Draft Required to Establish Air Flow

Air in

Flue as out

Draught
Draught

Natural draught

Artificial draught

Mechanical or fan draught

Induced

Balanced

Forced

Steam jet draught

Induced

Forced

Natural draught
Caused due to;
-Difference in temperature (and so density) between a column
of hot gases inside the chimney and a similar column of
normal atmospheric air outside the chimney.
-measured by water column of water in manometer.
- In ordinary chimney,draught is less than 12mm of H2O
column or 177.72 N/M2

Natural Draft

Zref

pg dz
dp
R T (z )

pA = pref +Dp

p A pref

ZA

Z ref

Hchimney

pg dz
Rair Tair ( z )

pB pref

ZB

Z ref

pg dz
Rgas Tgas ( z )
Tgas

Tatm
A

Natural Draft
Natural Draft across the furnace,
Dpnat = pA pB

The difference in pressure will drive the exhaust.

Natural draft establishes the furnace
Continuous exhalation of flue gas
Continuous inhalation of fresh air.

breathing by

The amount of flow is limited by the strength of the draft.

Mechanical (Artificial)Draft : Induced Draft

Essential when Natural Draft cannot generate required amount of breathing

Hchimney

pA = patm + ratm *g *Hchimney

Tatm
A

pB = pfan,s
B
B
Tgas

Mechanical (Artificial)Draft : Forced Draft

Hchimney

pA = pfan
Tatm
A

pB = patm + rgas *g *Hchimney

Tgas
B

Mechanical (Artifical)Draft : Balanced Draft

Hchimney

pA = pfan.b
A

Tatm

pB = pfan,s
B
B
Tgas

Pressure drop in Air and Gas Duct Systems

Bernoulli equation pressure drop across a flow passage

u1
DW P2 u 2
DP

gZ 1

gZ 2
r1 2
Dm r 2
2
r2
P1

Frictional resistance along flow path:

L r u2
D p f
Pa
d dl 2

where f = coefficient of friction

L = length of the duct, m

ddl = equivalent diameter of the duct, m

= density of air or gas calculated at the mean gas temperature, kg/m3

u = cross section average velocity of air or gas in the duct, m/sec

Equivalent diameter for rectangular duct is given as

dl

1.3

ab
0.625

a b

0.25

where a and b are sides of the duct, mm.

The coefficient of friction for flow through tubes can be approximated as

shown below,

for

5000 < Re<108,

10-6< (k/ddl)<0.01

0.0625
k 5.74
0.9
log
3.7 d dl Re

Minor Losses
Calculation of Local pressure drops:

D pl K
where

r u2
2

Pa

p = local pressure drop

K = local resistance factor,
r = density of air or gas at the position of the pressure drop
calculated, kg/m3
u = velocity of air through the fittings m/s.

Pressure drop across a burner

DP K

K = 1.5 for tangential burner

3.0 for swirl burner

r u2
2

pa

Pressure drop across heating surfaces

r u2
Pressure drop across tube bundles:
D pt b K

Pa

Inline arrangement: K = n K0
Where n = number of tube rows along the flow direction
K0 = loss coefficient for one row of tubes
K0 depends on 1 = s1/d,

2 = s2/d , = (s1 - d )

Where s1 is lateral pitch & s2 is longitudinal pitch

If 1 <= 2 :
K0 = 1.52 (1 1) 0.5 0.2 Re 0.2
If 1 > 2 :
K0 = 0.32 (1 1) 0.5 ( 0.9) 0.2 Re 0.2/

S1
S2

Staggered Arrangement
The loss coefficient is obtained as

K = K0 (n+1)
Where K0 is the coefficient of frictional resistance of one row of tubes
K0 depends on 1 = s1/d, = (s1 - d ) / (s2l - d )
Where s2 l is the diagonal tube pitch given by

s2 l = ( 0.25 s12 + s22)

and K0 can be written as,
K0 = Cs Re-0.27
Cs is design parameter of the staggered banks

S1
S2

For 0.17 <= <= 1.7 and 1 >= 2.0, Cs = 3.2

If 1 < 2.0,then Cs given as
Cs = 3.2 + (4.6 2.7 )(2 - 1)
For = 1.7 5.2,

Cs = 0.44(+1)2

Total gas side pressure drop

Dp sy

r g o 101325
Dp1 (1 ) Dp 2

1
.
293
P

av

Pa

where Dp1 = total pressure drop from the furnace outlet to the
dust collector, Pa
Dp2 = pressure drop after the dust collector, Pa
= ash content in the glue gas, kg/kg

pa v = average pressure of the gas, Pa

pg o = flue gas density at standard conditions, kg/Nm3

The ash fraction of the flue gas calculated as,

A f h
100 r g oVg

where f h = ratio of fly ash in flue gas to total ash in the fuel
A = ash content of working mass, %
Vg = average volume of gas from furnace to dust collector
calculated from the average excess air ratio, Nm3/kg of fuel

The pressure drop from the balance point of the furnace to the chimney
base is
Dprest = Dpexit + Dpgas Dpnd
where Dpexit = pressure drop up to the boiler outlet

Air Pressure Losses

Dp

Total losses
Burner Losses
APH Losses
Ducts & dampers losses

Percent Boiler Rating

Draught Losses

Dp

Total losses
Furnace, SH & RH Losses
Economizer Losses
Ducts & dampers losses

Percent Boiler Rating

Modeling of 210 MW Draught System

Duct APH

Duct

Furnace

Back
pass

Duct

APH

ESP

Duct

FD
Fan

Duct

Pressure drop calculation in air & gas path and its

comparison with design value.
Assessment of ID and FD fan power as a function of
furnace pressure.
Assessment of effective kinetic rate coefficient as a
function of furnace pressure.

ID
Fan

Chimney

Pressure Variation

Pressure (Pa)

Pressure Variation in Air & Gas Path at Full Load

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500

FD Fan Duct SCAPH Duct APH

10

Duct Wind Boiler APH ESP ID Fan

Box

Path Element
Calculated (215 MW)

Design (210 MW)

11

12

Off Design Pressure Variation

Pressure Variation in Air & Gas Path at Part Load
2500
2000

Pressure (Pa)

1500
1000

500
0
-500

FD Fan Duct
1

SCAPH
3

Boiler

Duct Wind
Box

Duct APH
6

APH
9

ESP ID Fan
10

-1000
-1500
-2000

Path Element
Calculated (168 MW)

Design (168 MW)

11

12

Draught Control

Windbox Pressure Control

Combustion and Draught Control

The control of combustion in a steam generator is extremely critical.

Maximization of operational efficiency requires accurate combustion.
Fuel consumption rate should exactly match the demand for steam.
The variation of fuel flow rate should be executed safely.
The rate of energy release should occur without any risk to the plant,
personal or environment.

The Model for Combustion Control

Parallel Control of Fuel & Air Flow Rate

Flow Ratio Control : Fuel Lead

Flow Ratio Control : Fuel Lead

Cross-limited Control System

Oxygen Trimming of Fuel/air ratio Control

Combined CO & O2 Trimming of Fuel/Air Ratio Control