Demography

Demography is the study of the basic demographic processes of fertility, mortality, and migration and their
consequences for population distributions of various kinds including age and sex composition and the spatial
distribution of population. The subfield of social demography examines the intersection of demography with
social distributions and dynamics, particularly population composition and differences in demographic
distributions by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Demographic analysis draws on a specialized set
of methods and models including life table analysis; survival analysis; measurement of demographic rates,
ratios, and population composition; stable population theory; decomposition analysis; mathematical and
simulation models; and a wide range of related methods and techniques of analysis.
Examples of topics studied include trends in population growth and how it is shaped by the components of
fertility, mortality, and migration; spatial distribution of population; immigration; age and sex composition of
the population; residential segregation of social groups including racial and ethnic groups and
socioeconomic groups; socioeconomic distributions, poverty, and inequality; and how social outcomes of
different kinds are impacted by demographic distributions and processes. The Department has strengths in
both quantitative and qualitative analysis of demographic outcomes and processes. Regarding areas of
substantive focus, the Department has particular strengths in the demography of China and East Asia; the
demography of racial and ethnic groups broadly and the Latino/a population in particular; international
migration; residential segregation and spatial assimilation; and poverty and socioeconomic inequality.
The departments strength in demography is further strengthened by the presence of the Texas Census
Research Data Center on campus.

Population growth
In biology, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population. The
population growth rate is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a
given time period as a fraction of the initial population.
Global human population growth amounts to around 75 million annually, or 1.1% per year. The global
population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012. It is expected to keep growing, where
stimates have put the total population at 8.4 billion by mid-2030, and 9.6 billion by mid-2050. [1
A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative growth rate indicates
that the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the same number of
individuals at the beginning and end of the perioda growth rate may be zero even when there are
significant changes in the birth rates, death rates,immigration rates, and age distribution between the
two times.[3]
A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net reproduction rate of
more than 1 indicates that the population of females is increasing, while a net reproduction rate less
than one (sub-replacement fertility) indicates that the population of females is decreasing.