Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
LABORATORY - II
(EE2305)
LAB MANUAL
YEAR: III
SEMESTER: V
Page: 1
Sl.No
Date of
Expt.
Marks
Signature
: III/ V
Duration
STAFF INCHARGE
HOD/EEE
T.BALASUBRAMANIAN
AP/EEE
Page: 3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Capacity
Voltage
Current
Speed
:
:
:
:
Date :
Ex. No: 1
REFERENCES:
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd, 2002.
2. P.S. Bhimbhra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
2
4
5
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
Tachometer
Connecting wires
THEORY:
A 3-phase induction motor consists of stator and rotor with the other associated
parts. In the stator, a 3-phase winding is provided. The windings of the three phase are
displaced in space by 120.A 3-phase current is fed to the 3-phase winding. These
windings produce a resultant magnetic flux and it rotates in space like a solid magnetic
poles being rotated magnetically
FORMULA:
Torque applied on the motor, T
Where,
Input Power, Pi
Output, P0
% Efficiency,
2NT
60
Po
Pi
in Watts.
x 100
Page: 5
1. OBSERVATION TABULATION:
Sl.No
1.
2.
Line
Voltage
VL
(Amps)
Line
current
IL
(Amps)
Input Power,
Pi (Watts)
Speed
N
Reading Actual (rpm )
M.F=----------Spring Balance
Reading
F1( kg )
F2 ( kg )
6.
2. CALCULATION TABULATION:
Sl.No
1.
2.
Line
current
IL
(Amps)
MODEL GRAPHS:
MODEL CALCULATION:
p.f
Torque
(N.m)
% Slip
Output
Power
P0
(Watts)
Input
Power
Pi
(Watts)
%
Efficiency
=
=
Po
3x VL x IL
x 100
Where,
NS = Synchronous speed = 1500 rpm.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor should be started without any load.
2. The supply should not be switched OFF before the motor is unloaded.
3. While running on load, the brake drum is cooled by pouring cold water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply at no load. Take one set of reading at no load.
3. Vary the load in suitable step and hence note down all the meter reading up to
100 % of full load. ( Observe one reading slightly above but less than 120% rated
current)
RANGE FIXING:
Rated voltage of motor
= ------------ V
Range of voltmeter
= ------------ V
Rated current of motor
= ------------ A
Range of ammeter
= ------------ A
The active power drawn by the motor and reactive power is less. So power factor is
normally more than 0.3.
UPF wattmeter
= ------------ V, ------------ A
Rated current of variac = ------------ A
DISCUSSION QUESTION:
1. Compare induction motor with transformer?
2. Why induction motor draws more current on load than a transformer?
3. Can you identify the type of induction motor on visual inspection? If yes, How?
4. Which type of induction motor has more starting torque?
5. What is induction generator?
RESULT:
Page: 7
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Date :
Ex. No: 2
REFERENCES:
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd, 2002.
2. P.S. Bhimbhra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
2
4
5
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
Tachometer
Connecting wires
THEORY:
Slip ring induction motor is also called as phase wound motor. The motor is wound
for as many poles as the no. of stator poles and always wound 3- even while the stator
is wound two-phase. The other three windings are brought out and connected to three
insulated slip-rings mounted on the shaft with brushes resting on them. These three
brushes are further externally connected to a three phase star connected rheostat. This
makes possible the introduction of an additional resistance in the rotor circuit during
starting period for increasing starting torque of the motor.
FORMULA:
Torque applied on the motor, T
= (F1~F2) x r x 9.81 in Nm.
Where,
Circumference of the brake drum, 2 r = ---------- m2
Radius of the brake drum, r
= ---------- m
Input Power, Pi
Output, P0
% Efficiency,
2NT
60
in Watts.
= Po x 100
i
Page: 9
1. OBSERVATION TABULATION:
Line
Line
Sl. Voltage current
No
VL
IL
(Amps) (Amps)
1.
2.
M.F=-----------
Wattmeter readings
(Watts)
W1
W2
Input
Power
Speed
Pi
N
(W1 + W2) (rpm)
Watts
Spring
Balance
Reading
F1
( kg )
6.
2. CALCULATION TABULATION:
Sl.No
1.
2.
Line
current
IL
(Amps)
6.
MODEL GRAPHS:
MODEL CALCULATION:
p.f
Torque
(N.m)
% Slip
Output
Power
P0
(Watts)
Input
Power
Pi
(Watts)
%
Efficiency
F2
( kg )
=
=
Po
3x VL x IL
x 100
Where,
NS = Synchronous speed = 1500 rpm.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor should be started without any load.
2. The supply should not be switched OFF before the motor is unloaded.
3. While running on load, the brake drum is cooled by pouring cold water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply at no load. Take one set of reading at no load.
3. Vary the load in suitable step and hence note down all the meter reading up to
100 % of full load. ( Observe one reading slightly above but less than 120% rated
current)
RANGE FIXING:
Rated voltage of motor
= ------------ V
Range of voltmeter
= ------------ V
Rated current of motor
= ------------ A
Range of ammeter
= ------------ A
The active power drawn by the motor and reactive power is less. So power factor is
normally more than 0.3.
UPF wattmeter
= ------------ V, ------------ A
Rated current of variac = ------------ A
DISCUSSION QUESTION:
1. List out the merits and demerits of induction motor?
2. Name the two types of induction motor?
3. Define slip?
4. Why pf at no load of an induction motor is higher than that of a transformer?
RESULT:
Page: 11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Date :
Ex. No: 3
REFERENCES:
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd, 2002.
2. P.S. Bhimbhra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
2
4
5
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
Tachometer
Connecting wires
THEORY:
The single phase induction motor is more or less a polyphase induction motor. The
only difference is that is given supply in single phase. This motor connect and motor
function without any initial start the motor having some part which is called starter and
rotor. These are two types of starting a 1 phase induction motor namely capacitor-start
and other is split-phase. These motors are widely used in domestic purpose.
FORMULA:
Torque applied on the motor, T
Where,
Circumference of the brake drum, 2 r = ---------- m2
Radius of the brake drum, r
= ---------- m
Input Power, Pi
Output, P0
% Efficiency,
2NT
60
in Watts.
= Po x 100
i
Page: 13
1. OBSERVATION TABULATION.
Sl.
No
1.
2.
Line
Voltage
VL
(Amps)
Line
current
IL
(Amps)
M.F=-----Input Power
Pi (Watts)
Speed
N
Reading Actual (rpm )
Spring Balance
Reading
F1( kg )
F2 ( kg )
6.
2. CALCULATION TABULATION.
Sl.No
1.
2.
Line
current
IL
(Amps)
6.
MODEL GRAPHS:
MODEL CALCULATION:
p.f
Torque
(N.m)
% Slip
Output
Power
P0
(Watts)
Input
Power
Pi
(Watts)
%
Efficiency
=
=
Po
VL x IL
x 100
Where,
NS = Synchronous speed = 1500 rpm.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor should be started without any load.
2. The supply should not be switched OFF before the motor is unloaded.
3. While running on load, the brake drum is cooled by pouring cold water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply at no load. Take one set of reading at no load.
3. Vary the load in suitable step and hence note down all the meter reading up to
100 % of full load. ( Observe one reading slightly above but less than 120% rated
current)
RANGE FIXING:
Rated voltage of motor
= ------------ V
Range of voltmeter
= ------------ V
Rated current of motor
= ------------ A
Range of ammeter
= ------------ A
The active power drawn by the motor and reactive power is less. So power factor is
normally more than 0.55
UPF wattmeter
= ------------ V, ------------ A
Rated current of variac = ------------ A
DISCUSSION QUESTION:
1. Why single phase induction motors are not self starting?
2. How would you reverse the direction of a single phase capacitor start induction
motor?
3. Mention few applications of single phase induction motor?
4. Name the theory by which the working of single phase induction motor?
5. Classify the single phase motors based on their construction and method of
starting
RESULT:
Page: 15
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3-PHASE ALTERNATOR
Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed
:
Excitation :
Date :
Ex. No: 4
REFERENCES:
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd, 2002.
2. P.S. Bhimbhra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
1.
Voltmeter
3.
Rheostat
2.
4.
5.
6.
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
Tachometer
TPSTS
Connecting wires
THEORY:
The regulation of a 3-phase alternator may be predetermined by conducting the
Open Circuit (OC) and the Sort Circuit (SC) tests. The methods employed for
determination of regulation are EMF or synchronous impedance method, MMF or
Ampere Turns method and the ZPF or Potier triangle method. In this experiment, the
EMF and MMF methods are used. The OC and SC graphs are plotted from the two tests.
The synchronous impedance is found from the OC test. The regulation is then
determined at different power factors by calculations using vector diagrams. The EMF
method is also called pessimistic method as the value of regulation obtained is much
more than the actual value. The MMF method is also called optimistic method as the
value of regulation obtained is much less than the actual value. In the MMF method the
armature leakage reactance is treated as an additional armature reaction. In both
methods the OC and SC test data are utilized.
Page: 17
OBSERVATION TABULATION
1. O.C TEST:
2. S.C.TEST:
Sl.No
Field current
If (Amps)
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.
10.
1.
No-Load Voltage
Eo (Volts)
Field current
If (Amps)
Sl.No
1.
2.
.
.
5.
V (Volts)
Average Rdc () =
Stator resistance/phase AC value, Ra
I ( Amps)
Rdc ()
=1.3 x Rdc
= ----------------------
()
FORMULA:
i)
EMF method :
=1.3 x Rdc
= (
ii)
2
2)
)2 + (
)2
x 100
MMF method :
2
1 ) +(
2 cos(90
Read Eo- No load phase voltage form OCC curve corresponding to the total field
current If
Calculate above. Eo = ----V
% Regulation
x 100
Page: 19
CALCULATION TABULATION:
i).EMF method:
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Power
factor
cos
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
MODEL GRAPHS:
MODEL CALCULATION:
sin
No-Load phase
voltage, Eo (volts)
Lagging Leading
p.f
p.f
% Regulation
Lagging
p.f
Leading
p.f
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Motor field rheostat should be at the minimum resistance position while
switching on and switching off the DPSTS.
3. The starter handle must be moved step by step to start the motor and alternator
set.
PROCEDURE:
O.C TEST:
1. Keep the TPSTS open.
Page: 21
ii).MMF method:
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Power
factor
cos
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Total field
current,
If (Amps)
Lagging Leading
p.f
p.f
MODEL GRAPHS:
MODEL CALCULATION:
No-Load phase
voltage, Eo (volts)
Lagging
p.f
Leading
p.f
% Regulation
Lagging
p.f
Leading
p.f
RANGE FIXING:
Full load current of motor=____A
On both O.C and S.C test the power delivered by the alternator is zero.
The power drawn by the M-G set from source is equal to the no load power
requirements of M-G set, which is approximately 30-40% of full load current of
DC motor.
Fuse rating on DC side is ____A
The rated current of alternator is ____A
Fuse rating AC side is ____A
Range of ammeter is ( 0- ____A)
Rated phase voltage of alternator Vph = VL/3
Range of voltmeter is ( 0- ____V)
The rated field current of alternator is ____A
Range of ammeter If is ( 0- ____A)
Rheostat on field circuit of motor and alternator
Their current rating is to be based on their rated field current.
Their ohmic value should be as high as possible (especially for alternator
side).
Therefore the range of field rheostat on motor side _____A______
Therefore the range of field rheostat on alternator side _____A______
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
RESULT:
Page: 23
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3-PHASE ALTERNATOR
Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed
:
Excitation :
Date :
Ex. No: 5
REFERENCES:
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill
Company Ltd, 2002.
2. P.S. Bhimbhra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
Publishing
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Voltmeter
Rheostat
2
4
5
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
Tachometer
Connecting wires
THEORY:
A.C. generators or Alternators (as they are usually called) operate on the same
fundamental principles of electromagnetic induction as D.C. generators. They also consist
of an armature winding and a magnetic field. But there is one important difference between
the two.
Whereas in D.C. generators, the armature rotates and the field system is stationary, the
arrangement in alternators is just the reverse of it. In their case, standard construction
consists of armature winding mounted on a stationary element called stator and field
windings on a rotating element called rotor
It is clear that with change in load, there is a change in terminal voltage of an alternator.
The magnitude of this change depends not only on the load but also on the load power
factor. The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the rise in voltage when fullload is removed (field excitation and speed remaining the same) divided by the rated
terminal voltage.
Page: 25
OBSERVATION TABULATION
1. RESISTIVE LOAD:
Sl.No
Note:
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.
10.
Load
Current, IL
(Amps)
Load Voltage,
VL (Volts)
% Regulation
MODEL GRAPHS:
MODEL CALCULATION:
FORMULA:
% Regulation
Where, Eo
VL
PRECAUTIONS:
x 100
1. Before switch on the supply, the motor field rheostat must be in the minimum
resistance position.
2. The supply must be switched on the no load condition.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What are the causes for variation in terminal voltage when the alternator is loaded?
Will the p.f of the load have effect armature reaction?
Draw the phasor diagram for alternator on different load condition.
Define voltage regulation.
What is meant by synchronization?
What are the conditions to be satisfied for the successful parallel of alternator?
Alternator are synchronized with the help of an accurate device called---------
RESULT:
Page: 27
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Capacity
Voltage
Current
Speed
Excitation
:
:
:
:
:
3-PHASE ALTERNATOR
Capacity
Voltage
Current
Speed
Excitation
:
:
:
:
:
Date :
Ex. No: 6
REFERENCES:
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill
Company Ltd, 2002.
2. P.S. Bhimbhra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
Publishing
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Voltmeter
Rheostat
2
4
5
6
THEORY:
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
Tachometer
TPDTS
Connecting wires
ZPF method is based on the separation of armature leakage reactance and armature
reaction effects. To determine armature leakage reactance and armature reaction mmf
separately, two tests are performed on the alternator.
The two tests are
1. Open circuit test
2. Short circuit test
3. Zero power factor tests
ASA means American standard Association method. This is a modification of mmf
method. In these methods, the magnetic circuit is assumed to be unsaturated. If we
consider the saturated magnetic circuit, the resultant excitation is not If, but it is If. This
additional excitation can be obtained by ASA method
Page: 29
OBSERVATION TABULATION:
1. O.C TEST:
Sl.No
1.
2.
.
.
10.
Field current
If (Amps)
No-Load Voltage
Eo (Volts)
2. S.C.TEST:
Sl.No
1.
Field current
If (Amps)
Field current,
If (Amps)
EMF/Phase, E
(Volts)
3. ZPF TEST:
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CALCULATION TABULATION:
i).ZPF METHOD:
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Power
factor
cos
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
sin
Field Current,
No-Load phase
If(Amps)
voltage, Eo (volts)
Lagging Leading Lagging Leading
p.f
p.f
p.f
p.f
% Regulation
Lagging Leading
p.f
p.f
FORMULA:
i)
ZPF METHOD :
Construct the Potier triangular any where OCC and ZPF curves, keeping BH=OA
Assume any power factor,
For lagging power factor,
E
= (
)2 + (
)2
= (
2
1 ) +(
2
2)
+2
2 cos(90
From OCC, read the corresponding value of Eo, for the calculated If, Eo =____ Volts
% Regulation
= (
If
= (
x 100
)2 + (
)2
2
2)
2 cos(90
From OCC, read the corresponding value of Eo, for the calculated If, Eo =____ Volts
% Regulation
x 100
Page: 31
MODEL GRAPHS:
MODEL CALCULATION:
ii).ASA METHOD:
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Power
factor
cos
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Total field
current,
If(Total) (Amps)
Lagging Leading
p.f
p.f
No-Load phase
voltage, Eo (volts)
Lagging
p.f
Leading
p.f
% Regulation
Lagging
p.f
Leading
p.f
i)
ASA METHOD :
Construct the Potier triangular any where OCC and ZPF curves, keeping BH=OA
Assume any power factor,
From Potier triangular measure IXL drop = DE
For lagging power factor,
E
= (
+
)2 + (
+
)2
After calculating E, from graph find If(sat)
If(sat)= RT (distance between the tangent and OCC)
To find If1:
At rated voltage 415/3 , measure distance OG (Show in graph), If1= OG
To find If2:
If2= Field current corresponding rated current on short circuit, I f2=____ A
Total field current If is
If
= (
2
1 ) +(
2
2)
+2
2 cos(90
If(Total) = If + If(sat)
From OCC, read the corresponding value of Eo, for the calculated If(Total), Eo =____ Volts
% Regulation
x 100
E
= (
+
)2 + (
)2
After calculating E, from graph find If(sat)
If(sat)= RT (distance between the tangent and OCC)
To find If1:
At rated voltage 415/3 , measure distance OG (Show in graph), If1= OG
To find If2:
If2= Field current corresponding rated current on short circuit, I f2=____ A
Total field current If is
If
= (
2
1 ) +(
2
2)
2 cos(90
If(Total) = If + If(sat)
From OCC, read the corresponding value of Eo, for the calculated If(Total), Eo =____ Volts
% Regulation
x 100
Page: 33
MODEL GRAPHS:
MODEL CALCULATION:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Motor field rheostat should be at the minimum resistance position while switching
on and switching off the DPSTS.
2. The rheostat on the field circuit of generator should be kept at minimum potential
(output) position before closing the TPSTS.
3. The starter handle must be moved step by step to start the motor and alternator set.
PROCEDURE:
O.C TEST:
1. Keep the TPSTS open.
2. Close the DPSTS switch.
3. Using the starter run the MG set.
4. Run the MG set at rated speed, by adjusting the field rheostat.
5. By adjusting alternator field rheostat in convenient steps of If. note down V.(phase
voltage)
S.C TEST:
1. Now close the TPSTS.
2. By adjusting alternator field rheostat, observe If for rated current in the armature
circuit of alternator
ZPF TEST:
1. Keep the field rheostat at minimum potential position.
2. Close the TPSTS switch to load position.
3. Vary the load and keep the load current as rated current.
4. Vary the field current by varying the field rheostat of alternator; note the reading of
the voltmeter and ammeter.
5. Note that the load current should be rated full load current on all occasion. For this
purpose simultaneous adjustment of load and current may be done.
6. The speed should be rated speed.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
RESULT:
Page: 35
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
NO LOAD TEST:
Capacity
Voltage
Current
Speed
:
:
:
:
Date :
Ex. No: 7
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill
Company Ltd, 2002.
2. P.S. Bhimbhra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
Publishing
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
2
4
5
THEORY:
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
Tachometer
Connecting wires
The no load losses are the constant losses which include core loss and friction and
windage loss. The separation between the two can be carried out by the no load test
conducted from variable voltage, rated frequency supply.
When the voltage is decreased below the rated value, the core loss reduces as nearly
square of voltage. The slip does not increase significantly the friction and windage loss
almost remains constant.
The voltage is continuously decreased, till the machine slip suddenly begins to
increase and the motor tends to stall. At no load this takes place at a sufficiently reduced
voltage. The graph showing no load losses versus voltage is extrapolated to V =0 which
gives friction and windage loss as iron or core loss is zero at zero voltage.
Page: 37
Sl.No V (Volts)
1.
2.
.
.
5.
I ( Amps)
Average Rdc () =
Stator resistance/phase AC value, Ra (ac)
=1.3 x Rdc
OBSERVATION TABULATION:
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
.
.
7.
Applied
Voltage,
V
(Amps)
No Load
current,
Io
(Amps)
W1(Watts)
Reading
Rdc ()
Actual
= ----------------------
M.F=-----------
W2(Watts)
Reading
Actual
()
No Load Input
Power,
W=W1+W2
(Watts)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the voltage applied to the induction motor in convenient steps, note down
the wattmeter readings.
3. Repeat this procedure up to rated voltage and slightly above the rated voltage.
No load Cu loss, Wcu is very small value; stator Cu loss on no load is negligible
No load Iron loss, Wi = Wo Wm
RESULT:
Page: 39
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. NO LOAD TEST
Capacity
Voltage
Current
Speed
:
:
:
:
Date :
Ex. No: 8
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd, 2002.
2. P.S. Bhimbhra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
2
4
5
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
Tachometer
Connecting wires
THEORY:
No load test is performed to determine the no load current, no load power factor,
wind age and friction losses, no load input and no load resistance and reactance. Since
there is no power output on no load, the power supplied to the stator furnishes its core
loss and the friction and wind age losses in the rotor.
Page: 41
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2. BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
= _______A
= _______A
No Load Test:
Wo = 3 x Vo x Io x
=
3 0
Page: 43
OBSERVATION TABULATION
1. NO LOAD TEST:
Sl.No
1.
No-Load
applied
voltage, Vo
(Volts)
No-Load
Current, Io
(Amps)
W1
M.F= -------W2
Total No-load
input Power,
Wo (Watts)
Sl.No
1.
Blocked Rotor
Current, Io (Amps)
= ----------------------
()
Wb = 3 x Vb x Ib x
=
Iw = Io (ph) x
Im=
Ro =
Xo =
( )
( )
( )
R01 =
Z01 =
3 2 ( )
( )
( )
X01 =
2
01
= R01 R1
=X1=
01
01
, 1
2(
01
( )
1)
Output Power,
Input Power,
=3
= 3
Page: 45
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
CALCULATION TABULATION:
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
% Slip
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
IL
(Amps)
MODEL CALCULATION:
p.f
Speed
N
(rpm)
Torque
(N.m)
Output
Power
P0
(Watts)
Input
Power,
Pi
(Watts)
%
Efficiency
% Efficiency, = Po x 100
Where,
ii)
Speed, N = Ns (1-S)
60
CIRCLE DIAGRAM
3. From the current Isc find out the ISN (short circuit current corresponding to the
normal voltage) through the formula
magnitude of ISN from the origin by the same current scale, which lags the voltage
(Y-axis) V by angle , where = cos 1 (
5. Draw the parallel line for the X-axis from point A and for the Y-axis from point B up
to the X-axis (point E), let both the intersects at point D.
6. Then draw the bisector for the output line and extend it to the line AD let the point
of intersection be C.
7. By keeping the point C as center draw a semi circle with radius CA.
8. Let EB be the line of total loss (EB=ED+DB, Where ED=constant loss and DB=
variable loss)
Page: 47
9. In the line DB locate the point G to separate the stator and rotor copper losses by
using the formula,
Where,
1
2
2 2
2
2 1
. or,
11. To find the load quantities, draw line BK (= full load output power/ power scale).
Now draw line PK parallel to output line meeting the circle at point P.
01
12. Draw line PT parallel to Y-axis meeting output line at Q, torque line at R, constant
loss line at S and X-axis at T.
Note: Choose the current scale such that the circle diagram will be a large as possible. The
larger the circle diagram more will be the accuracy. Select power scale = 3 x Vrated x
current scale
PROCEDURE:
i)
NO-LOAD TEST:
3. Applied rated voltage to the motor and note down all the meter readings
ii)
2. Add some load initially so that the motor is blocked from rotating.
3. By varying the variac circulate rated current in the motor stator circuit.
4. Note down all the meter readings.
Page: 49
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
CIRCLE DIAGRAM
II.
BG
= R 2 = ______
BD
01
BG = _____ x BD
Selection of current and power scale
Current scale = 1cm = _____ A (Take the current as large as possible, 1 cm = 1 or 2A)
Io=________A=__________cm
=
= cos 1 (
= cos 1 (
) = ________A = _______cm
3
3
) = _______________
) = _____________
= ___________
60
=________ N.m
100 = __________%
100 = __________%
60
=________ N.m
60
=________ N.m
DISCUSSION QUESTION:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
RESULT:
Page: 51
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Capacity
Voltage
Current
Speed
:
:
:
:
Date :
Ex. No: 9
REFERENCES:
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd, 2002.
2. P.S. Bhimbhra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
2
4
5
6
7
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
Rheostat
SPSTS
Tachometer
Connecting wires
THEORY:
Synchronous motor is constant speed motor which are not self starting in nature, so
that we have to start this motor by any one of the following starting methods,
1. Pony motor method starting
2. Auto induction starting
3. DC exciter starting
4. Damper winding method of starting
By construction there is no difference between synchronous generator and
synchronous motor. It is capable of being operated under wide range of power factor;
hence it can be used for power factor correction.
The value of excitation for which back emf is equal to applied voltage is known as
1005 excitation. The other two possible excitations are over excitations and under
excitation if the back emf is more or less to the applied voltage respectively.
The variations of armature current with field current are in the form of V curves and
the variation of power factor with field current are in the form of Inverted V curves.
Page: 53
OBSERVATION TABULATION:
Sl.No
1.
2.
Line
Voltage
VL
(Amps)
Line
current
IL
(Amps)
M.F=----------Input Power
Pi (Watts)
Reading Actual
Field
current
If
(Amps )
.
.
7.
Note:
MODEL CALCULATION:
Power factor
cos
FORMULA:
Input Power, Pin = Watt meter readings
Power Factor, cos =
Where,
VL
IL
PROCEDURE:
3x VL x IL
-Voltmeter reading
-Ammeter reading
DISCUSSION QUESTION:
RESULT:
Page: 55
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. NO LOAD TEST:
OBSERVATION TABULATION:
Sl.No.
1.
No-Load Voltage
V0 (Volts)
Capacity
Voltage
Current
Speed
:
:
:
:
No-Load Current
I0 (Amps)
Date :
Ex. No: 10
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill
Company Ltd, 2002.
2. P.S. Bhimbhra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
Publishing
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
2
4
5
THEORY:
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
Tachometer
Connecting wires
The equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor can be developed by using
double field revolving theory. By using the equivalent circuit the performance of the single
phase induction motor can be obtained.
The single phase induction motor can be visualized to be made of single stator winding
and two imaginary rotors. The developing torques of the induction motor is forward torque
and backward torque.
When the single phase induction motor is running in the direction of forward revolving
field at a slip S, then the rotor currents induced by the forward field has frequency sf. The
rotor mmf rotates at slip speed with respect to the rotor but at synchronous speed with
respect to the stator. The resultant forward stator flux and the rotor flux produce a forward
air gap flux. This flux induces the voltage in rotor. Thus due to the forward flux, the rotor
circuit referred to stator has an impedance of R2 /2s + jX2/2.
Page: 57
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2. BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
OBSERVATION TABULATION:
Sl.No.
1.
It is also known as locked rotor or short circuit test. This test is used to find the short
circuit current with normal voltage applied to stator, power factor on short circuit, total
leakage reactance and resistance of the motor as referred to stator and full load copper
loss.
FORMULA:
i) NO LOAD TEST:
No load power factor (Cos0) = W0/ V0I0
Where W0 = No load power in watts
V0 = No load voltage in volts.
I0 = No load current in amps
01
Page: 59
01
01
OBSERVATION TABULATION:
DETERMINATION STATOR RESISTANCE, R1
Sl.No
1.
2.
.
5.
V (Volts)
I ( Amps)
Rdc ()
=1.3 x Rdc
= ----------------------
()
Where,
01
NO-LOAD TEST:
3. Applied rated voltage to the motor and note down all the meter readings
ii)
2. Add some load initially so that the motor is blocked from rotating.
Page: 61
MODEL CALCULATION:
DISCUSSION QUESTION:
1. List out the method of starting of 3-phase induction motor.
2. What are the data needed for constructing circle diagram of an induction motor?
3. What should be minimum dimension for the diagram of circle diagram?
4. What is the limitation on capacity on induction motor for using DOL starter?
5. What is an induction generator?
RESULT:
Page: 63
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Capacity
Voltage
Current
Speed
Excitation
:
:
:
:
:
3-PHASE ALTERNATOR
Capacity
Voltage
Current
Speed
:
:
:
:
Date :
Ex. No: 11
REGULATION OF THREE PHASE SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR
BY SLIP TEST
AIM:
To predetermine the regulation of the given three phase pole salient alternator by slip
test.
REFERENCES:
1. D.P. Kothari and I.J. Nagrath, Electric Machines, Tata McGraw Hill
Company Ltd, 2002.
2. P.S. Bhimbhra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers, 2003.
Publishing
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Voltmeter
Rheostat
2
4
5
THEORY:
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
Tachometer
Connecting wires
In non salient pole alternators air gap length is constant and reactance is also
constant. Due to this the mmfs of armature and field act upon the same magnetic circuit all
the time hence can be added vector ally. But in salient pole alternators the length of the air
gap varies and reluctance also varies. Hence the armature flux and field flux cannot vary
sinusoid ally in the air gap. So the reluctance of the magnetic circuit on which mmf act is
different in case of salient pole alternators. This can be explained by two reaction theory.
Page: 65
OBSERVATION TABULATION
Calculation of Xd and Xq:
=1.3 x Rdc
= ----------------------
()
FORMULA:
To find Xd and Xq:
Direct axis impedance per phase,
Where,
% Regulation
=
=
=
=
cos
cos +
(
(
= tan1 (
=
For,
sin
cos
,
( )
2
2
( )
( )
( )
x 100
(
(
+ Generating mode
- Motoring mode
PRECAUTION:
1. Before switch on the supply the motor field rheostat must be in the minimum
resistance position.
2. Three phase variac on the alternator side should be kept in the zero position.
Page: 67
CALCULATION TABULATION:
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Power
factor
cos
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
MODEL GRAPHS:
MODEL CALCULATION:
sin
No-Load phase
voltage, Eo (volts)
Lagging Leading
p.f
p.f
% Regulation
Lagging
p.f
Leading
p.f
PROCEDURE:
1. Observing the precautions switch on the supply. The motor will start run.
2. Adjust the motor armature/ filed rheostat so that the motor runs at a slightly less
than the synchronous speed.
3. Adjust the three phase variac in convenient steps and setting note the maximum and
minimum value of voltmeter and ammeter needle oscillations.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Name the test by which xd and xq of a salient pole alternator is determined.
2. Name the theory by which salient poloe synchronous machines analyised?
3. What is an infinate bus bar?
RESULT:
Page: 69
VIVA QUESTIONS
Page: 71
EMF METHOD
POTIER METHOD
Regulation of alternator of any load Separate curves foe every load condition
condition and power factor condition can be are to be plotted if regulation at various
determined.
load condition is required.
Energy is wasted.
10. What are the different methods available to determine the voltage regulation of an
alternator?
a) Direct loading method
b) Synchronous Impedance method or EMF method
c) Ampere Turn method or MMF method
d) Zero Power Factor method or Potier method
e) ASA method
f) Two reaction theory
REGULATION OF THREE PHASE SALIENT POLE ALTERNATOR
BY SLIP TEST
1. What is meant by salient pole type rotor?
The rotor poles projecting out from the rotor core of large diameter but small length.
This is used in low and medium speed (engine driven alternator)
2. What is the necessity of damper winding?
Most of the alternators have the pole shoes slotted for receiving copper bars of a grid
or damper winding. They are useful in preventing the hunting in generators and are needed in
synchronous motors to provide the starting torque.
3. What is meant by Two Reaction theory?
The method of analysis of the distributing effects caused by salient pole construction is
called Two Reaction theory.
4. State Two Reaction theory.
The armature mmf can be divided into two components as
i). Component acting along the pole axis called direct axis (d)
ii). Component acting along at right angles to the pole axis called quadrature axis (q).
5. What is d axis and q axis?
The reluctance offered to the mmf wave is lowest when it is aligned with the field
pole axis. This axis is called direct axis of pole.
The reluctance offered is highest when the mmf wave is oriented at 90 to the field
pole axis which is called quadrature axis.
6. What is meant by magnetizing and cross magnetizing component?
The component along direct axis can be magnetizing and the component acting along
the quadrature axis is called cross magnetizing component.
7. What is called slip test?
The method used to determine Xd and Xq, the direct and quadrature axis reactances
is called slip test.
Page: 73
6. What is hunting?
When synchronous motor is on no load, the stator and rotor pole axis coincide with
each other. When motor is loaded, the rotor pole axis falls back with respect to stator.
If the load connected to motor is suddenly changed by a large amount, the rotor tries to
take its new equilibrium position. But due to inertia of rotor, it cannot achieve equilibrium
instantaneously while achieving new position, it passes beyond its final position
corresponding to new load. This will produce more torque than demanded. So the load angle
is reduced and rotor swings in other direction.
Such oscillations of the rotor about its new equilibrium position, due to sudden
application or removal of load is called hunting.
7. Mention some application of synchronous motor.
a) Constant speed load service
b) Reciprocating compressor drives
c) Power factor correction
d) Voltage regulation of transmission lines
8. What could be the reasons if a synchronous motor fails to start?
It is usually due to the following reasons
a) Voltage may be to low
b) Some faulty connections in auxiliary apparatus
c) Too much starting load
d) Open circuit in one phase or short circuit
e) Field excitation may be excessive.
9. A synchronous motor starts as usual but fails to develop its full torque. What could be
due to?
a) Exciter voltage may be too low
b) Field spool may be reversal
c) There may be either open or short circuit in the field
10. What are the various methods of starting synchronous motor?
a) Pony motor method starting
b) Auto induction starting
c) DC exciter starting
d) Damper winding method of starting
11. What significant characteristic of a synchronous motor is revealed by its V-curves?
The V curves of synchronous motor reveals the fact that its power factor is
controllable by means of its excitation.
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
1. What is the function of slip rings and brush assembly in three phase induction motor?
Slip rings are used to connect external stationary circuit to the internal rotating
circuit. Hence in induction motor, the external resistances can be added with the help of
brushes and slip ring arrangement in series with each phase of rotor winding.
Page: 75
2. List the difference between squirrel cage rotor and slip ring rotor
S.no
SLIP RING ROTOR
SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
1. Rotor consists of winding similar to the
Rotor consists of bars which are short
stator winding.
circuited at the ends with the help of
end rings.
2. Resistances can be added externally.
External resistances cannot be added.
3. Define the term slip
Slip of the induction motor is defined as the difference between the synchronous
speed and actual speed of rotor expressed as a fraction of the synchronous speed.
4. How the direction of rotation of three phase induction motor can be reversed?
The direction of rotation of three phase induction motor can be reversed by
interchanging any two terminals of the three phase windings while connecting to the three
phase supply.
5. Under what condition, the slip in an induction motor is zero, one, negative and
greater than one.
a) Zero: when N = Ns, S=0 which is not possible for an induction motor.
b) One: when N = 0, S=1. At start motor is at rest and hence its speed N is zero.
c) Negative: When the rotor is running at a speed above synchronous speed, slip is
negative.
d) Greater than one: When the motor is rotated in opposite direction to that of rotating
field,
e) Slip is greater than 1. When slip is greater than one, the machine works in breaking
mode.
6. What are the fundamental characteristics of a rotating magnetic field?
a) The resultant of three alternating fluxes separated from each other by 120 degree has
constant amplitude of 1.5 m, where m is maximum amplitude of an individual flux
due to any phase.
b) The resultant always keeps on rotating with certain speed in space, and the speed is
given by Ns = 120f / P
7. What is induction generator?
When run faster than its synchronous speed, an induction motor runs as a generator
called as induction generator. Slip is negative.
8. What is the effect of slip on frequency, induced emf, current, power factor,
Reactance, Impedance?
a). Fr = Sf b).E2r = S E2 c).X2r = S X2 d).I2r = E2r / Z2r
e).Cos 2r = R2 / Z2r
f). Z2r =
+(
Page: 77
6. Define operating torque, starting torque and breakdown torque. Which of these is the
largest?
Operating Torque : Torque from light load to full load
Starting Torque
: Torque at start ie, speed = 0 or slip = 1
Breakdown Torque : Maximum torque that motor can develop.
If loaded beyond this torque the motor will decelerate and come to standstill.
Breakdown torque is the largest among these for normal induction motor.
7. Why do induction motor runs at low power factor when lightly loaded?
At no load an induction motor draws large magnetizing current to create flux in the
air gap. This current has very low power factor of the order 0.2 lag. The power is mainly
drawn to provide for core loss. As the motor is loaded, it draws a load component of current
with much higher power factor. Therefore the power factor of the net current drawn from
main increases with load. It rises to 0.8 - 0.85 at full load. At light load the power factor will
be slightly more than that at no load.
8. Why an induction motor is not operated under conditions of maximum load?
Maximum power output condition corresponds to matching of the load resistance in
the circuit model to the circuit impedance as seen by the load resistance. This condition
corresponds to much larger than the normal operating slip and hence larger current than the
full load value. As copper loss is proportional to square of motor current, the motor efficiency
under condition of maximum power output is well below 50% which is unacceptable for a
power device. Acceptable efficiencies are about 85% or higher.
9. Why an induction motor is called asynchronous motor?
Since the induction motor runs always at a speed lesser than the synchronous speed,
it is called asynchronous motor.
10. Why is the efficiency of a three phase induction motor less than that of a
transformer?
In induction motor, there are mechanical losses due to the rotation of the rotor. Hence
the efficiency of an induction motor is less than that of the transformer.
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
1. A single phase induction motor is not self starting. Why?
When a single phase supply is connected across a single phase winding, a pulsating
magnetic field is produced. The force experienced by the upper conductors of the rotor will
be downward and the force experienced by the lower conductors will be directed upward.
The two sets of force will cancel and the rotor will experience no torque. Hence the rotor
will not rotate.
2. What is the rating of single phase machines? State its applications.
The rating of the single phase machine is from 1/8 to hp range. They are widely used
for fans, washing machines, refrigerators, blowers, centrifugal pumps etc.
3. How will you change the direction of rotation of a split phase induction motor?
The direction of rotation of a split phase induction motor can be changed by changing the
direction of current either in the starting winding or in the running winding.
Page: 79
4. What design features are incorporated in a split phase motor to make it starting?
The split phase motor is provided with windings, main winding and auxiliary winding.
These two windings are excited from the same voltage. The currents in the two windings can
be made out of phase by adjustment of the impedance of the auxiliary winding in relation to
the main winding. As a result the mmf of main winding and mmf of auxiliary winding
constitute an unbalanced field set with 90 degree electrical space phase relationship. The two
symmetrical components now being unequal the forward rotating field is made stronger than
the backward rotating field, which results in the net production of starting torque. Thus the
two windings with phase difference make the split phase motor self starting.
5. What is the advantage of a capacitor start motor over a resistance split phase motor?
In case of capacitor start, it is possible to have the phase angle between the two
currents. Therefore this type of motor has high starting torque as compared to resistance split
phase motor and used for heavy loads such as compressors, conveyors, pumps, certain
machine tools, refrigerators and air conditioning equipment.
6. In which direction does a shaded pole motor runs?
It runs from the unshaded to the shaded part.
7. Give the function performed by induction motor starter.
a) To improve the starting torque
b) To limit the initial in rush of current during starting conditions, which would
otherwise produce larger line voltage drop affecting equipments connected to the
same line.
8. What do you mean by synchronous condenser?
A single machine which is available to convert ac to dc is known as synchronous
converter or rotary converter. A synchronous converter combines the function of a
synchronous motor and a dc generator.
9. What type of motor is used in computer drives and wet grinders?
For computer drives Permanent magnet dc motors
Wet grinders Universal motor
10. What is the difference between the dc motors and single phase induction motor?
An important difference between the two is that the dc motors are self starting while
single phase induction motors are not self starting.
Page: 81