CHAPTER 5 SOLUTIONS

3/9/10

5-1)
a)

Vm

Vo, rms

Vo2,rms

c)

pf

sin(2 )
sin(2 )

Vrms 1

60 Vo ,rms 431 V ; I o ,rms

Vm 480 2
b)

431
8.61 A
50

4312
3708 W
50

Vo,rms

P
P
3708

0.897
S Vrms I rms 480 8.61

d ) I avg , SCR
I rms ,SCR

Vm
480 2
1 cos
1 cos 60 3.24 A
2 R
2 50
I o ,rms
2

8.61
6.1 A
2

480
8.0 A
50

e) I1, rms 0.84

THDI

2
I rms
I1,2rms

I1, rms

8.612 8.02
0.38 38%
8.0

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5-2)
Vm

Vo,rms

a)

Vo2,rms

c)

pf

sin(2 )
sin(2 )

Vrms 1

45 Vo, rms 114.4 V ; I o, rms

Vm 120 2
b)

Vo , rms
R

114.4
5.72 A
20

114.42
655 W
20

P
P
655

0.953
S Vrms I rms 120 5.72

d ) I avg , SCR

Vm
120 2
1 cos
1 cos 45 2.30 A
2 R
2 20

I rms , SCR

I o, rms
2

5.72
4.05 A
2

120
5.53 A
20

e) I1,rms 0.92
THDI

2
I rms
I1,2rms

I1,rms

5.72 2 5.532
0.26 26%
5.53

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5-3)
P

Vo2.rms
R

from Fig . 5.2,

I o, rms

Vo, rms

I SCR ,rms
pf

I o, rms
2

Vo.rms PR

800 35

167.3 V

167.3
0.7 92
240
167.3
4.78 A
35

4.78
2

3.38 A

P
800

0.70 70%
S 120 4.78

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5-4)

120
0.5 ; a 115 from Fig.5.2
240
sin(2 )
or solving Eq.5-3, 120 240 1
0 1.99 rad 114

2
With the 240-Vsource, Vo ,rms 120V ;

240 V source : Vo, peak 2 240 sin 114 310 V

120 V source : Vo, peak Vm 2 120 170V
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5-5)

For P 200 W , Vo ,rms PR 200 40 89.4 V

Using Eq. 5-3,
89.4 120 1
pf

sin(2 )

0 1.48 rad 85

P
P
200

0.75 75%.
S Vrms I rms 120 89.4 / 40

For P 400 W , Vo ,rms PR 400 40 126 V

Since 126 V > 120 V of the source, 400 W is not possible.
The maximum power available is

1202
360 W. The pf is 1.0 for 360 W.
40

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5-6)
Using the circuit of Fig. 5-1a,
For P 750W , Vo,rms PR 750 32 154.9 V
Using Eq. 5-3,
154.9 240 1

sin(2 )

0 1.703 rad 97.6

For P 1500 W , Vo , rms PR 1500 32 219 V

219 240 1

sin(2 )

0 0.986 rad 56.5

Maximum SCR currents are for 1500 W: I SCR ,rms

I SRC ,avg

Io
2

219 / 32
4.84 A
2

2 240
Vm
1 cos
1 cos 56.5 2.62 A
2 R
2 32

Vmax 2(240) 340 V

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5-7)
Using the circuit of Fig. 5-1a,
For R 20, Vo,rms PR 1200 20 154.9 V
Using Eq. 5-3,
154.9 240 1

sin(2 )

0 1.703 rad 97.6

For R 40, Vo ,rms PR 1200 40 219 V

219 240 1

sin(2 )

0 0.986 rad 56.5

Maximum SCR currents are for R = 20 : I SCR ,rms

I SRC , avg

Io
2

154.9 / 20
5.48 A
2

2 240
Vm
1 cos
1 cos 97.6 2.34 A
2 R
2 20

Vmax 2(240) 340 V

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5-8)
R

V 2 1202

144
P
100

a ) P 75 W : Vrms

144 75

103.9V

From Fig.5-3, 1.16 rad 66.2

b) P 25 W : Vrms

144 25

60 V

From Fig.5-3, 1.99 rad 114

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5-9) S1 is on from to , and D2 is on from to 2.
vo t Vm sin t
Vo,rms

1
2
Vm
2

for t 2

sin t d t Vm
2

1 sin 2

2 4
8

sin 2

2
4

Vm
V
Vo ,rms m
2
2

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5-10)

vo (t ) Vm sin t
Vo.rms

Vm

Vo.rms

Vm
2

for 1 t and for 2 t 2

Vm sin t

d t

Vm sin t 2 d t

1 1 2 sin 21 sin 2 2

2
4
8

sin 21 sin 2 2
1 2

2
4

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5-11) a) Using Eq. 5-9,

Z 21.3 ; 0.561 rad ;

0.628

i t 7.98sin t 0.561 19.25e t /0.628 A

60 1.047 rad , 3.696 rad 212

b) I rms 4.87 A
c) I rms , SCR

4.87
2

3.44 A

2
d ) P I rms
R 4.87 18 427 W
2

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5-12) Using Eq. 5-9,

Z 26.7 ;

0.601 rad ;

0.685

i t 6.36sin t 0.601 6.10et /0.685 A

50 0.873 rad , 3.738 rad 214

b) I rms 4.18 A
c ) I rms , SCR

4.18
2

2.95 A

2
d ) P I rms
R 4.18

22 384 W

_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-13) Using Eq. 5-9,

0.646 rad ;

Z 15.0 ;

0.754

i t 11.3sin t 0.646 158e t /0.754 A

115 2.01 rad , 3.681 rad 211

I rms 2.95 A
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5-14) Using Eq. 5-9,

Z 14.2 ;

0.561 rad ;

0.6.28

i t 11.98sin t 0.561 54.1e t /0.628 A

70 1.222 rad , 3.691 rad 212

I rms 6.69 A
2
P I rms
R 6.69 12 537 W
2

PSpice: P = AVG(W(R)) in Probe gives 523 W (read at the end of the trace). The difference
between PSpice and the theoretical output is because of the nonideal SCR model in PSpice. The
PSpice result will be more realistic. The THD is 22.4% from the PSpice output file using Fourier
terms through n = 9.
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5-15) Use the PSpice circuit of Example 5-3. The .STEP PARAM command is quite useful for
determining . (a) 81 for 400 W. (b) 46 for 700 W.
SINGLE-PHASE VOLTAGE CONTROLLER (voltcont.cir)
*** OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS V(3), OUTPUT CURRENT IS I(R) ***
**************** INPUT PARAMETERS *********************
.PARAM VS = 120
; source rms voltage
.PARAM ALPHA = 81
; delay angle in degrees
.STEP PARAM ALPHA 10 90 20
; try several values of alpha. Modify the range for more precision
.PARAM R = 15
; load resistance
.PARAM L = 15mH
; load inductance
.PARAM F = 60
; frequency
.PARAM TALPHA = {ALPHA/(360*F)} ; converts angle to time delay
.PARAM PW = {0.5/F}
; pulse width for switch control
***************** CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION *********************
VS 1 0 SIN(0 {VS*SQRT(2)} {F})
S1 1 2 11 0 SMOD
D1 2 3 DMOD
; forward SCR
S2 3 5 0 11 SMOD
D2 5 1 DMOD
; reverse SCR
R 3 4 {R}
L 4 0 {L}
**************** MODELS AND COMMANDS ********************
.MODEL DMOD D(n=0.01)
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH (RON=.01)
VCONTROL 11 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA} 0 0 {PW} {1/F}) ;control for both switches
.TRAN .1MS 50MS 0MS 1u UIC ; one period of output
.FOUR 60 I(R)
; Fourier Analysis to get THD
.PROBE
.END

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5-16) Modify the PSpice circuit file of Example 5-3. Use the .STEP PARAM command (see Prob. 5-15)
for determining . (a) 80 for 600 W. (b) 57 for 1000 W.
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5-17) The single-phase voltage controller of Fig. 5-4a is suitable for this application. Equation (5-9)
applies for each half-period of the input sine wave. For 250 W delivered to the load, each half period
must deliver 125 W. Therefore, the rms value of the current in Eq. (5-9) must be 2.28 A, found by using
I2R = 125. A closed-form solution is not possible, but trial-and-error numerical techniques give 74. A
similar but perhaps easier method is to use PSpice simulations using the PSpice A/D circuit file in
Example 5-3. Modifying the diode model to .MODEL DMOD D(n=.01) to represent an ideal diode, and
with trial-and-error values of , gives 74.
The average and rms currents are determined from a numerical integration of the current expression from
Eq. (5-9) or from a PSpice simulation. ISCR,avg = 1.3 A, ISCR,rms = 2.3 A. The maximum voltage across the
switches is 1202sin(74) = 163 V.

5-18) The PSpice circuit file is shown below. The total average load power is three times the power in
one of the phase resistors. Enter 3*AVG(W(RA)) in Probe. The results are (a) 6.45 kW for 20, (b) 2.79
kW for 80, and (c) 433 W for 115. Note that the .STEP PARAM command can be used to run the three
simulations at once.

THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE CONTROLLER -- R-L LOAD (3phvc.cir)

*SOURCE AND LOAD ARE Y-CONNECTED (UNGROUNDED)
********************** INPUT PARAMETERS ****************************
.PARAM Vs=480
; rms line-to-line voltage
.PARAM ALPHA=20
; delay angle in degrees
.STEP PARAM ALPHA LIST 20 80 115
.PARAM R=35
; load resistance (y-connected)
.PARAM L = 1p
; load inductance
.PARAM F=60
; source frequency
********************** COMPUTED PARAMETERS **************************
.PARAM Vm={Vs*SQRT(2)/SQRT(3)} ; convert to peak line-neutral volts
.PARAM DLAY={1/(6*F)}
; switching interval is 1/6 period
.PARAM PW={.5/F} TALPHA={ALPHA/(F*360)}
.PARAM TRF=10US
; rise and fall time for pulse switch control
*********************** THREE-PHASE SOURCE **************************
VAN 1 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60)
VBN 2 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60 0 0 -120)
VCN 3 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60 0 0 -240)
***************************** SWITCHES ********************************
S1 1 8 18 0 SMOD
; A-phase
D1 8 4 DMOD
S4 4 9 19 0 SMOD
D4 9 1 DMOD
S3 2 10 20 0 SMOD
D3 10 5 DMOD
S6 5 11 21 0 SMOD
D6 11 2 DMOD

; B-phase

S5 3 12 22 0 SMOD
; C-phase
D5 12 6 DMOD
S2 6 13 23 0 SMOD
D2 13 3 DMOD
***************************** LOAD **********************************
RA 4 4A {R}
; van = v(4,7)
LA 4A 7 {L}
RB 5 5A {R}
LB 5A 7 {L}

; vbn = v(5,7)

RC 6 6A {R}
; vcn = v(6,7)
LC 6A 7 {L}
************************* SWITCH CONTROL *****************************
V1 18 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA}
{TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V4 19 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+3*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V3 20 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+2*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V6 21 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+5*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V5 22 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+4*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V2 23 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
************************ MODELS AND COMMANDS *************************
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.01)
.MODEL DMOD D
.TRAN .1MS 50MS 16.67ms 10US UIC
.FOUR 60 I(RA)
; Fourier analysis of line current
.PROBE
.OPTIONS NOPAGE ITL5=0
.END

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5-19) The PSpice input file from Example 5-4 is used for this simulation. In Probe, enter the expression
3*AVG(W(RA)) to get the total three-phase average power in the load, resulting in 368 W. Switch S 1
conducts when the current in phase A is positive, and S4 conducts when the current is negative.
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5-20) The smallest value of is 120. The conduction angel must be less than for equal to 60. The
extinction angle is 180, so is 120 or greater.
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5-21)
THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE CONTROLLER -- R-L LOAD
*MODIFIED FOR A DELTA-CONNECTED LOAD
*SOURCE IS Y-CONNECTED (UNGROUNDED)
********************** INPUT PARAMETERS ****************************
.PARAM Vs=480
; rms line-to-line voltage
.PARAM ALPHA=45
; delay angle in degrees
.PARAM R=25
; load resistance (y-connected)
.PARAM L = 1p
; load inductance
.PARAM F=60
; source frequency
********************** COMPUTED PARAMETERS **************************
.PARAM Vm={Vs*SQRT(2)/SQRT(3)} ; convert to peak line-neutral volts
.PARAM DLAY={1/(6*F)}
; switching interval is 1/6 period
.PARAM PW={.5/F} TALPHA={ALPHA/(F*360)}
.PARAM TRF=10US
; rise and fall time for pulse switch control
*********************** THREE-PHASE SOURCE **************************
VAN 1 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60)
VBN 2 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60 0 0 -120)
VCN 3 0 SIN(0 {VM} 60 0 0 -240)
***************************** SWITCHES ********************************
S1 1 8 18 0 SMOD
; A-phase
D1 8 4 DMOD
S4 4 9 19 0 SMOD
D4 9 1 DMOD
S3 2 10 20 0 SMOD
D3 10 5 DMOD
S6 5 11 21 0 SMOD
D6 11 2 DMOD

; B-phase

S5 3 12 22 0 SMOD
; C-phase
D5 12 6 DMOD
S2 6 13 23 0 SMOD
D2 13 3 DMOD
***************************** LOAD **********************************
RA 4 4A {R}
;
LA 4A 2 {L}
RB 5 5A {R}
LB 5A 3 {L}

RC 6 6A {R}
LC 6A 1 {L}

************************* SWITCH CONTROL *****************************

V1 18 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA}
{TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V4 19 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+3*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V3 20 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+2*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V6 21 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+5*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V5 22 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+4*DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
V2 23 0 PULSE(-10 10 {TALPHA+DLAY} {TRF} {TRF} {PW} {1/F})
************************ MODELS AND COMMANDS *************************
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.01)
.MODEL DMOD D
.TRAN .1MS 50MS 16.67ms 10US UIC
.FOUR 60 I(RA)
; Fourier analysis of line current
.PROBE
.OPTIONS NOPAGE ITL5=0
.END
40A

Ia
0A

SEL>>
-40A
I(RA)
50A
Source

current

0A

-50A
15ms

20ms
-

25ms

30ms

35ms

40ms

45ms

50ms

I(VAN)
Time

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5-22) The PSpice circuit file modification must include a very large resistor (e.g., one megaohm)
connected between the neutral of the load to ground to prevent a floating node error because of the
series capacitor. The steady-state phase A current has two pulses for each of the switches, assuming that
the gate signal to the SCRs is continuously applied during the conduction interval. The rms current is
approximately 5.52 A. The total average power for all three phases is approximately 1.28 kW. The THD
for the load current is computed as 140% for harmonics through n = 9 in the .FOUR command. However,
the current waveform is rich in higher-order harmonics and the THD is approximately 300% for n = 100.
It should be noted that this load is not conducive for use with the voltage controller because the load
voltage will get extremely large (over 5 kV) because of stored charge on the capacitor.

40A
S1

S1
(1.0000,5.5229)

0A
Phase A current
SEL>>
-40A

S4
I(RA)

S4

RMS(I(RA))

2.0KW
(1.0000,1.2811K)

1.0KW
Total average power

0W
0.980s
0.984s
AVG(W(RA))*3

0.988s

0.992s

0.996s

1.000s

Time

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5-23) With the S1-S4 switch path open, the equivalent circuit is as shown. The current in phase A is zero,
so the voltage across the phase-A resistor is zero. The voltage at the negative of V 14 is then Vn, and the
voltage at the positive of V14 is Va. The voltage across the phase B resistor is half of the voltage from
phase B to phase C, resulting in
Vn Vb

Vb Vc Vb Vc

2
2

Therefore,
V14 Va Vn Va

Vb Vc
2