Dr. Md.

Faisal Kader
Associate Professor

Md. Mahfuzul Hoq

ID- 131436, Dept- MCE

Energy is a property of objects, transferable among them via fundamental

interactions, which can be converted into different forms but not created or
destroyed. There are many forms of energy, but all these types must meet certain
conditions such as being convertible to other kinds of energy, obeying conservation
of energy, and causing a proportional change in mass in objects that possess it .

On the basis of the nature of the energy, it can be classified into the following
categories:
Potential Energy
Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position (gravitational). It exists
in various forms.
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is energy in motion- the motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules
and substances. It exists in various forms.
Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Biomass,
petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are examples of stored chemical energy.
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom - the energy that holds
the nucleus together. The nucleus of a uranium atom is an example of nuclear
energy.
Gravitational Energy
Gravitational energy is the energy of place or position. Water in a reservoir behind
a hydropower dam is an example of gravitational energy. When the water is released
to spin turbines, it becomes rotational energy.
Radiant Energy
Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that travels in transverse waves. Radiant
energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. Solar energy is
an example of radiant energy.
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Thermal Energy
Thermal energy (or heat) is the internal energy in substances- the vibration and
movement of atoms and molecules within substances. Geothermal energy is an
example of thermal energy.
Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is the movement of electrons. Lightning and electricity are
examples of electrical energy.
Sound Energy
Sound is the movement of vibration through substances/medium in longitudinal
(compression/rarefaction) waves. It transfers energy when it travels from one place
to another.
Light Energy
Light energy is a type of wave motion. That is, light is a form of energy caused by
light waves. It enables us to see, as objects are only visible when they reflect light
into our eyes.
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is a controversial energy source. It is not a renewable energy source,
but because it is a technology not based on fossil fuels many people think nuclear
power plants could play an important role in reducing carbon emissions and battling
climate change. However, many others feel the risk of accidents and the issues of
storing nuclear waste for thousands of years are too significant to warrant the
development of this energy source.
On the basis of the nature of the source, that is, the chance of the souce being extinct,
it can be classified into the following categories:
Non renewable energy
Renewable energy

A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a resource that does

not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in
meaningful human time-frames. An example is carbon-based, organicallyPage 2 of 6

derived fuel. The original organic material, with the aid of heat and pressure,
becomes a fuel such as oil or gas.
Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), and certain aquifers are
all non-renewable resources.
Earth minerals and ores
Minerals and metal ores are other examples of non-renewable resources. The
metals themselves are present in vast amounts in the earth's crust, and their
extraction by humans only occurs where they are concentrated by natural
geological processes (such as heat, pressure, organic activity, weathering and
other processes) enough to become economically viable to extract. These
processes generally take from tens of thousands to millions of years, through
plate tectonics, tectonic subsidence and crustal recycling.
Fossil fuel
Natural resources such as coal, petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas take
thousands of years to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast as they are
being consumed. Eventually it is considered that fossil-based resources will
become too costly to harvest and humanity will need to shift its reliance to
other sources of energy. These resources are yet to be named.

Renewable energy is what that comes from resources which are replenished
automatically on our environment such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves,
geothermal heat etc. It is now supplying us with a great amount of energy that has
great significance in our life .It has replaced conventional fuels in four distinct areas
# Electricity generation

# Motor fuels

# Hot water/space heating

# Rural (off-grid) energy services

Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist
over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are
concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable
energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources,
would result in significant energy security and economic benefits.
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Mostly used technologies in this regard are:

Wind power
Hydropower

Biomass
Biofuel

Solar energy

Wind power
Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern utility-scale wind turbines range
from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with rated output
of 1.53 MW have become the most common for commercial use; the power available
from the wind is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases,
power output increases up to the maximum output for the particular turbine

Hydro power
There are many forms of water energy
-Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric
dams. The largest of which is the Three Gorges Dam in China and a smaller example
is the Akosombo Dam in Ghana.
-Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically
produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas as a remotearea power supply (RAPS).
-Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and
oceans without the creation of a large reservoir.

Solar Energy
This energy is used hugely around the world. A solar panel is used in this regard
which converts solar light energy into electrical energy and store it. Solar
technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar
depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.

Biomass
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It
most often refers to plants or plant-derived materials which are specifically called
lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via
combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of
biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods
which are broadly classified into:
-Thermal
-Themical
-Biochemical methods
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Biofuel
Biofuels include a wide range of fuels which are derived from biomass. The term
covers solid biofuels, liquid biofuels, and gaseous biofuels .Liquid biofuels include
bio-alcohols, such as bioethanol, and oils, such as biodiesel. Gaseous biofuels include
biogas, landfill gas and synthetic gas.

Renewable energy is important because of the benefits it provides. The key benefits
are:
Environmental Benefits
Renewable energy technologies are clean sources of energy that have a much lower
environmental impact than conventional energy technologies.
Sustainability
Renewable energy will not run out. Ever. Other sources of energy are finite and will
some day be depleted.
Jobs and the Economy
Most renewable energy investments are spent on materials and workmanship to
build and maintain the facilities, rather than on costly energy imports. Renewable
energy investments are usually spent within the United States, frequently in the
same state, and often in the same town. This means your energy dollars stay home
to create jobs and fuel local economies, rather than going overseas.
Meanwhile, renewable energy technologies developed and built in the United States
are being sold overseas, providing a boost to the U.S. trade deficit.
Energy Security
After the oil supply disruptions of the early 1970s, our nation has increased its
dependence on foreign oil supplies instead of decreasing it. This increased
dependence impacts more than just our national energy policy.

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