Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
1. Define environmental health.
2. Appreciate environmental condition as a
social determinant of health.
2. Discuss outdoor and indoor air quality
3. Discuss global effects of air pollution
4. Discuss different types of water system
5. Describe a safe drinking water
6. Discuss strategies for meeting standards
Environmental Health
addresses all the physical, chemical, and
biological factors external to a person, and all the
related factors impacting behaviours
encompasses the assessment and control of
those environmental factors that can potentially
affect health
targeted towards preventing disease and creating
health-supportive environments.
Environmental Health
concerned with preventing illness through
managing the environment and by changing
people's behavior to reduce exposure to
biological and non-biological agents of disease
and injury
concerned primarily with effects of the
environment to the health of the people.
Department of Health, Philippines
- year 2004
- 24 global risk factors
Health Risk
A factor that raises the probability of adverse
health outcomes
Measured thru:
Mortality
Disease Adjusted Life Years
Environmental Risks
nearly 10% of
deaths and disease
burden globally
around 25% of
deaths and disease
burden in children
under 5 years old
Video
AIR POLLUTION:
Indoor and Outdoor
Air pollution
Contamination of the indoor and outdoor
environment by any chemical, physical or
biological agent that modifies the natural
characteristics of the atmosphere.
Outdoor or Indoor
Air Pollution
More than 2M premature deaths each year
can be attributed to the effects of urban
outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution
More than half of this disease burden is borne by
the populations of developing countries
Ozone (Ground-level)
Particulate matter
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Lead
ES Environmental Protection Agency
Pollutant
Source
OZONE (O3)
Particulate
Matter
Effects
Children are at highest risk
Sensitive vegetation
especially during growing
season
Reduced visibility
Lung problems
Carbon
monoxide
Pollutant
Source
Effects
Airway inflammation and
increased respiratory
symptoms in people with
asthma
Sulfur
dioxide
Bronchoconstriction and
increased asthma
symptoms
Lead
Affects oxygen-carrying
capacity of blood
HAP video 1
HAP video 2
Safe Water
Water in Earth
Only 2.5% of water available on Earth is
freshwater, but a significant portion of this is
inaccessible
Rivers, lakes, underground
Investments in safe drinking water and
improved sanitation show a close
correspondence with improvement in human
health and economic productivity
Water Sources
Rainwater
Surface water rivers, lakes, streams, ponds,
impounding reservoir, seas and oceans
Groundwater spring, well, infiltration
galleries / wells
Threats to Water
Land use
Deforestation
Climate change
Increased consumption due to growing
populations
Pollution
Water Pollution
Any contamination of water with chemicals or
other foreign substances that are detrimental
to human, plant or animal health
Water-related diseases
Water-borne
Ingested in drinking water
Water-washed
Associated with inadequate supplies of water for
proper personal hygiene
Water-based
Transmitted through an invertebrate host or
water-related vector
Interventions for
Water-related Diseases
Water-borne
Improvement in sanitation, personal and
microbiological water quality
Water-washed
Improvement in water supplies
Water-based
Improvement in water supplies
Water video
Water Quality
Biological
Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, worms
Chemical
Minerals, metals and other chemicals
Physical
Temperature, color, smell, taste, turbidity
Biological
Bacteria, viruses and protozoa
Major threat from these is diarrhea
Infective dose
Minimum number of pathogens needed to cause
illness in a person
Indicator organisms
Presence of absence of certain bacteria is used to
determine safety of water
Coliform bacteria is most common indicator (E coli)
Chemical
Usually causes concern only after chronic
exposure
Sources
Naturally found (arsenic, calcium, flouride,
magnesium, sulfur)
Human activities: agriculture and industry
(nitrogen, phosphorus and pesticides)
Chemical
Health effects
Arsenic - arsenicosis
Flouride damage teeth, crippling skeletal damage
Nitrates and nitrites blue baby syndrome of
methemoglobinemia
Other
Iron nuisance : color and taste
Manganese nuisance: color and taste and stain
Physical
Aesthetic characteristics
Turbidity, color, taste, smell and temperature
Drinking water
Generally clear, tastes good, has no smell and is
cool
Turbidity
Aluminum
Chloride
hardness
Hydrogen sulfide
No objectionable taste
No objectionable odor
True: 5 NTU, Apparent: 10
NTU
6.5 to 8.5
5 NTU
0.2 mg/L
250 mg/L
300 as CaCO3
0.05 mg/L
1.0 mg/L
0.4 mg/L
200 mg/L
250 mg/L
500
5
Water Safety
Ideal:
Number of
Households
% of Total
4 177 722
27.3
19.3
1389 768
9.1
2 406 228
15.7
1 098 552
7.2
Dug Well
1 209 319
7.9
1 350 735
8.8
Peddler
348 636
2.3
Bottled Water
55 226
0.4
Others
291 731
1.9
TOTAL
15 278 808
100
Water Safety
In the interim:
Limitations of HWTS
Mainly to improve water quality
Not alternative to reliable, well-managed and safe
piped-in water supplies
Should not divert resources away from long-term
government efforts
Limitations of HWTS
Mainly improves microbiological water quality
and some do not remove all types of
pathogens
protozoa cysts (Cryptosporidium) are resistant to
chlorine
Filters are not effective in removing viruses
Limitations of HWTS
It must be used correctly, consistently and
exclusively, especially among vulnerable
groups
Ensure uptake and solutions must be accessible,
affordable, acceptable and sustained
Maraming Salamat!