Lecture 6 / Chapter 4

COSC1300/ITSC 1401/BCIS 1405

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General Items:
?
?
?
?
?
?

How are the labs coming?

Any questions?
Notes about review sheets Dont repeat it!
Got all your grades?
Can you download everything?
Emails? Got my email response?

Reading Materials:
?
?

This chapter is about hardware!

How many people have opened their computer?

Miscellaneous:

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Why do we need to learn about the hardware?

- What type of software applications can be used on the computer
- How to decide what to buy
- What type of capacity we have available
- Bottom line:
o So we will not be ripped off when we buy a new system!
Computer Components
- System Unit: The entire computer unit containing PC components
o Also called chassis
o Types: Desktop / Tower models / etc.
o Includes: Motherboard, memory modules, processor, modem card,
sound card, video card, Power supply, etc.
o In case of all-in-one computers the monitor is included in the SU
System Unit
Ports

Expansion Slots &

Cards

Motherboard

Power
Supply

Storage
Devices

Processor
(CPU)

Buses
Memory

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- Motherboard: The main circuit board in the system unit

o Also called system board
o Includes many chips (Small integrated circuit - IC)
? These chips come in all shapes (packages) and sizes:
? One important type of chip is the processor(CPU)
More....

RAM

Processor

Heat sink

Extension Slots

- Central Processing Unit (CPU):

o Carries the basic instructions in a computer
o Components of CPU:
? Control Unit and Arithmetic/Logic Unit
? Registers

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o Control Unit: Interprets each instruction issued by the program and

decides what to do with the instruction
o Called the machine cycle - four operations:
? Fetching: Getting instructions/data from the memory
? Decoding: Translating instructions into the machine language
? Executing: Running commands (once in machine language)
? Storing: Putting the data back into the memory
o Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU): Performs basic math operations:
? Arithmetic: ? ???? ???? ????
? Comparison: Compares the data (if A > B Then C = 1)
? Logic: AND / OR / NOT
? IF A = 1 then NOT(A) = 0 (huh?)
? IF A = 1 & B = 0 then [(A) AND (B) = ?] (Quien sabe!)
o Registers: These devices temporarily hold data and instructions
when
? the data is FETCHED
? the instruction is being DECODED (by whom? CU)
? the data is being processed (by whom? ALU)
? the final result is being stored in the memory

Comparing processors:
- Clock rate (Hz) - How fast the processor executes the instructions
o Does not impact peripherals
o Manufacturing and package type affects the clock rate
? the smaller the better
- MIPS (Millions of instructions per second)
- Architecture (superscalar)
o Executing the next instruction before the previous inst. is done!
? Pipelining (executing four instructions at a time)
? Parallel processing (having multiple processors/ sharing)
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- Additional processing capacities

o What is (10 / 3)? called Integer math!
o Floating-point co-processors (used for calculations!)
o Processor types: Integrated CPU / Motorola / PowerPC, etc.

Memory:
- Temporary storage of information
o Information types (3):
? Operating system, application programs, data being processed
o Memory devices are chips (come in different packaging)
o A memory location has an associated address
o Memory size (2 x = 2,4, 8, 64, ..., 1024.1020 )
o Memory access time (nsec = 10-9, 1 billionth of a sec. )
? How small is that? mmm
? In Hz or sec. (133 MHz = 7.5 nanosec.)
If A = 2 and B = 3 then where is A + B?
Address (1 KB Memory)
1
00001
2
00010
3
00011
.

1024 (210) 1000000000

Content (8 bits = 1 byte)

A (2)
B (3)
A + B (5)
.

Remember the BINARY system?

(Next time!)

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Basic categories of memory:

? Volatile: Loses its content power is removed
? Non-volatile (NVM)
o Memory types:
? RAM (Random Access Memory) 128, 512 MB depending
on application; faster processors need more RAM
? RAM is Volatile
? DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Small, Leak-out,
o SDRAM (Synchronous)
o DDR SDRAM (Synch. & read/write per clk cycle)
o Direct (Rambus DRAM) Use pipelining, popular
? SRAM (Static RAM): Faster, more reliable & expensive
? MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM): Stores data using
magnetic charges instead of electrical charges, less
power, does not have memory leakage Way in the
future!
? Typically RAMS reside in a Memory Modules sitting in
Memory Slot
o SIMM (single inline memory module - SDRAM)
o DIMM (Dual inline memory module - SDRAM)
o RIMM (Rambus inline memory module - RDRAM)
? Cache
? Two types: memory or disk cache
? Memory cache types
o Help the processor to operate faster by storing the
most frequently used data
o Three types:
? L1: Level 1 (internal to the processor, small
KB)
? L2: (External/Internal, about 64 KB)
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? L3: (Separate from the processor)

? ROM: Read-only-Memory
? stores the type of data that can only be read
o BIOS = Instructions to load the OS & other files to
start the system
o Firmware = Contains permanent instructions
(BIOS)
o Types: PROM (programmable), EEPROM
(Electrically Erasable)
? CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor memory)
? Works on battery
? High-speed and low power
? Its information can be changed (time, day, etc.)
? Contains information about HW devices in the computer
? Flash (Special kind of RAM)
? Non-volatile memory
? Flash BIOS (startup information)
? Stores data and programs
? Calculators, toys, etc.

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?
Memory
Volatile

CMOS

RAM

Non-Volatile

Cache

Flash

ROM

DRAM SRAM
PROM ROM
SDRAM

EEPROM

DDR SDRAM

Direct RDRAM

Remember:
Smaller, Closer -> Faster!
Do MEMORY devices
FORGET and LOSE IT?

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Write
Operation:

Processor

MEMORY

Read
Operation:

Processor

MEMORY

Memory
Modules:

9/27/2004

- SIMM
- DIMM
- RIMM

Sizes: 128 MB, 512 MB, . (220 = 1 MB)

So how fast are memory devices? What are their sizes?

Processor
Fastest Access Time
(read from the mem.)
1 nsec

RAM Cache
L1
L2
L3

10 nsec

RAM

100 nsec

ROM

1000 nsec

HD

10 msec

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CD/ Disk

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Registers /
Memory

Clk

Storage
Devices

Co
process
or

CPU

O
U
T
P
U
T

I
N
P
U
T

Demonstrating CPUs functionality

? Machine cycles (how data is handled)
? Different operations ALU perfumes (Fetch, Decode, Execute,
Store)
? The main function of the Control Unit
? Function of coprocessor
? Pipelining (how much faster?)
? Fast clocking (2.4 GHz)
? Access time (nsec or MHz, How fast data is read from a device)
? Synchronous system - Multi-clocking
? Clock free systems (asynchronous system: faster, low power)
? Parallel Processing!
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Processor types and the date they were introduced

Processor
Itanium 2
Xeon
Itanium
Pentium 4
Pentium III Xeon
Pentium III
Celeron
Operon
Athlon MP
Athlon XP
Athlon

Year
2002
2001
2001
2000
1999
1999
1998
2003
2002
2001
1999

Speed
1.31.5 GHZ
1.43.06 GHZ
733800 MHZ
1.43.2 GHZ
500900 MHZ
400 MHZ1.4 GHZ
266 MHZ2.6 GHZ
22.4 GHZ
1.532.25 GHZ
1.332.26 GHZ
500 MHZ1.4 GHZ

Future chips:
Asynchronous (clock free) ; Less Power;
No Memory Leakage

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Data Representation the big idea:

Spoken Language
(Communication)

Idea / Logic

Analog
World

Programming Language
Binary System
(Interface)

Machine Language

Digital
World

Results

- So what is the machine language?

o Representing everything in Binary System
? A number system that only has two values: 1, 0
? 1=ON State = Signal present
? 0=OFF State = No Signal
? These states are called BITS (short for Binary Digit)
? 8 bits constitute a BYTE
? 16 bits make a WORD
o All numbers can be represented in the binary system:
Decimal System
(1-9):
1,2,3,4,5, ..

Binary System (0-1):

0, 1, 10, 11, 100,
101,..

- We can represent 0-1 with a single BIT: 0,1

- We can represent 0-3 with TWO BITS: 00,01, 10, 11 (22 - 1)
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- We can represent 0-7 with THREE BITS: 000, 001, , 111 (23 - 1)
- We can represent 0-255 with 8 BITS (or a BYTE):
o 00000000, 00000001, ., 11111111 (28 - 1)
- Different CODING system can be used to represent
characters/symbols in a computer:

00110000 (48)
00110001
00110010
..
01000001(65)
01000010
01000011

Symbols

0
1
2

A
B
C

EBCDIC
(Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code) - Used in main
frames)

ASCII
(American Standard Code for
Information Interchange )

11110000 (240)
11110001
11110010
..
11000001 (193)
11000010
11000011

- Characters in other languages can be represented by UNICODE (16bit -> 65000 characters):
- Examples:

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Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????
?????????? ????????????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ???????
- Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y,
dotados como estn de razn y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente
los unos con los otros.
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

What is ASCII?
What is a BIT?
What is a BYTE?
What is a Kilobyte (KB)?
-

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Expansion Slots and Adaptor Cards:

- A Slot: A SOCKET where a circuit board can be installed
- Adaptor Card (or Expansion Card) resides in the expansion slot
- Expansion cards are used to connect the system unit to Peripherals
(printers, scanners, modems, etc.)
- Some expansion cards provide additional functionalities (video card,
sound card, modem card, etc.)
- Some Expansion cards come with Plug and Play support:
o The computer recognizes these cards and configures itself
- Another example of expansion card is Flash Memory Card
o Examples of Flash Cards: PC Cards, Fax/Modem Card, Memory
Cards, etc.
? Reside in PC Card Slot
? thin looking cards used in notebook computers
o Support Hot Plugging and Plug and Play

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Types of Adapter Cards

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Ports:
- Interface external devices to the computer
- Come in all kinds of shapes and sizes

COMPUTER

Connector

External
Device

Port

- Port characteristics include: Number of pins, Type, parallel or serial

- Different ports can be connected using gender connectors
- Examples: Serial Port, Parallel Port, Universal Serial Bus Port, Special
Purpose Ports
o Serial Ports:
? Data is transferred one bit at a time
? Slow data transfer: Keyboard, Mouse, Modems?
? Examples: COM port
o Parallel Ports:
? Data is transferred ONE BUNCH at a time (typically a byte)
? Faster data transfer: Printers
? Examples: PARALLEL port
o USB Ports:
? Fast transfer of data: 480 Mbits per second!
? Different versions such as USB 2.0
? Many interesting features:
? Providing POWER (5V)
? Connecting several devices on a single line
? Interfacing with cables as long as 5-30 meter
? Disabling capacity
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? Can be connected to multiple devices:

? Scanners, Printers, External Drivers
? As many as 127 devices can be connected together
? Devices can be Daisy chained together or connected
by a hub
? Supports Hot Plugging and Plug and Plug
o Special Purpose Ports:
? FireWire (IEEE 1394 Port)
? Similar to USB
? Used for scanners, DVDs, etc.
? Can connect up to 63 devices together
? MIDI Port
? Musical Instrument Digital Interface
? Used for musical instruments such as keyboards
? Typically all sound cards have MIDI interface
? SCSI Port
? Small Computer System Interface
? A high-speed parallel port connecting up to 15 devices
? Used for interfacing with some printers and drivers
? IrDA
? Infrared Data Association
? Uses Infrared Light Wave (wireless)
? Point-to-point interface (needs alignment)
? Bluetooth Ports
? Alternative to IrDA using Radio Waves
? Wireless port but not point-to-point
? Can be supported by Bluetooth PC Cards
? Converters are required for changing from USB/Serial to
Bluetooth
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BASIC IDEA:
Internal Devices
Slots
Expansion
Cards

Motherboard

Buses
Connectors
External
Devices

System Unit
Ports

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Buses:
- Connecting internal devices together in the system
o Transferring BITS between one module to another
- Bus Design - They different based on their characteristics
- Bus characteristics: Type, Size, and Speed
o BUS SIZE: How many BITS at a time? (Bus Width)
? 32-bit bus, 64-bit bus most personal computers
? Larger bus width -> more data can be transferred at a time
? Kind of like the number of lanes in a highway
o BUS SPEED: Clock rate, how fast can you transfer the data
? Examples: 100, 133, 400, 800 MHz.
o BUS TYPE: System bus and expansion bus
? System Bus: Part of the motherboard, Processor -> Memory
very fast
? Expansion Bus:
? Processor -> Peripherals (such as sound cards, hard
disks, etc.) Slower kind of bus
? Different types of expansion busses: PCI, AGP, USB,
PC Card, FireWire (1394 Bus
Processo r
Using
BUSES

Using
PORTS

MEMORY
MODULES
System Unit

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- ISA Bus: Industry Standard Architecture

o Very slow used for low speed devices
? Mouse, keyboard, sound card
- PCI Bus: Peripheral Component Interconnect
o Resides on the motherboard
o High-speed bus (4 times faster than ISA)
o Used for hard disks, video cards(16 or 32 bit)
- AGP Bus: Accelerator Graphic Port
o Dedicated interface between memory and video card
o Used for AGP video cards
- USB and 1394 bus:
o Connects multiple devices to each other and then to the USB or
1394

Memory

Fast Bus
(system Bus)

AGP
- Black thin slots
- Used for graphic
interface
- Invented by Intel
- Very fast

F.Farahmand

Expansion
Card
Interfaces

PCI
- White slots (16/32)
with fine pin-out
-Sound cards, video
cards
- Slower than AGP

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ISA
- Black bulky slots
- very slow
- used for old modems
and sound cards (for
low-speed devices)

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Quiz

What is ASCII Code?

What does it mean when we say My computer has 256Meg

RAM?

What is the fastest BUS type?

How many BITs are in one BYTE?

What kind of port is the MOUSE interface to the computer?

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