CVEN 659

BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

A report on

DESIGN OF A PRATT TRUSS

by
Alla, Jaya Ram Reddy, (UIN: 224002461)
Kothapalli, Akesh Varma (UIN: 423001329)
Mohammed, Azeemuddin Gulam (UIN: 223008918 )
Prodduturu, Harika Reddy (UIN: 523005004)

Spring 2015

Contents

Contents..................................................................................................................i
List of Figures .......................................................................................................ii
List of tables ........................................................................................................ iii
List of symbols ...................................................................................................... iv
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT............................................................................. 1
2. ANALYSIS OF TRUSS MEMBERS ............................................................ 2
3. DESIGN OF TRUSS MEMBERS ................................................................. 6
4. DESIGN OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS ................................................... 10
5. CHECK FOR BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE ................................................. 12
Annexure A: BILL OF QUANTITIES ............................................................... 123
Annexure B: DRAWINGS ................................................................................. 124
References ......................................................................................................... 155

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

List of Figures
Figure 1: Side elevation of the truss...1
Figure 2: Section A-A used in method of sections.3
Figure 3: Transverse Loads on beam #72......5
Figure 4: BMD of beam #72..........5
Figure 5: Transverse Loads on beam #72..5

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List of tables
Table 1: Axial forces in each of denoted members4
Table 2: Bolts provided at selected joints11
Table 3: Bill of quantities for a 300 ft. long truss13

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

List of symbols
Slenderness parameter
Limiting slenderness parameter for compact element
Limiting slenderness parameter for noncompact element
Resistance factor
Effective net area, in2
Gross cross-sectional area of member, in2.
Gross area subject to shear, in2
Net area subject to tension, in2
Net area subject to shear, in2
Specified minimum tensile strength, ksi
Specified minimum yield stress, ksi
First-order moment using LRFD or ASD load combinations, with the structure
restrained against lateral translation, kip-in
Plastic bending moment, kip-in
Required axial strength in chord using LRFD load combinations, kips

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The purpose of this report is to design a 300 feet roof Pratt truss members for the given
design loads. The loads that are given are:
Dead Loads:
Decking plus clay tile roofing (on Sloping sides)

=25 psf. of roof area

Decking plus built-up roofing (on center portion)

=10 psf. of roof area

Purlins plus sag rods

=5 psf. of roof area.

Live Loads:
Snow

=25 psf. of projected area.

Roof Live load

=10 psf. of projected area.

Concentrated Load

=2 kips at any bottom

chord panel point

Figure 1: Side elevation of the truss

The span of the truss is 300 feet with vertical members and diagonal bracings spaced 25 feet
apart as shown in Figure 1.

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

2. ANALYSIS OF TRUSS MEMBERS

2.1 Load combinations as per AISC Manual:
As per AISC Manual, following are the possible load combinations.

1 1.2

1.6

0.5

2 1.4
3 1.2

4 1.2

5 0.9

6 0.9

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.2

The critical load combination which will have a maximum effect on the truss in terms
of axial loads and moments on its individual members is:
1.2

1.6

0.5

As a first step of design, axial forces in each chord member have been calculated
using SAP 2000. The practical tributary loads on each purlin which further induces moments
in individual members of the truss have been calculated.
2.2 Calculation of axial Loads:
The purlins are assumed to be placed 5 feet apart (panel points). Transverse loads on
Panel points (P) have been applied, for calculation of axial forces in the members. The
transverse loads on the panel points have been calculated for tributary width.
Loads on panel points:
Dead loads:
Decking plus roofing = 10
Purlins plus sag rods = 5

40
40

5
5

2
1

Live Loads:
Snow Loads = 25
Roof Live load = 10

40
40

5
5

Concentrated Load = 2 on any bottom chord panel point.

The axial forces in each member are deduced using these tributary loads.

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

The forces

&

are found to be
38
76
67
58

The reactions at the supports for the given loads are:

384
Method of sections has been adopted to calculate the axial forces in each member beginning
with section A-A as shown in the figure 2.

Figure 2: Section A-A used in method of sections

The truss has to be designed to take the concentrated live load of 2 kips on any bottom
panel point. Accordingly, a series of analysis were performed by using SAP 2000 and it was
found that when the concentrated load was placed at exactly center panel point, it induced
maximum axial tensile forces in lower chord panel members. So, the axial members in
tension will be designed by applying that 2 kips of load at center panel point on lower chord.
Applying Moment equilibrium about point O
125

30

125

100

75

50

25

Solving above equation,

875

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

Table 1: Axial forces in each of denoted members.

Beam #
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
35
41
49
50
53
54
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76

Pu(kips)
-210.958
-151.142
-90.3
-58.858
-90.3
-151.142
-210.958
-717.653
-717.653
-2.738
-2.738
-948.724
-948.724
-845.761
-922.794
-922.794
-845.761
-700.487
-629.844
-700.487
-629.89
-70.21
-70.21

Behaviour
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression

Beam #
1
2
3
4
7
8
24
32
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

Pu (kips)
276.478
198.427
119.421
40.227
197.617
275.668
40.603
40.603
599.904
600.517
540.904
718.757
846.475
923.213
923.213
846.475
718.757
540.704
600.517
599.904

Behaviour
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension
Tension

The axial forces deduced and shown in table 1 are used to find the moments in
members and find the corresponding flexural demand. The assumption of allotting loads over
the panel points is only to facilitate the calculation of axial loads in the members, which
technically doesnt produce any moments in the beam. But in reality, the truss members in
the upper chords are under the influence of point loads spread evenly over the span of 25
under which there are considerable moments. Hence all the members in the upper chords act
as beam column due to presence of both lateral and transverse loadings.
Analysis of beam # 72 for flexural demands is shown. The factored loads on the beam
are shown in the figure 3. (All loads are in kips)

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

Figure 3: Transverse Loads on beam #72

For the above loading conditions the bending moment diagram is as follows in figure 4. All
values are in kip-in

Figure 4: BMD of beam #72

The combined loading (including axial loads) is shown in figure 5..

Figure 5: Transverse Loads on beam#72

For this beam to be designed second order analysis has to be performed as per AISC
specification Section Appendix 8. A point of information to be mentioned is that the beams
are designed for flexure due to transverse loading about their minor axis Y-Y.
With reference to figure 5
_ _

228

Assuming that dead load of member is 200 lb/ft, and

is accounted for assumed

self-weight of the beam and accordingly the axial loads in the members are increased by
18.75k-ft.

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

3. DESIGN OF TRUSS MEMBERS

3.1 Design of compression members
As per AISC specification Section F-1,
is found to be 1.136.
Let us assume W14X120 wide flange section.
Checking the beam for following conditions:
1. Flange Local Buckling
2. Web Local Buckling
3. Lateral Torsional Buckling
1. Flange Local Buckling:
As per section F-1, AISC specifications, the criteria for flange local buckling is

7.8
9.152
Since

, Flange Local Buckling is not checked.

Therefore,

382.5

2. Web Local Buckling

As per section F-1, AISC specifications, the criteria for web local buckling is

Since

19.3,

90.553

, Web Local Buckling is not checked.

Therefore,

382.5

3.2 Lateral Torsional Buckling:

19.3;
Since

300;

158.525;

623.484

undergoes reduction and by a factor as mentioned in AISC

specification F2 (eqn. F2-2) Hence

found to be equal to be equal to 363.553 kip-ft

Therefore the flexural Moment capacity of the selected member is

327.197

Checking the section in compression for following:

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

1. Flexural Local Buckling.

2. Web Local Buckling.
1. Flexural Local Buckling:

7.8;

13.487

, it is non-slender and Flexural Local Buckling doesnt occur.

Since
Therefore,

992.363 .

2. Web Local Buckling:

19.3;

35.884

, it is non-slender and Web local Buckling doesnt occur.

Since
Therefore,

992.363 .

Based on two possible modes of failure, it is found that the capacity of the member is
.
kips
As per AISC specification Appendix 8, the ultimate moment and axial load demands
are increased with a factor
and

&

. Since there is no moment in X-X axis,

becomes zero

is calculated as per (A-8-3) of AISC and found to be equal to 1.778

The load interaction as per section H1 in AISC specification is calculated and found

to be 1.298, which is greater than 1 and hence this member isnt suitable for the current
demands of flexure and compression. Similar procedure was adopted and it was found that
W14 X 176 was suitable with deflections in the member lesser than 1.25 in. i.e. (L/240). For
all the members acting as Beam-column, similar methodology of limit state was adopted and
to make the truss aesthetically appealing, all the members in the upper chord were assigned
W14 X 159 section.
3.2 Design of Tension Members:
It is observed, as presumed, that most of tension members were the lower chord
members. All the tension members have been designed as per AISC specification Chapter D.
There are two limit state criteria for tension member design.
1. Gross section yielding
2. Net area Rupture

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

1. Gross Section yielding:

A member with gross sectional area yields in tension when,

The capacity of the member will be

, where

is 0.9 as per AISC specifications.

2. Net area Rupture:

A tension member should also be checked for net area rupture as per the following equation

The capacity of the member will be

, where

is 0.75 as per AISC specifications.

Design of beam# 60 has been shown. All the other tension members in the truss have been
design in the same manner.
For beam# 60:

913.213
5% of the ultimate load is added to accommodate the self-weight of the member. Hence
taking

988
Let us assume W 14 X 68 section for which,

20
65
50

For Gross area yielding

20
0.9

50

1000 ;

1000

900

which is not enough for the current demand.

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

Let us consider W14X 82, whose section and material properties are as follows.

24
65
50
For Gross area yielding

0.9

24

50

1080

For calculating Net area Rupture Capacity, net area is assumed to be 85% of the gross area.

0.75

65
994.5

0.85

24

994.5 ;

958.87

Hence W 14X82 is suitable member in lower chord.

All the tension members and compression members are designed in a similar manner.
Figure 6 shows the assigned sections for the truss members. (AUTO CAD PRINT)

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

4. DESIGN OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Connections play a very important role not only in fixing up the members but
also in terms of strength and serviceability of the member as a whole. For this design, bolted
connections have been used as per section J3 of AISC Steel specifications. Let us assume a
1in. diameter bolt and in. gusset plates. Strength of a bolt is governed by two factors.
1. Bearing capacity of the bolt
2. Shear capacity of the bolt
1. Bearing capacity of the bolt
The maximum bearing capacity of a bolt is given as:

2.4

2.4

0.5

58

69.6

2. Shear capacity of the bolt

The shear strength of 1 in. dia bolt as given in table 7.1 of AISC specifications is 31.8 k.
It is seen that the strength of the bolt is governed by shear. Hence taking shear
capacity of the bolt and calculating the number of bolts required for a bottom chord member
beam# 60 whose axial force is 923.213k,

923.213
31.8

30

Design of connections for the joints specified has been calculated in a similar manner.
Table 2 shows the number of bolts required and number of bolts provided for critical joints.
A minimum of 3 in. center-to-center spacing, 1.25 in. edge/end distance has been
required as per AISC specifications, but the bolts are placed depending on the sections
chosen at respective joints. The number of bolts provided for each joint is specified in figure
7.

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

Table 2: Bolts provided at selected joints.

Joint

6
7

10

11

12

13

Member
60
4
28
5
61
59
3
27
60
58
2
26
59
57
1
25
58
56
75
24
57
55
49
56
55
71
71
49
75
72
72
24
1
35
35
25
2
67
67
26
3
68
68
27
4
53
53
28
54

Section
W14X176
W14X22
W14X61
W14X22
W14X176
W14X176
W14X22
W14X61
W14X176
W14X176
W14X22
W14X61
W14X176
W14X176
W14X22
W14X61
W14X176
W14X176
W14X22
W14X61
W14X176
W14X176
W14X22
W14X176
W14X176
W14X159
W14X159
W14X22
W14X48
W14X159
W14X159
W14X61
W14X22
W14X159
W14X159
W14X61
W14X22
W14X159
W14X159
W14X61
W14X22
W14X159
W14X159
W14X61
W14X22
W14X159
W14X159
W14X61
W14X159

Bolts
Required
30
2
2
2
30
27
4
3
30
23
7
5
27
18
9
7
23
19
3
2
18
19
1
19
19
23
23
1
3
20
20
2
9
23
23
7
7
27
27
5
4
30
30
3
2
30
30
2
30

Bolts
Provided
32
4
4
4
32
28
4
4
32
24
8
8
28
20
12
8
24
20
4
4
20
20
4
20
20
24
24
4
4
20
20
4
12
24
24
8
8
28
28
8
4
32
32
4
4
32
32
4
32

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

5. CHECK FOR BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE

The tension members can fail at the connection ends doe to tear-out of the material at
the locations of connections. This is referred as block shear. Section J4.3 of AISC
specifications mentions about the block shear. It is a critical mode of failure which has to be
taken care of.
Block shear is defined as the sum of gross yielding capacity and net section fracture
strength of the tension path. It is governed mainly by the bolt pattern and the failure path
occurs along the perimeter of the entire bolt. The block shear calculated according to AISC
specifications should be greater than the ultimate tensile forces in the members. A check for
the tension members used in the design has been performed and checked against ultimate
tensile forces in the member. As an illustration, calculation of block shear capacity of
member W 14X176 having maximum tensile forces have been shown below.

0.6

0.6

0.6
0.6

0.6

For the section considered:

31.44

3.93

3.193

207.817; 0.6

1031.076;

0.6

1031.076

30.122

1178
0.6

1039.359

923.213

which is the ultimate tensile load in the member. In a similar manner, all the steel members
used are checked and found to be well within the limits.
Note that, the bottom chord members could have been built using section W14X99
for lesser weight of steel, but the section is failing in block shear after the connections are
built. Hence, it has been changed from W14X99 to W14X176. The sections assigned to
each member of the frame and details of the bolts and their center to center spacing have
been shown in figure 7.

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

ANNEXURE A: BILL OF QUANTITIES

Table 3: Bill of quantities for a 300 ft. long truss

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
2
3
4
24
25
26
27

W14X22
W14X22
W14X22
W14X22
W14X61
W14X61
W14X61
W14X61

39
39
39
39
30
30
30
30

22
22
22
22
61
61
61
61

Total
Weight
(Kips)
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.83

28

W14X61

15

61

0.92

S.No Member

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

Length Weight
(ft)
(#/ft)

Section

35
W14X159
25
159
49
W14X22
15.9
22
53
W14X159
25
159
55
W14X176
25
176
56
W14X176
25
176
57
W14X176
25
176
58
W14X176
25
176
59
W14X176
25
176
60
W14X176
25
176
67
W14X159
25
159
68
W14X159
25
159
71
W14X159 29.15
159
72
W14X159 29.15
159
75
W14X48
29.15
48
Total Steel Weight (half of the section)
Total Steel Weight:

3.98
0.35
3.98
4.40
4.40
4.40
4.40
4.40
4.40
3.98
3.98
4.63
4.63
1.40
64.99 Kips
129.97 Kips

Remarks

Only half the length

is considered for the
weight calculation.

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

ANNEXURE B: DRAWINGS

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu

REFERENCES

Specification for Structural Steel Building, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL

CONSTRUCTION, Chicago, Illinois , 2010, pp 26-43, 105-108.

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Alla, Kothapalli, Mohammed, Prodduturu