ANALYSES OF RESULTS

In this experiment which entitled Energy Losses in Bends, we are to

determine the loss factor through a range of pipe fitting including bends, a
contraction, an enlargement, and a gate-valve. For us to achieve the objective, we
have used equipment like hydraulics bench, stopwatch, energy losses in bends and
fittings apparatus, clamps for pressure tapping connection tubes, spirit level, and
thermometer.
In computing for the energy loss (expressed in terms of a head loss, delta H)
which occur in pipe fittings, it greatly depends on the values of loss coefficient (k)
and dynamic head (v2/2g) since the diameter of pipes used, flow rate, and velocity
were held constant. Based from the data gathered and results obtained, energy loss
is directly proportional to both loss coefficient and dynamic head. Among the pipe
fittings and bends used, mitre has the least value of head loss while enlargement
fitting has the greatest value. In addition, the Reynolds numbers obtained from all of
the fittings are greater than 4000 which indicates a turbulent flow of water in the
system.
The possible causes of error in this experiment are the inaccurate
performance coming from energy losses in bends and fittings apparatus,
uncalibrated equipment, and inaccurate observation and measuring of data.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some resistance
due to which some of the energy of the fluid is lost. This loss of energy is classified
as major and minor losses. This experiment mainly focuses on minor losses. The
loss of energy due to change of velocity of the flowing fluid in magnitude or
direction is called minor loss of energy. The minor loss of energy includes sudden
expansion of pipe, sudden contraction of pipe, and bending in pipe. Loss of head in
flow through pipe bends, also called as bend loss, is usually expressed as Kv2/2g;
where k is the loss coefficient and v as the average velocity of flow through the
pipe.
Overall, the experiment was a successful one since the objectives stated
were achieved. We are to determine the loss factor through a range of pipe fitting
including bends, a contraction, an enlargement, and a gate-valve. It was determined
that among the ranges of pipe fittings and bends used, enlargement has the
greatest value of loss factor while mitre has the least value of loss factor.
Determining the loss factor is very significant in many fluid power applications
because energy losses due to flow in valves and fittings exceed those due to flow in
pipes. Therefore, a proper selection of fitting is essential.
In this experiment, it is highly recommended to open the valves slowly and
carefully to control the water flow and discharge. Check first the equipment to be
used whether they are calibrated well and functioning before recording the
measurements to lessen the error that might be acquired. Lastly, follow the
instructions on the manual carefully to avoid unnecessary errors.