A.

Review of Related Literature

According to Anonymous (2011), who published an article, Dry Onion Skin has a Use,
Phenolic compounds, meanwhile, help to prevent coronary disease and have anti-carcinogenic
properties. The high levels of these compounds in the dry skin and the outer layers of the bulbs
also give them high antioxidant capacity.
Anonymous article is relevant to the current researchers study because of the topic used,
onion waste made for a better purpose for the community. It also talks about the antioxidant
property of onion skin which is one of the materials used for the biosorption in the present study.
According to Addy (2012) who published an article, entitled Food Waste mops up Heavy
Metals. In the said article, onion and garlic wastes from the food industry could be used to
absorb hazardous metals, including arsenic, cadmium, iron, lead, mercury, and tin in the
contaminated materials.
This is relevant to the researchers study due to the aim or purpose of it such as to
remove the heavy metals using recycled/environmental materials for the sake of our community.
And also talks about the effectivity, details about removing the toxic elements.
In 2012, Paulson published an article entitled Produce Waste Treats Water Wastes which
is about Biosorption of garlic and onion skin in water with heavy metals. She also found out that
within 30 minutes of adding the dried onion-garlic mixture to water, it was reportedly able to
concentrate almost 70% of the toxins in the wastewater.
The following article is related to the present study due to the relevance, aim or purpose
that they both present one is to stop water contamination. This is about the Biosorption of

wastewater to remove the toxins in it just by using onion and garlic skin which is environmental
friendly and easy to find.
According to Williams (2012), published an article entitled, Onion and Garlic could be
used to capture Heavy Metals. They may taste great on a pizza, but could onions and garlic be
used to help clean up hazardous heavy metals? Research conducted at GGS Indraprastha
University in Delhi, India, suggests this is indeed the case.
The published article is related to the researchers current study because of the relation
that it both have. One is using Onion and Garlic Wastes in Biosorption of Heavy Metals and the
purpose it presents.
According to Anonymous (2013), This may also provide an affordable, environmental
friendly and low maintenance technology for small and medium scale industries in developing
countries. This article is entitled Wastewater Treatment through Biosorption of Heavy Metals
using Onion & Garlic wastes.
The following article is relevant to the researchers study. It carries out the same idea,
aim or purpose which is to provide the community an eco-friendly solution to the toxic
wastewater and also supports the study. It also uses the same material which is Onion and
Garlic Wastes.

B. Review of Related Studies

In 2003, Ahalya et al., published a study, Biosorption of Heavy Metals. The discharge of
heavy metals into aquatic ecosystems has become a matter of concern in India over the last few
decades. These pollutants are introduced into the aquatic systems significantly as a result of
various industrial operations. The pollutants of concern include lead, chromium, mercury,
uranium, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, gold, silver, copper and nickel. Heavy metals such as
zinc, lead and chromium have a number of applications in basic engineering works, paper and
pulp industries, leather tanning, organo-chemicals, petrochemicals fertlizers, etc. Major lead
pollution is through automobiles and battery manufacturers.
This study is related to the researchers present study because it supports the study which
is about the biosorption of heavy metals.

In 2007, (Parungao, et al.) conducted a study, entitled Biosorption of Copper, Cadmium

and Lead by Copper-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Mogpog River, Marinduque. In this study,
they evaluated the ability of the copper-resistant bacteria Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated
from copper-contaminated Mogpog River in Marinduque, Philippines, to biosorb Cu, Cd, and Pb
from synthetic primary and ternary heavy metal solutions.
Parungaos study is related, due to the biosorption thats stated to remove the heavy
metals in the isolated area which is the same to the researchers present study.
According to Romera et al., (2007) whom published a study, Comparative Study of
Biosorption of Heavy Metals using different types of Algae, sorption capacity of six different
algae (green, red and brown) was evaluated in the recovery of cadmium, nickel, zinc, copper and
lead from aqueous solutions. The optimum sorption conditions were studied for each
monometallic system. The optimum pH was 6 for the recovery of Cd, Ni and Zn, and less than 5

for Cu and Pb. The best results were obtained with the lowest biomass concentration used
(0.5 g/L). Experimental data fitted a Langmuir model very well according to the following
sequence of the sorption values: Pb > Cd Cu > Zn > Ni. The brown algae achieved the lowest
metal concentration levels in solution; the best results were obtained with Fucus spiralis. A
software computer program was used to simulate the process by comparison of theoretical with
experimental results and show minimum differences between both types of data.
The study above is related to the researchers current study because it has the same
process used which is Biosorption in Heavy Metals that can be used to support the study. It also
has the same material used, biomass.
According to Chodhurry, Bhowal & Datta (2012) who published a study entitled
Equilibrium, Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies for Removal of Copper (II) from Aqueous
Solution by Onion and Garlic Skin, Heavy metals are known to cause toxicological problems to
environment and human health. Copper present in industrial waste water leads to the pollution
and contamination of the environment. Industries like metal cleaning, plating and metal
processing, mining, refineries, paper and pulp, fertilizers, wood preservatives, etc. are the main
sources of this metal emanation to the environment. Copper toxicity leads to serious health
hazards like anemia, diarrhea, convulsions, gastro-intestinal malfunction. Furthermore, it
degrades the natural soil and water physiology that eventually affects the biota.

The said study is related to the researchers study due to the similarity of materials used,
onion and garlic skin, and has the same idea, aim or purpose which is to remove the heavy
metlas from an aqueous solution.

According to Negi, et al., (2012), who published a study entitled Biosorption of Heavy
Metals by Utilising Onion and Garlic Wastes. Onion and Garlic Wastes from market and food
canning .processes are can be used in removing the heavy metals. The contact time, ph,
temperature, and the concentration of adsorbent and adsorbate were studied to optimize the
conditions to be utilized on the commercial scale for decontamination of effluents in a batch
adsorbtion technique.
The study is relevant to the current researchers study. They also conducted a study about
biosorption using garlic and onion waste for the removal of heavy metals.