INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL

INTRODUCTION

Level

SP

A system is combination of components that act

together and perform certain task.
A control system is a group of components that
maintains a desire result by regulating energy input.
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INTRODUCTION

AUTOMATION
Automation / automatic control:
A control system which works with
minimal or no human involvement.

Examples:
Automatic milk filling machine.
Automatic car gear shift.
Automatic car speed cruise control.
Automated palleting system.

Advantages.
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TYPES OF CONTROL
Process
Control
Servo
Mechanism
Applications
Sequential
Control
Types of
control

Numerical
Control
Pneumatics
Types of
signal
Electronics
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TYPES OF CONTROL
Pneumatics signal:
3psi 15psi

Electronics signal:

Something to think about:

Why starting from 4mA and
3psi?
Why mA but not mV?

4mA 20mA

BASIC TERMINOLOGY

Control Variable (cv)

Set Point (sp)
Measured Variable (cm)
Error (E)
Manipulating Variable (mv)
Disturbances (z)
Load
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BASIC TERMINOLOGY
Conditions (disturbances) in a process that are
capable of causing load change.
Examples.

BASIC TERMINOLOGY
Examples.

Cold air flow in

RTD sensor

Room temperature = 28oC.

Desired value of the room

temperature = 25oC.
Ambient temperature = 35oC.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL SYSTEM

Stable system.
System is stable when the Controlled Variable
reaches steady state after some time.

Unstable system.
System is unstable when the Controlled Variable
starts oscillating and the oscillation stays.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL SYSTEM

Underdamped, Criticallydamped, Overdamped.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL SYSTEM

Unstable constant amplitude.
Unstable increasing amplitude.

C.V

C.V

d. unstable
constant
amplitude

e. unstable
increasing
amplitude

Time

Time

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL SYSTEM

Time response / Settling time.

Time delay / Dead time.
% Overshoot.
Time constant.
Offset.

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REPRESENTING A CONTROL SYSTEM

Electronics Level Control.

Pneumatics Level Control.
Electronics Flow Control.
Pneumatics Flow Control

CONTROL
BLOCK
DIAGRAM

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OPEN LOOP & CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

Open Loop

Closed Loop

Open Loop systems

are control systems
in which the output
is not measured and
not feedback into
the controller.

Closed Loop systems

are control systems
in which the output
is measured and
feedback into the
controller.

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OPEN LOOP & CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

Open Loop
Examples

Fan, toaster, hair dryer

Closed Loop
Examples

AC, Oven, Household hot

water system, Household
water tank.
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OPEN LOOP & CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

Open Loop Advantages

Closed Loop Advantages

Less expensive than

closed loop control
because not necessary
to measure actual result.
Controller is much
simpler because
corrective action based
on error is not required.
Easier to build since
stability is not a major
problem.

The system response

relatively insensitive to
external disturbances
and internal variations in
system parameters.
It is possible to use
relatively inaccurate and
inexpensive components
to obtain an accurate
control.

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OPEN LOOP & CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

Open Loop
Disadvantages
Errors caused by
unexpected
disturbances are not
corrected.
Human operator
must slowly correct
changing
disturbances by
manual adjustment.

Closed Loop
Disadvantages
Overcorrect of
errors will cause
oscillations and
stability problem.

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TYPES OF OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

Direct forward
open loop
control
Holding element
open loop
control
Types of OPEN
LOOP control

Time plane open

loop control
Position plane
open loop
control
Sequential open
loop control

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ELEMENTS OF CLOSED LOOP CONTROL

Comparing

Corrective
action

Measurement

Process

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ELEMENTS OF CLOSED LOOP CONTROL

Sensor
Transmitter
Controller
Transducer
Final Control Element

SP

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AUXILIARIES OF CONTROL SYSTEM

Indicator / Gauge
Recorder
Alarm
Trip
Interlock

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FEEDFORWARD CONTROL
Is based on measuring disturbances,
anticipating error, and take corrective actions
to cancel the error.

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FEEDFORWARD CONTROL

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FEEDFORWARD CONTROL
Advantages:
Fast errors correction.
Can predict errors.

Disadvantages:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Block diagrams
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FEEDFORWARD CONTROL
Feedforward control is open loop control.
Feedforward control minimized the transient
error caused by measurable disturbances.
Feedforward control cannot cancel the effects
of immeasurable disturbances.
Feedback control provides corrections for
immeasurable disturbances.
So, feedforward is normally combined with
feedback loop.
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THANK YOU

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