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Wdn = (P n x C x F ) + Dn
where
Wd n = (P n x C x F ) + D a
Housing
e.g. 500 terrace houses.
Average number per Commercial
house: 5 people
- Geometric progression
P n = Po (1 + r) n
= 58630 people
PER CAPITA
CONSUMPTION
As a guideline:
Urban – 230 to 320 liter/head/day
Semi urban – 180 to 230 liter/head/day
Rural – 135 to 180 liter/head/day
• Standard of living
• Types of industries
• Climate
• Water quality
• Pressure in distribution system
• Cost of water and metering
• Sewerage system
WATER
TREATMENT
gate
Coarse screen
Remove floating /
large objects such as
twigs, leaves that can
foul or damage
equipment.
Fine screen
Remove aquatic plants
/ small plants.
Grit removal
• Grit - Inorganic particles e.g. sand,
silt > 0.2 mm diameter; specific gravity
of 2.65.
Grit chamber
AERATION
Purpose:
ØIncrease oxygen content
ØTo liberate dissolved gases e.g.
CO2 and H2S; reduce
corrosiveness & odour
Ø Provide oxygen for the
oxidization of dissolved iron and
manganese to their insoluble
form
4 Fe 2+ + O2 + 10 H2O --------►
4 Fe (OH)3 (s) + 8 H +
Types of aerators
• Water- into- air aerators
- Cascade aerators
Cascade aerators at Rasa Water
Treatment Plant (Sungai Selangor
Water Supply scheme)
Multiple
platform
aerators
Spray aerators
Air-into-water aerators
Venturi aerator
Draft tube
aerators
Coagulation &
flocculation
The primary purpose of the
coagulation / flocculation process is
the removal of turbidity from the water
(by agglomerating the colloidal
particles into larger and settleable floc)
• Common coagulants:
- Aluminium sulphate (Al2SO4)
- Ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3
- Ferric Chloride (FeCl3)
Coagulation
Negatively charged particles
repel each other due to
electricity.
Positively charged
coagulants attract to
negatively
charged particles due to
electricity.
Without alkalinity,
Al2 (SO4)3.14H2O
2 Al(OH)3 (s) + H2SO4 + 8 H2O
Solution
1L
raw water
in 3 mL contains
alum solution
(10 g/L (3 ml /1000 mL) x 10 g = 0.03 g
concentration Alum dosage
in 1 liter
contain 10 g alum) = 0.03 g in 1 Liter of raw water
= 0.03 g/L
Rapid mixing is required to mix the
chemicals uniformly. Special tanks are
built for this purpose.
Methods
water
coagulant
water
Mixing flume
Mechanical mixing
- flash mixer
Velocity Gradient, G
where
Q7.
t="/Q
where
Q = flow rate , m3/s
" = volume of tank (m3)
l
Q in Q out
h
w
e.g.
Q = 4 m3/s
" = 15 m x 30 m x 4 m
t = (15 x 30 x 4) / 4 = 450 sec. = 7.5 min
Flocculation
G = 20 – 80 s –1
Methods of mixing
• Hydraulic flocculator
- Flow is directed over & around baffles in a
tank
• Mechanical flocculator
Using slowly rotating paddles inside a tank
Hydraulic flocculator
Flow is directed around baffles
Design criteria for baffled tank (Round – the end type)
Detention time, t = 20 - 30 minutes
Velocity of water flowing in channel, v = 0.09 - 0.24 m/sec
Channel
Cross Water inlet
section
area of
channel,
A
= A > 1.0 m
y
Determination of tank length, L
Channel effective length = channel length - x
P=rgQh
G =ÖP/m"
=ÖrgQh/m"
=Örg h/mt
Mechanical flocculation
Mechanical flocculation
Paddle flocculator
Flocculation tank
Mechanical flocculator
Design criteria
t = 20 -30 minutes
h water < 5 m
w, number of revolutions of paddle per minute
= 2 -15 rev/min
v p, velocity of paddle tip
(relative velocity between paddles and fluid)
= 0.3- 0.7 m/s
= 75 % from actual velocity of paddle, va
where
va = 2prw
r = distance from shaft to center of paddle
plate L w
vp
Paddle
Power input, P
P = FD v p
P =1/2 CD Ap r vp3
G = Ö P/ m "
= Ö 1 CD AP r vp3
2m"
Sedimentation
Shape of tank
• Rectangular
• Circular
Type of flow
Horizontal flow
Up flow
Radial flow
A rectangular tank can be divided into four
different functional zones:
• Inlet zone to disperse influent flow and suspended
matter uniformly across the tank.
• A settling zone in which settling takes place.
• An outlet zone in which clarified water is collected
uniformly over the cross section of the tank and
directed to the outlet
• A sludge zone at the bottom (which the settled
solids accumulate and from which they are
withdrawn for disposal.
baffle
Outlet
zone
Inlet zone
Settling zone
Sludge zone
Scraper
Sludge removal
Inlet and outlet details
Baffle Baffle
Multiple
Openings
Tank
Bottom Multiple Openings
v s = g d 2 (r p - r w)
18 m
v s = g d 2 (r p - r w)
18 m
= 9.81 m/s (2650 – 998.2) kg/m3 x (5.0 x 10 -4)2 m2
18 x 1.002 x 10 -3 N.s/m2
= 0.22 m/s
settled solids
A s= w L
vh
Q
Ac = w H
An ideal rectangular sedimentation tank illustrating the
settling of discrete particle
A
vh
h vs
B
In order for particle A to settle in the tank, it must
have a settling velocity, vs great enough so that it
reaches point B during the detention time, t.
In other words, settling velocity, vs must equal to the
depth of tank divide by the detention time.
vs = h/t
But t = " / Q
vs = h / (" / Q)
= h Q/ "
= h Q / (w x L x h)
= Q/wxL
= Q / As
= vo
Therefore, in order for a particle to be removed from a
sedimentation tank, vs must be equal to or greater than vo :
vs ³ vo
Removal of particles in an ideal sedimentation tank
A
vh
h v s = vo
hs
vs
B
1. Particle which enters the settling zone at point A and
has a settling velocity, vs equals to vo will settle at point
B. Its settling time, ts is equivalent to t, the detention
time. This particle will be removed from the tank.
v s = vo ts = t
2. Particles with v s > vo will also be removed regardless
of the height at which it enters the tank. Its settling
time, ts < t , detention time.
e.g.
vo = 0.33 to 0.7 x vs
and vo = Q / A s
= h/t
where
80 %
70 %
Total percentage removal, RT
60 %
50 %
40 %
30 %
vo (m/day)
70 %
Total percentage removal, RT
60 %
50 %
40 %
30 %
= 52 m/day x 0.65
t design = t x 1.75
= 1.25 x 1.75
= 2.2 hours
vo = Q / A s
= h/t
Settling column test
sampling port / outlet
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
Settling column
Height of 2.5 m,
external diameter
of 0.12 m
Sampling
outlets / ports, at
different levels.
Samples are collected, at defined time steps, into
small containers installed in a rotating supporting
device. The concentration of SS of each sample
is evaluated.
Procedure
R% =1 - Ct (100)
Co
where R % = percent removal at one depth and time
Ct = concentration at time t and given depth,
mg/L
Co = initial concentration, mg/L
Depth, m Sampling time (min)
t1 t2 t3 t4
H1 R%11 R% 21 R% 31 R% 41
H2 R% 12 R% 22 R% 32 R% 42
H3 R% 13 R% 23 R% 33 R% 43
H4 R% 14 R% 24 R% 34 R% 44
Data
Concentration of SS at specified time and depth
Sampling time (min)
Depth (m) 10 20 30 40 60 90 120
0.5 24 20 18 14 12 11 10
1.0 32 26 22 16 14 12 11
2.0 34 28 24 18 16 15 12
Solution
1. Calculate percentage removal (Percentage passing
each sampling port).
R % = Co - Ct (100)
j)
Co
e.g. at depth of 0.5 m and sampling time 10 minutes,
R % = (40 – 24 ) x 100
40
= 40 %
Percentage removal of SS at specified time and depth
Sampling time (min)
Depth 10 20 30 40 60 90 120
(m)
0.5 40% 50% 60% 65% 70% 73% 75%
1.0 20% 35% 45% 60% 65% 70% 73%
1.5
15% 30% 40% 55 % 60% 63% 70%
2.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120
Sampling time (min)
0
1.5
15% 30% 40% 55 % 60% 63% 70%
2.0
R a = 30 % R b = 40 %
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120
ta tb Sampling time (min)
1.5
15% 30% 40% 55 % 60% 63% 70%
2.0
30% 40% 50% 60% 65% 70%
80 %
Total percentage removal, RT
70 %
65 %
60 %
65 % removal =
v o = 50 m/day
50 %
t = 1 hour
40 %
30 %
- Dual media
Anthracite
(Sand and anthracite)
- Multi media
Garnet
(Sand, anthracite and
garnet)
Medium
Fine
Sand
800 – 1000 mm
600 – 1000 mm
sand
Diameter :
Diameter
0.55 – 0.95
: 0.25 –
mm
0.35 mm
450 mm
500 mm
100 –
350 –
Gravel Gravel
Coarse Coarse
450 mm
anthracite anthracite
s.g. = 1.5 s.g. = 1.5
mm
Medium Sand
250
200 mm
100 –
100 –
Gravel Gravel
L
• Filtration rate, v = Q/As
• Type of operation
- Gravity filter
- Pressure filter
Rapid sand pressure filter
Dual
media
Pressure
Filter
Types of Sand Filter
• Slow sand filter
• Rapid sand filter
Schmutzdecke
(Biological layer)
Electron photomicrograph of the
complex biological matrix found in
the schumtzdecke
Anthracite
Sand
Disinfection
Chlorine demand =
amount of chlorine reduced
in chemical reactions
= Chlorine dosage – chlorine
residual
Gravity system
- costly
- most common