire wear and tear, temperature changes

and chemical reactions.


It should have a sufficient resistance against dampness in buildings.
It should have a pleating appearance.
It should not cause noise.
It should have a smooth and even surface.
It should be cheap and economical to construct.

Roof structure
A roof is the upper most part of a building, which is supported on structural
member and covered with a roofing material, whose main function is to enclose the space
and to protect the same from the weather effects such as rain, wind, heat, snow, etc.
However, the choice of a roof type construction, in addition to weather effects should be
based on various other considerations such as strength and stability under anticipated

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loads, heat insulation, lighting, ventilation, sound insulation, etc. Various types of roofs
are constructed for different types of buildings with specific functional requirements,
depending upon availability of materials and economy in construction.
Roof components: A roof basically is made up of two components, namely (i) Roofdeck, and (ii) Roof covering or roofing.

Wall openings, recesses and related structures


Door: A door is defined as a movable barrier, secured in an opening through a building
wall or partition, for the purpose of providing an access to the building or rooms of a
building.
Cupboards and Shelves: These are the substitute of movable wardrobes which are
provided in the recesses, (i.e., hollow wall portions) for storing valuable articles, clothes,
etc.
Arch: An arch is a structure, consisting of a number of small wedge-shaped units and
joined together with mortar, which is constructed to bridge across the openings meant for
doors, windows, ventilators, cupboards, etc., and to support the weight of the
superimposed masonry.
Lintel: It is a horizontal structural member which is used to span the openings for doors,
windows, corridors and recesses such that it supports the weight of the structure above it.
The function of a lintel is exactly the same as of an arch but is preferred to arch because
of its simple construction and better stability. Though lintels are made of various
materials such as wood, stone, brick, steel and R.C.C. but R.C.C lintels are widely used
these days.
Types of lintels: On the basis of material used in construction the lintel are classified into
the following types.

Wooden Lintels
Stone Lintels
Brick Lintels

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Steel Lintels
Reinforced concrete lintels
Reinforced brick lintels (i.e. R.B. Lintels.

Roofs
A roof is the upper most part of a building whose function is to provide a covering
to keep out rain, snow, wind, etc.
Classification of roofs: Roofs are classified as follows. They are

Pitched roofs.
Flat roofs.

Pitched roofs: A pitched roof is a sloping roof. It is suitable for places where there is
heavy snow fall or rain fall.
Flat roofs: Common types of flat roofs are as follows

Mauras terrace roof.


R.C.C roof.

R.C.C roof: R.C.C Roofs are widely used in modern construction. For spans up to 3m
for ordinary loads, a simple R.C.C slab is adequate. For greater spans a simple R.C.C.
beam and slab construction would be necessary. For constructing R.C.C. floors or slabs
the following procedure is adopted.

Erection of forms.
Typing and placing reinforcing grills.
Batching, mixing, placing and compacting.
Stripping of forms.

Vertical transportation

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Various structures such as stairs, lifts, ramps, ladders and escalators afford the
means of communication between the various floors, (i.e., vertical transportation) either
for everyday use or for escaping in the event of fire.
Definition: Stairs are a series of steps arranged to connect different floors of a building
an enclosure which contains the stair way is called stair case.
Stair case can be constructed with timber, stones, bricks, steel etc but R.C.C. has
almost replaced all other materials in our country and is widely used.
Location of stair case: The following points should be observed in locating stairs in a
building.
1

A stair case should be located so that it is easily accessible from the different

rooms of the building.


In the case of public buildings it should be located near the entrance.

Types of staircases: The common types of staircases are as follows.


1
2
3

4
5
6

Straight types of stairs.


Quarter turn stairs.
Half turn stairs.
Dog legged stairs,
Open well stairs.
Three quarter turn stairs.
Spiral stairs.
Bifurcated stairs.

R.C.C Stairs: All types of stairs can be constructed with R.C.C. This stairs are designed
mainly in two ways they are as follows.
1
2

Stairs spanning horizontally.


Stairs spanning longitudinally.

Building finishes
Such as plastering, pointing, painting, varnishing, distempering, white-washing,
coloring, etc. Basically perform two functions-

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i

They give a protective coating to the surfaces which protects them from weather
effects such as rain water frost heat etc., and

ii

They provide decorative effects which add to the appearance of the surfaces and
buildings as a whole.

Plastering: Plastering is a thin coat of mortar applied on the surfaces of walls and
ceilings, plastering covers the uneven surface, scales and hides joints of walls and same
times used for decorative purposes. External plastering and other finishes applied for the
purpose of protection and decoration are rendering.
Objects of plastering: The main objects of plastering are as follows.

To protect the exposed surfaces from atmospheric influence.


To cover decorative workmanship and interior quality materials.
To improve the appearance of the structure.

Types of plasters: Plastering can be applied with the following mortars.

Lime mortar.
Cement mortar.
Combination mortar or cement-lime mortar.

The plaster can be one or two coats of thickness 12mm or 20mm respectively.
Pointing: The finishing and protection of mortar joints of walls with cement mortar or
lime mortar is known as pointing. Generally pointing is done with cement mortar (1:3) or
(1:4).
Objects of points: The main objects of point are:

To protect the joints from the disintegrating effects of wetness.


To serve as an alternative to plastering.
To cover weak mortar used.
To enhance the natural beauty of the construction materials.

White washing and color washing: The internal and external walls are treated with one,
two or three coats of white wash made lime and water. If a pigment is added then it is
called color wash. The objects of white washings and color washings are: as follows.

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To present a pleasing appearance.


To provide better distribution of light in the rooms.
To serve as a disinfectant.

Painting: Wooden and steel members and sometimes walls are painted for the following
reasons.

To protect the surface from weathering effects of the atmosphere.


To prevent decay of timber and rusting of steel.
To provide a pleasing appearance.

Plumbing services and building services


Plumbing Services: They include services like water supply-cold and hot, drainage and
sanitation, and gas supply required for buildings.
Building Services: They include the provision of services like lighting, electricity,
acoustics and sound insulation, air-conditioning, heating and thermal insulation in
buildings in favor of better efficiency and comfort.
Miscellaneous terms
Form work (or shuttering): The concrete, being a plastic material, requires temporary
supports for casting it to different sizes and shapes in concrete construction till it gains
sufficient strength. These temporary supports such as timber and steel forms or moulds
are known as form work or shuttering. For circular concrete work such as arch, dome, etc.
the temporary supports of timber, steel or masonry when used, the term centering is
generally used instead of form work.
Scaffolding (or scaffold): These are temporary erections constructed (when working
height exceeds 1.5m) to support a number of platforms at workers and for carrying
structural materials and appliances, during building operations. This temporary
framework or scaffold is useful in building construction, demolition, maintenance and
repair works. The scaffolding is erected either on one or both sides of the walls. For
ordinary works scaffolding may be done on one side but for all first class works, the
scaffolding must be provided on both sides of the wall.

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Shoring: Shoring is the means of providing temporary support to unsafe structures, the
stability of which has been endangered due to the unequal settlement of the foundation or
due to removal of adjacent buildings, or due to the bad workmanship, or due to any other
reason. The temporary support to unsafe structures is provided till such time as they have
been made stable. This is also used to give temporary support to a structure which might
become unstable either during the alterations (i.e., remodeling) in the structure, itself, or
during the alterations of adjacent foundations, such as the underpinning of foundations.
Underpinning: It is the technique of either providing a new foundation below the
existing one for strengthening purposes or replacing the existing one being inadequate,
without endangering the stability of the existing structure. During underpinning, the
existing building is temporarily supported by means of racking shores.
Construction Equipment: The various types of equipment are used in different
construction activities of building construction. The purpose of important ones is given
below

Excavation Equipment,
Boring Equipment,
Concrete Mixers,
Pile Driving Equipment,
Vibrators,
Dump Trucks ( or Dumpers),
Cranes,
Gantries and etc.

1.4 NOTATIONS USED IN THE DESIGN


Ag

: gross area of section

Asc

: area of compression steel

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Ast

: area of tension steel

: breadth of beam, width of slab, shorter dimension of rectangle column

: overall depth of a beam, slab, staircase slab

: effective depth of slab, beam, staircase slab

: depth of compression reinforcement from the highly compressive face

fck

: characteristic compressive strength of concrete

fy

: characteristic strength of steel

: moment of inertia of gross section about centroidal axis

Ld

: development length of the bar

: length of column or length of beam

Lx

: length of the shorter span of the slab

Ly

: length of the longer span of the slab

: bending moment

Mu

: factored moment

Mux

: design moment about x-x axis

Muy

: design moment about y-y axis

: modular ratio

: axial load on a compressive member

Pu

: axial load for limit state design

Pt

: percentage of tension reinforcement

qu

: calculated maximum bearing pressure

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S

: spacing of slab reinforcement, stirrups

Vu

: shear force due to factored load

Vus

: Length of the shear reinforcement

: Distributed load per unit area

: Depth of the neutral axis at service load

Xu

: Depth of the neutral axis at the limit state of collapse

: shear stress in concrete

cmax

: Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement

: Area of beam, column and footings

Ast

: Area of steel at mid span in shorter direction

Astc

: Area of steel at continuous edge in shorter direction

Asty

: Area of steel at mid span in longer direction

Astyc

: Area of steel at continuous edge in longer direction

B.M

: Bending Moment

bw

: Breadth of web or rib

DL

: Dead load

: Neutral axis factor

Leff

: Effective length

LL

: Live load

S.F.

: Shear Force

: Lever arm

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cbc

: Permissible compressive stress in steel

st

: Permissible tensile stress in steel

1.5 BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS

Line of building frontage and minimum Plot sizes.

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Open spaces around residential building.

Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.

Provisions for lighting and ventilation.

Provisions for safety from explosion.

Provisions for means of access.

Provisions for drainage and sanitation.

Provisions for safety of works against hazards.

Requirements for off-street parking spaces.

Requirements for landscaping.

Special requirements for low income housing.

Size of structural elements.

1.5.1 ORIENTATION
Orientation means proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind,
rain, topography and outlook and at the same time providing a convenient access
both to the street and back yard

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The factors that affect orientation most are as follows.


Solar heat
Wind direction
Humidity
Rain fall
Intensity of wind site condition
Lightings and ventilation
Solar heat:
Solar heat means suns heat; the building should receive maximum solar
radiation in winter and minimum in summer. For evaluation of solar radiation, it is
essential to know the duration of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed
surfaces.
Wind direction:
The winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are accepted in
the house to the maximum extent.
Humidity:
High humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal areas, causes
perspiration, which is very uncomfortable condition from the human body and causes
more discomfort.

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Rain fall:
Direction and intensity of rainfall effects the drainage of the site and building and
hence, it is very important from orientation point of view.

Intensity of wind:
Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window openings of
comparatively small size are recommended in such regions.
Site conditions:
Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas also effects
orientation, sometimes to achieve maximum benefits, the building has to be oriented in a
particular direction.
Lighting:
Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary aims. The first is to
promote the work or other activities carried on within the building. The second is to
promote the safety of people using the buildings. The third is to create, in conjunction to
interest and of well beings.

Ventilation:
Ventilation may be defined as the system of supplying or removing air by natural
or mechanical mean or from any enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable
conditions. Operation of building and location to windows helps in providing proper
ventilation. Sensations of comfort, reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of
oxygen are the basic requirements in ventilation apart from reduction of dust.

1.6 STATEMENT OF PROJECT


Type of Building

(G+3) multistoried school building

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Drawings

Building plan and Drawings of structural elements.

Geometric Details
Height of building

3.5 m (for each floor)

Area of the plot

63.76 m x 48.55 m = 3095m2

Area of each floor

53.76 m x 38.55 m = 2072 m2

Walls thickness
Outer wall thickness : 0.23m
Inner wall thickness : 0.15m
Staircases
Number

: Two

Type of staircase

: Doglegged staircases

Width of landing

:1m

Tread

: 270 mm

Rise

: 150 mm

Maximum Number of steps per flight : 11


Unit weight of different materials
RCC

: 25 KN/m3

PCC

: 24 KN/m3

Brick masonry

: 19 KN/m3

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Loads considered
Live load on classrooms

: 3 KN/m2

Balcony and staircase

: 4 KN/m2

Floor finishes

: 0.6 - 1.2 KN/m2

library room loads

: 2 KN/m2

office room load

: 2.5 KN/m2

Office room load

: 2.5 KN/m2

Washroom load

: 2.0 KN/m2

Grades of concrete and steel used


Slabs

M20 and Fe415

Beams

M20 and Fe415

Columns

M20 and Fe415

Footings

M20 and Fe415

Beam
Width of beam

: 230 mm

Column
Number of columns

: 116

Shape of column

: Rectangular column

Column size

: 230 mm x 400 mm

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Footings
Number of footings

: 116

Type of footing

: Isolated footing

Design methods
Slabs

: Manual method (As per IS: 456-2000)

Beams

: Using Staad-Pro

Columns

: Using Staad-Pro

Footings

: Using Staad foundation.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

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The objective of our project is to analyze and design a MULTISTORIED
SCHOOL BUILDING of capacity 1300-1500 students considering gravity loads (Dead
load and Live load) using STAAD-Pro.
According to Dr .B.C.PUNMIA,ASHOK KUMAR JAIN,ARUN KUMAR JAIN
the author of limit state design of reinforced concrete structures as per IS 456:2000
published by laxmi publications(p) ltd. In their view the design of concrete structures can
be done in 3 different methods i.e., working stress method , ultimate load method & limit
state method .working stress method can be used by assuming concrete as an elastic
material & only working stresses are considered, which in practical is wrong and in
ultimate load we do consider only service loads but not working loads .where as in limit
state method the combination of both methods will be taken which will attain both safe &
serviceable condition.(i.e. semi-empirical approach) . But according to P.C.VARGHESE
author of limit state design of reinforced cement concrete published in the year 1970.This
treatise contains up to-date information on design, analysis & construction of engineered
concrete structures, based on limit state design approach philosophy .this approach has
been adopted internationally in India by IS 456(1978).Thus VARGHESE says the same
thing as PUNMIA said and we think that the author agrees to the view of B.C.PUNMIA.
In our view the author P.C. Varghese agrees with author B.C.PUNMIA and the
design are all approximately same .so in the end we followed the author B.C.PUNMIA
and designed the school building. Finally mostly the designs will be same and all will be
using approximately same procedures .The drawings and designs of the project are
submitted at the end of the report.

CHAPTER 3
PLANNING
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3.1 INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING


The basic objective of planning of buildings is to arrange all the units of a
building on all floors and at level according to their functional requirements making
best use of the space available for a building. The shape of such a plan is governed by
several factors such as climatic conditions, site location, accommodation requirements,
local by-laws, surrounding environment, etc. in spite of the certain principles or factors,
which govern the theory of planning are common to all buildings of all classes intended
to be used for residential purposes. These principles, enunciated below, are right but
just factors to be considered in planning.
(01)

Aspect

(02)

Prospect

(03)

Privacy

(04)

Grouping

(05)

Roominess

(06)

Furniture Requirement

(07)

Sanitation

(08)

Flexibility

(09)

Circulation

(10)

Elegance

(11)

Economy

(12)

Practical Considerations

1.Aspect: - Aspect means peculiarity of the arrangement of doors and windows


in the external walls of a building which allows the occupants to enjoy the natural gifts
such as sunshine, breeze, scenery, etc. Aspect is a very important consideration in
planning as it provides not only comfort and good environment to live in but from
hygienic point of view also.
A room, which receives light and air from a particular side, is said to have aspect
of that direction; and all such rooms making a dwelling need particular aspect. From this
angle, the following aspects for different rooms are preferred:
a

For kitchen E-aspect

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b

For dining room S-aspect

For drawing and living rooms S-aspect or S-E aspect

For bed rooms S-W-aspect or W-aspect

For verandahs S-W-aspect or W-aspect

For reading rooms, stores, class-rooms, studios, stairs, etc. N-aspect

From the above sun-diagram, it is clear that a kitchen should have an E-aspect,
so that the morning sun would refresh and purify the air and keep the kitchen cool during
the remaining period of the day. The dining, drawing and living rooms should have a Saspect or S-E-aspect. The sun is towards the south during winter and more deviated
towards the north during summer. Similarly, the bedrooms should have W-aspect or S-Waspect, since the breeze required in summer will be available from west side only. But a
verandah, a gallery or some such sun-shading device, must be provided on that side (i.e.,
W or S-W side) so as to protect the structure from the hot afternoon sun. as there will be
no direct sun from the north and only diffused light will be available, hence, reading
rooms, stored, stairs, studios, class-rooms, etc. are placed towards the north.
2.Prospect: - it includes the attainment of pleasing appearance by the use of
natural beauties; disposition of doors and windows; and concealment of some undesirable
views in a given outlook.
Prospect and Aspect both demand disposition of doors and windows. For sake of
either seeing or hiding certain views, window sites play a vital role.
3.Privacy: - Privacy is one of the important principles in the planning of buildings
of all types in general and residential buildings in particular. Privacy requires
consideration in two ways:
i

Privacy of one room from another.

ii

Privacy of all parts of a building from the neighboring buildings, public


streets and by-ways.

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Privacy of the former type is attained by carefully planning the building with
respect to
Grouping, disposition of doors, mode of hanging doors, provision of small corridor or
lobby etc. this can also be achieved by planning screens or curtains.
Privacy of the latter type is easily secured by carefully planning the entrance and
steering it with trees or creepers trained on a trellis.
4.Grouping: - Grouping means the disposition of various rooms in the layout in a
typical fashion so that all the rooms are placed in proper correlating of their functions and
in proximity with each other. Every apartment of a building has got a definite function or
functions and there is also some sort of sequence in between them. The objective of
grouping of the apartments is to maintain the sequence of their functions with least
interference. For example, in a residential building, dining room must be close to the
kitchen; at the same time kitchen should be away from the drawing or the main living
room, otherwise kitchen smells and smoke would detract them for their usefulness.
Services must be nearer to and independently accessible from every bedroom. The water
closets, urinals, etc. must be far away from the kitchen and dinning room, and so on.
5.Roominess: - Roominess refers to the effect produced by deriving the
maximum benefit from the minimum dimensions of a room. In other words, it is the
accomplishment of economy of space at the same time avoiding cramping of the plan. It
is essential particularly in case of residential buildings where large storage space is
required, to make maximum use of every nook and corner of built-up area of the building
before making an addition to the plinth area.
6.Furniture Requirements: - The functional requirement of a room or an
apartment governs the furniture requirements. This is an important consideration in
planning of buildings other than residential in particular and residential in general.
In case of buildings other than residential, they are generally planned, with due
thought to the furniture, equipment and other fixtures, to meet the needs of particular

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function required to be performed. This can be done by assuming the sufficient sizes of
furniture pieces and then studying the circulation and space requirements round them.
In case of residential buildings, a room whether intended for bed room or kitchen
or drawing room, the architect should take into account the furniture positions of all types
likely to be accommodated, so that the doors, windows and circulation space do not
prevent from placing of sufficient number of pieces.
7.Sanitation: - Sanitation consists of providing ample light, ventilation, facilities
for cleaning and sanitary conveniences in the following manner:
Light: - Light has two-fold significance, firstly it illuminates and secondly from
hygienic point of view. Light in interior buildings may be provided by natural or artificial
lighting. Glare in light distracts and disables the vision and hence the source of glare may
be avoided.
Uniform distribution of light is necessary particularly in schools, workshops, etc.
A room should get sunlight as long as and as much as possible. Vertical windows are,
therefore, better than horizontal ones.
Generally, the minimum window area fir proper lighting should not be less than
1/10th of floor area; however, this may be increased to 1/5 th for buildings like schools,
workshops, factories, dormitories, etc.
Good lighting is necessary for all buildings. This has three primary aims. The first
is to promote the work or other activities carried on with in the building; the second is to
promote the safety of people using the building; and the third it to create, in conjunction
with the structure and decoration, a pleasing environment conducive to interest and a sense
of well-being.
Ventilation: - It is the supply of outside air wither positive ventilation or by
infiltration into the building. Good ventilation is an important factor conducive to comfort
in buildings. Poor ventilation or lack of fresh air in building, always produces headache,
sleepiness, inability to fix attention, etc. ventilation may be natural or mechanical. In
natural ventilation, the outside air is supplied into the building through windows,

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ventilators or other openings due to wind outside and convection effect arising from
temperature or vapor pressure differences or both, between inside and outside the
building.
Cleanliness and sanitary conveniences: - Though the general cleaning and
upkeep of the building is the responsibility of the occupants but even then some
provisions to facilitate cleaning and prevention of dust are necessary in planning. The
floors, as far as possible, should be of non-absorbent surface, smooth and proper slope
should be given to facilitates washing with suitable outlets in the walls. Prevention of
dust accumulation is essential. Dust helps the growth of bacteria and spread of the
disease.
Sanitary conveniences include the provision of bathrooms, water closets,
lavatories, latrines, urinals, etc. in a building. Provision of such conveniences is not an
optional matter but is a statutory requirement.
8.Flexibility: - Flexibility means planning a room or rooms in such a way, which
thought originally designed for a specific purpose, may be used to serve other
overlapping purposes also, as and when desired. This is particularly important for
designing the houses for middle class families or other building where economy is the
major consideration.
9.Circulation: - Circulation means internal thoroughfares or the movement
space provided on the same floor either between the rooms or with in the room called
horizontal circulation and between the different floors through stairs or lifts called
vertical circulation. Passages, corridors, halls and lobbies serve the purpose of horizontal
circulation, where as for vertical circulation normally stair or staircase, electric lifts,
ramps, etc. are the means of access to different floors.
10.Elegance: - Elegance is the effect produce by the elevation and general layout
of the plan. The elevation, therefore, should speak out the internal facts and be indicative
of the character.

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Elevation should be impressive and should be developed together with the plan
simultaneously. With the economy limitations, elevations should be aesthetically good
and attractive.
11.Economy: - The economy may not be a principle of planning but it is certainly
a factor, which effects planning. The economy may restrict the liberties of the architect
and may also require certain alteration and omission in the original plan. The economy
should not have any bad effect on grouping or aspect, however the prospect at the most to
some extend can be sacrificed if need be. Economy should not have any evil effect on the
utilities and safety of the structure.
12.Practical Considerations: - The following practical points should be given
due consideration in the planning of buildings:
i

Strength and stability of structure, coupled with connivance and comfort,


should occupy the first place of importance in planning.

ii

Simplicity and effects of strength lend a lasting beauty and mobility to a


building.

iii

It should be remembered that a building or a house is immovable property


and is built to last for several generations. One has, therefore, no right to
practice false economy by erecting a weak structure.

iv

While planning it is necessary to keep provisions for either adding a wing


or extending some part of house without dismantling.

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CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS
4.1 ANALYSIS OF A STRUCTURE
Analysis of a structure involves in determination of the following :
1
2
3
4
5

Positioning and orientation of column of columns


Position of beams
Spanning of slabs
Layout of stairs
Selecting proper type of footing

The basic principle in deciding the layout of component members is that the loads should
be transferred to the foundation along the shortest path.

4.2 POSITION OF COLUMNS


1) Columns should be preferably located at or near the corners of a building and
at the intersections of beams/walls. Since the basic function of the columns is to
support beams which are normally placed under the walls to support them, their
position automatically gets fixed.
2) Select the position of columns so as to reduce bending moments in beams.
When the locations of two columns are very near, then one column should be
provided instead of two at such a position so as to reduce the beam moment.
3) Avoid larger spans of beams. When the center to center distance between the
intersection of walls is large or when there are no cross walls, the spacing between two
columns is governed by limitations of spans of supported beams because spacing of
columns decides the span of beam. As the span of the beam increases, the required
depth of the beam, and hence its self-weight, and the total load on beam increases.
It is well known that the moment governing the beam design varies with the

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square of the span and directly with the load. Hence with the increase in the span,
there is considerable increase in the size of the beam.
On the other hand, in the case of column, the increase in total load due to
increase in length is negligible as long as the column is short. Therefore the cost of the
beam per unit length increases rapidly with the span as compared to beams on the basis of
unit cost. Therefore the larger span of the beams should be preferably avoided for
economy reasons.
In general, the maximum spans of beams carrying live loads upto 2 kN/m^2 may be
limited to the following values.
Beam type

Cantilevers

Simply supported

Fixed/continuous

rectangular

3meters

6meters

8meters

flanged

5meters

10meters

12meters

4) Avoid larger center to center distance between columns. Larger spacing of columns
not only increases the load on the column at each floor posing problem of stocky
columns in lower storeys of a multi storied building. Heavy sections of column lead
to offsets from walls and obstruct the floor area.
5) The columns on property line need special treatment. Since column footing requires
certain area beyond the column, difficulties are encountered in providing footing for
such columns. In such cases, the column may be shifted inside along a cross wall to
make room for accommodating the footing within the property line.

4.3 ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS


1) Avoid projection of column outside wall. According requirements of aesthetics and
utility, projections of columns outside the wall in the room should be avoided as they not

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only give bad also obstruct the use of floor space and create problems in furniture flush
with the wall. Provide depth of the column in the plane of the wall to avoid such offsets.
2) Orient the column so that the depth of the column is contained in the major
plane of bending or is perpendicular to the major axis of bending. When the
column is rigidly connected to right angles, it is subjected to moments of addition to the
axial load. In such cases, the column should be so oriented that the depth of the column is
perpendicular to major axis of bending so as to get larger moment of inertia and hence
greater moment resisting capacity. It will also reduce Leff/D ratio resulting in increase in
the load carrying capacity of the column.
3) It should be borne in mind that increasing the depth in the plane of bending
not only increases the moment carrying capacity but also increases its stiffness,
there by more moment is transferred to the column at the beam column junction.
4)

However, if the difference in bending moment in two mutually perpendicular

directions is not large the depth of the column may be taken along the wall provided
column has sufficient strength in the plane of large moment. This will avoid offsets in the
rooms.

4.4 POSITION OF BEAMS


1) Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy
concentrated load to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs. Since beams are
primarily provided to support slabs, its spacing shall be decided by the maximum spans
of slabs.
2) Slab requires the maximum volume of concrete to carry a given load. Therefore the
thickness of slab is required to be kept minimum. The maximum practical thickness for
residential/office/public buildings is 200mm while the minimum is 100mm.
3) However, for large span, normally higher L/D ratio is taken to restrict the depth from
considerations of head room, aesthetics and psychological effect. Therefore spans of
beams which require the depth of beam greater than one meter should be avoided.

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4.5 SPANNING OF SLABS


This is decided by supporting arrangements. When the supports are only on opposite
edges or only in one direction, the slab acts as a one way supported slab. When
rectangular slab is supported along its four edges, it acts as one way slab when Ly / Lx >
2 and as two way slab for Ly/Lx < 2. however two way action of the slab not only
depends on the aspect ratio Ly / Lx and but also on the ratio of reinforcement in
the two directions. Therefore, designer is free to decide as to whether the slab should be
designed as one way or two way.
1) A slab normally acts as a one way slab when the aspect ratio Ly/Lx >2, since in this
case one way action is predominant.

In one way slab, main steel is provided along

the short span only and the load is transferred to two opposite supports only. The
steel along the long span just acts as distribution steel and is not designed for transferring
the load but to distribute the load and to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses.
2) A two way slab having aspect ratio Ly / Lx < 2 is generally economical
compared to one way slab because steel along the spans acts as main steel and
transfers the load to all its four supports. The two way action is advantageous
essentially for large spans and for live loads greater than 3kN/m^2. For short spans and
light loads, steel required for two way slab does not differ appreciably as compared to
steel for one way slab because of the requirement of minimum steel.
3) Spanning of the slab is also decided by the continuity of the slab.

4.6 CHOICE OF FOOTING TYPE


1) The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and bearing
capacity of the supporting soil. It may be noted that the earth under the foundation is
susceptible to large variations.

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2) It is necessary to conduct the survey in the area where the proposed structure
is to be constructed to determine the soil properties. Drill holes and trail pits should be
taken and in situ plate load test may be performed and samples of soil tested in the
laboratory to determine the bearing capacity of soil and other properties.
3) For framed structure under study, isolated column footings are normally preferred
except in case of soils with very low bearing capacities. If such soil or black cotton soil
exists for great depths, pile foundations can be appropriate choice.

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CHAPTER 5
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural design for framed R.C.C structure can be done by three methods:
a

Working Stress Methods

Ultimate Strength Methods

Limit State Method

5.1 WORKING STRESS METHOD OF DESIGN


It is earliest modified method of R.C.C structures. In this method structural
element is so designed that the stress resulting from the action of services load as
computed in linear elastic theory using modular ratio concept do not exceed a predesigned allowable stress which is kept as some fraction of ultimate stress, to avail a
margin of safety. Since this method does not utilize full strength of the material it results
in heavy section, the economy aspect cannot be fully utilized in the method.

5.2 ULTIMATE STRENGTH METHOD OF DESIGN

This method is primarily based on strength concept. In this method the structural
element is proportioned to with stand the ultimate load, which is obtained by enhancing
the service load of some factor referred to as load factor for giving desired margin of
safety. Since this method is based on actual stress strain behavior of the material, of the
member as of the structure that too right up to failure, the values calculated by this
method agree well the experiment results.

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5.3 LIMIT STATE METHOD DESIGN

During the past several years, extension research works have been carried out on
the different aspects of the research in the actual behavior of member and structure has
led to the development of design and approach of LIMIT STATE METHOD OF
DESIGN.

5.4 LIMIT STATE CONCEPT


In limit state method the working load is multiplied by partial factor of safety in
accordance with clause 36.4.1 of IS 456- 2000; And also the ultimate strength of
material is divided by the partial safety in accordance with clause 36.4.1 of IS 456-2000;
and also the ultimate strength of the material is divided by partial safety in accordance
with clause 36.4.2 of IS-456-2000. Partial safety factor is introduced to reduce the
probability of failure to about zero. When a structure or apart of a structure becomes unfit
for use, it is said to have reached a limit state, unfitness for use can arise in various ways
and aim of limit state method of design is to provide an acceptable probability that the
structure will not reach any of the limit states during its service life span. Limit state can
be broadly classified into two main categories.
1

LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: It is the limit state on attainment of which the


structure is likely to collapse. It relates to stability and strength of the structure.
Design to this limit ensures safety of the structure from collapse.

LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY: It relates to performance or behavior


of structure at working loads and is based on causes affecting serviceability of the
structure. This limit state is concerned with cracking and deflection of the
structure.

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CHAPTER 6
LOAD CALCULATIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Loads and properties of materials constitute the basic parameter of a R.C
structures. Both of them are basically of a varying nature .for such a quality of varying
nature, it is necessary to arrive of a single representative value. Such value is known as
characteristic value. The value to be taken in design which provides appropriate or
designed margin of safety is known as design values. The loads are taken as per IS-875
and the material properties like characteristic value are taken from IS-456.

6.2TYPES OF LOAD
The various types of loads acting on the structure which needs consideration in
building design as follows:1

dead loads

live loads

wind loads

earthquake loads

other loads

Dead load :- IS : 875 (part - 1)


Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are transferred to the
structure throughout their life span. Dead loads are mainly due to self weight of structural

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members, permanent partitions, fixed equipments and fittings. These loads shall be
calculated by estimating the quantity of each material and then multiplying it with the
unit weight. The unit weights of various materials used in building construction are given
in the code IS: 875 (Part-1).

The unit weight of commonly used building materials are given in the following
table.
UNIT WEIGHT (KN/m3)

MATERIAL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Plain concrete
Reinforced concrete
Brick masonry, cement plaster
Fly ash
Wood
Steel
Floor finishes

24.0 KN/m3
25.0 KN/m3
20.0 KN/m3
5.0 KN/m3
8.0 KN/m3
78.5 KN/m3
0.6 1.2 KN/m3

Imposed loads or Live loads :- IS : 875 (part - 2)


Live loads or movable loads without any acceleration or impact. These are
assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of the building
including weights of movable partition or furniture etc. The imposed loads to be
assumed in buildings
Live Load on beams: This is the live loads of slab which comes on beams in form of
triangular or trapezoidal variation.
Live load on slabs:These are taken as,
Residential building = 3 KN/m2
Commercial building = 3.5 KN/m2
Institutional building =3KN/m2

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LIVELOADS: In accordance with IS 875 (Part-2)


(i)

Live load on slabs

3.0 KN/m2

(ii)

Live load on passages

4.0 KN/m2

(iii)

Live load on stairs

4.0 KN/m2

Wind load:Wind load is primary horizontal load caused by movement of air relative to earth.
The details of design wind load are given is IS : 875 (part - 3)
Wind load is required to be considered in design especially when the height of the
building exceeds two times dimensions transverse to the exposed wind surface. For
low rise building say up to 4 to 5 stories the wind load is not critical because the moment
of resistance provided by the continuity of floor system to column connection and
walls provided between column connection and walls provided between columns are
sufficient to accommodate the effect of these forces.
Earthquake forces :- (As per IS 1893-2002)
Earthquake shocks causes movement of foundation of structures. Due to inertia
additional forces develop on the super structure. The impact of earthquake on structures
depends on the stiffness of the structure; stiffness of the soil media, height and location of
the structure etc. Accordingly, the country has been divided into several zones depending
on the magnitude of the earthquake. Depending on the problem, one of the following two
methods may be used for computing the seismic forces.

Seismic coefficient method


Response spectrum method

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The details of these methods are prescribed in IS: 1893 code and also in National
Building Code of India

Snow loads :- (As per IS 875 Part 4)


These are important loads for structures located in areas having snow fall, which
gets accumulated in different parts of the structure depending on projections, height,
slope etc. of the structure. The standard values of snow loads are specified in Part 4 of IS:
875.
Shrinkage, creep and temperature effect :Shrinkage, creep and temperature (high or low) may produce stresses and cause
deformations like other loads and forces. Hence, these are also considered as loads which
are time dependent. The safety and serviceability of structures are to be checked
following the stipulations of clauses 6.2.4, 5 and 6 of IS: 456-2000 and Part 5 of IS: 875.

6.3 DESIGN LOADS


The variation in loads due to unforeseen increase in the loads, constructional
inaccuracies, type of limit state etc., are taken into account to define the design load.
The design load is given by :
Design load = characteristic load
Where: = partial safety of loads.
Partial safety factor( ) for loads (according to IS : 456 2000)
Load combination

limit state of collapse


DL

DL + IL

IL
1.5

limit state of serviceability


WL

DL

IL

WL

1.0

1.0

1.0

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DL + WL

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

DL + IL + WL

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.8

* This value is considered when stability against overturning or stress reversal is critical
Notes: (1) DL = dead load

IL = imposed load

WL = wind load

(2) While considering earth quake effects. Substitute EL for WL.


(3) Since the serviceability relates to the behavior of structure at working load the partial
safety factors for limit state of serviceability are unity.
(4) For limit state of serviceability, the values given in this table are applicable for short
term effects. While assessing the long term effects due to creep, the dead load and
that part of the dead load and live load likely to be permanent may only be considered.

6.4 CRITICAL LOAD COMBINATIONS


While designing a structure, all load combinations, in general are required to be
considered and the structure is designed for the most critical of all. For building up to 4
storeys, wind load is not considered; the elements are required to be designed for critical
combination of dead load and live load only.
For deciding critical load arrangements, we are required to use maximum
and minimum loads. For this code prescribes different load factors as given below:
Maximum load = wmax = 1.5(DL + LL + wall load)
Minimum load

= wmin = 1.0((DL + LL + wall load)

The maximum positive moments producing tension at the bottom will occur when
the deflection is maximum or curvature producing concavity upwards is maximum.
This condition will occur when maximum load (i.e. Both DL and LL) covers the whole
span while minimum load (i.e. only DL) is on adjacent spans.

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(a) Consideration may be limited to combination of :


1) Design dead load on all spans will full design live loads on two
adjacent spans (for obtaining maximum hogging moment.)
2) Design dead load on all spans with full design imposed load on alternate spans
( to get maximum span moment.)
3) When design imposed load does not exceed three-fourths of the design dead load, the
load arrangement may be design dead load and design imposed load on all the spans
Code of practice for rcc design
All reinforced concrete structural design in our country should conform to the
recently revised Indian Standard Code IS: 456-2000, Code of practice for plain and
reinforced concrete (Fourth revision).
The Bureau of Indian Standards have released over the years several hand books
to facilitate reinforced concrete structural designers to design routine structural elements
quickly by referring to the various tables and graphs presented in the hand books.
The following hand books will serve as useful design aids for structural concrete
designers.
SP: 16-1980: Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS: 456
SP: 24-1983: Explanatory hand book on IS: 456
SP: 34-1987: Hand book on concrete reinforcement and detailing
SP: 23-1982: Hand book on concrete mixes

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6.5 LOAD CALCULATIONS


1} Calculation of DL on beams
Self-weight of beams

0.23 * 0.4 * 25 = 2.3 KN/m

Weights due to external walls on beam

(3.5-0.35) * 0.23 * 20 = 14.49 KN/m


-------------------Total

= 16.79 KN/m

Amount of distributed load coming from slab either in the form of triangular load or
Trapezoidal load = {w Lx (3 (Lx / Ly) 2} / 6

or {w Lx / 3}

And loads from cantilever slabs i.e. = w Lx


Here, w = self wt of slab, Lx = shorter dimension, Ly= longer dimension of slab panel
2} Calculation of DL on classroom slab
Self-weight of the slab = 0.15 * 25 = 3.75 KN/m2
Floor finish on the slab

= 1.0 KN/m2

Sunken load on toilet slabs

= 3.0 KN/m
------------------------

Total

7.75 KN/m2

DESIGN CONSTANTS

pg. 44

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Fck

= Characteristic strength of concrete 20 N/mm2

Fy

= Characteristic strength of steel 415 N/mm2

Structural analysis
The procedure of structural analysis is simple in concept but complex. In
detail, it involves the analysis of a proposed structure to show that its resistance or
strength will meet or exceed a reasonable expectation. This expectation is

usually

expressed by a specified load or the demand and an acceptable margined of


safety that constitutes a performance goal for a structure. The performance goals
structural design is multifaceted. Foremost, a structure must perform its intended
function safely over its useful life.

The concept of useful life implies consideration of durability and established the
basis for considering the cumulative exposure to time varying risks (i.e. corrosive
environments, that performance is inextricably linked to cost, owners, builders, and
designer must considers economic limit to the primary goal of safety and durability.
In the view of the above discussion, structural designer may appear to have little
control over the fundamental goals of structural design except to comply with or exceed
the minimum limits established by law. While this is generally true,

a designer can still

do much to optimize the design through alternative means and methods that can for more
efficient analysis techniques, creative design detailing, and the use of innovative
construction materials and methods. In summary the goal of structural design are
defined by law and reflect the collective interpretation of general public welfare by
those involved in the development and local adoption of building could.

pg. 45

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Alex Bendex first formulated this procedure in 1914 based on the applications of
compatibility and equilibrium of compatibility and equilibrium conditions. This method
derives its name from the facts that supports and displacements are explicitly
computed. Set up simultaneous equation is formed from the solution of these parameters
and the join moment in each or computed from these values.

UNIT 7
STAAD-PRO INTRODUCTION
STAAD PRO
This chapter reviews about some of the fundamental concepts of structural
design and present them in a manner relevant to the design of light frame residential
structures. The concepts from the basis for understanding the design procedures
and overall design approach addressed in the remaining chapter of the guide. With this
conceptual background, it is hoped that the designer will gain a greater appreciation for
creative and efficient design of home, particularly the many assumptions that must be
made.

The world is leading Structural Analysis and Design package for


Structural Engineers.

Starting the Program.

Creating a New Structure.

Creating Joints and Members.

Switching On Node and Beam Labels.

Specifying Member Properties.

Specifying Material Constants.

Specifying Member Offsets.

pg. 46

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Printing Member Information.

Specifying Supports.

Specifying Loads.

Specifying the Analysis type.

Specifying Post-Analysis Print Commands.

Specifying Steel Design Parameters.

Performing Analysis and Design.

Viewing the Output File .


Verifying results on screen both graphically and numerically.
World's #1 Structural Analysis and Design software supporting Indian and
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professional first choice. STAADpro was developed by practicing engineers around
the globe. It has evolved over 20 years and meets the requirements of ISO 9001
certification. STAADpro has building codes for most countries including US, Britain,
Canada, Australia, France, Germany, Spain, Norway, Finland, Sweden, India, China,
Japan, Denmark and Holland.
Structural Analysis And Design:
STAAD-III, the world's most powerful and popular structural analysis and
design software is in use across the globe since 1980. Now it is available in the
form of STAAD.Pro which consists of STAAD + STARDYNE +FEMkit + Visual
Draw .STAAD.Pro is a comprehensive, general purpose software for integrated

pg. 47

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
structural analysis and design. STAAD.Pro
designing practically

all

types

of

may

be

structures

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for

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bridges,

and

towers,

transportation, industrial and utility structures. STAAD.Pro implements the most modern
technologies in today's Computer-Aided-Engineering.
It unifies leading-edge graphics and visualization techniques with proven
and time tested analysis and design. A live, unified database provides seamless
integration across all mission critical
to

detail

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simulation

application

from concept design/analysis

and visualization.

STAAD.Pro Overview:

"Concurrent Engineering" based user environment for model development, analysis,

design, visualization and verification.

Pull down menus, floating toolbars, tool tip help.

Flexible Zoom and multiple views.

Isometric and perspective views 3D shapes.

Built-in Command File Editor.

Simple Command Language.

Graphics/Text input generation.

State-of-the-art Graphical Pre and Post Processor.

Rectangular/Cylindrical Coordinate systems.

Joint, Member/element, Mesh Generation with flexible user-controlled numbering.

Efficient algorithm minimizes disk space requirements.

FPS, Metric or SI units.


Presentation quality printer plots of Geometry and Results as part of run output.

Graphics Environment:

Model Generation

Interactive Menu-driven Model Generation with simultaneous 3D display.


2D and 3D Graphic Generation using rectangular or polar coordinate
system.

pg. 48

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Segments of repetitive geometry may be used to generate complex

structural models.
Generate Copy, Repeat, Mirror, Pivot, etc, or quick and easy geometry

generation.
Quick/easy mesh generation.
Comprehensive graphics editing.
Graphical Specification and Display of Properties, Loadings, Supports,

Orientations.
Import AutoCAD DXF files.
Access to Text Editor.

Model Verification

2D/3D drawings on screen as well as on plotter/printer.


Full 3D shapes for Frames, Elements.
Sectional views or views with listed members only.
Isometric or any rotations for full 3D viewing.
Display of properties, Loadings, Supports, Orientations,

Joint/Member numbering, Dimensions, Hidden line removed, etc.


Plot manipulation according to the size, rotation, viewing origin and
distance.

Analysis & Design:

Static Analysis
2D/3D analysis based on state-of-the-art Matrix method to handle extremely

larger job.
Beam, Truss, Tapered Beam, Shell/Plate Bending/Plane Stress.
Full/partial Moment Releases.
Member Offset Specification.
Fixed, Pinned and Spring Supports with Releases. Also inclined Supports.
Automatic Spring Support Generator.
Linear, P-Delta Analysis, Non-Linear Analysis with automatic load and

stiffness correction.
Multiple Analysis within same run.
Active/Inactive Members for Load-Dependent structures.

pg. 49

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Tension-only members and compression-only members, Multi-linear spring

supports.
CIMSTEEL Interface.

Load Types and Load Generation:

Loading

Uniform, Linear,
Trapezoidal, Temperature, Strain, Support Displacement, Prestressed and

for

Joints,

Members/Elements

including

Concentrated,

Fixed-end Loads.

Global, Local and Projected Loading Directions.

Uniform or varying Element Pressure Loading on entire or selected portion of


elements.

Floor/Area Load converts load-per-area to member loads based on oneway or two-way actions.

Concrete Design:

Design of Concrete Beam/Column/Slab/Footing as per all major international


codes.

Numerical and Graphical Design outputs with complete reinforcement details.

IS 456-2000 for RCC design implemented.

RC detailer as per IS 456-2000 has been implemented which has given a


new dimension to RCC design never witnessed in STAAD before.

pg. 50

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

CHAPTER 8
DESIGNS
8.1 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Design of slabs
Beam Design.
Column Design.
Foundation Design.

8.1.1 S L A B S
Slab is plain structural members forming floors and roofs of building whose
thickness is quite small compared to their other dimensions. These carry load primarily
by flexure and are in various shapes such as square, rectangular, circular and triangular
in buildings, tanks etc. inclined slabs may be used as ramps for multistoried as parking.
A staircase is considered to be an inclined slab.
Slab may be supported by beams or by walls and may be simply supported or
continuous over one or more supports. When all four edges are off same length (aspect
ratio Ly/Lx = 1), then the load on slab will be equally distributed to all the four edges.
But as the length of long span increases (aspect ratio > 1) the tendency of the load on slab
would be such that more load will tries to flow along short span (to the beams supporting
long edges) than along long span(the beams supporting short edges).
When the length of long span further increases to such extent that Ly/Lx > 2 then the total
load on slab will tends to flow along only short span and no load flows along long span.
It has to be noted that what everything said above regarding flow of load is just
the tendency based on the aspect ratio. However the actual flow of load along any

pg. 51

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
direction depends upon the relative stiffness of the slab along both the directions.
According to ELASTIC THEORY the transfer of load along any direction is
proportional to the stiffness of the slab along that direction. More is the stiffness along
any particular direction; more is the flow of load along that particular direction.

On the basis of the direction of transfer of the load, slabs are classified into two types:
1) One Way Slab
2) Two Way Slab

One Way Slab:


When the load on the slab is transferred along only one direction then the slabs
are called one way slabs. In general, when the aspect ratio (Ly/Lx) is greater than 2, then
the load on slab is made to transfer along only the short span by stiffening the slab along
short span by providing steel reinforcement only along short span. The steel along the
short span is called MAIN STEEL. A minimum reinforcement is provided along the
direction perpendicular to the main steel reinforcement also, in order to keep the main
steel bars in position and prevent the temperature and shrinkage stresses. This
reinforcement is called SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT or (DISTRIBUTION
REINFORCEMENT). Because of this secondary reinforcement a small part of the load
will be transferred along the long span, to the beams supporting short edges.
In practice, some situations arise, especially in case of along long span and no
load is transferred along short span, even when the aspect ratio Ly/Lx is greater than Two
(but not greater than around 2.5).This can be made possible by arranging main steel
reinforcement along only long span and secondary steel along short span.
Two Way Slab:

pg. 52

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
When load on the slab is transferred along both directions then the slabs are
called two way slabs. In Two Way Slabs, the slab is stiffened along both directions by
providing main steel reinforcement along both the directions.
In general, slabs are designed as Two Way Slabs when aspect ratio Ly/Lx <2.
It is the fact that the design of slabs would be economical when the slab panels are
arranged in such a manner, where Ly/Lx < 2. In other words the two way slabs are always
economical than one way slabs.

However, when Live Load >3 KN/m2 and Lx > 3.5 m then only two way slabs are
advantageous or economical. As per the minimum requirement of reinforcement, unless
LL and Lx values are less than what is specified above, there will not be any advantage in
particular in differentiating between One Way Slabs and Two Way Slabs.
Despite the fact that the two way slabs are economical the reason behind choosing
the one way slabs is the functional requirement. In order to avoid certain structural
hindrances such as columns in a hall, and heavier sections for beams, one way slabs are
preferred.
The thickness of the reinforced concrete slabs ranges from 75mm to 300mm
slabs are designed just like beams keeping the breadth of slab as unity depending on the
system of units. Thus the total slab is assumed to the consisting of strips of unit width
compression reinforcement is used only in exceptional basis in a slab. Shear stress in a
slab are very low and hence shear reinforcement is never provided and if necessary it is
preferred to increase the depth of the slab to reduce the stress than providing the
reinforcement. Temperature reinforcement is provided at right angles to the main
longitudinal reinforcement in a slab. The design of the slab is purely is accordance with
the code IS-456 2000 the designing process of the slabs the following assumption are
made.M20 Concrete and Fe415 steel is used both for design and execution purpose.

The overall depth of the slab is restricted to 150mm with a clear cover of 20mm.

pg. 53

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


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The main reinforcement consists of Tor steel bars and temperature reinforcement
consists of mild steel bars.

The total depth of the section is obtained from the maximum bending moment of
all moments on the span.

Steps to be followed in the slabs design of ONE-WAY SLAB:

Assume suitable thickness or depth (D) of the slab for working out its self
weight.

Calculate

Dead load
Live load
Floor Finish load
Imposed load (if any)

Calculate effective span for the slab.

Find the type of slab by the governing formula

Length(l y )
Breadth (l x )

If

(One-Way Slab)

Length(l y )
Breadth (l x )
If

2
(Two-Way Slab)

Calculate the maximum bending moment (M) by the Near middle of Span

Required effective depth from max. B.M. Consideration.

pg. 54

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


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d=
7

Mu
2.76 1000

Check for required effective depth of slab from stiffness/deflection


consideration
Assume percentage of tension reinforcement provided and corresponding value
of modification factor from graph in fig 3 of IS 456
Calculate required effective depth (d) from stiffness/deflection control
Consideration
Note: Basic values for different kinds of slab are given in clause 23.1 of IS 456.

Calculate the area of steel per meter width

d f y Ast

f ck b

0.87 f y Ast
M=

Distribution Reinforcement
Area of distribution steel
Adist = 0.15% of bd for Mild Steel
Or Adist = 0.12% of bd for Tor Steel
Select suitable diameter (d) of the bar and find their center to center spacing.
9. Check for shear by following the steps given below.

Calculate Maximum shear force (v) from the governing formula.

Calculate Nominal shear stress by formula

pg. 55

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


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v
=

Vu
b.d

c
Calculate from table 13 of IS 456 the value of permissible shear (

)for the

balanced percentage of reinforcement. Obtain value of K clause 47.2.1.1 of IS


456 and work out value of permissible shear in slab by the formula

c
=k

v
If

c
=k

the slab is safe in shear and requires no shear reinforcement else

shear reinforcement shall be provided.

10.

Check for the development length at supports.

Ld < 1.3

M1
V

+ Lo

Steps to be followed in the design of TWO-WAY SLAB:

Assume suitable thickness or depth (D) of the slab for working out its self
weight.

Calculate Deed Load

Live load
Floor finish Load
Imposed Load (if any)

Assume suitable thickness of depth (D) of the slab for working out its self-weight.

pg. 56

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


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Calculate effective spans both in respect of short span (lx) as well as long span (ly)
o To find the type of slab by the governing formula.

Length(l y )
Breadth (l x )

If

(One-Way Slab)

Length(l y )
Breadth (l x )

If
5

(Two-Way Slab)

Calculate the maximum Bending Moments per unit width along short span and
long span by I.S code method.
Mx = x .w. lx2
My = y.w.lx2

Calculate the effective depth of the slab from Max B.M consideration.

M=

0.36 X u max 1 0.42 X u max

d
d

2
f ck bd

(or)

Mu
2.76 1000
d=

Consideration check for required effective depth of slab from stiffness/deflection


control.

pg. 57

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Assume percentage of tension reinforcement and corresponding valued of
modification factor from graph in fig 3 IS 456.
Calculate required graph depth (d) from stiffness/deflection control consideration.

Span
BasicValue ModificationFactor
D=
Note: Basic Value for different kinds of slabs is given in clause 23.1 of IS 456.
This should work out to be less than the value of effective depth adopted in
design.
8

Calculate the area of steel per meter width along each span by

d f y Ast

f ck b

0.87 f y Ast
M=

Check for min. reinforcement


Ast =0.12% bd
Select suitable diameter (X) of the bar and find their center to center spacing.

Check for shear by following the steps given below.

Calculate Maximum shear force (v) from the governing formula.

Calculate Nominal shear stress by formula

v
=

Vu
b.d

pg. 58

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

c
Calculate from table 13 of IS 456 the value of permissible shear (

)for the

balanced percentage of reinforcement. Obtain value of K clause 47.2.1.1 of IS


456 and work out value of permissible shear in slab by the formula

c
=k

v
If

c
=k

the slab is safe in shear and requires no shear reinforcement else

shear reinforcement shall be provided.


Check for the development length at supports.

Ld < 1.3

M1
V

+ Lo

10 Torsional reinforcement; As per code, area of steel of torsion reinforcement per


Meter width of slab in each layer of mesh at each corner of the slab
= Area of reinforcement for max + ve B.M.

8.1.2 BEAMS
A reinforcement concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and
shear stresses induced in it by the on the beam. Concrete is fairly strong in compression
but very weak in tension. Paint concrete beams are thus limited in carrying capacity by
the low tensile strength. Steel is very strong in tension. Thus, the tensile weakness of
concrete is overcome by the provision of reinforced steel in the tension zone round the
concrete to make a reinforce concrete beam.
The beams and slabs in concrete structure are cast monolithic. Hence the structure
becomes a slab, which is stiffened by concrete ribs in which the intermediate beams act
as T beam, and beams round the staircase. Lift openings, supports frames, etc. act as L

pg. 59

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
beams. The portion of the slab that acts as a-flange of T or 1 beams on its own thickness
and span.
The flange of the T-beam provides the necessary resistance to compression while
the vertical rib provides the depth and hence the necessary lever arm. The width of the rib
must be such as to accommodate the tensile reinforcement. A certain portion of the slab
on either slab may be considered as forming the compression flange. If the supporting
beam happens to be an end beam, the flange of the beam is present only on side of the
beam, in such a case is called an L- beam.
For a T-beam or L-beam action the following condition shall be satisfied:
I.

The slab shall be cast integrally with the web, or the web and the slab shall be
effectively bounded together in any other manner, and

II.

If the main reinforcement of the slab is parallel to the beam, the transverse
reinforcement shall not be less than 60% of the main rein for cement and at mid
span of the slab.
Hence the sections of the beam are taken as rectangle and the beams are doubly
reinforced.

The necessity of providing steel in the compression region arises due to two reasons,
A)

The main reinforcement of a singly reinforced beam cannot be increased by more


than 25% of a balanced section by increasing the steel only on tension side.

B)

At the support of a continuous beam the bending moment changes its sing. Such a
situation may also arise in the design of a beam.
Beams may be singly reinforced or doubly reinforced. If case of singly reinforced

beam, the main reinforcement is provided near the faces of the beam subjected to tension
and compression.

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


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A doubly reinforced section is generally provided under the following conditions.
1.

When the depth and breadth of the beam are restricted and it has to resist greater
bending moment than a singly reinforced beam of that section would do.

2.

When the beam is continuous over several supports, the section of the beam at the
support is usually designed as doubly reinforces section.

3.

When the member is subjected to eccentric loading.

4.

When the bending moment in the member reverses according to the loading
conditions e.g., the wall of the under ground R.C.C storage reservoir, brackets
etc.,

5.

When the member is subjected to shocks, impact or accidental lateral thrust.

DESIGN SPECIFICATION ACCORDING TO IS: 456-2000


Effective depth of beams is the distance between the centroid of the area of
tension reinforcement and the maximum compression fiber, excluding the thickness
of the finishing material not placed monolithically.

Control of deflection

The deflection of a structure or a part there of shall not adversely affect the
appearance or efficiency of the structure of finishes or partitions. The deflection shall
generally be limited to the following:
The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep
and shrinkage are measured from the as-cast level of the support of the floor, roofs and all
other horizontal members not normally exceed span/250.

pg. 61

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring
after erection of partitions and the application of finishes should not normally exceed
span/350 or 20mm whichever is less.
Doubly reinforced beams
A doubly reinforced beam is that in which reinforcement is provided both for
tension as well as compression face.
Conditions
In continuous beams where tension is developed at both face near the center
of the beam and on the top face near the supports. From architectural point of view if
the size of the beam is restricted.
T- beams
Whenever slabs are casted monolithically a part of the slab acts along with the
beam, as a result the cross-section of the beam appears to the similar to the letter T.
Hence the beam is called as T-beam
Conditions

The flange must be under compression.

Both slab and beam must be casted monolithically or they must be connected

together by some other means.


The main reinforcement of the slab must be casted perpendicular to the beam.

Shear

A beam subjected to shear force and bending moment experience diagonal


tension. Vertical shear force alone is not as critical when compared with the result due to
the intersection of bending moment and shear force.
The resultants of these stresses produce diagonal tension, which may develop crack in the
beam.

pg. 62

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
To take care of this resultant diagonal tension shear reinforcement is provided in two
forms.
1

Cranked bars

Stirrups
i

Vertical

ii

Inclined.

8.1.3 COLUMN
A Column is a vertical member in a structure used to transfer the loads from slabs
to the foundation below. The load from slab may be either directly transferred to the
columns or indirectly transferred to the columns through the beams. Only those vertical
members in a structure whose slenderness ratio is greater than 3 are called columns.
If the slenderness ratio is less than 3, those vertical members are called PEDESTALS.
If the slenderness ratio is more than 12, those members are called SLENDER (or Long
Columns).
If the slenderness ratio is less than 12, those vertical members are called Short
Columns.
However, the maximum slenderness ratio of a column should not exceed 60.
In addition to the compressive loads, the columns may be subjected to tension due to
either accidental eccentricity of load or due to bending moment owing to the end
restraint. To resist this tension some amount of steel has to be provided longitudinally. To
keep this longitudinal steel in position and to prevent buckling of bars, transverse
reinforcement (generally called as TIES) has to be provided.
The common shapes of Columns are in practice are:
1) Circular Columns
2) Square Columns
3) Rectangular Columns

pg. 63

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
In case of Circular Columns, the minimum numbers of longitudinal bars provided are 6.
In case of Square Columns or Rectangular Columns, the minimum numbers of
longitudinal bars provided are 4.
`

When all other factors such as Grade of Materials, Cross Sectional area etc., are

constant a short column will carry more load than a long column. In other words the load
carrying capacity of a column decreases as its length increases.
Effective Length
The effective length of a column is defined as the length between the points of
contra flexure of the buckled column. The code has given certain values of the
effective length for normal usage assuming idealized and condition shown in
appendix D of IS 456 (table 24)

A column may be classified as follows based on the type of loading.


1

Axially loaded column.

A column subjected to axial load and uni-axial bending.

A column subjected axial loads and bi-axial bending.

Axially Loaded Columns


All compression members are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity of
load into principal directions. IN practice, a truly axially loaded column is rare, if not
non-existent. Therefore, every column should be designed for an eccentricity. Clause
22.4 of IS code specifies the following eccentricity, e min for the design of column in
the direction under consideration.
Axial Load and Uniaxial Bending
A member subjected to axial force and uniaxial bending shall be designed on the
basis of
a

The maximum compressive strain in concrete in concrete in axial compression


is taken as .002

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


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b

The maximum compression strain in concrete at the highly compressed


extreme fiber in concrete subjected to axial compression and when there is no
tension on the section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least
compressed extreme fiber.
Design charges for combined axial compression and bending are given in the
form of interaction diagrams in which curves for Pu /fck bD Vs Mu /fck b D2
are plotted for different values of p/ f ck where P is the reinforcement
percentage (N/C)

Axial Load and Biaxial Bending


The resistance of a member subjected to axial fore and biaxial bending shall be
obtained on the basis of assumptions given in 38.1 and 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen
as to satisfy the equilibrium of load and moments about two axes.
Alternatively such members may be designed by the following equation: (N/C)
Mux,Muy = Moment about x and y-axis due to design load
Muxl, muyl = Maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of pu,
bending about x and y axis respectively
An is related to pu/puz
Puz = 0.45 x fck x Ac + 0.75 x fy x Asc
For values of Pu/puz = 0.2 to 0.8, the values of an varies from 1 to 2
For values less than 0.2

=1.0

For values greater than 0.8,

= 2.0

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


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8.1.4 FOUNDATION
Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the buildings or
individual column to the earth. If these loads are to be properly transmitted,
foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement of rotation, to minimize
differential settlement and to provide adequate safety against sliding and overturning
most foundations may be classified as follows:
1

Isolated footings under individual columns.


These may be square, rectangular or circular in plan.

Combined footing supporting two or more column loads.


These may be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan or they may be isolated bases
joined by a beam. The later case is referred to as a strap footing.

Raft of mat foundation.


It is a large continuous foundation supporting all the column of a structure.
This is normally used when soil condition are poor or differential settlement is
to be avoided.

Pile foundations
Pile caps are used to tie a group of piles together. These may support isolated
column, or groups of several column or load bearing walls.

8.1.5 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOOTING


Analysis and design of footings
The analysis and design of footing can be broadly divided in the following steps:

Determination of the area of footing.

Determination of bending moments and shears at critical section and


fixing the depth of footing.

pg. 66

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


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Determination of the area reinforcement.

Check for development length at critical section.

The area of the footing is worked out based on the number including self-weight
of footing and bearing capacity of the soil. The calculations for bending moment, shear
force, development length etc. are made based on provision in IS code. The various
recommendations made in IS 456 design of footing are given below.

General

Footing shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and
the induced reactions and to ensure that may settlement which may occur will be
as nearly uniform as possible and the safe bearing capacity of the soil is not
exceed.

Thickness at the edge of footing. In reinforced and plain concrete footings,


thickness at the edge shall not less than 150mm for footings on the soil, nor less
than 300mm above the tops of piles for footing on piles.

Moments and forces


In the case of footing on piles, computation for moments and shears may be based
on the assumption that the reaction from any piles is concentrated at the center of the pile.
For the purpose of computing stress in footing, which support a round or octagonal
concrete column or pedestal the face of the column or pedestal shall be taken as the side
of a square inscribed with in the perimeter of the round or octagonal column or pedestal.

Bending moment:

The bending moment at any section shall be determined by passing through


the section a vertical plain which extends completely across the footing and

pg. 67

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
competing the moments of the forces acting ever the entire area of the footing
on one side of the said plane.

The greatest bending moment to be used in the design of an isolated concrete


footing which supports a column, pedestal or walls shall be moment computed
in the manner prescribed in 33.2.3.1 at sections located as follows:

1)

At the face of column, pedestal or wall for footing supporting concrete column,
pedestal or wall.

2)

Half way between the centerline and edge of the wall, for footing under masonry
walls.

3)

Half way between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gusseted
base for footing or gusseted bases.

Shear and bond:


The shear strength of the footing is governed by the more severe of the following
two conditions.
1)

The footing acting essentially as wide beam with a potential diagonal crack

extending in a plane across the entire width. Theoretical section located from the face of
the column pedestal or wall equal to the half effective depth of footing for footing on
piles.
2)

Two-way action of the footing with potential diagonal cracking along with surface

of truncated cone or pyramid around the concentrated load. In this case the footing shall
be designed for shear in accordance with appropriate provision specified in 30.6.
3)

The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be

assumed at the same planes as those described for bending moment in 33.2.3 and also at
all other vertical planes where abrupt changes of section occur. If the reinforcement is
curtails, the anchorage requirement shall be checked in accordance with 25.2.3

pg. 68

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Tensile reinforcement
The total reinforcement at any section shall provide a moment or resistance at
least equal to the bending moment on the section calculated in accordance with 33.23.

In one-way reinforcement square footing the reinforcement in the long direction


shall be distributed across the full width of the footing.

In two-way reinforced square footing the reinforcement extending in each


direction shall be distributed uniformly across the full length of the footing.

In two-way reinforced rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the long direction


shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing. For
reinforcement in the short direction, a central band equal to the width of
Reinforcement in central band width = The footing shall be marked along the
length of the footing and portion of the reinforcement determined in accordance
with equation given below shall be uniformly distributed across the where B is the
ratio of the long side to the short side of the footing the remainder of the
reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed in the portions of the footing.

Transfer of load at the base of the column


The compressive stress in concrete at base of a column or pedestal shall be
considered as being transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting pedestal or
footing. The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall not exceed the permissible bearing
stress in direct compression multiplied by a value A1/A2 but not greater than 2
Where A1= supporting area for bearing of footing, which is sloped or stropped footing
may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest.

pg. 69

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Frustum of a pyramid or cone contained wholly within the footing and having its for a
base. The area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to horizontal.
A2=loaded area at the column of the base.

For limit stress method of design the permissible bearing stress on full area of concrete
shall be taken as 0.45fck

Where the permissible bearing stress on the concrete in the supporting or


supported ember would be exceed, reinforcement shall be provided for
developing the excess the force, either by extending the longitudinal bars into the
supporting member or by dowels.

Where transfer is accomplished by reinforcement, the development length of the


reinforcement shall be sufficient to transfer the compression or tension the
supporting member.

Extended longitudinal reinforcement or dowels of at least 0.5 percent of crosssectional area of the supported column or pedestal and a minimum of fours bars
shall be provided. Where dowels are used their diameter shall not exceed the
diameter of the column bars by more than 2mm.

Column of bars of diameter larger than 36mm, in compression only can be


doweled at the footing with bars of smaller size the necessary area. The doweled
shall not exceeding to the column, a distance equal to the development length of
the column bar and into

Development length of the column bar and into the footing distance equal to the
development length of the dowel
.

Design Module = Isolated rectangular Footing


Country Code = Indian

pg. 70

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Job Name = G+3 school building

CHAPTER 9
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
9.1 DESIGN OF SLABS
DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SLAB:
SLAB 1: 2.1 x 6.785
Ly/Lx =6.785/2.1=3.23>2 (one-way slab)
M20 Grade Concrete, Fck = 20 N/mm2
Fe 415 Grade Steel,

Fy = 415 N/mm2

STEP 1: Thickness of slab


d=span/28
d=2100/28=75 mm
Adopted effective depth =75 mm
Over all Depth D=75+25=100 mm
STEP 2: Effective span
(1) Center to center of supports
Lx=2.1+0.23=2.330 m
LY=6.785+0.23=7015m

pg. 71

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
(2)Clear span + Effective depth
Lx= 2.1+0.075=2.175m
LY=6.785+0.075=6.860m

Step 3 Loads
Dead Load of Slab of 1m width = B*D*25= 1*0.1*25 = 2.5 kN/m
Floor Finish Load = 1 kN/m
Live Load = 4 kN/m
Total Load = 7.5 kN/m
Factored Load = 1.5*7.5 = 11.25 kN/m
Step4. Factored Bending Moment and Shear Force
Mu = (Wu*Lx2) / 2 = (11.25*2.1752) / 8 = 6.65 kN-m
Vu = (Wu*Lx) / 2 = (11.25*2.175) / 2 = 12.23 KN
Step 5: Minimum Depth Required
Mulim = K*b*d*d*Fck (K=0.134 for Fy=500)
6.65*106=0.137*1000*d2*20
d =49.26mm
Depth provided > required depth
75 > 49.26
Hence safe in provided depth
Step 6: Reinforcement

pg. 72

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
In Tension
Mulim = 0.87*Fy*Ast*d*[1-(Fy*Ast/Fck*b*d)]
6.65*106=0.87*415*Ast*75[1-(415*Ast/20*1000*75)]
Ast required = 265 mm2
Astmin = 0.12%Gross area =0.12%*B*D=0.0012*1000*100=120 mm2

Hence Ast > Astmin


Using 10mm dia bars, spacing of bars
S=(ast/Ast ) *1000=(*10*10/4*265)*1000 = 296 mm
Minimum Spacing:
a. 3d=3*75=225mm
b.300mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 225mm c/c
Distribution Reinforcement
Ast

= 0.12% Gross Area = 0.0012*B*D


= 0.0012*1000*100 = 120 mm2

Using 10mm dia bars, Spacing of bars


S=(ast/Ast ) *1000=(*10*10/4*120)*1000 = 654mm
Minimum Spacing:
a. 5d=5*75=375 mm
b. 450 mm

pg. 73

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 375mm c/c
Step 7. Check for deflection
For continuous slab Lx/d=26
% of steel =ast*100/s*d = 0.35%
Fs = 0.58* Fy = 0.58*415 = 240.7 N/mm2
From table -4 pg-38 of IS CODE 456-2000, Modification factor=1.3
Lx/d max permitted =1.5*26=39
Lx/d provided=2.1/0.075=28
Lx/d max permitted >Lx/d provide = 39 > 28
Therefore the Deflection Control is safe.
Step 8. Check for Shear

v =

Vu
bd

= 12.23 x 103/ 1000 x 75 = 0.16 N/mm2

Pt = % of steel @ support = Ast x 100/ bd = 120 x 100/ 1000 x 75 = 0.16


From table 19 of IS: 456-2000, we get c = 0.285 N/mm2
Also from table 20 of IS: 456-2000, c max = 2.8 N/mm2
Since, v < c and also v < c max
Therefore, the slab is safe in shear.

DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLAB:

pg. 74

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
SLAB 1 : 3.45 x 6.785
Ly/Lx =6.785/3.45 = 1.96<2 (two-way slab)
M20 Grade Concrete, F ck = 20 N/mm2
Fe 415 Grade Steel,

Fy = 415 N/mm2

STEP 1: Thickness of slab


d=span/28
d=3450/28= 123mm
Adopted depth =125mm
Over all Depth D=125+20=145mm ( taking it as 150mm)
STEP 2: Effective span
(1) Center to center of supports
Lx=3.45+0.23=3.680m
LY=6.785+0.23=7.015m
(2)Clear span + Effective depth
Lx= 3.450+0.125=3.575m
LY=6.785+0.125=6.910m
Step 3. Loads :Dead load of slab of 1m width = B* 1* D*25=1*0.15*25=3.75kn/m
Floor finish

= 1*1 =1 kN/m

Live load

= 3 kN/m

Total load

= 3.75 + 1+3 = 7.75 KN/m2

pg. 75

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Factored load

= 1.5 * 7.75 =11.625 KN/m2

Eff. Lx = 3.575m

Ly/ Lx = 6.910/3.575

Eff. Ly = 6.910m

= 1.93

Step 4: Design Moment


From IS CODE 456:2000

x(-ve)

0.089

x(+ve)

0.067

y(-ve)

0.047

y(+ve)

0.035

Mx(-ve) = (x-)*w*Lx*Lx
= 0.089 *11.625*3.57*3.57 = 13.22 kN-m
Mx(+ve)= (x+)*w*Lx*Lx
= 0.067 *11.625*3.57*3.57 = 9.95 kN-m
My(-ve) = (y-)*w*Lx*Lx
= 0.047*11.625*3.57*3.57= 6.98 kN-m
My(+ve) = (y+)*w*Lx*Lx

pg. 76

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
= 0.035*11.625*3.57*3.57 = 5.20 kN-m

Step 5: Minimum Depth Required


Mulim = K*b*d*d*Fck (K=0.134 for Fy=500)
13.22*106=0.137*1000*d2*20
d =69.46mm
Depth provided > required depth
125>69.46
Hence safe in provided depth
Step 6: Reinforcement
Along X-direction
Mulim = 0.87*Fy*Ast*d*[1-(Fy*Ast/Fck*b*d)]
13.22*106=0.87*415*Ast*125[1-(415*Ast/20*1000*125)
Ast required = 305 mm2
Astmin =0.12%Gross area =0.12%*B*D=0.0012*1000*150=180 mm2
Using 10mm dia bars, spacing of bars
Spacing
Using 10mm dia bars
S = (ast/Ast ) *1000=*10*10*1000/4*305 = 257mm
Maximum Spacing:

pg. 77

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
a.3d=3*125=375mm
b.300mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 260mm c/c
Along Y-direction
Mulim = 0.87*Fy*Ast*d*[1-(Fy*Ast/Fck*b*d)]
6.98*106=0.87*415*Ast*125[1-(415*Ast/20*1000*125)]
Ast, required = 158.00 mm2
Astmin =0.12%Gross area =0.12%*B*D=180mm2
Spacing
Using 10mm dia bars
spacing of bars , S = (ast/Ast ) *1000=*10*10*1000/4*158 = 523mm
Maximum Spacing:
a. 3d=3*125=360mm
b.300mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 300mm c/c
Step 6: Torsion steel
At corners where slab is discontinuous over both edges, At =(3/4)Ast. =172 mm2
Using 10mm dia bars, spacing of bars
S=(ast/Ast ) *1000=*10*10*1000/4*172
=456mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 456mm c/c

pg. 78

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
At corners where slab is discontinuous over only one edge , At = (3/8)Ast. =86.25 mm2
Using 10mm dia bars, spacing of bars
S=(ast/Ast ) *1000=*10*10*1000/4*86.25
=582mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 582mm c/c
Step 7: Reinforcement in Edge strip
Ast =0.12%Gross area =0.12%*B*D
=0.0012*1000*150
=180mm2
Spacing
Using 10mm dia bars, spacing of bars
S=(ast/Ast ) *1000=*10*10*1000/4*180
=436mm
Maximum Spacing:
a. 5d=5*125=625mm
b.450mm
Hence provide 10mm dia bars @ 279mm c/c
8. Check for deflection
For continuous slab Lx/d=26
% of steel =ast*100/b*d=0.24
From table -4 pg-38 of IS CODE,

pg. 79

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Fs = 240.7
Modification factor=1.6
Lx/d max permitted =1.6*26=41.6
Lx/d provided=3575/125=28.6
Lx/d max permitted >Lx/d provided.
Hence the structure is safe from deflection.
9. Check for Shear

v =

Vu
bd

= 20.77 x 103/ (1000 x 125) = 0.166 N/mm2

Pt = % of steel @ support = Ast x 100/ bd = 0.24


From table 19 of IS: 456-2000, we get c = 0.355 N/mm2
Also from table 20 of IS: 456-2000, c max = 2.8 N/mm2
Since, v < c and also v < c max
Therefore, the slab is safe in shear.

9.2 DESIGN OF BEAMS:


B E A M N O. 974 DESIGN RESULTS

M20

Fe415 (Main)

LENGTH: 7015 mm

SIZE: 230.0 mm X 350.0 mm

Fe415 (Sec.)
COVER: 25.0 mm

pg. 80

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

SECTION

0.0 mm

1753.8mm

3507.8 mm

5261.2 mm

7015.0 mm

TOP REINF.

987.6 (Sq.

0.00 (Sq.

0.00(Sq.

0.00 (Sq.

954.10(Sq.

BOTTOM

mm)
297.51 (Sq.

mm)
150.75 (Sq.

mm)
529.8 (Sq.

mm)
150.7(Sq.

mm)
263.13(Sq.

REINF.

mm)

mm)

mm)

mm)

mm)

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

SECTION

0.0 mm

1753.8

3507.8

5261.2

7015.0

TOP REINF

5-161

mm
2-16 1

mm
2-16 1

mm
2-16 1

mm
5-161

BOTTOM REINF.

layer(s)
4-10 1

layer(s)
2-10 1

layer(s)
7-10 2

layer(s)
2-10 1

layer(s)
4-101

SHEAR REINF.

layer(s)
2 legged

layer(s)
2 legged

layer(s)
2 legged

layer(s)
2 legged

layer(s)
2 legged

8 @ 110

8 @ 110

8 @ 110

8 @ 110

8 @ 110

mm c/c

mm c/c

mm c/c

mm c/c

mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH)


FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT
SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 515.0 mm

pg. 81

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
AWAY FROM START SUPPORT VY = 65.44 MX = 0.01 LD= 3
Provide 2 Legged 8 @ 110 mm c/c
SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 515.0 mm
AWAY FROM END SUPPORT VY = -64.67 MX = 0.01 LD= 3
Provide 2 Legged 8 @ 110 mm c/c

B E A M N O. 973 DESIGN RESULTS

M20

Fe415 (Main)

LENGTH: 7015 mm

SIZE: 230.0 mm X 350.0 mm

Fe415 (Sec.)
COVER: 25.0 mm

pg. 82

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

SECTION

0.0 mm

1753.8mm

3507.5 mm

5261.3 mm

7015.0 mm

TOP REINF.

863.2 (Sq.

0.00 (Sq.

0.00(Sq.

0.00 (Sq.

1073.92(Sq.

BOTTOM

mm)
189.07 (Sq.

mm)
209.8 (Sq.

mm)
586.8 (Sq.

mm)
149.3 (Sq.

mm)
412.58(Sq.

REINF.

mm)

mm)

mm)

mm)

mm)

SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

SECTION

0.0 mm

1753.8

3507.5

5261.3

7015.0

TOP REINF

8-122

mm
2-12 1

mm
2-12 1

mm
2-12 1

mm
10-122

BOTTOM REINF.

layer(s)
2-16 1

layer(s)
2-16 1

layer(s)
3-16 1

layer(s)
2-16 1

layer(s)
3-161

SHEAR REINF.

layer(s)
2 legged

layer(s)
2 legged

layer(s)
2 legged

layer(s)
2 legged

layer(s)
2 legged

8 @ 110

8 @ 110

8 @ 110

8 @ 110

8 @ 110

mm c/c

mm c/c

mm c/c

mm c/c

mm c/c

SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT DISTANCE d (EFFECTIVE DEPTH)


FROM FACE OF THE SUPPORT
SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 515.0 mm
AWAY FROM START SUPPORT VY = 62.10 MX = -0.66 LD= 3
Provide 2 Legged 8 @ 110 mm c/c

pg. 83

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
SHEAR DESIGN RESULTS AT 515.0 mm
AWAY FROM END SUPPORT VY = -68.0 MX = -0.66 LD= 3
Provide 2 Legged 8 @ 110 mm c/c

9.3 DESIGN OF COLUMNS


C O L U M N N O. 1263 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M20

LENGTH: 3500.0 mm
40.0mm

Fe415 (Main)

CROSS SECTION: 230.0 mm X 400.0 mm

Fe415 (Sec.)

COVER:

GUIDING LOAD CASE: 3 BRACED LONG(Z) /SHORT(Y) REQD.


STEEL AREA : 701.8 Sq.mm.
REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 91298.21 Sq.mm.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 - 12 dia. (0.98%, 904.78 Sq.mm.)

pg. 84

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c SECTION
CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)
Puz : 1040.12

Muz1 : 50.8

Muy1 : 26.82

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.97 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

C O L U M N N O. 1264 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M20

LENGTH: 3500.0 mm
40.0mm

Fe415 (Main)

CROSS SECTION: 230.0 mm X 400.0 mm

Fe415 (Sec.)

COVER:

GUIDING LOAD CASE: 3 BRACED LONG(Z) /SHORT(Y) REQD.


STEEL AREA : 321.6 Sq.mm.
REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 91678.4 Sq.mm.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 - 12 dia. (0.98%, 904.78 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)

pg. 85

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190 mm c/c SECTION
CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)
Puz : 925.2

Muz1 : 49.4

Muy1 : 26.71

INTERACTION RATIO: 0.98 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)

pg. 86

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

9.4 DESIGN OF FOOTINGS:


Isolated Footing 1

pg. 87

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Input Values
Footing Geometry

pg. 88

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Design Type :

Calculate Dimension

Footing Thickness (Ft) :

305.000 mm

Footing Length - X (Fl) :

1000.000 mm

Footing Width - Z (Fw) :

1000.000 mm

Eccentricity along X (Oxd) :

0.000 mm

Eccentricity along Z (Ozd) :

0.000 mm

Column Dimensions
column type : rectangular
length : 400mm
width : 230mm

Design Parameters
Concrete and Rebar Properties
Unit Weight of Concrete :

25.000 kN/m3

Strength of Concrete :

25.000 N/mm2

Yield Strength of Steel :

415.000 N/mm2

Minimum Bar Size :

10

Maximum Bar Size :

32

Minimum Bar Spacing :

50.000 mm

Maximum Bar Spacing :

500.000 mm

Pedestal Clear Cover (P, CL) :

50.000 mm

Footing Clear Cover (F, CL) :

50.000 mm

pg. 89

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Soil Properties
Soil Type :

Drained

Unit Weight :

25.000 kN/m3

Soil Bearing Capacity :

250.000 kN/m2

Soil Surcharge :

0.000 kN/m2

Depth of Soil above Footing :

0.000 mm

Cohesion :

0.000 kN/m2

Min Percentage of Slab :

0.000
Sliding and Overturning

Coefficient of Friction :
Factor of Safety Against Sliding :
Factor of Safety Against Overturning :

0.500
1.500
1.500

Load Combination/s- Service Stress Level


Load
Combination
Number
1
2

Load Combination Title


LL
DL
Load Combination/s- Strength Level

Load Combination
Number
1
2

LC
1
2

Load Combination Title


LL
DL
Applied Loads - Service Stress Level
Axial
(kN)
69.526
515.217

Shear X
Shear Z
Moment X
(kN)
(kN)
(kNm)
0.459
0.252
-0.022
-33.549
-11.844
-2.662
Applied Loads - Strength Level

Moment Z
(kNm)
1.513
3.133

pg. 90

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

LC
1
2

Axial
(kN)
69.526
515.217

Shear X
(kN)
0.459
-33.549

Shear Z
(kN)
0.252
-11.844

Moment X
(kNm)
-0.022
-2.662

Moment Z
(kNm)
1.513
3.133

Design Calculations
Footing Size
Initial Length (Lo) =
Initial Width (Wo) =
Uplift force due to buoyancy =
Effect due to adhesion =
Area from initial length and width,
Ao =
Min. area required from bearing
pressure, Amin =

1.000 m
1.000 m
0.000 kN
0.000 kN
Lo X Wo = 1.000 m2
P / qmax = 2.091 m2

Note: Amin is an initial estimation.


P = Critical Factored Axial Load(without self
weight/buoyancy/soil).
qmax = Respective Factored Bearing Capacity.

Final Footing Size


Length (L2) =

1.600

Governing Load Case :

#2

Width (W2) =

1.600

Governing Load Case :

#2

Depth (D2) =

0.355

Governing Load Case :

#2

Area (A2) =

2.560

m2

Pressures at Four Corner

pg. 91

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Load Case

Pressure at
corner 1 (q1)
(kN/m2)

Pressure at
corner 2 (q2)
(kN/m2)

Pressure at
corner 3 (q3)
(kN/m2)

Pressure at
corner 4 (q4)
(kN/m2)

Area of
footing in
uplift (Au)
(m2)

237.6510

198.4960

180.1126

219.2676

0.000

237.6510

198.4960

180.1126

219.2676

0.000

237.6510

198.4960

180.1126

219.2676

0.000

237.6510

198.4960

180.1126

219.2676

0.000

If Au is zero, there is no uplift and no pressure adjustment is necessary. Otherwise, to


account for uplift, areas of negative pressure will be set to zero and the pressure will be
redistributed to remaining corners.
Summary of adjusted Pressures at Four Corner
Pressure at
corner 1 (q1)

Pressure at
corner 2 (q2)

Pressure at
corner 3 (q3)

Pressure at
corner 4 (q4)

(kN/m2)

(kN/m2)

(kN/m2)

(kN/m2)

237.6510

198.4960

180.1126

219.2676

237.6510

198.4960

180.1126

219.2676

237.6510

198.4960

180.1126

219.2676

237.6510

198.4960

180.1126

219.2676

Load Case

pg. 92

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Details of Out-of-Contact Area
(If Any)
Governing load case =
Plan area of footing =
Area not in contact with soil =
% of total area not in contact =

N/A
2.560 sq.m
0.000 sq.m
0.000%

Check For Stability Against Overturning And Sliding


-

Factor of safety against sliding

Factor of safety against overturning

Load Case
No.

Along XDirection

Along ZDirection

About X-Direction

About Z-Direction

97.075

176.626

1302.268

51.864

7.970

22.573

68.175

32.008

Critical Load Case And The Governing Factor Of Safety For Overturning and Sliding X Direction
Critical Load Case for Sliding along X-Direction :2
Governing Disturbing Force :-33.549 kN
Governing Restoring Force :267.369 kN
Minimum Sliding Ratio for the Critical Load Case :7.970
Critical Load Case for Overturning about X-Direction :2
Governing Overturning Moment :-6.275 kNm
Governing Resisting Moment :427.782 kNm
Minimum Overturning Ratio for the Critical Load Case :68.175
Critical Load Case And The Governing Factor Of Safety For Overturning and Sliding Z Direction
Critical Load Case for Sliding along Z-Direction : 2
Governing Disturbing Force : -11.844 kN
Governing Restoring Force : 267.369 kN
Minimum Sliding Ratio for the Critical Load Case : 22.573
Critical Load Case for Overturning about Z-Direction : 2
Governing Overturning Moment : 13.365 kNm
Governing Resisting Moment : 427.782 kNm
Minimum Overturning Ratio for the Critical Load Case : 32.008

Moment Calculation
Check Trial Depth against moment (w.r.t. X Axis)
Critical Load Case = #2
= 0.300 m
Effective Depth =
Governing moment (Mu) = 78.011 kNm

pg. 93

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C
Limiting Factor1 (Kumax) =

= 0.479107
= 3444.291146 kN/m2

Limiting Factor2 (Rumax) =


Limit Moment Of Resistance (Mumax) =

= 495.968888 kNm
Mu <= Mumax hence, safe

Check Trial Depth against moment (w.r.t. Z Axis)


Critical Load Case = #2
= 0.300 m
Effective Depth =
Governing moment (Mu) = 62.189 kNm
As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C
Limiting Factor1 (Kumax) =

= 0.479107
= 3444.291146 kN/m2

Limiting Factor2 (Rumax) =


Limit Moment Of Resistance (Mumax) =

= 495.968888 kNm
Mu <= Mumax hence, safe

Shear Calculation
Check Trial Depth for one way shear (Along X Axis)
(Shear Plane Parallel to X Axis)

pg. 94

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Critical Load Case = #2


DX = 0.300 m
Shear Force(S) = 128.274 kN
Shear Stress(Tv) = 267.237286 kN/m2
Percentage Of Steel(Pt) = 0.1420
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 40 Table 19
Shear Strength Of Concrete(Tc) = 283.870 kN/m2
Tv< Tc hence, safe

Check Trial Depth for one way shear (Along Z Axis)


(Shear Plane Parallel to Z Axis)

pg. 95

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Critical Load Case = #2


DZ = 0.300 m
Shear Force(S) = 104.239 kN
Shear Stress(Tv) = 217.163791 kN/m2
Percentage Of Steel(Pt) = 0.1540
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 40 Table 19
Shear Strength Of Concrete(Tc) = 294.407 kN/m2
Tv< Tc hence, safe

Check Trial Depth for two way shear

pg. 96

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Critical Load Case = #2


Shear Force(S) = 440.551 kN
Shear Stress(Tv) = 596.954 kN/m2
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1
Ks =
= 1.000
Shear Strength(Tc)=
= 1250.0000 kN/m2
Ks x Tc = 1250.0000 kN/m2
Tv<= Ks x Tc hence, safe

Reinforcement Calculation
Calculation of Maximum Bar Size

pg. 97

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Along X Axis
Bar diameter corresponding to max bar size (db) = 12 mm
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.2.1
Development Length(ld) =
Allowable Length(ldb) =

= 0.484 m
= 0.550 m
ldb >=ld hence, safe

Along Z Axis
Bar diameter corresponding to max bar size(db) = 12 mm
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.2.1
Development Length(ld) =
Allowable Length(ldb) =

= 0.484 m
= 0.635 m
ldb >=ld hence, safe

Bottom Reinforcement Design


Along Z Axis

pg. 98

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

For moment w.r.t. X Axis (Mx)


As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1
Critical Load Case = #2
Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 681.600 mm2
Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 739.132 mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 739.132 mm2
Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted
Selected bar Size (db) = 10
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 50.000 mm
Selected spacing (S) = 165.556 mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size...
The reinforcement is accepted.

Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is


10 @ 165.000 mm o.c.
Along X Axis

pg. 99

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

For moment w.r.t. Z Axis (Mz)


As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1
Critical Load Case = #2
Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 681.600 mm2
Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 586.033 mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 681.600 mm2
Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted
Selected bar Size (db) = 10
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = = 50.000 mm
Selected spacing (S) = 186.250 mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size...
The reinforcement is accepted.
Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is
10 @ 185.000 mm o.c.

Top Reinforcement Design


Along Z Axis

pg. 100

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 681.600 mm2


Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 681.600 mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 681.600 mm2
Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted
Governing Moment = 3.180 kNm
Selected bar Size (db) = 10
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 50.000 mm
Selected spacing (S) = 186.250 mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size...
The reinforcement is accepted.
Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is
10 @ 185 mm o.c.

Along X Axis

pg. 101

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 681.600 mm2


Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 681.600 mm2
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 681.600 mm2
Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted
Governing Moment = 2.440 kNm
Selected bar Size (db) = 10
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = = 50.000 mm
Selected spacing (S) = 186.250 mm
Smin <= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size...
The reinforcement is accepted.
Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is
10 @ 185 mm o.c.

pg. 102

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
The main objective of the project to Analyze and Design of a MULTISTORIED
SCHOOL BUILDING considering Gravity Loads (Dead and Live Loads) using STAADPro has been done successfully.
Design of slabs was done manually referring text books and strictly as per IS:
456-2000. Design of beams, columns and footings were done using Staad-Pro. The
building frame was analyzed using Staad-Pro and using the same, the design of beams,

pg. 103

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
columns and footings were obtained. Using staad-pro accurate details of reinforcement
distribution in beams, columns and footings were obtained. By using Staad-Pro not only
saved the time but gave very accurate results. By using Auto-Cad various drawings has
been prepared which includes the site plan, floor plans, Centre line of columns, positions
of the footings, columns, beams, slabs and reinforcement details.

REFERENCES

Text Books:
1
2
3
4
5

Structural Analysis I & II by S.S Bhavikatti and by Vazirani and Ratwani


C.C design by N. Krishna Raju and R. N. Pranesh
Design of R.C. S by S. Ramamrutham
Limit state Design by B.C Punmia and A.K. Jain
Reinforced concrete structures by Dr. M. R. Dheerendra Babu

pg. 104

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTISTORIED SCHOOL


BUILDING
Code books:
1
2
3
4

IS 456:2000
IS 875 Part I & II
SP 34
Model Building bye Laws (November 2004)

5
6

National building code 2005


IS 8827: 1978

pg. 105

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