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UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT

Introduction

Considered as the two of the hard to solve problem socio economic problem that can cause
undesirable effect on the individuals economic and social status.
Difference between un employment & underemployment
Unemployment - refer to a jobless condition
Underemployment refers to a condition wherein an employed individuals work is insufficient to
fulfill his needs. As a result, worker would naturally search for another job to gain additional income.
Social and political implication of unemployment:
Poverty
o Increase in crime rate
o Squatting
o Malnutrition
Unemployed people may also blame the government because of the latters inability to
provide/generate jobs for the masses.
Gradual degeneration of moral community norms and values.
Unemployed individuals may eventually address their distrust to the Church

Causes of Unemployment

Institution have under-subscription of long term courses and over-subscription of common courses.

Physical and natural causes such as calamities

Frequent change in season

Influx of the technological inventions

Discrimination in the work place

Prospective workers outlook toward employment

Population growth
Effects of Unemployment

Economy
Malnutrition
Increase of the number of out-of-school youth

Morality
Employed individual may tend to engage in illegal act in order to survive such as drug trafficking,
prostitution, illegal recruitment, etc.
Moral foundation (such as family and the church) may not be effective in impoverished and
unemployed society and individual
Hopelessness (self-pity and anguish) and family discord are inevitable.
Underemployment and Unemployment Issues

(NSO) nine out of ten Filipino are literate.

Literacy rate of the Philippine has been consistent for 10 years.

Newly graduate students are desperately preoccupied with the limitless search for job opportunities.
School must design their curricula in consideration of the needs of the prevailing system in the
economy
Types of Unemployment

Cyclical unemployment
Result from the ups and downs of business cycle of the country
Example: if the business is experiencing a financial crunch, the firm might decide to reduce its
number of workers
Occurs because of the undesirable performance of the real Gross National Product
GNP refers to the actual national spending which is made up of four components
Consumption spending by household (C)

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Investment spending by the firm and the households (I)

Government purchases of goods and services (G)
Net exports (X-M)
GNP = C + I + G + (X-M)
It can be controlled by implementing appropriate economic policies to avoid the occurrence of such
employment irregularities.
Economic indications:
Workforce is not fully employed in the economy
Aggregate supply and demand are below the level of intended economic performance
I is cyclical because:
If the level of cyclical unemployment is low, it means that the people dont have enough
purchasing power to consume the produced goods
Manufacturers tends to sell their goods/products at lower prices

Structural unemployment
Result from mismatch between the available skill and the requirements in the labor market
Various factors for the occurrence of the structural unemployment:
Introduction of modern technologies
unskilled workers who have no knowledge about the technology (machine) are
compelled to quit their jobs and tends to look for other jobs.
Frictional unemployment
Considered as the transitional type of unemployment
Circumstances: (1) poor placement services (2) people who are entering or re-entering the
workforce (3) individuals who are searching for greener pastures

Technological unemployment
Employees are replace by machines that can display fast and accurate outputs
Issues concerning technological unemployment have been the subject of socio economic debates
Popular labor organization in the Philippines:

Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU)

Alliance of Progressive Labor

Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP)

Started during the popularization of industrialization

Seasonal unemployment
Refers to unemployment resulting from seasonal changes in the labor supply
May occur because of the climatic change and during holiday seasons
Examples:

Lantern makers are virtually unemployed during off holiday season

Farm helpers are unemployed when the cropping season is over and fisherman are also
unemployed when there is a typhoon/storm in the country

Show business

Theories of Employment

Theory X
Theory Y
Theory Z

Theory X traditional view of direction and control

The theory states that:

An average man dislikes work and will avoid it unless directly supervised
Employees must be forced, manipulated, directed to ensure the organizational aims are met
The threat of reprimand must exist within an association
People prefer to be supervised in this way so as to avoid responsibility
People are comparatively unambitious and their main motivating strength is the yearning for protection

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Theory Y implies a more self-aimed workforce that takes an interest in the goals of their association and
incorporate some of their own goals into these.
The theory states that:

Employees are determined, keen to accept bigger responsibility and put into effect both self-control and
route.
Employees will work in the direction of organizational purposes.
The average man will, under the right conditions, not only accept responsibility but also seek more.
Lack of goals and qualities of theory X are not innate human distinctiveness but learned in working
surroundings that suffocate and do not promote the theory Y attitude.

Theory Z many employees are assured of a position for life, ever increasing their fidelity to the company.
The theory states that:

Cautious assessment occurs over a phase of time and the accountability for accomplishment or breakdown
is shared among workers and the board.
Most workers do not concentrate in one skill area but work at several different tasks, learning more about
the company as they expand.
Some industries are often anxious about all aspect of their employee lives, on and off the job

Classification of the Philippine Work Force

Working age
population (15 TO
65 years old)

Inside the Labor Force

Employed

At
wor
k

unemploy
ed

With job
but not at
work

Outside the Labor

Force -too young or
too old for work
-With permanent
disability
-housekeepers
-school children
-others

Not looking for work

-insufficient supply of
work opportunities
-awaiting result
application
-bad weather
-rehire/job
Four reasons to be considered part of the unemployment
pool: return

Looking
for work

He or she might be a new graduate or new entrant in the labor force.

He or she resigned from his job in search for other employment and may be considered as unemployed
while searching.
He or she may be laid off from work.

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The worker may lose his or her job, either he/she is fired or because the firm closes down.
Labor Code of the Philippines

Also known as Presidential Decree no. 422, enacted by former president Ferdinand Marcos on May 1, 1974
Declaration of the basic policy: the state shall afford to protect labor, promote full employment, ensure work
opportunities regardless of sex, race or creed and regulate the relations between workers and employers.
The State shall assure the rights of workers to self-organization, collective bargaining, security of tenure, just
and humane conditions of work.

Definitions in the Labor Code:

Unfair Labor Practice (ULP) Book Five, Title VI, Chapter 1, Article 247 of the Labor Code
It is a violation of the constitutional mandated rights to self-organization. Includes the prohibiting of collective
bargaining agreement.
Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) this agreement contains the terms and conditions with regard to salaries
and wages of employees, guidelines with regard to labor disputes, working conditions and other labor issues.
Manifestations of unfair labor practice:

To interfere with, restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their right to self-organization
To require as a condition of employment that a person or employee shall not join a labor organization or
shall withdraw from one to which he belongs
To contract out services or functions being performed by union members when such interference with
restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of their rights to self-organization
To initiate, dominate, assist or otherwise interfere with the formation or administration of any labor
organization including the giving of financial or other support to it or its organizers or supporters.
To discriminate in regard to wages, hours of work and other terms and conditions of employment in order to
encourage or discourage membership in any labor organization.

National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) in charge of formulating rules and regulations with regard to the
contact of labor hearings and internal rules of procedure.
Bureau of Labor Relations (BLR) to act on labor issues or disputes that may arise in inter-union or intra-union
conflicts.
Inter-union conflicts conflicts between two or more labor organizations
Intra-union conflict conflicts within the labor organization
*It should be noted that a labor organization should acquire legal accreditation from the Department of Labor and
Employment, otherwise, the organization is considered as an illegitimate labor group.
Contractualization the practice of employment based on a contract agreed between the employer and employee.
Employment for a specific period of time
The government has no power to regulate the practice because of two major reasons:
1. It is one of the disadvantages of globalization to the developing countries (wherein only the developed states
are benefited)
2. Government interference to private (capitalist) sector may affect foreign investment in the Philippines.
Globalization a popular economic policy in the international community which greatly affects the economy of the
countries
It encourages the international community members to engage in the international trade
POVERTY
Definitions of Poverty:

It refers to the deprivation of basic economic necessities such as food, shelter, money, clothing and etc.

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It also denotes the deficiency of wealth and income. Deficiency or scarcity can be relatively understood and
treated by different people.
Poverty may also cause social exclusion
One of the socio-economic problems that usually occur in developing countries
Extreme poverty one of the causes of malnutrition

Causes of Poverty

Illiteracy
Scarcity of private ownership of the means of production
High population
Terrorism
Physical and natural factors such as calamities, and environmental catastrophes etc.
Rampant corruption and irregularities in the government
Lack of economic opportunities such as the absence of key investors in the economy
Lack of social integration and variety of competition economic monopoly

Effects of Poverty

Brings devastating effects not only in the psychological aspect of an individual but it also brings instability in
the socio-political structure of the society.

People may blame the government of their current economic status.

Political instability may harm the economy.

Socio-political instability may also lead to the emergence of radical anti-poverty movements

Undesirable effects of poverty

Sanitation problems
High crime rate
High risk of political violence
Poor housing projects
Lack of employment opportunities
Low literacy rate
Widens the economic gap between the rich and the poor high risk of discrimination
Lower life expectancy
Drug abuse
Characteristics of Poverty
Absolute poverty

refers to the general concept of poverty

In addition, it refers to a fixed set of standards which is consistent over time

People who are under this characteristic have no economic means to satisfy their basic needs
such as food, clothing and shelter

Examples:

Victims of super typhoon Reming in Legaspi, Albay

Malnourished children in the countries of Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Relative poverty

It also refers to deprivation of basic needs of an individual as compared to another group Sociallydefined poverty

Urban Social Problems

Causes of migration from rural to urban communities

Movement of people from rural to urban communities

A rural delusion wherein urban areas are more develop than the rural areas

There are Filipinos who are still moving from the province to the urban communities
Effect of uncontrollable movement of rural people to the over-populated urban communities

Air, water and noise pollution

Informal settlers

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Prostitution
Psychological and mental illness
Alcohol and drug abuse
Crime and juvenile delinquency

Squatters/slum communities

An outcome of the abrupt movement of rural people to urban communities

Squatter areas have proliferated along river banks, railways tracks, esteros and in the boarders of residential
areas

They build shanties or barong-barong with improvised materials such as used hardwood, scrap
iron, second hand GI sheet and other cast-off materials

Characteristics

Physical absence of basic needs such as electrical and potable water supply

Social people may be employed or unemployed

Legal non-legal status

Culture of poverty

A social theory which is coined by Oscar Lewis

First used in 1959 in his book entitled, Five, Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of
Poverty

Considered impoverishes individuals as one of the important parts of the society

Characteristics of culture of poverty

Absence of financial resources/financial shortages

Lack of savings

Early sexual experience

No confidence / mistrust in the government

Matriarchal family and broken family

Lack of privacy

Sociological Theories of Poverty

Structural functionalist theory

poverty serves as a motivating factor for the poor to aim high.

Provides an optimist view about the existence of poverty in the society

The higher your educational attainment, the better you will be paid

Many important occupational roles are poorly paid as compared to the non-essential occupation

Conflict theory

Economic condition under this theory:

Capitalist dominates the means of production while economically abusing the proletariat
class

Workers continue to be exploited by the capitalist because the former is dependent on the
capital of the latter

Government laws and policies are two of the socio-political institutions which the
bourgeoisie class used to continue their abuse against the workers.

Existence of free market economic policies is only intended to benefit the most develop
countries

Symbolic interaction theory

Studies society in symbols, things, pictures representation and other tangible materials

Poverty can be associated with laziness and irresponsibility

Rich individual can be attributed to intellectuals, responsible, industrious

Culture of poverty theory

Matriarchal families are usually attributed to a relative lack of participation to major socio- political
institution

Lewis characterized the people under the culture of poverty as dependent

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The shared norm, moral behaviors, and attitudes are passed from generation to another
Contemporary sociologist states that behavior, shared norm, and attitudes are only the result of the
blocked opportunities of the rich individuals

Dependency theory

poverty is rooted from the dependency of a particular country to the other country

economic setting under this theory:

develop countries need developing countries to be the major supplier of raw materials

develop countries need developing countries to be their major investors

existence of transnational corporations

owner of these foreign business firm established ties with key political figures in the
government
Evolutionary / Social Darwinism Theory

individuals who have superior intelligence are the only ones that can survive in a society.

Mental excellence is inborn

Zulueta and Liwanag postulated that social mobility in the Philippines is slowly developing
because of this impediment: historical and contemporary foreign colonizers
Capitalist theory

Capitalism - major perpetuator of economic inequality and abuse.

Its harmful effect are inevitable especially to the masses

International measures of poverty

Poverty thresholds (World Bank)

Synonymous to poverty line

WB sets an average poverty threshold of $1 per day for the developing world, $2 per day in Latin
America, $4 per day in Eastern Europe and commonwealth of independent states and $14 per day
in developed states.

Minimum calorie requirements (World Health Organization)Household incomes

Used minimum calorie requirement in measuring the poverty level of every economic region in the
international community

Human poverty index (United Nations Development Program)

Deprivations of: (1) knowledge (2) long and healthy life (3) decent living standards
Household Incomes

A family is considered as a member of the underprivileged class if it has less than 50% of the
median household

The national Statistics Coordinating Board uses this kind of tool to estimate poverty level in the
Philippines

Education, Sex, and Family Structures and Poverty

Education regarded as one of the effective measures in order to insulate an individual
against poverty.
Sex

feminization of poverty - refers to a socio-economic phenomenon wherein women live below the
poverty threshold as compared to men.
Family structure

Culture of poverty theory

most female headed families (or broken families) are vulnerable to experience poverty
Government Anti-Poverty Programs and Policies
Millennium Declaration
Medium Term Development Plan (MTDP)
Accelerated Hunger Mitigation Plan
Kapit Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan
Linganp Para sa Mahirap Program Fund
Social Reform Agenda (SRA)

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CRIME
Introduction
A crime is a violation of laws, statues and established norms and values

Felony serious crime punishable by at least one year in prison

Kidnapping

Custodial interference

Misdemeanor a crime for which the punishment is in the form of a fine and or up to one year in
prison
Crimes are defined and punished by statutes and common laws
All immoral acts which tends to the prejudice of the community are punishable by courts of justice
Nature of Crime
Mala in se include all offenses against the established moral laws
Mala prohibita these crimes are deemed bad because they are prohibited; these are crimes against
sound policies
Classifications of Crime
Public justice
Sovereign power
Religion and public worship
Chastity
Decency and Morality
Public police and economy
Public policy
Individuals
Factors Resulting in the Increase of Crime Rate
Demographic variables
Globalization
Macroeconomic factor
Criminal justice system
Technology
Sanctions/Penalties
Arresto menor penalty shall be from one day to thirty days
Arresto mayor the penalty shall be from one month and one day to six months
Prision Mayor six years and one day to 12 years
Prision Correccional 6 months and 1 day to 6 years
Reclusion temporal 12 years and 1 day to 20 years
Reclusion perpetua the penalty shall be from 30 years (subject to pardon)
Crimes of passion
Legal definition:

Admissible reason of the defendant/suspect who committed a crime against his/her wife /husband
and against the third party

Occurs when the spouse catches the other spouse of committing the act that are not in accordance
of their marriage bond

The crime should occur while the actual adultery or concubinage is taking place

Legal basis
death or physical injuries inflicted under the exceptional circumstances Any legally
married person who having surprise his spouse in the act of committing sexual
intercourse with another person, shall kill any of them or both of them in the act or
immediately thereafter, or shall inflict upon them any serious physical injuries shall
suffer the penalty of destierro.

Juvenile delinquency and crime

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May be associated with criminal acts, violation of the law or failure of the person to fulfill his or her civil
obligation.

Delinquent - refers to a person who committed various kinds of illegal acts or wrong doing
Three classifications of delinquency:

Psychiatric delinquents

Actions performed by psychiatric delinquents literally disturb the emotional stability of

his/her family
associated with serious mental illness

Emotionally maladjusted delinquents

individuals are constantly or habitually violating prohibitive laws

Environmental delinquents

types of delinquents who are irregularly committing punishable offenses

Causes of juvenile delinquency

Poverty

It may affect the psychological facet of an individual (i.e. low self-esteem, alienation from the
current trend of the society, etc.)
Social disorganization

One of the negative effect of regionalism

It may exist in slum/remote areas

Nature and structure of the family

Family problems

One of the possible cases of family problems includes annulment of marriage

broken families usually produce delinquent individuals

Philippine Criminal Justice System
Government machinery which is responsible to lessen (if not eradicate) the existence of any form of crime all
over the Philippines
Operates to prevent the occurrence of crime (index and non-index crimes, protection and preservation of
life, liberty, property and etc

Index crimes Murder, Physical Injuries, Rape, Theft, Homicide

Non- index crimes refer to crimes which are not included in the classification of the index crime

Four components of the Philippine criminal justice system:

Philippine National Police to protect and serve

Different from the Armed Forces of The Philippines

Task is to maintain peace and order and protect as well as preserve the three important rights of
the individual (life, liberty and property)

Prosecution

also called as the public prosecutors.

Their main task is to represent the public (as public counsels) against a person or group of lawless
individuals.

Court

refers to the judicial branch of government.

serve as venues for hearing and trying various civil and criminal cases from index to non-index
crimes.

Corrections

Composed of detentions, municipal/city jails and the New Bilibid Prisons in Muntinlupa

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Community - serves as the eye of the government authorities against offensive actions committed by criminal
delinquents.
Total approach strategy
Teofisto Guingona spearheaded the implementation of this strategy on the Philippine criminal justice system
Teofisto Guingona emphasized that the strategy should be effectively implemented to the Philippine criminal
justice system to clean the reputation of police and military officers.
Accreditation of various civic anti-crime groups which were assigned to assist the police officers in their
massive campaign for peace and order
PNP accredited watch groups:

Movement for the Restoration of Peace and Order Teresita Ang See

Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption Dante Jimenez

Citizens Action Against Crime Narzalina Lina

POLLUTION
Introduction
refers to the exposure of chemical, physical and radioactive materials in our environment
It also refers to the unnatural alteration of environment through mans actions, overpopulation of organisms
etc.
Sources of pollution
Industrialization

One of the main goal of globalization

It could also bring devastating and long term negative effect in our environment

Power plants also use large amount of smog oxidants and sulfur oxides
Population growth

Several reason to explain the continuous increase of population rate in the Philippines

Poverty

Lack of information

Traditional/religious beliefs

Issues in sex educations

Classifications of pollution
Water pollution

Humans do not realized that some of their activities lead to polluting our planets water supply

Effect of water pollution

Chemicals are exposed to the bodies of waters

Existence of red tide and other water born disease

Insufficient supply of marine resources

Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes

Air pollution

Refers to the introduction of harsh gaseous substances into the air which are detrimental to human
health

Chemical substances which can contribute to air pollution: Carbon monoxide, chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) and nitrogen oxide

Sources of air pollution:

Power generation

Waste incineration

Industry

Transportation

Effects of air pollution

Health effects:
Short term this can worsen the health condition of the persons who have
respiratory problems such as emphysema and asthma.
Long-term this includes lung cancer, heart disease, brain, liver and kidney
damage etc.

Mental effect irreversible degradation of mental performance

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Economic effects decline of the working performance may gently affects the stability of
the economy

Ways on How to Reduce Pollution

Observe the minimum standards of sanitation. Our environment should be placed on a tolerable level
Repair and maintenance of dilapidated vehicles.
The government must enact and implement environmental policies to protect and restore our natural
resources.
Proper garbage control management (recycling and reusing)
PROSTITUTION
Definitions:
It is a form of (sexual) deviation wherein an individual provides his/her sexual services in return for financial
or material means
Deviation a social behavior which tends to go beyond the established social expectation
It is also considered as one of the social problems and regarded as one of the oldest problems in the history
of mankind
An unusual form of underground economy because it involves sale and purchase of sexual relations
Difference between prostitution and promiscuity

Promiscuity refers to sexual behavior wherein an individual only engages in various sexual
activities to satisfy his/her sexual desire
Perspectives on Prostitution
Prostitution as positive social function:

prostitution should not be considered as a social problem

serves as a channel for men to release their sexual energies that are not used with their
partners.

Prostitution serves as a negative function

An extreme form of exploitation to womens inherent rights

Prostitution as career

Poverty is one of the driving factors on why some people risk their lives in prostitution
Types of Prostitutions
Male prostitutes

Their customers are usually homosexuals but they also render their services to matrons and
bisexuals individuals

Located in public places such as malls, parks, videoke bars, and massage shops

Rampant in show business

Child prostitutes

8 years old to 16 years old

Pedophilia -this refers to sexual deviance wherein an adult has the tendency to perform sexual
activities with a child

Female prostitutes

They are usually located in whore-houses or commercial avenues in the Metro Manila.

Managed by a particular handlers or bugaw

Can also be seen in malls, parks, movies houses and other public places low class
High-class prostitutes can also be found in expensive and classy hotels
There are some cases that prostitutes have decent job aside from being a sex worker
Documented professions of some female prostitutes

Guest relation officers

Night club hostesses

Models

Beauty queens
Causes of prostitution

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Poverty

Sociologist often linked this economic problem crime, juvenile delinquency, informal settlement

Illegal recruitment one of the reason why some Filipinos want to go abroad is to develop their
families economic status
Sexual tourism

There are some conditions wherein parents permit their children to engage in illegal professions
such as prostitution

Rampant in tourist spots

Preference to have a comfortable and excessively defined city life

Cause of Prostitution
Acculturation

A process which involves two or more cultures wherein their respective features tend to clash with
each other

Occurs in underdeveloped and developing countries

Effects of prostitution
Health effects

spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STD).

Types of STD

Human papilloma Virus

Pubic lice

Syphilis

Herpes Virus

Trichomoniasis
Social effects

Prostitution destroy the sanctity of marriage

Violates the value of monogamy

Monogamy sexual relationship should only be confined/engage in a single individual

Unlike before, prostitution was considered as one of the noblest profession in ancient society
Common traits of prostitutes
Sexually abused more than half of sexually abused prostitutes would admit that such
act affects their self esteem.
Juvenile delinquent
Isolated from the society dysfunctional families produce sex workers
Poor
Drug dependents
Differential association
Stages of becoming a prostitute

First stage: transition from casual sex to the first act of prostitution

Occurs at the age of 18 to 30 yrs old

Casual sex sexual experience without promising any commitment

Second stage: transitional deviance

Occurs if individual is in need of money

This stage serves as training arena for the prostitute to become whores for the rest of their lives
Third stage: acceptance as a professional prostitute

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