.

RMK College of Engineering & Technology

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics

Compiled by
Dr.P.K.Devan
Professor, Mech. Engg

UNIT-I
Short Questions
1. State the First law for a closed system undergoing a change of state.
2. What are point functions and path functions and give examples for each?
3. What is meant by internal energy?
4. A rigid tank is insulated around both its sides and ends. It is separated initially into two
equal volumes by a partition. When one side contains 1 kg of gas at 100 kPA and 345 oC,
the other side remains evacuated. If the partition is removed, find pressure and
temperature.
5. Briefly explain the concept of continuum
6. What is a PMM 1? Why is it impossible?
7. IS it correct to say total heat or heat content of a closed system?
8. Define process and cycle with one example each.
9. Distinguish between heat and temperature.
10. Define: (a) system (b) Cycle
11. An insulated rigid vessel is divided into two parts by a membrane. One part of the vessel
contains air at 10 MPa and other part is fully evacuated. The membrane ruptures and the
air fill the entire vessel. Is there any heat or work transfer during the process? Justify your
answer.
12. Explain mechanical, chemical and thermal equilibrium.
13. Show that work is path function and not a property.
14. Mathematically state the steady flow energy equation and apply it to a condenser.
15. Prove that an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
16. Determine the molecular volume of any perfect gas at 600 N/m 2 and 30oC. Universal gas
constant may be taken as 8324 J/kg mole-K.
17. Indicate the practical application of steady flow energy equation.
18. What is the relationship between a system and its environment when the system is
(a) Adiabatic (b) Isothermal
19. What is meant by enthalpy?
20. What is heat?

21. Prove that cpcv = R.

22. State Zeroth law of thermodynamics. What is its application?
23. What is the convention for positive and negative work?
24. What are the corollaries to the first law of thermodynamics?
25. Distinguish between intensive and extensive properties by giving examples.
26. Deduce an expression for the work done by a gas in a system during the reversible
polytropic process.
27. What is thermodynamic property? How are they classified?
28. Is it possible to compress an ideal gas isothermally in an adiabatic cylinder device?
Explin.
29. Define thermodynamic system and surroundings.
30. State Zeroth law and First law of Thermodynamics.
Big Questions
1. A piston and cylinder machines contains a fluid system which passes through a complete
cycle of four processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is -170 kJ. The
system completes 100 cycles per min. Complete the following table showing the method
for each item and compute the net rate of work output in kW.
Process
ab
bc
cd
da

Q(kJ/min)
0
21000
-2100
--------

W (kJ/min)
2170
0
-------------

E (kJ/min)
---------------36000
------

2. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7 m/s
velocity, 100 kPa pressure and 0.95 m3/kg volume and leaving at 5m/s, 700 kPA and 0.19
m3/kg. The internal energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air
entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of
58 kW.
(i)
Compute the rate of shaft work input to the air in kW.
(ii)
Find the ratio of the inlet pipe diameter to outlet pipe diameter.
3. (i) Deduce the expression for the displacement work in an isothermal process.
(ii) 3 kg of nitrogen gas at 6 atm and 160oC is expanded adiabatically to double its
volume then compressed at constant pressure to its initial volume and then
compressed again at constant volume to its initial state. Calculate the net work done
on the gas. Draw the pV diagram for the processes. Specific heat ratio of nitrogen is
1.4
4. (i) Describe steady flow energy equation and deduce suitable expression for the
expansion of gas in a gas turbine with suitable assumptions.

(ii) Air expands by isentropic process through a nozzle from 784 kPa and 220 o C to an
exit pressure of 98 kPA. Determine the exit velocity and the mass flow rate, if the exit
area is 0.0006 m2.
5. Air of mass 0.5 kg is compressed reversibly and adiabatically from 80 kPa, 60 o C to 0.4
MPa and is then expanded at constant pressure to the original volume. Sketch the process
on pv plane and determine the heat transfer and work transfer. For air assume
R=0.287kJ/kgK and cv=0.713 kJ/kgK.
6. Air at 101.325 kPa, 20oC is taken into a gas turbine power plant at a velocity of 140 m/s
through an opening of 0.15 m 2 cross-sectional area. The air is compressed, heated,
expanded through a turbine and exhausted at 0.18 MPA, 150 oC through an opening of
0.10 m2 cross sectional area. The power output is 375 kW. Calculate the net amount of
heat added to the air in kJ/kg. Assume the air obeys the law pv=0.287(t+273), Where p is
the pressure in kPa, v is the specific volume in m3/kg, and t is in temperature in oC. Take
cp= 1.005 kJ/kg.k.
7. A closed system consists of 1 kg of air which is initially at 1.5 bar and 67 oC. The volume
doubles as the system undergoes a process according to the law PV 1.2=C. Find the work
done, heat transfer and the change in entropy during this process. For air R=0.287
kJ/kg.K and =1.4.
8. (i) Apply the steady flow energy equation to a Turbine and deduce an expression for
work.
(ii) An air compressor takes in air at 100 kPA, 17oC and delivers it at 1 MPa, 600 K to a
constant pressure cooler which it exits at 300 K. Making suitable assumptions find the
specific compressor work and specific heat transfer. For air R=0.287 KJ/kgJK and
=1.4
9. (i) A blower handles 1 kg/sec of air at 293 K and consumes a power of 15 kW. The inlet
and outlet velocities of air are 100 m/sec and 150 m/sec respectively. Find the exit air
temperature, assuming adiabatic conditions. Take cp=1.005 kJ/kg-K.
(ii) A room for four persons has two fans, each consuming 0.18 kW power and three
100 W lamps. Ventilation air at the rate of 0.0222 kg/sec enters with an enthalpy of 84
kJ/kg and leaves with an enthalpy of 59 kJ/kg.. If each persons puts out heat at the
rate of 0.175 kJ/sec, determine the rate at which heat is to be removed by room cooler,
si that a steady state is maintained in the room.
10. (i) One litre of hydrogen at 273 K is adiabatically compressed to one half of its initial
volume. Find the change in temperature of the gas, if the ratio of two specific heats
for hydrogen is 1.4.
(ii) The velocity and enthalpy of fluid at the inlet of a certain nozzles are 50 m/sec and
2800 kJ/kg respectively. The enthalpy at the exit of nozzle is 2600 kJ/kg. The nozzle
is horizontal and insulated so that no heat transfer takes place from it. (a)Find
velocity of fluid at exit of the nozzle.(b) Mass flow rate, if the area at inlet of nozzle is
0.09 m2 and specific volume of the fluid is ______________ . (c) Exit area of nozzle,
if the specific volume at the exit of the nozzle is 0.495 m3/kg.
11. (i) Derive an expression for the work transfer in an isothermal process.
(ii) Identify any four reasons for irreversibility in a process
(iii) A work done by substance in a reversible non- flow manner is in accordance with
V=(15/P) m3, where p is in bar. Evaluate the work done on or by the system as
3

pressure increases from 10 to 100 bar. Indicate whether it is compression process or

expansion process. If the change in internal energy is 500 kJ, calculate the direction
and magnitude of heat transfer.
12. (i) Define internal energy and prove that it is a point functions.
(ii) Establish the relationship between the specific heat at constant pressure and specific
heat at constant volume.
(iii) In a gas turbine installation, the gases enters the turbine at the rate of 5 kg/sec with a
velocity of 50 m/sec and enthalpy of 900 kJ/kg and leave the turbine with 150 m/sec.
and enthalpy of 400 kJ/kg. The loss of heat from the gases to the surroundings is
25kJ/kg. Assume R=0.287 kJ/kg-K, cp=1.004 kJ/kg-K and inlet conditions to be at 100
kPA and 27o C. Determine the diameter of the pipe.
13. (i) Prove that the change in entropy during a polytropic process is given by s 2-s1=cv(nk/n-1) log (T2/T1). Where k-ratio of specific heats and n-index of compression or
expansion.
(ii) A closed system consists of 1 kg of air which is initially at 1.5 bar and 67 oC. The
volume doubles as the system undergoes a process according to the law
pV1.2=constant. Find the work transfer and change in entropy.
14. (i) Deduce an expression for the work done by a system during a polytropic process.
(ii) Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5kg/sec through an air compressor entering at 7 m/s
velocity, 100 kPa pressure and 0.95 m3/kg specific volume and leaving at 5 m/s, 700
kPa and 0.19 m3/kg. The internal energy of air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of
the air entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat at the rate of 58
kW. Calculate the rate of shaft work input to the compressor.
15. (i) From the first law and using the ideal gas property relations prove that PV = constant
represent the reversible adiabatic process.
(ii) A system receives 200 kJ of energy as heat at constant volume. Then it is cooled at
constant pressure when 50 kJ of work as done on the system while it rejects 70 kJ of
heat. Supposing the system is restored to the initial state by an adiabatic process, how
much work will be done by the system.
16. Air in a closed vessel of fixed volume 0.15m3 exerts a pressure of 12 bar at 250oC. If the
vessel is cooled so that the pressure falls to 3.5 bar, determine the final temperature, heat
transfer and change of entropy.
17. A gas flows steadily through a rotary compressor. The gas enters the compressor at a
temperature of 16oC, a pressure of 100 kPa and an enthalpy of 391.2 kJ/kg. The gas
leaves the compressor at a temperature of 245 oC, a pressure of 0.6 MPa and an enthalpy
of 534.5kJ/kg. There is no heat transfer to or from the gas as it flows through the
compressor. Evaluate the external work done per unit mass when the gas velocity at entry
is 80m/s and that at exit is 160 m/s.
18. A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a relationship
P=a+bV, where a and b are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and
200 kPa respectively and the corresponding volumes are 0.20 m3 and 1.2 m3. The specific
internal energy of the gas is given by the relation u=1.5Pv 85 kJ/kg where P is in kPa
and v is in m3/kg. Calculate the net heat transfer and the maximum internal energy of the
gas attained during expansion.

19. A room for four persons has two fans, each consuming 0.18 kW power and three 100 W
lamps. Ventilation air at the rate of 80 kg/hr enters with an enthalpy of 84 kJ/kg and
leaves with enthalpy of 59 kJ/kg.. If each persons puts out heat at the rate of 630 kJ/h,
determine the rate at which heat is to be removed by room cooler, si that a steady state is
maintained in the room.
20. A mass of air is initially at 260oC and 700 kPa and occupies 0.028 m3. The air is expanded
at constant pressure to 0.084 m3. A polytropic process with n=1.5 is then carried out,
followed by a constant temperature process. All the processes are reversible.
a. Sketch the cycle in the pv and TS planes
b. Find the heat received and heat rejected in the cycle.
c. Find the efficiency of the cycle.
21. Air at a temperature of 15oC passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30 m/s
where its temperature is raised to 800oC. It then enters a turbine with the same velocity of
30 m/s and expands until the temperature falls to 650oC. On leaving the turbine, the air is
taken at a velocity of 60 m/s to a nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen
to 500oC. If the air flow rate is 2 kg/s, calculate
a. The rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger
b. The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss and .
c. The velocity at exit from the nozzle, assuming no heat loss. Take the enthalpy of
air as h=cpt, where cp is the specific heat equal to 1.005 kJ/kg-K and t the
temperature.
22. (i) 5 kg of air expands in to isothermally from 1m 3 to 5.0 m3. Assuming air to be an ideal
gas with constant specific heats, compute the change in entropy of air during the
process.
(ii) What are the limitations of the First law of thermodynamics as applied to various
thermal systems.
23. Steam flows steadily through a turbine with a mass flow rate of 3 kg/s. The steam is at 70
bar and 500oC while entering the turbine and at 0.2 bar on leaving the turbine. The
expansion process may be considered as isentropic. Determine the turbine output power.
24. (i) Derive the general energy equation for a steady flow system and apply the equation to
a nozzle and derive an equation for velocity at exit.
(iii)
In an air compressor, air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/sec. At entry to the
compressor, air has a pressure of 105 kPa and specific volume of 0.86 m 3/kg
and at exit those corresponding values are 705 kPa and 0.16 m 3/kg. Neglect
Kinetic and Potential energy change. The internal energy of air leaving the
compressor is 95 kJ/kg greater than that of air entering. The cooling water in
the compressor absorbs 60 kJ/sec of heat from the air. Find power required
to drive the compressor.
25. (i) Prove that internal energy is a property.
(ii) 1 kg of gas at 1.1 bar, 27oC is compressed to 6.6 bar as per the law pv 1.3=constant.
Calculate work and heat transfer, if
a. When the gas is ethane with molar mass of 30 kJ/k mol and cp of 2.1 kJ/kgK.
b. When the gas is Argon with molar mass of 40 kJ/k mol and cp of 0.52 kJ/kgK

26. In an isentropic flow through nozzle, air flows at the rate of 600 kg/hr. At inlet to the
nozzle, pressure is 2 MPa and temperature is 127oC. The exit pressure is 0.5 MPa. Initial
air velocity is 300 m/s determine (i) Exit velocity of air (ii) Inlet and exit area of nozzle.
27. A centrifugal pump delivers 2750 kg of water per minute from initial pressure of 0.8 bar
absolute. The suction is 2 m below and the delivery is 5 m above the centre of pump. If
the suction and delivery pipes are 15 cm and 10 cm diameter respectively, make
calculation for power required to run the pump.
28. (i) What is thermodynamic system? Explain the classification of thermodynamic system
with suitable examples.
(ii) An air compressor draws in air at 1 bar pressure,0.5m3/kg specific volume and 5 m/s
velocity and delivers at 7 bar pressure, 0.15 m 3/kg specific volume and 7.5 m/sec
velocity. If the enthalpy of air at delivery is 170 kJ/kg greater than that at inlet and
the rate of airflow is 15 kg/min. Estimate the power of the compressor in kW and the
ratio of pipe diameters at inlet and outlet. Assume a heat loss of 7300 kJ/min to the
cooling water and surrounding air.
29. (i) Write down the steady flow energy equation clearly indicating the various terms.
(ii) A steady flow thermodynamic system receives fluid at the rate of 7 kg/min with an
initial pressure of 2 bar, initial velocity 145 m/s, internal energy 820 kJ/kg and density
25 kg/m3. The fluid leaves the system with a final pressure of 7.5 bar, velocity 180
m/s, internal energy 750 kJ/kg and density 5 kg/m 3. If the fluid receives 100 kJ/kg of
heat during passing through the system and rises through 65 meters, determine the
work done during the process.
30. Air at 10oC and 80kPa enters the diffuser of a jet engine steadily with a velocity of 200
m/sec. The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2. The air leaves the diffuser with a velocity
that is very small compared with the inlet velocity. Determine
(i)
The mass flow rate of the air and`
(ii)
The temperature of the air leaving the diffuser.
31. Air of mass 0.5 kg is compressed reversibly and adiabatically from 80 kPa, 60 oC to 0.4
MPa and is then expanded at constant temperature to the initial pressure and compressed
at constant pressure to the initial state. Determine the net work transfer.
32. (i) Define the terms thermodynamic equilibrium, properties, cycle and work done.
(ii) Air in closed stationary system expands in a reversible adiabatic process from 0.5
MPa, 15oC to 0.2 MPA. Find the final temperature, and per kg of air, the change in
enthalpy, the heat transferred and the work done.
**********

UNIT-II
Short Questions
1. Why the second law of thermodynamics is called a directional law of nature?
2. The coefficient of performance of a heat pump is 5. Find the COP of refrigerator if both
are reversible devices interacting between same source temperature and sink temperature.
3. What do you understand by the concept of entropy?
4. What is loss of availability? How is related to entropy of universe?
5. What is PMM II?
6. Mention any four factors which render processes irreversible.
7. 1 kg water boils melt at constant atmospheric pressure and at 100 oC to form liquid water.
If the latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2258 kJ/kg, calculate the entropy change
during this process.
8. What do you understand by a reversible process?
9. What are the two major conclusions deduced from the Carnot principle.
10. What are the limitations of first law of thermodynamics?
11. State the Kelvin-Plank and Clausius statements.
12. Write the necessary conditions for reversible process.
13. A reversible heat engine operates between a source at 800 oC and a sink at 30oC. What is
the least rate of rejection per kW network out put of the engine?
14. 1 kg of ice melts at constant atmospheric pressure and at 0 oC to form liquid water. If the
latent heat of fusion of ice is 333.3 kJ/kg, calculate the entropy change in this process.
15. Explain the terms source and sink.
16. What do you understand by the entropy principle?
17. State the second law of thermodynamics. Also write its physical significance.
18. A domestic food freezer maintains a temperature of -15 oC. The ambient air is at 30oC. If
heat leaks into the freezer at a continuous rate of 1.75kJ/sec, what is the least power
necessary to pump this heat out continuously?
19. In some refrigerator systems, approximately the power requirement is 1 kW for every ton
of refrigeration. Find the COP achieved.
7

20. State the Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics.

21. State few example of irreversible process.
22. Deduce the relationship between the COP of heat pump and refrigerator.
23. What is meant by thermodynamic temperature scale? How do you device such scale?
24. What is the process involved in a Carnot cycle, sketch the same in P-V and T-S diagram.
BIG QUESTIONS
1. (i) Give the Clausius statement of second law.
(ii) A house hold refrigerator is maintained at a temperature of 275 K. Every time the door
is opened, warm material is placed in side, introducing an average of 420 kJ, but
making only a small change in the temperature of the refrigerator. The door is opened
20 times a day and the refrigerator operates at 15% of the ideal COP. The cost of
work is Rs 2.50 per kWhr. What is the bill for the month of April for this refrigerator?
The atmosphere is at 303 K.
2. (i) What is a thermal energy reservoir?
(ii) Establish the inequality of Clausius.
3. (i) State Carnot theorem.
(ii) An inventor claims to have developed an engine which receives 1000 kJ at a
temperature of 160oC. It rejects heat at a temperature of 5oC and delivers 0.12 kWh of
mechanical work. Is this a valid claim? Justify your answer through Clausius
inequality.
(iii) A refrigerator operating between two identical bodies cool one of the bodies to a
temperature T1. Initially both the bodies are at temperature T1. Deduce the expression
for the minimum specific work input, taking their specific heat as c.
4. (i) Deduce the expression for the entropy change in terms of pressure and temperature.
(ii) One kg of ice at -10oC is allowed to melt in atmosphere at 30 oC. The ice melts and
the water so formed rises in temperature to that of atmosphere. Determine the entropy
change of universe and write your comment based on principle of increase in entropy.
The specific heat of ice is 2 kJ/kg-K and its latent heat is 335 kJ/kg.
5. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in series. The first one receives heat at 870 K
rejects to the reservoir at temperature T. The second engines receives the heat rejected
by the first engine and inturn to the reservoir at 300 K. Calculate the temperature in oC for
the following cases.
(i)
Work output of the engine is equal
(ii)
The efficiency of the two engines is equal.
6. A Carnot engine operates between source temperature T1 and sink temperature T2. It is
decided to increase the efficiency by either increasing the source temperature or
decreasing the sink temperatures by the finite amount. Establish which is more effective.
7. (i) State and prove Carnot theorem.
(ii) A reversible power cycle is used to drive a reversible heat pump cycle. The power
cycle takes in Q1 heat unit at T1 and rejects Q2 at T2. The heat pump abstracts Q4 from
the sink at T4 and discharges Q3 at T3. Develop an expression for the ratio Q3/Q1 in
8

terms of the four temperatures. What must be the relationship of the temperatures for
Q3/Q1 to exceed a value of unity?
8. (i) What are the conditions for reversibility? Explain.
(ii) A heat exchanger circulates 5000 kg/hr of water to cool oil from 150 oC to 50oC. The
rate of flow of oil is 2500 kg/hr. The average specific heat of oil is 2.5 kJ/KgK. The water
enters the heat exchanger at 21oC. Determine the net change in entropy due to heat
exchange process and the amount of work obtained if cooling of oil is done by using the
heat to run a Carnot engine with sink temperature of 21oC.
9. (i) Deduce Clausius inequality and interpret it.
(ii) An ideal gas of 0.12 m3 is allowed to expand isentropically from 300 kPa and 120 oC to
100 kPa. 5 kJ of heat is then transferred to the gas at constant pressure. Calculate the
change in entropy for each process. Assume =1.4 and cp=1.0035 kJ/kgK. If these two
processes are replaced by a reversible polytropic expansion, find the index of
expansion between original and final states. What will be the total changes in
entropy?
10. A gas is flowing through a pipe at the rate of 2 kg/s. Because of inadequate insulation the
gas temperature decreases from 800 to 790oC between two sections in the pipe.
Neglecting pressure losses, calculate the irreversibility rate due to this heat loss. Take
To=300 K and a cp=1.1 kJ/kg-K. For the same temperature drop of 10 oC when the gas
cools from 80oC to 70oC due to heat loss, what is the rate of entropy degradation? Take
the same values of To and cp. What is the inference you can draw from this example?
11. Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series, A rejecting heat directly
to B. Engine A receives 200 kJ at a temperature of 421oC from a hot source, while
engine B is in communication with a cold sink at a temperature of 4.4 oC. If the work
output of A is twice that of B, Find
(i)
The intermediate temperature between A and B
(ii)
The efficiency of each engine
(iii)
The heat rejected to the cold sink
12. One kg of ice at -5oC is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 20 oC. The ice melts and
comes into thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere. (i) Determine the entropy increase
of the universe.
(ii) What is the minimum amount of work necessary to convert the
water back to ice at -5oC? Assume cp of ice as 2.093 kJ/kg-K and the latent heat of fusion
of ice as 333.3 kJ/kg .
13. (i) Derive the COP of heat pump.
(ii) In a Carnot heat engine 5 kg of air acts as the working substance. The peak cycle
temperature is 930 K and the maximum pressure is 8.4x103 kPa. The heat addition per
cycle is 4.2 kJ. Determine the maximum cylinder volume if the minimum temperature
during the cycle is 315 K.
14. Two kg of air at 500 kPa, 80oC expands adiabatically in a closed system until its volume
is doubled and its temperature becomes equal to that of the surroundings which is at 100
kPa, 5oC for this process, determine
(i)
The maximum work
(ii)
The change in availability
(iii)
The irreversibility.
For air cv=0.718 kJ/kg-K, u=cvT and R=0.287 kJ/kg-K.
9

15. Establish the inequality of Clausius and express entropy change in irreversible process.
16. (i) Two reversible adiabatic lines cannot intersect. Is this statement true or false? Justify
the answer.
(ii) A reversible engine operates between a source at 972 oC and two sinks, one at 127 oC
and another at 27oC. The energy rejected is same at both the sinks. What is the ratio of
heat supplied to the heat rejected? Also calculate the efficiency.
17. (i) What are the conditions for reversibility?
(ii) Differentiate between heat pump and refrigerator.
(iii) 50 kg of water is at 313 K and enough ice at -5 oC is mixed with water in an adiabatic
vessel such that at the end of the process all the ice melts and water at 0 oC is obtained.
Find the mass of ice required and the entropy change of water and ice. Given c p of
water = 4.2 kJ/kg-K, cp of ice =2.1 kJ/kg-K and latent heat of ice=335kJ/kg.
18. A heat engine operating between two reservoirs at 1000 K and 300 K is used to drive heat
pump which extracts heat from the reservoir at 300 K at a rate twice that at which engines
rejects heat to it. If the efficiency of the engine is 40% of the maximum possible and the
co-efficient of performance of the heat pump is 50% of the maximum possible, make
calculations for the temperature of the reservoir to which the heat pump rejects heat. Also
work out the rate of heat rejection from the heat pump if the rate of supply of heat to the
engine is 50 kW.
19. One kg of air is contained in a piston cylinder assembly at 10 bar pressure and 500 K
temperature. The piston moves outwards and the air expands to 2 bar pressure and 350 K
temperature. Determine the maximum work obtainable. Assume the environment
conditions to be 1 bar and 290 K. Also make calculations for the availability in the initial
and final states.
20. (i) Prove that Kelvin-Plank statement and Clausius statement of second law of
thermodynamics are equivalent.
(ii) Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series with A rejecting heat
directly to B through an intermediate reservoir. Engine A receives 200 kJ of heat from
reservoir at 421oC and engine B is in thermal communication with a sink at 4.4 oC. If
the work output of A is twice that of B find (i) the intermediate temperature between
A and B, (ii)the efficiency of each engine and (iii)the total heat rejected to the cold
sink.
21. State and prove Clausius inequality and hence deduce that the property entropy exist.
22. A steam turbine receives steam at a pressure of 1 MPa, 300 oC. The steam leaves the
turbine at a pressure of 15 kPa. The work out put of the turbine is measured and is found
to be 600 kJ/kg of steam flowing through the turbine. Determine the efficiency of the
turbine.
23. A heat pump uses water in a river at 6 oC as an energy source and it delivers heat at 65 oC
to a building. It operates at 65% of its maximum possible COP between these
temperatures and is powered by a 1.5 kW motor. What is the heat out put to the building?

10

*************

11

UNIT-III
Short Questions
1. If water is at 65oC at 1 atm., what is the state of water? What is its specific enthalpy?
2. Plot the standard Rankine cycle on T-s diagram and label all the processes assuming the
steam to be dry and saturated at the end of expansion.
3. Define saturation state of steam.
4. Why Carnot cycle is not practicable for steam power plant?
5. Define triple point and identify the triple point of water.
6. Steam in pipe line with a pressure with pressure of 1000 kPa flows through a throttling
calorimeter where pressure is 100 kPa and temperature is 120 oC. What is the initial
quality of steam if enthalpy remains constant during throttling?
7. Define the term quality and give expressions to determine the entropy of wet steam of
given quality x, in terms of entropy of standard liquid and dry saturated vapour.
8. What is a pure substance? Give examples.
9. How evaporation differ from boiling?
10. What do you understand by pure substance? Give some typical example.
11. What is critical point? What are the properties of water at critical point?
12. Define critical pressure and temperature for water.
13. Sketch the Rankine cycle on a p-V plane and name the various processes.
14. Determine whether water at the following states is a compressed liquid, a superheated
vapour or a mixture of saturated water-steam: (a) 18 MPa, 0.003 m 3/kg (b) 130oC, 200
kPa.
Big Questions
1. 3 kg of steam at 18 bar occupy a volume of 0.2550 m 3. During a constant volume process,
the heat rejected is 1320 kJ. Determine final internal energy. Find dryness fraction and
pressure, change in entropy and work done.
2. (i) Briefly explain the process of super heated steam formation with the help of T-s
diagram.
(ii) A steam power plant runs on a single regenerative heating process. The steam enters
the turbine at 30 bar and 400oC and steam fraction is withdrawn at 5 bar. The
remaining steam exhausts at 0.10 bar to the condenser. Calculate the efficiency, steam
fraction and steam rate of the power plant. Neglect pump work.
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3. A cyclic steam power plant is to be designed for a steam temperature at turbine inlet of
633 K and an exhaust pressure of 8 kPa. After isentropic expansion of steam in the
turbine, the moisture content at the turbine exhaust is not to exceed 15%. Determine the
greatest allowable steam pressure at the turbine inlet and calculate the Rankine cycle
efficiency for these steam conditions. Estimate also the mean temperature of heat
addition.
4. In a reheat steam cycle, the maximum steam temperature is limited to 773 K. The
condenser pressure is 10 kPa and the quality at turbine exhaust is 0.8778. Had there been
no reheat , the exhaust quality would have been 0.7592. Assuming ideal processes,
determine (i) reheat pressure (ii) the boiler pressure (iii) the cycle efficiency (iv) the
steam rate.
5. (i) Draw p-T diagram and label various phases and transitions. Explain the process of
sobaric heating above triple point pressure with the help of p-T diagram.
(ii) 2 kg of water at 200 oC are contained in a 20m3 vessel. Determine the pressure,
nthalpy, mass and volume of vapour within the vessel.
6. Draw Rankine cycle with one open type feed water heater. Assume the condition of the
steam before entering the turbine to be superheated. Sketch the cycle on T-s diagram.
(i) In an ideal reheat cycle, the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar and 500 oC. After
expansion to 5 bar, the steam is reheated to 500oC and then expanded to the condenser
pressure of 0.1 bar. Detrmine the cycle thermal efficiency and mass rate of steam. Take
power output as 100 MW.
7. (i) A vessel having a volume of 5 m 3 contains 0.05 m3 of saturated liquid water and
4.95 m3 of saturated water vapour at 0.1 MPa. Heat is transferred until the vessel is
filled with saturated vapour. Determine the heat transfer, work done and change in
entropy for the process.
(ii) Explain with neat sketch the construction of the Mollier diagram and give its use in
thermodynamic representation.
8. Determine the volume change when 1 kg of saturated water is completely vaporised at a
pressure of (i) 1 KPa (ii) 100 kPa and (iii) 10,000 kPa
9. Steam at 7 bar and 0.9 dryness fraction expands isothermally to 1.8 bar. Calculate the
change in internal energy and enthalpy using steam tables.
10. Estimate the quantity of heat required to produce 5 kg of steam at 6 bar from water at
0oC, when the steam is 80% dry and when it is at 300 oC. Take cp of superheated steam as
2.3 kJ/kg-K.
11. Steam at 20 bar, with a degree of superheat of 80oC is supplied by a boiler at 1.5 kg/sec to
a turbine. It is expanded isentropically to 0.07 bar. Determine the quality of steam after
expansion, heat supplied in the boiler in kW, heat rejected in the condenser in kW, power
generated and thermal efficiency neglecting pump work.
12. In a single heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400 oC and the
exhaust pressure is 0.10 bar. The feed water heater is a direct-contact type which operates
at 5 bar. Find (i) the efficiency and the steam rate of the cycle and (ii) the increase in
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mean temperature of heat addition, efficiency and steam rate as compared to the Rankine
cycle ( with out regeneration ) Neglect pump work.
13. One kg of steam is contained in an elastic balloon of spherical shape which supports an
internal pressure proportional to its diameter. The initial condition of steam is saturated
vapour at 110oC. Heat is transferred to steam until pressure reaches 200 kPa. Determine:
(i) Final temperature (ii) Heat transferred. Take cp=2.25 kj/kg-K.
14. (i) Draw the p-T diagram of pure substance and label all the phases and phase changes?
(ii)What do you understand by dryness fraction? What is its importance?
(iii) A rigid tank of 0.03 m3 capacity contains wet vapour at 80 kPa. If the wet vapour
mass is 12kg, calculate the heat added and the quality of the mixture when the
pressure inside the tank reaches 7 MPa.
15. (i) What are the major problems of Carnot vapour cycle?
(ii) What are methods for improving the performance of Rankine cycle?
(iii) Steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa and 400oC and is condensed at 10 kPa. Some
quantity of steam leaves the turbine at 0.6 MPa and enters open feed water heater.
Compute the fraction of steam extracted per kg of steam and cycle thermal efficiency.
16. 1 kg of steam initially dry saturated at 1.1 MPa expands in a cylinder following the law
pV1.3=C. The pressure at the end of expansion is 0.1 MPa. Determine (i) The final volume
(ii) Final dryness fraction (iii) work done (iv) The change in internal energy (v) The heat
transferred.
17. Steam at a pressure of 2.5 MPa and 500oC is expanded in a turbine to a condenser
pressure of 0.05MPa. Determine for Rankine cycle (i) the thermal efficiency of Rankine
cycle (ii) Specific steam consumption.
If the steam pressure is reduced to 1MPa and the temperature is kept same 500 oC.
Determine the thermal efficiency and specific steam consumption. Neglect feed pump
work.
18. Ten kg of water at 45o C is heated at a constant pressure of 10 bar until it becomes
superheated vapour at 300oC. Find the changes in volume, enthalpy, internal energy and
entropy.
19. In a steam generator compressed liquid water at 10 MPa, 30oC enters a 30 mm diameter
tube at the rate of 3 lit/sec. Steam at 9 MPa, 400 OC exits the tube. Find the rate of heat
transfer to the water.
20. A vessel of volume 0.04 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at a
temperature of 250oC. The mass of the liquid present is 9 kg. Find the pressure, the mass,
the specific volume, the enthalpy and the internal energy.
*************

14

UNIT-IV
Short Questions
1. What do you mean by equation of state?
2. State the Daltons law of partial pressure.
3. Have you encountered any ideal gas? If so, where?
4. What is coefficient of expansion?
5. What is equation of state? Write the same for an ideal gas.
6. What is the significance of compressibility factor?
7. What are reduced properties? Give their significance.
8. Define Joule-Thomson coefficient.
9. Sketch a skeleton compressibility chart and show the constant reduced temperature
characteristics on it.
10. How does the Van der Waals equation differ from the ideal gas equation of state?
11. Deduce the expression for the gas constant of the mixture of two non reacting ideal gases
A and B.
12. Explain the construction and give the use of generalised compressibility chart.
13. What are the unique features of Vader Waals equation of state?
14. What is compressibility factor? What does it signify? What is its value for Vander Waals
gas at critical point?
15. State the Avagodros law and state its significance.
16. Write the Maxwells equations and its significance.
17. A system contains air in the form of liquid-vapour mixture in equilibrium. Can this
mixture be treated as pure substance? Justify your answer.
Big Questions
1. (i) A certain gas has cp= 0.913 and cv=0.653 kJ/kg-K. Find the molecular weight and the
gas constant R of the gas.
(ii) Derive the Clausius Clapreyon equation.
2. (i) Derive Maxwells equations.
(ii) Prove T ds = cv dT + T (p/T)v dV
3. (i) Prove that the total pressure is a sum of partial pressures.

15

(ii) A closed vessel has a capacity of 0.5 m 3. It contains 20% nitrogen and 20% oxygen,
60% carbon dioxide by volume at 20 o C and 1 MPa. Calculate the molecular mass,
gas constant, mass percentage and the mass of mixture.
4. (i) Derive Tds relations in terms of temperature & pressure changes and temperature 7
volume changes.
(ii) Derive Joule Kelvin effect with the help of T-p diagram.
5. Explain the Joule Thomson effect with the help of T-p diagram and derive the expression
for Joule Thomson coefficient. Show that the value of this coefficient for an ideal gas is
zero.
6. (i) What are the difference between real and ideal gases?
(ii) Write down the van der Waals equation of state for real gases and how is it obtained
from ideal gas equation by incorporating real gas corrections?
(ii) A tank contains 0.2 m3 of gas mixture composed of 4 kg of nitrogen, 1 kg of oxygen
and 0.5 kg of CO2. If the temperature is 20oC, determine the total pressure, gas
constant and molecular mass of the mixture.
7. Calculate the pressure of steam at temperature of 500oC and a density of 24 kg/m3 using
(i)
The ideal gad equation
(ii)
The Van der Waals equation
(iii)
The compressibility factor and
(iv)
The steam table
8. Prove that cp-cv = -T(V/T)p2 (P/V)T. What are the facts one can infer from the above
equation?
9. Using Maxwell relations cp-cv = TV2/KT.
10. A mixture of ideal gas consist of 3 kg of N 2 and 5 kg of CO2 at a pressure of 300 kPa and
a temperature of 20oC. Find
(i)
The mole fraction of each constituent
(ii)
The equivalent molecular weight of the mixture
(iii)
The equivalent gas constant of the mixture
(iv)
The partial pressures and the partial volumes.
11. Prove that cp of ideal gas is a function of temperature only.
12. A mixture of 2 kg of oxygen and 2 kg Argon is in an insulated piston cylinder
arrangement at 100 kPa, 300 K. The piston now compresses the mixture to half its initial
volume. Find the final pressure, temperature and piston work. Molecular weight of
oxygen is 32 and for Argon is 40. Ratio of specific heats for oxygen is 1.39 and for Argon
is 1.667.
13. Deduce the Maxwells relations and from the third relation deduce the ClausiusClapeyron equation. Also apply this equation to the vaporisation process for pure
substance.
14. Entropy is a function of any two properties like p and V, P and T etc. For pure substance
with the help of Maxwells equation, Prove
16

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Tds=cvdT + T(/K).dv
Tds=cpdT-V..dp.T
Tds=[Kcv/].dp + [cp/v].dv

15. Determine change of internal energy and change of entropy when the gas obeys Vander
Waals equation.
16. 0.45 kg of CO and 1 kg of air is contained in a vessel of volume 0.4 m 3 at 15oC. Air has
23% of O2 and 76.7% of N2 by mass. Calculate the partial pressure of each constituent
and total pressure in the vessel. Molar masses of CO,O 2 and N2 are 28,32 and 28 kg/kmol.
17. Explain the flow process of ideal gas through throttle valve. Derive the expression for
Joule Thomson coefficient and deduce its value for an ideal gas.
18. Derive Tds equation when
(i)
T and V independent
(ii)
T and P independent
(iii)
P and V independent.
19. A mixture of ideal gases consist of 3 kg of N2 and 5 kg of CO2 at a pressure of 300 kPa
and at 20oC. Find (i) the mole fraction of each constituent, (ii) equivalent molecular
weight of the mixture (iii) equivalent gas constant of the mixture (iv) the partial pressures
and partial volume (v) volume and density of the mixture and (vi) c p and cv of the
mixture. Assume the value of cp/cv for CO2=1.286 and for N2=1.4.
***********

17

UNIT-V
Short Questions
1. What is specific humidity and how do you calculate it?
2. What is meant by adiabatic saturation temperature?
3. Define specific humidity.
4. Define dew point temperature
5. What is sensible heating?
6. If the relative humidity of air is 60% at 30oC, what is the partial pressure of water vapour?
7. What is thermodynamic wet bulb temperature?
8. What is dew point temperature? How is it related to dry bulb and wet bulb temperature at
the saturation condition?
9. What is adiabatic mixing and write the equation for that?
Big Questions
1. (i) Draw the psychrometric chart and show any two psychrometric processes on it.
(ii) A sample of moist air at 1 atm. and 25oC has a moisture content of 0.01% by volume.
Determine the humidity ratio, the partial pressure of water vapour, the degree of
saturation, the relative humidity and the dew point temperature.
2. (i) Describe the process of adiabatic mixing of two streams and deduce the ratio of
masses of two streams in terms of humidity and/or enthalpy.
(ii) The temperature of the windows in a house on a day in winter is 5 oC. When the
temperature in the room is 23oC and the barometric pressure is 74.88 cm Hg, what
would be the maximum relative humidity that could be maintained in the room
without condensation on the window panes? Under these conditions, find the partial
pressure of the water vapour and air, the specific humidity and the density of the
mixture.
3. In a laboratory test, a sling psychrometer recorded dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures as
303 K and 298 K respectively. Calculate (i) vapour pressure (ii) relative humidity (iii)
specific humidity (iv) degree of saturation (v) dew point temperature (vi) enthalpy of the
mixture.
4. (i) 1 kg of air at 313 K dry bulb temperature and 50% relative humidity is mixed with 2
kg of air at 293 K dry bulb temperature and 293 K dew point temperature. Calculate
the temperature and specific humidity of the mixture.
(ii) Show the following processes on a skeleton psychrometric chart.
(a) Dehumidification and cooling
(b) Heating and dehumidification
5. (i) Describe the adiabatic cooling process and deduce the expression for the enthalpy

18

(ii) Air at 20oC, 40% relative humidity is mixed adiabatically with air at 40oC, 40% RH in
the ratio of 1 kg of former with 2 kg of latter (on dry basis). Find the final condition
(humidity and enthalpy) of air.
6. (i) Draw the cooling and dehumidification process and explain Sensible Heat Factor
(SHF), Bypass Factor and effectiveness of coil.
(ii) A stream of air at 101.32 kPa, 18 oC and relative humidity of 30% is flowing at the
rate of 14.15 m3/min. A second stream at 101.32 kPa, 38oC and RH of 50% is flowing
at the rate of 8.5m3/min.. The two steams are mixed adiabatically to form a third
stream at 101.32 kPa. Determine the specific humidity , the relative humidity and the
temperature of the third stream.
7. Atmospheric air at 1.0132 bar has DBT of 32oC and a WBT of 26oC. Compute:
(i)
The partial pressure of water vapour
(ii)
The specific humidity
(iii)
The dew point temperature
(iv)
The relative humidity
(v)
The degree of saturation
(vi)
The density of the vapour in the mixture
(vii) The enthalpy of mixture.
8. An air water vapour mixture at 0.1 MPA, 30 oC, 80% RH has a volume of 50 m 3.
Calculate the specific humidity, dew point, wet bulb temperature, mass of dry air and
mass of water vapour.
9. (i) Explain the adiabatic saturation process using T-s diagram and derive an expression to
determine the specific humidity of unsaturated air entering the adiabatic saturator.
(ii) Air at 20oC, 40% relative humidity is mixed adiabatically with air at 40oC, 40% RH in
the ratio of 1 kg of former with 2 kg of latter (on dry basis). Find the final condition
(humidity and enthalpy) of air.
10. Explain in detail about the following.
a.
Sensible heating or cooling
b.
Cooling and dehumidification.
c.
Heating and dehumidification.
11. The atmospheric air at 30oC DBT and 70% RH enters a cooling coil at the rate of 200
m3/min. The coil temperature is 14oC and the bypass factor is 0.1. Determine
(i)
The temperature of air leaving the coil
(ii)
Capacity of the cooling coil in TR
(iii)
The amount of water vapour removed
(iv)
Sensible Heat Factor for the process.
12. The volume flow rate of air is 800 m 3/min of re-circulated at 22oC DBT and 10oC dew
point temperature is to be mixed with 300 m3/min of fresh air at 30oC DBT and 50% RH.
Determine the enthalpy, Specific volume, Humidity ratio and dew point temperature of
the mixture.
13. (i) Differentiate between
Dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature
Wet bulb temperature and wet bulb depression

19

(ii) Air at 16oC and 25% RH passes through a heater and then through a humidifier to
reach final dry bulb temperature of 30oC and 50% RH. Calculate the heat and
moisture added to the air. What is sensible heat factor?
14. (i) In an adiabatic mixing of two streams, derive the relationship among the ratio of mass
of streams, ratio of enthalpy change and ration of specific humidity change.
(ii) Saturated air at 20oC at a rate of 1.167 m3min is mixed adiabatically with the outside
air at 35oC and 50% RH at a rate of 0.5 m 3/sec. Assuming adiabatic mixing condition
at 1 atm., determine specific humidity, relative humidity, dry bulb temperature and
volume flow rate of the mixture.
15. A room 7 m x 4 m x 4 m is occupied by an air water vapour mixture at 38 oC. The
atmospheric pressure is 1 bar and the relative humidity is 70%. Determine humidity ratio,
dew point temperature, mass of dry air and mass of water vapour. If the mixture of air
water vapour is further cooled at constant pressure until the temperature is 10 oC. Find the
amount of water vapour condensed.
16. Air at 20oC, 40% RH is mixed adiabatically with air at 40 oC, 40% RH in the ratio of 1 kg
of the former with 2 kg of later. Find the final condition of air. Draw the process in chart
also as diagram.
17. (i) Indicate the application of psychrometry in industry
(ii) The air in a room has a pressure of 1 atmosphere, a dry bulb temperature of 24 oC and
a wet bulb temperature of 17oC. Compute the following:
i. The specific humidity
ii. The dew point temperature
iii.
The relative humidity
iv. The degree of saturation.
**********

20