Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 7
Operation
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Contents:
7
Operation........................................................................................................................................................ 7-3
7.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 7-3
7.2 Automatic voltage- and reactive power regulation of the synchronous machine.........................................7-3
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7-3
7-3
7-4
7-14
7-17
General
Remote control (control room)
Analogue displays
Status and alarm messages
7-20
7-21
7-32
7-32
7-34
7-35
7-36
7-36
7-37
7-37
7-38
7-39
7-41
7-41
7-41
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7 Operation
7.1
Introduction
This part of the user manual describes how the excitation system has to be operated and
which points need to be observed for fault-free operation of the system. This document
mentions the necessary safety precautions and also contains a description of the
operating behaviour of the generator and the operation of the excitation system in
automatic and manual mode.
7.2
7.2.1
Electrical
Energy
Mechanical
Energy
Turbine
Consumer
Generator
Field
Current
Generator
Voltage
Excitation
System
Fig. 7-1
7.2.2
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parallel operation with the network, the network influences the behaviour of the closed
regulating circuit and in this sense acts as an external interference variable.
Controlled Object
I
Synchronous
M a s c h in e
Disturbance
Ug
Network
Excitation
Sy s te m
Fig. 7-2
The characteristics of the synchronous machine and the network are largely
predetermined. The excitation system only allows a correction of the overall behaviour in
the sense of a technical optimisation. This is achieved during commissioning through
adjustment of the corresponding regulating parameters.
In examining the behaviour of the regulated synchronous machine, a distinction must be
made between the stationary and the dynamic behaviour of the synchronous machine.
The stationary behaviour will primarily be addressed in the following, since this operating
condition can be influenced by the operating personnel from the control room. A number of
simplifications will be made and only those points will be examined which are relevant to
the operating personnel.
7.2.3
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Q-axis
Xd
D-axis
Fig. 7-3
Ep
smooth-core machines.
The salient-pole machines (example shown in Fig. 7 -4) have a large rotor diameter and
are therefore used in slow-running drive assemblies such as water turbines with a
rotational speed range of 20 to1500 rpm.
Fig. 7-4
Salient-pole machine
Two-pole (and some four-pole) generators of smooth-core design are used for fastrunning drive assemblies such as steam and gas turbines with a rotational speed range
>1500rpm, (see Fig. 7 -5).
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Fig. 7-5
The way in which both types of machine function is essentially identical. However, if one
considers the simplified equivalent-circuit diagram in , the following should be taken into
account:
For the Solid pole rotor design, the effective air gap in the
d-axis and the q-axis is approximately equal, thus producing the reactances Xd Xq.
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Basically, the same relationships apply to the operating conditions of the loaded machines
as to no-load operation . The sole difference is that the generator voltage is the dominant
regulating variable in island operation and the reactive power is the dominant regulating
variable in network operation.
The operating characteristics of the no-load machine and of the loaded machine in
network operation are examined in the following.
7.2.3.3 Operation of the unloaded machine (no-load operation )
In no-load operation, the terminal voltage of the generator is equal to the induced rotor
voltage. At constant rotational speed, this means that the terminal voltage depends
directly on the field current. In the range up to nominal generator voltage, a more or less
linear relationship exists between field current and generator voltage. When the generator
voltage exceeds the nominal value, a saturation effect takes place which is essentially
determined by the design of the stator iron. If one wishes to increase the generator
voltage further, above its nominal value, the field current must be increased
overproportionately.
Ug
Saturation
U gn
Generator
rated
voltage
No load
field current
Fig. 7-6
Ifo
If
No-load characteristic
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Starting out from the equivalent-circuit diagram () we can now develop the vector
diagram (Fig. 7 -7).
U=X
E
(E
MK
)
Fig. 7-7
Assuming that the generator is loaded with a purely ohmic load, the generator current IG is
in phase with the generator voltage UG. As a result of the synchronous reactance Xd, a
voltage drop of U = Xd IG is caused via the direct axis which is perpendicular to the
terminal voltage. This defines the size and phase position of the induced rotor voltage EP.
According to the law of induction, EP is proportional to the rotational speed n and to the
magnetic flux in the air gap. The magnetic flux is, in turn, proportional to the field
current, so that with a constant rotational speed, which is the case in network operation,
the induced rotor voltage is proportional to the field current If.
We now change the nature of the load and assume a mixed ohmic-reactive load
impedance of Z', whereby IZ'I is equal to the previous load R. The amount of the current
remains the same, but it now lags behind the voltage by the phase angle . In order to
maintain the generator terminal voltage, a higher induced rotor voltage EP (EMK) is
necessary. The generator therefore requires a higher excitation current.
The angle between terminal voltage and induced rotor voltage has a geometrical and a
mechanical meaning. It describes the angle position of the magnet wheel relative to the
rotating stator field and is therefore referred to as the load angle. This leads us to the
second aspect of the synchronous machine, the stationary electromechanical
behaviour. In parallel operation with other generators which are connected with an active
network, completely different and new groups of questions arise such as: Where are the
limits of synchronous energy transmission, identified by the terms synchronicity and
stability? For this purpose we take a symbolic section through a two-pole machine in
order to examine the torque characteristic (Fig. 7 -8):
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m ech
m ech
m ech
el
= 0o
= 45
el
=90
el
"rubber band"
T 9 5 _ 0 1 5 4 .D R W
Fig. 7-8
Since the geometrical and electrical angles are the same in a two-pole machine, the
phase diagram can be compared directly with the cross-sectional drawing.
For the first case, we assume that the rotating stator field has the same direction as the
rotor field. At a rotor angle = 0, the transmitted torque is equal to zero. In the second
case, the stator field is at a load angle = 45. The mechanically-driven rotor now "pulls"
the stator field along by means of magnetic force. To illustrate the force effect between
rotor and stator, one can imagine a "rubber band". In stationary operation, the mechanical
drive moment is equal to the electrical torque. For the smooth-core rotor, the maximum
electrical torque is produced at = 90. In reality, this working point cannot be used,
because it is no longer stable. The rotor begins to slip in relation to the stator field. The
generator falls out of step and becomes asynchronous.
The maximum torque is proportional to the induced rotor voltage EP (EMF,
Electromagnetic Force Voltage) and to the stator current IG. Since the stator field has a
sinusoid distribution, the torque formula for the solid pole machine can easily be derived.
Md Ep IG sin
Ep UG
Xd
sin
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limit of stability
Md
drive
torque
Fig. 7-9
d2
~ If 2
d1
~ If1
Torque characteristic
The entire range of possible stationary operating conditions is usually described by means
of the power diagram (Fig. 7 -10). This diagram can easily be derived from the vector
diagram (Fig. 7 -7). If one multiplies the voltage vectors by a vector Ug/Xd, the previous
voltage vectors become power vectors and one obtains the power diagram shown below.
P
Active power
Rated power
Drive limit
Load angle
limit
G e n e ra to r
Field current
limit
Sn
- Q
-1
1
xd
under
excited
Fig. 7-10
+1
+ Q
I fo
M o to r
over
excited
Reactive
Power
Usually, only the upper semicircle is represented for generator operation. The circle
around the co-ordinate centre point has a radius which corresponds to the nominal
apparent power Sn. Sn is defined by the permissible temperature increase of the stator
winding. The permissible operating range of a generator is limited in the active power axis
by the drive limit of the turbine. Furthermore, the operating range in the reactive power
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axis is limited, in the so-called overexcited range, by the thermal design of the rotor
winding and, in the underexcited range, by the stability limit.
The overexcited range limit is essentially determined by the nominal excitation current.
The sector formed by the field current with the centre 1/xd limits the overexcitement range.
The nominal working point of the machine is derived from the intersection of the thermal
limits of the stator and rotor.
In the underexcited range, the thermal loading capacity doesnt play any role, but the
important thing is to maintain synchronicity. As can be seen from Fig. 7 -10, a safety zone
must be maintained between actual and maximum torque. It follows from this that the
maximum load angle may not be greater than approx. 70 - 80. The load angle for
any working point can be read from the diagram between the reactive power axis and
indicator for the excitation power Pf.
Usually, synchronous machines are operated within the slightly overexcited reactive
power range in order, on the one hand, to comply with the usual network conditions, and
also to guarantee an adequate torque reserve in the event of network faults.
7.2.3.5 Functions of the automatic voltage regulator in network operation :
The voltage regulating system ensures automatic adjustment of the field current to the
value which is necessary for the present operating condition. This means, on the one
hand, keeping the operationally necessary values constant in stationary operation, and on
the other hand carrying out a rapid adjustment if conditions change.
The basic electrical relationships will be explained with reference to the following structure
of a power generating and distribution system.
1
Tie
3
Regional grid
Substation
Power station
T 9 5 _ 0 1 5 7 .D R W
Fig. 7-11
Network structure
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X
G
Tr
Fig. 7-12
Net
The equivalent-circuit diagram shows the generator G, which can also stand for an entire
power station, with the reactance XTr (transformer reactance) between generator
terminals and high voltage busbar. The resulting load impedance ZL relates to this feed
point. The rest of the system is reduced to an external reactance Xe and a voltage of the
rigid networks. All power-generating units are united at this point. The line resistances in
the immediate vicinity can usually be ignored, whereas the capacity of longer transmission
lines must be taken into account.
The basic requirements of the automatic voltage regulating systems which must be
fulfilled in a typical network under stationary conditions, i.e. without faults, are:
1.
The voltage at the consumer connection should be kept within acceptable limits.
2.
Stable reactive power distribution in the case of several parallel-operated generators
within the power station must be guaranteed.
3.
The reactive power distribution within the network system should create minimal line
losses, with good stability, also during load changes.
4.
The generator should always be operated within the safe operating limits.
In order to achieve the aims of automatic voltage regulation under stationary operating
conditions, it is necessary to partly correct the natural behaviour of machine and network.
For this purpose, the voltage regulator is influenced with a value dependent on the current
reactive current. The effect of this influence on the voltage regulation becomes clear if one
applies the analogy of the frequency and active power regulation of the turbine.
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Network
Network
AVR
Governor
G
G e n e ra to r
T u r b in e
n ,f
Q
T 9 5 _ 0 1 5 8 .D R W
Fig. 7-13
As long as the generator is in no-load or island operation, the rotational speed (frequency)
is maintained by the turbine regulator and the generator voltage by the voltage regulator.
In parallel operation with an active network, frequency and voltage are primarily
determined by the network and can only be altered to a small degree by the generator
group. The secondary control variables, the active power and reactive power, now
become the determining values in parallel operation .
However, an important difference exists between active power regulation and voltage
regulation. The frequency is the same throughout the entire network. This is not the case
with the voltage. Only the virtual "voltage of the rigid network" forms the value analogous
to the frequency.
How would a generator coupled to the network behave if it attempted, with the aid of its
turbine regulator, to keep the frequency of an entire network exactly constant? At the
slightest underfrequency, the turbine would fully opened or in the event of underfrequency
fully closed. Stable operation would be impossible. Only if we introduce a falling
characteristic such that the rotational speed reference value is decreased with increasing
power, it is possible to operate stably at any desired operating point. The active power is
derived from the intersection of the characteristic with the system frequency. The rise in
the characteristic is called frequency static and is defined as the ratio fn/f between no-load
and nominal load.
With rotational speed regulation, this static influence always acts with falling characteristic.
With voltage regulation, this static influence with negative characteristic is also introduced
if generators without step-up transformers are coupled to a common busbar. In most
cases, however, the generator is coupled to the network via a step-up transformer, so that
a natural static with negative characteristic is produced through the transformer- and
network reactance, see Fig. 7 -13.
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In such cases, the static influence is not falling, but is used to compensate the voltage
drop via the step-up transformer.
It must be emphasised that the expression 'static' only means the relationship between
the change in voltage and change in reactive power. This static must not be confused with
the residual error in proportional regulating circuits. The deviation in regulation, equivalent
to the setpoint-actual value difference, amounts to 0.0.5% in modern voltage regulators.
The effective reactive power static can be set by means of parameters between 20% and
+20%. Usual settings for the negative static are -4 to -10%, i.e. at 1 pu. reactive power,
the generator voltage is reduced by the set value (e.g. 4%).
For positive values, the generator voltage is increased to compensate the currentdependent voltage drop via the step-up transformer.
pos. static
neg. static
-Q
+Q
Fig. 7-14
For the operating personnel, it is important to know that the generator voltage changes
through this static influence even if the setpoint is not changed from the control room.
7.2.4
load
excitation
Usually, one only deals with the reaction of the machine to the change in a single
parameter, because the relationships then remain simpler and easy to understand.
A distinction can be made between two groups of physical variables, which we will deal
with separately, although they are not wholly independent of one another:
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The second group is represented by the mechanical
variables such as rotational speed or frequency, active power, torque and load angle.
We will start with the change in the electrical variables:
Let us assume that the network frequency and the torque of the drive shaft remain
constant. The field current is also kept constant and the internal resistance of the field
current source is disregarded .
What happens when a load is suddenly applied to the idling generator?
The effect varies greatly, depending on whether a change in active power or reactive
power is involved. We will consider the case of a pure reactive power change, for example
when an asynchronous motor is started up (Fig. 7 -15):
U
If = k o n s t .
U=I
*X
go
t
t = 0
Fig. 7-15
For the unloaded generator, the terminal voltage Ug is equal to the induced rotor voltage
Ep. After the circuit breaker S is closed, a reactive current IQ begins to flow immediately
and causes a voltage drop through the generator reactance. The original magnetic flux,
which passes through stator and rotor, cannot change instantly. The consequence of this
is that a contrary current is induced in the rotor circuit via the air gap in order to
compensate the changes on the stator side and maintain the balance of the circulation.
For the simplified equivalent-circuit diagram shown in this means that the direct axis
reactance Xd is replaced by the transient reactance Xd', which is 510 times smaller
than the synchronous reactance Xd.
7.2.4.1 The influence of the cage winding
Nowadays, almost all rotors of synchronous machines are equipped with a cage-like
short-circuit winding similar to that of an asynchronous motor. This short-circuit winding,
also called a damping winding, serves the purpose of electrodynamically damping the
rotor oscillations. In the salient-pole design, solid pole caps or pole grids bring about a
similar effect. The damping winding is coupled very closely to the air gap flux and its time
constant is short. During the first 10 milliseconds, the induced compensation current
practically only flows in this damping winding. The actual reactance is thus reduced in turn
and is called subtransient direct-axis reactance Xd".
The time sequence of the dynamic processes is determined by the time constant T, which
can be calculated from the relationship between the inductivity L and effective resistance
R of the circuit. The subtransient time constant Td" is very short and we see it practically
as a voltage jump without rise time. For the transient time constants, a distinction is made
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U=I
*X
go
t
t = 0
Fig. 7-16
In the case illustrated above, only the reactive power is influenced. The load angle
therefore remains = 0. In Fig. 7 -17, the same experiment is repeated with active power.
In an earlier section it was recognised that the load angle is dependent on the active
power. We will assume that the generator is already connected to a consumer R0. In this
stationary condition, ignoring losses, the mechanical drive power PA developed by the
turbine is equal to the electrical active power PE output to the consumer.
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Fig. 7-17
If, by closing the circuit breaker S, the generator is now loaded with an additional active
power R1, the electrical power of the generator is immediately increased. However, the
drive power of the turbine initially remains unchanged and the balance between
mechanical drive power PA and output electrical power PE no longer exists. The increase
in the electrical power PE is primarily produced by the kinetic energy of all rotating
masses which are coupled with the shaft. This means that the rotational speed decreases
until the rotational speed regulator has increased the shaft torque by adjusting the quantity
of gas, steam or water passing through the turbine.
Whereas under stationary conditions the electrical torque is in balance with the drive
torque MA, the moment of inertia of the entire shaft arrangement d/dt plays a role
during transient events. The following dynamic equation must be fulfilled at each instant:
7.2.5
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Overvoltage relay
IQ
Xd "
t
t = 0
Fig. 7-18
1 S ec.
Load dumping
The decrease of the reactive power current to zero causes a spontaneous and
unavoidable voltage rise U = IQ . Xd". If, for example, the subtransient reactance is
0,2 p.u., the dumping of 0,5 p.u. reactive current produces an immediate rise by 10%,
which cannot be reduced by any regulating action. Without an automatic voltage regulator,
the voltage would then continue to rise until the maximum value is achieved, which is
determined by the synchronous reactance. The rise time is dependent on the no-load time
constant Tdo.
With a voltage regulator, this further rise is more or less completely prevented, and the
voltage is restored to its original value. How quickly this is achieved depends on the type
and design of the excitation system. Static excitation systems, which directly influence the
field current of the generator, display the shortest reaction times, whereas indirect
excitation systems have to overcome the additional time constant of the excitation
machine. If the excitation system is operated in manual mode, the field current is
regulated, which leads to an undesired rise in the generator voltage until the overvoltage
relay of the generator protection is tripped and finally the generator is discharged. In order
to prevent this, the setpoint value of the field current regulator is reset to the value of the
no-load excitation current when the generator circuit breaker is opened.
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A large drop in the generators reactive power is also caused in the event of a distance
short circuit.
U
G
U
t=0
Fig. 7-19
1 sec
Such a fault at a remote electrical distance causes overcurrent and undervoltage, which
can be permitted for a short period. The voltage regulator provides maximum excitation in
order to support the voltage. At the instant the fault is eliminated by the selective
protective equipment, the voltage rises again in accordance with the reduction in load.
This overvoltage must, in turn, be adjusted to its original value by the voltage regulator.
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7.3
7.3.1
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The following table shows a summary of the commands available from REMOTE or
LOCAL control. The right-hand column (Feedback Indication) shows whether a feedback
indication is displayed in the control room.
Command
Exc. Circuit Breaker on
Exc. Circuit Breaker off
Excitation
on
Excitation
off
Control Channel 1 on
Control Channel 2 on
Operation Mode
auto
Operation Mode
manual
Setpoint Active Regulator
raise
Setpoint Active Regulator
lower
Reactive Power Regulator on
Reactive Power Regulator off
Power System Stabilizer
on
Power System Stabilizer
off
Control
local
Control
remote
Lamp Test
Release
Start exciter breaker on
Start exciter breaker off
Remote
Local
Feedback Indication
max pos
min pos
The shaded areas of the local commands mean that these only become effective if the
ENABLE key is pressed simultaneously on the local control unit.
In the following, the two forms of control REMOTE and LOCAL will be explained in detail.
7.3.2
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Fig. 7-20
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Superimposed
regulation
MANUAL
Q/cos
Off
Q/cos
On
Exc.
Off
Exc.
On
FCB Off
FCB On
No fault
no alarm
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
Higher/lower
Reference
value change
ON / OFF
Superimposed
Regulation
ON / OFF
Machine
breaker
ON / OFF
Excitation
Enable
excitation *)
Remote Local
control control
Reset to 100%
r.p.m.
By operating
personnel
By operating
personnel
Compensation to AUTO-Regulator
Synchron. system
Voltage
Reset to 100%
After the excitation is switched on, the generator voltage typically builds up as follows
So
fts
ta
rt
100%
Field flashing
Fig. 7-21
Channel I
COB / MUB
AVR
AUTO
HAND
FCR
CH l
Channel Il
CH lI
COB / MUB
AVR
AUTO
HAND
FCR
Fig. 7-22
Basically, a channel change can be carried out at any time, except in the following
situations:
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switch back to the defective channel until the fault in the now inactive channel has been
rectified.
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Note
AVR
AUTO
HAND
FCR
Fig. 7-23
Basically, it is possible to switch between operating modes at any time, because the
inactive regulator always automatically follows the active regulator. Special note should be
made of the following:
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longer follow the AUTO regulator. The feedback indication AUTO/MANUAL READY
allows the follow-up by the MANUAL regulator to be checked.
In the event of an automatic switchover to MANUAL mode due to a fault, switchover to the
operating condition prior to the fault should take place. For this purpose, the follow-up
control of the manual regulator reacts with a delay and relatively slowly to changes in the
excitation current.
This relatively slow follow-up behaviour of the manual regulator must be taken into
account in a manual switchover from AUTO MANUAL in that, immediately following a
change in the excitation current, the switchover is delayed for a short time (wait for
message: AUTO/MANUAL READY). In this way, a surge-free switchover is achieved in
every case.
Note
AVR
AUTO
HAND
FCR
FCR
CH l
CH lI
Emergency
Channel I
EGC
Channel Il
COB / MUB
AVR
AUTO
HAND
FCR
FCR
EGC
Fig. 7-24
Emergency
Channel II
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The emergency channel, like the manual mode of the main channel, is equipped with a
field current regulator. In addition to the field current regulator, the emergency channel is
equipped with overvoltage protection and a gate control which is independent of the main
channel. The built-in overvoltage protection acts redundantly to the protective function
built into the main channel. The operative effect of the field current regulator is identical to
that of the field current regulator in the main channel, i.e. the emergency channel only
regulates the field current and not the generator voltage.
The field current regulator of the emergency channel automatically follows up the leading
main channel so that, in the event of a fault in the main channel, a jump-free switchover
can take place automatically.
Manual switchover from the main channel to the emergency channel is only to be carried
out by authorised specialist personnel. Switching back to the main channel can take place
following tuning of the two regulators.
Main channel
COB / MUB
AVR
AUTO
MAN
FCR
FCR
EGC
Ermergency Channel
Fig. 7-25
The emergency channel, like the manual mode of the main channel, is equipped with a
field current regulator. In addition to the field current regulator, the emergency channel is
equipped with overvoltage protection and a gate control which is independent of the main
channel. The built-in overvoltage protection acts redundantly to the protective function
built into the main channel. The operative effect of the field current regulator is identical to
that of the field current regulator in the main channel, i.e. the emergency channel only
regulates the field current and not the generator voltage.
The field current regulator of the emergency channel automatically follows up the leading
main channel so that, in the event of a fault in the main channel, a jump-free switchover
can take place automatically.
Manual switchover from the main channel to the emergency channel can only be carried
out using the service panel or PC tool and is only to be carried out by authorised specialist
personnel. Switching back to the main channel can take place following tuning of the two
regulators.
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Setpoint
raise
lower
Fig. 7-26
Voltage Regulator
raise
Q/cos
Regulator
lower
Setpoint
Superimposed Regulator
AVR
Q-/CosPhi-regulator
The reactive power regulator / power factor regulator features its own setpoint setting
(setpoint integrator). When the superordinated regulator is switched off, this setpoint
setting always follows the actual value (current reactive power Q / current power factor
cosPhi). This means that the transition from voltage regulator to superordinated regulator
has no immediate effect on the operating point of the generator. Only when the setpoint
(setpoint setting of the superordinated regulator) is later adjusted by means of the
HIGHER-/LOWER commands (see 7.3.2.8), does the reactive power / power factor also
change.
7.3.2.8 Higher / Lower (/) commands with feedback indications MIN / MAX
The / commands from the control room control the setpoints of both the operating
modes AUTO and MANUAL / AUTO, MANUAL and the superordinated regulator. A
setpoint is only adjusted by these commands if its operating mode is activated.
a)
In AUTO mode
In AUTO mode, the setpoint of the generator voltage is adjusted by means of the /
commands. In no-load operation, changing this setpoint adjusts the generator voltage, in
operation under load this adjusts the reactive power. If the operating limits of rotor and/or
generator stator have been exhausted, corresponding limiting regulators intervene and
prevent the effect of the / commands in the direction of limitation.
If the setpoint for the generator voltage reaches its minimum or maximum setting value,
the message "Active regulator MIN-POS / MAX-POS" appears. If the - and commands
are given together, no adjustment of the setpoint takes place. When the excitation is
switched on, the setpoint for the generator voltage is automatically set to its nominal
value.
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
29
b)
In MANUAL mode
In MANUAL mode, the setpoint of the field current is adjusted by means of the /
commands. In no-load operation, this adjustment changes the generator voltage, in
operation under load this adjusts the reactive power. In manual mode, only an
underexcitation limiter (prevents slipping of the generator) and a V/Hz limiter (prevents
magnetic saturation) are available. The / commands are not always prevented by a
limiter as in AUTO mode. Care must therefore be taken to ensure that the operating limits
of rotor and generator (according to power diagram) are never exceeded.
If the field current setpoint reaches its minimum or maximum setting value, the message
"Active regulator MIN-POS / MAX-POS" appears. If the - and commands are given
together, no adjustment of the setpoint takes place. When the excitation is switched on
and when the generator breaker opens, the setpoint of the field current is automatically
set to the no-load excitation current value (Ifo).
c)
The slow reaction of this superordinated regulator (see 7.3.2.7) must be taken into
account in adjusting the setpoint, otherwise lagging to an unplanned operating point could
occur. In order to achieve better control over this setpoint adjustment, the reactive power
setpoint / power factor setpoint is displayed in the control room.
If the setpoint of the reactive power regulator / power factor regulator reaches its minimum
or maximum setting value, the message "Active regulator MIN-POS / MAX-POS" appears.
c)
The slow reaction of this superordinated regulator must be taken into account in adjusting
the setpoint, otherwise lagging to an unplanned operating point could occur. In order to
achieve better control over this setpoint adjustment, the setpoint integrator of this
regulator is therefore integrated in the control system in the control room. The output of
the setpoint integrator supplies the remote setpoint (e.g. 4...20 mA) directly to the
excitation system as setpoint for the reactive power regulator / power factor regulator.
If the remote setpoint is outside of the limit range, it is limited. The message "Active
regulator MIN-POS / MAX-POS" is displayed if the external setpoint exceeds the internal
limit range.
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
30
+ Q /C O S P H I R E F E R E N C E V A L U E
A Ix H IG H V A L U E
20 m A
H L REF
R E F E R E N C E M A X A C T IV E
R E F E R E N C E V A L U E M IN A C T IV E
4 m A
LL REF
A L A R M A Ix F A IL
0 m A
A Ix L IV E Z E R O
A Ix L O W V A L U E
-Q /C O S P H I R E F E R E N C E V A L U E
Fig. 7-26
Q-/CosPhi-setpoint
7.3.2.10
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
31
7.3.2.11
Reset
If the message "Excitation System Alarm" is displayed in the control room, the fault text
must be read from the local control panel and noted before resetting.
A fault which is indicated is reset using the remote reset. If the alarm message is not
cancelled after resetting, it must be assumed that the cause of the fault has not been
rectified. The reset key should not be pressed several times in succession, as each keypress is entered in the fault logger of the UNITROL F device. Pressing the key too often
fills up the fault logger and deletes the actual fault entries.
7.3.3
Analogue displays
Usually, only the excitation current signal is transmitted from the excitation cabinet to the
control room. The other displays necessary for the operation of the machine, such as
generator voltage, generator current, active and reactive power, are to be made available
from the system.
7.3.4
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
32
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
33
7.4
Local control
8-lines display
Fig. 7-27
The local control panel on the regulator cabinet contains 16 keys with LED's for the
system-specific displays and controls, 10 control keys for the operating mode and internal
functions and an LCD display with 8 lines, each with 40 characters.
The basic control of the excitation system can be carried out using the 16 keys with the
status messages. Alarm messages and analogue values can be displayed on the LCD.
7.4.1
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
34
The 8 predefined analogue values which are displayed after initialisation are listed below:
Channel no.
Value 1
Value 2
Value 3
Value 4
Value 5
Value 6
Value 7
Value 8
7.4.2
Value
Generator voltage
Generator current
Active power
Reactive power
Field current
Setpoint for AUTOMATIC
CHANNEL
Setpoint for MANUAL CHANNEL
Actual value for generator voltage
Unit
kV
kA
MW
Mvar
A-dc
kV
A-dc
%
Fault display
There are various alarm and trip signals which describe faults or malfunctions within the
excitation system. These fault messages can be grouped into alarms, protective
switchover and tripping of excitation.
On the first fault message, the control panel automatically switches to fault message with
display of the corresponding fault. The first fault which occurs (first fault) appears in the
first line, the subsequent faults in the following lines. In addition, the LED on the RESET
key flashes when the first fault is reported.
Fault messages
When the key is pressed, up to 8 fault messages appear, if faults are present (red LED is
lit). The 1st fault always appears on the first line and the subsequent faults appear below
this in ascending order of fault numbers. Further subsequent faults can be displayed
using the Scroll key.
The following possible means of cancelling the faults are available:
Cancelling the fault messages:
All alarms are stored in the control panel. In addition, special alarms are also stored in
the processor; these can only be reset by holding down the Reset key for a longer
period.
RESET pressed briefly:
This cancels the fault display of the alarms stored in the control panel. If no alarms are
active, the LED on the key goes out. If alarms stored in the processor are active, the LED
changes from flashing to being lit continuously when the reset key is pressed briefly. If a
new fault occurs, the alarm LED starts to flash again.
RESET pressed for longer than 1 second:
This resets both the alarms stored in the control panel and the alarms stored in the
processor. If no alarms are active, the LED on the key goes out. If alarms are still active,
the LED changes from flashing to being lit continuously when the reset key is pressed for
longer than 1 second. If a new fault occurs, the alarm LED starts to flash again.
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
35
Caution
7.4.3
By pressing the Cursor key, one of the line positions 1...8 or 1..4 on the display can be
selected. The current line is highlighted with the channel number shown in reverse
contrast. When the last line is reached, it jumps back to the first line. The Cursor key is
only active in the (numerical or bar display) analogue signal display.
Scroll key
When the Scroll key is pressed in the (numerical or bar display) analogue signal
display, the channel number (in reverse contrast) and its analogue value
changes.
When pressed in the fault message, all fault messages in lines 2...8 move up or
down by one position. The first line showing the first fault always remains in
place.
Page key
When the Page key is pressed, the channel numbers change by 10 positions or
the fault numbers by 6 positions. Otherwise functions like the Scroll key.
7.4.4
Printer key
When the Printer key is pressed, the analogue values in lines 1...8 are sent via the RS232 serial interface to the printer (if connected). If fault messages are active, these are
also sent. The yellow LED is only lit if data are being sent and the printer is ready to
receive these. If the LED is flashing, the printer buffer is temporarily full.
In order to increase the service life of the LCD display, the display and background
illumination are switched off after 60 minutes have elapsed without a key being pressed.
The panel display is switched on again If one of the 10 function keys is pressed or if a
fault message occurs.
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
36
7.4.5
Command keys
The control panel is equipped with a keypad. These keys allow the excitation system to be
controlled locally in the same way as is possible remotely, from the control room. The
commands are listed in the following table:
Command
Field breaker ON
Field breaker OFF
Excitation
ON
Excitation
OFF
Channel 1
ON
Channel 2
ON
Mode auto
Mode manual
Setpoint of active regulator
Setpoint of active regulator
Reactive power regulator
Reactive power regulator
Control
local
Control
remote
Lamp test
Enable
higher
lower
ON
OFF
Local
Feedback indication
max pos
min pos
The shaded areas of the local commands mean that these are only effective if the
ENABLE key on the local control unit is pressed simultaneously.
7.4.6
Service Panel
In addition to the local control panel, a local service panel is also available. However, this
is not used for local control of the excitation system. It simply assists the authorised
service personnel in rectifying faults. Further information on the use of the service panel
can be found in section 3.
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
37
7.5
7.5.1
maintenance plan.
tested.
properly locked.
supply present.
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
38
7.5.2
Switch-on sequence
Action
Display
Control
1 Field breaker ON
ON lamp is lit
2 Excitation ON
ON lamp is lit
Voltage builds up in 5 - 20
seconds
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
39
Fig. 7-28
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
40
Superimposed
regulation
MANUAL
Q/cos
Off
Q/cos
On
Exc.
Off
Exc.
On
FCB Off
FCB On
No fault
no alarm
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
Higher/lower
Reference
value change
ON / OFF
Superimposed
Regulation
ON / OFF
Machine
breaker
ON / OFF
Excitation
Enable
excitation *)
Remote Local
control control
Reset to 100%
r.p.m.
By operating
personnel
By operating
personnel
Compensation to AUTO-Regulator
Synchron. system
Voltage
Reset to 100%
7.5.3
No limiter active.
stable.
The correct function of the field current regulator for MANUAL mode is continually
checked by means of extensive monitoring devices. Nonetheless, it is recommended that,
periodically, e.g. following start-up, this regulator be switched briefly in order to test that it
is functioning correctly.
The correct function of the inactive channel is continually checked by means of extensive
monitoring devices. Nonetheless, it is recommended that, periodically, e.g. following startup, this regulator be switched briefly in order to test that it is functioning correctly.
b)
7.5.4
No active alarms.
No unusual noises.
Shut-down sequence
Action
6 Isolate the generator from the
network by:
- reducing the reactive power
(through generator voltage
setpoint).
reducing the active power
(via turbine regulator)
Open generator circuit breaker
7 Excitation OFF and
Field breaker OFF
Display
Control
&
8
7.5.5
Emergency-OFF
Faults in a number of peripheral devices in certain cases can lead to a situation that
neither REMOTE nor LOCAL control of the excitation system is possible. However, it must
still be possible to switch off the excitation in an emergency. An emergency shutdown can
be carried out using the local Emergency-Off pushbutton on the excitation cabinet //
"External Trip" input on terminal X3 :19-20 / 22-23 (see also Hardware schematic, sheet
901).
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
41
An emergency shutdown switches off the generator and the excitation. However, the
supply voltages for the excitation system are not switched off.
The operator must know how to carry out the emergency shutdown.
Caution
With the generator circuit breaker closed, the excitation system cannot be
switched off (by remote control) (the generator circuit breaker must be
opened beforehand).
The Emergency-OFF switch should only be used if it is impossible to
switch off using the normal Off command.
Document number
ABB Industrie AG
3BHS114940/E80
Lang.
en
Rev. ind.
Sheet
42