CCNA Advance

Chapter 3
OSPF Multi Area part2

OSPF Route Summarization

Benefits of Route Summarization

Minimizes number of routing table entries

Localizes impact of a topology change
Reduces LSA type 3 and 5 flooding and saves CPU
resources
3

Using Route Summarization

Inter-area summary link carries mask.

One or more entries can represent several subnets.
4

Interarea Route Summarization on an

ABR

Route Summarization Configuration Example

at ABR

External Route Summarization on an

ASBR

Route Summarization Configuration Example

at ASBR

Default Routes in OSPF

A default route is injected into OSPF as an external LSA type 5.

Default route distribution is not on by default; use the defaultinformation originate command under the OSPF routing
process.

Configuring OSPF Default Routes

10

Default Route Configuration Example

11

Configuring OSPF Special Area Types

Types of Areas

13

Stub and Totally Stub Area Rules

An area can be stub or totally stub if:
There is a single ABR (single exit point), or if there is more than
one ABR, suboptimal routing paths to other areas or external
autonomous systems are acceptable.
All routers in the area are configured as stub routers.
There is no ASBR in the area.
The area is not backbone area (area 0)
No virtual links go through the area.
Stub areas will result in memory and processing savings
depending upon the size of the network.

14

Using Stub Area

Receives all routes from
within A.S:
Within the local area - LSA 1s
and LSA 2s (if appropriate)
From other areas (InterArea) - LSA 3s
Does not receive routes from
External A.S (External Routes).
ABR:
Default route is
automatically injected into stub
area by ABR
ABR blocks all LSA 4s
and LSA 5s.
If LSA 5s are not known
inside an area, LSA 4s
are not necessary.
LSA 3s are propagated
by the ABR.
15

Using Stub Area

LSA 3s (Inter-Area routes) are propagated
11.0.0.0/8
by the ABR.
12.0.0.0/8
ABR blocks all LSA 4s (reachabilitly to 13.0.0.0/8
ASBR) and LSA 5s (External routes)
10.1.0.0/24
The ABR injects a default route into the
Lo - RouterID
stub area, pointing to the ABR.
192.168.1.1/32
(This does not
ASBR
Lo - RouterID
.1
mean the ABR has
192.168.2.1/32
a default route
of its own.)
.2
.3
.1

ABR-1

Pri 200

Pri 100

172.16.1.0/24
172.16.51.0/24

Area 51

Area 0
172.16.0.0/16

ABR-2
.5

Default
route

Lo - RouterID
192.168.3.1/32

LSA 3

LSA 4
172.16.10.4/30
LSA 5.6
LSA1, 2
Internal

.1

Lo - RouterID
192.168.4.1/32

172.16.20.0/24

Stub
Area
Area 1

16

Stub Areas - Database

Notice that there are no LSA 4s or LSA 5s for stub area

routers.
Default Route injected by ABR (LSA 3)
17

Stub Areas Routing table

18

Stub Area Configuration

This command turns on stub area networking.

All routers in a stub area must use the stub command.

This command defines the cost of a default route sent

into the stub area.
The default cost is 1.

19

OSPF Stub Area Configuration

Example

20

Using Totally Stubby Areas

Receives routes from within A.S:
Only from within the local area - LSA 1s and LSA 2s (if
appropriate)
Does not receive routes from other areas (Inter-Area) - LSA 3s
Does not receive routes from External AS (External Routes)
ABR:
ABR blocks all LSA 4s and LSA 5s.
ABR blocks all LSA 3s, except propagating a default route.
Default route is automatically injected into totally stubby area by
ABR.
Routing tableis reduced to a minimum.
All routers must be configured as stub.
ABR must be configured as totally stubby.
This is a Ciscos proprietary feature

21

Totally Stubby Areas - Database

Default route is injected into totally stubby area by ABR for all
other networks (inter-area and external routes)
Does not receive routes from other areas (Inter-Area)
Does not receive routes from External A.S. (External Routes)

22

Totally Stubby Areas Routing table

23

Totally Stubby Areas ABR RTable

24

Totally Stubby Configuration

The addition of no-summary on the ABR creates a totally stubby

area and prevents all summary LSAs from entering the stub
Area configure on ABR

25

Totally Stubby Configuration Example

26

Not-So-Stubby Areas

NSSA breaks stub area

rules.
ASBR (R1) is allowed in
NSSA.
Special LSA type 7
(routing table 0 N1 or 0 N2)
defined, sent by ASBR.

ABR (R2) converts LSA type 7

to LSA type 5.
ABR sends default route into NSSA
instead of external routes from other
ASBRs (manual configuration, not
automatically).
NSSA is an RFC addendum.
27

Example: NSSA Configuration

28

NSSA Totally Stubby Configuration

NSSA totally stubby area is a Cisco proprietary feature.

29

Configuring OSPF Authentication

OSPF Authentication Types

OSPF supports 2 types of authentication:

Simple password (or plain text) authentication
MD5 authentication
Router generates and checks every OSPF packet. Router
authenticates the source of each routing update packet that
it receives.
Configure a key (password); each participating neighbor
must have same key configured.

31

Example Simple Password Authentication

Configuration

32

Example MD5 Authentication

Configuration

33

Summary
OSPF is an open-standard link-state routing protocol, offering quick
convergence and the ability to scale large networks.
There are five OSPF packet types: hello, DBD, LSU, LSR, and LSAck.
Configuration of OSPF is a two-step process:
Enter OSPF configuration with the router ospf command.
Use the network command to describe which interfaces will run OSPF in which
area.
OSPF defines three types of networks: point-to-point, broadcast, and NBMA.
On NBMA networks, OSPF mode options include nonbroadcast, broadcast,
point-tomultipoint, point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast, and point-to-point.
LSAs are the building blocks of the LSDB. There are 11 types of OSPF LSAs.
Route summarization reduces OSPF LSA flooding and routing table size, which
reduces memory and CPU utilization on routers.
Stub area techniques improve OSPF performance by reducing the LSA
flooding.
OSPF supports two types of authentication:
Simple password (or plain text) authentication
MD5 authentication
34

Question ?
Thank you !