Extending Banach Space on Graph with

Conservation Laws and G -Flow Solutions of Equations

Linfan MAO
(Chinese Academy of Mathematics and System Science, Beijing 100190, P.R.China)
E-mail: maolinfan@163.com

Abstract: Let V be a Banach space over a field F . A G -flow is a graph

G embedded in a topological space S associated with an injective mappings

 

L : uv L(uv ) V such that L(uv ) = L(v u ) for (u, v) X G holding

with conservation laws

L (v u ) = 0 for v V

uNG (v)

 

G ,

 

where uv denotes the semi-arc of (u, v) X G , which is an abstract model,

also a mathematical object for things embedded in a topological space, or

matters happened in the world. The main purpose of this paper is to extend Banach spaces on topological graphs with operator actions and show
all of these extensions are also Banach space with unique correspondence in
elements on linear continuous functionals, which enables one to solve linear
functional equations in such extended space, particularly, solve algebraic, differential or integral equations on a topological graph, i.e., find multi-space
solutions for equations, for instance, the Einsteins gravitational equations. A
generalization of some well-known results in classical mathematics, such as
those of the fundamental theorem in algebra, Hilbert and Schmidts result on

integral equations and the discussion on stability of such G -flow solutions with
applications to controlling of ecologically industrial systems can be also found
in this paper. All of these results in this paper establish the mathematical
foundation for multi-spaces, i.e., mathematical combinatorics.

Key Words: Banach space, topological graph, conservation flow, topological

graph, differential flow, multi-space solution of equation, system control.

AMS(2010): 03A10,05C15,20A05, 34A26,35A01,51A05,51D20,53A35

1. Introduction

Let V be a Banach space over a field F . All graphs G , denoted by (V ( G ), X( G ))

considered in this paper are strong-connected without loops. A topological graph G

is an embedding of an oriented graph G in a topological space C . All elements in

V ( G ) or X( G ) are respectively called vertices or arcs of G .

An arc e = (u, v) X( G ) can be divided into 2 semi-arcs, i.e., initial semi-arc

uv and end semi-arc v u , such as those shown in Fig.1 following.

L(uv )

v
u u

vu v

Fig.1
 

All these semi-arcs of a topological graph G are denoted by X 1 G .

2

A vector labeling G on G is a 1 1 mapping L : G V such that L : uv

L
L(uv ) V for uv X 1 G , such as those shown in Fig.1. For all labelings G
2

on G , define

L1
L2
L1 +L2

L
L
G +G =G
and G = G .

Then, all these vector labelings on G naturally form a vector space.

Particularly,
 

a G -flow on G is such a labeling L : uv V for uv X 1 G hold with

2

L (uv ) = L (v u ) and conservation laws

X

L (v u ) = 0

uNG (v)

for v V ( G ), where 0 is the zero-vector in V . For example, a conservation law

for vertex v in Fig.2 is L(v u1 ) L(v u2 ) L(v u3 ) + L(v u4 ) + L(v u5 ) + L(v u6 ) = 0.

-L(vu ) u4

-L(vu ) u5

u1
u1 L(v )
u2
u2 L(v )

-F (vu ) u6

u3
u3 L(v )

Fig.2

L
Clearly, if V = Z and O = {1}, then the G -flow G is nothing else but the network

flow X( G ) Z on G .

L
L1
L2

Let G , G , G be G -flows on a topological graph G and F a scalar.

L1
L2

It is clear that G + G and G are also G -flows, which implies that all

0
conservation G -flows on G also form a linear space over F with unit G under

operations + and, denoted

by
G
,
where
G
is
such
a
G -flow with vector 0 on


uv for (u, v) X G , denoted by O if G is clear by the paragraph..

The flow representation for graphs are first discussed in [5], and then applied to

differential operators in [6], which has shown its important role both in mathematics
and applied sciences. It should be noted that a conservation law naturally deter

mines an autonomous systems in the world. We can also find G -flows by solving
conservation equations
X

L (v u ) = 0,

uNG (v)

vV

G .

Such a system of equations is non-solvable in general, only with G -flow solutions

such as those discussions in references [10]-[19]. Thus we can also introduce G

 -flows

e R
e
by Smarandache multi-system ([21]-[22]). In fact, for any integer m 1 let ;

be a Smarandache multi-system consisting of m mathematical systemsh(1 ; R

i 1 ),
L e e
(2 ; R2 ), , (m ; Rm ), different two by two. A topological structure G ; R on


e R
e is inherited by
;
 h
i
e R
e = {1 , 2 , , m },
V GL ;
 h
i
T
e R
e = {(i , j ) |i j 6= , 1 i 6= j m} with labeling
E GL ;
T
L : i L (i ) = i and L : (i , j ) L (i , j ) = i j
for hintegers
i 1 i 6= j m,Ti.e., a topological vertex-edge labeled graph. Clearly,

e R
e is a
GL ;
G -flow if i j = v V for integers 1 i, j m.
The main purpose of this paper is to establish the theoretical foundation, i.e.,

extending Banach spaces, particularly, extended Hilbert spaces on topological graphs

with operator actions and show all of these extensions are also Banach space with
unique correspondence in elements on linear continuous functionals, which enables
one to solve linear functional equations in such extended space, particularly, solve
algebraic or differential equations on a topological graph, i.e., find multi-space solu3

tions for equations, such as those of algebraic equations, the Einstein gravitational
equations and integral equations with applications to controlling of ecologically industrial systems. All of these discussions provide new viewpoint for mathematical
elements, i.e., mathematical combinatorics.
For terminologies and notations not mentioned in this section, we follow references [1] for functional analysis, [3] and [7] for topological graphs, [4] for linear
spaces, [8]-[9], [21]-[22] for Smarandache multi-systems, [3], [20] and [23] for differential equations.

2. G -Flow Spaces
2.1 Existence
Definition 2.1 Let V be a Banach space. A family V of vectors v V is conservative if

v = 0,

vV

called a conservative family.

Let V be a Banach space over a field F with a basis {1 , 2 , , dimV }. Then,

for v V there are scalars xv1 , xv2 , , xvdimV F such that
dimV
X

v=

xvi i .

i=1

Consequently,
X dimV
X

xvi i =

vV i=1

implies that

dimV
X
i=1

vV

xvi

i = 0

xvi = 0

vV

for integers 1 i dimV .

Conversely, if

xvi = 0, 1 i dimV ,

vV

define

v =

dimV
X
i=1

xvi i

and V = {vi , 1 i dimV }. Clearly,

v = 0, i.e., V is a family of conservation

vV

vectors. Whence, if denoted by xvi = (v, i ) for v V , we therefore get a condition

on families of conservation in V following.
Theorem 2.2 Let V be a Banach space with a basis {1 , 2 , , dimV }. Then, a
vector family V V is conservation if and only if
X
(v, i ) = 0
vV

for integers 1 i dimV .

For example, let V = {v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 } R3 with
v1 = (1, 1, 1),

v2 = (1, 1, 1),

v3 = (1, 1, 1),

v4 = (1, 1, 1)

Then it is a conservation family of vectors in R3 .

Clearly, a conservation flow consists of conservation families. The following
result establishes its inverse.

Theorem 2.3 A G -flow G exists on G if and only if there are conservation

families L(v) in a Banach space V associated an index set V with
L(v) = {L(v u ) V f or some u V }
such that L(v u ) = L(uv ) and
L(v)
Proof Notice that

for v V

(L(u)) = L(v u ) or .

L(v u ) = 0

uNG (v)

G implies

L(v u ) =

L(v w ).

wNG (v)\{u}

Whence, if there is an index set V associated conservation families L(v) with

L(v) = {L(v u ) V for some u V }
5

T
for v V such that L(v u ) = L(uv ) and L(v) (L(u)) = L(v u ) or , define a

topological graph G by
 
  [

V G = V and X G =
{(v, u)|L(v u ) L(v)}
vV

with an orientation v u on its each arcs. Then, it is clear that G is a G -flow

by definition.

Conversely, if G is a G -flow, let

 

L(v) = {L(v u ) V for (v, u) X G }

 
 

G . Then, it is also clear that L(v), v V G are conservation

 

families associated with an index set V = V G such that L(v, u) = L(u, v) and
for v V

L(v)

by definition.

 

L(v u ) if (v, u) X
G
 
(L(u)) =

if (v, u) 6 X G

Theorems 2.2 and 2.3 enables one to get the following result.

Corollary 2.4 There are always existing G -flows on a topological

   graph
  Gwith



weights v for v V , particularly, e i on e X G if X G  V G +1.
 

Proof Let e = (u, v) X G . By Theorems 2.2 and 2.3, for an integer

1 i dimV , such a G -flow exists if and only if the system of linear equations
 
X

(v,u) = 0, v V G



uV G
     



is solvable. However, if X G  V G  + 1, such a system is indeed solvable

by theory of linear equations.

2.2 G -Flow Spaces

Define

L


G =

(u,v)X

kL(uv )k





L
V
for G G , where kL(uv )k is the norm of F (uv ) in V . Then
L
L

L
0


(1) G 0 and G = 0 if and only if G = G = O.
L
L




(2) G = G for any scalar .
L
L L
1
L2
1
2

(3) G + G G + G because of
L

1
L2

G + G =
X

(u,v)X

(u,v)X
v


G




kL1 (uv ) + L2 (uv )k

kL1 (u )k +

(u,v)X

L L
2
1

kL2 (u )k = G + G .
v


G

V
Whence, k k is a norm on linear space G .
Furthermore, if V is an inner space with inner product h, i, define
D L
E
X

1
L2
G ,G
=
hL1 (uv ), L2 (uv )i .



(u,v)X G
Then we know that
D L LE

(4) G , G
=

D L LE

v
v
hL(u
),
L(u
)i

0
and
G ,G
= 0 if and only



(u,v)X G

L
if L(uv ) = 0 for (u, v) X( G ), i.e., G = O.
D L1
E D L2
E

L2

L1

L1
L2
V
(5) G , G
= G ,G
for G , G G because of
D

L1
L2
G ,G

(u,v)X




(u,v)X


G

hL1 (uv ), L2 (uv )i =

(u,v)X

hL2 (uv ), L1 (uv )i




L2
L1
= G ,G

L
L1
L2
V
(6) For G , G , G G , there is
D
E

L1

L2
L
G
+ G , G
E
D L1
E
D L2

L
= G ,G + G ,G
7

hL2 (uv ), L1 (uv )i

E

because of
D

L1
G

+
=
=
=
=

E D L1
E

L2
L

L2
L
G , G
= G
+G ,G
X
hL1 (uv ) + L2 (uv ), L(uv )i

(u,v)X( G )
X
X
hL1 (uv ), L(uv )i +
hL2 (uv ), L(uv )i

(u,v)X( G )
(u,v)X( G )
E D L
E
D L

1
L

2
L
G ,G + G ,G
E
D L1
E
D L2

L
G ,G + G ,G .

V
Thus, G is an inner space also and as the usual, let
L rD L L E

G ,G
G =

V
for G G . Then it is a normed space. Furthermore, we know the following
result.

V
Theorem 2.5 For any topological graph G , G is a Banach space, and furthermore,

V
if V is a Hilbert space, G is a Hilbert space also.

V
Proof As shown in the previous, G is a linear normed space or inner space if
V is an inner space. We show nthat ito is also complete, i.e., any Cauchy sequence in

Ln

V
G is converges. In fact, let G
be a Cauchy sequence in G . Thus for any
number > 0, there always exists an integer N() such that
L

n
Lm

G

G

<
if n, m N(). By definition,

L
n
Lm

kLn (uv ) Lm (uv )k G G <

 

i.e., {Ln (u )} is also a Cauchy sequence for (u, v) X G , which is converges on

v

in V by definition.

 

Let L(uv ) = lim Ln (uv ) for (u, v) X G . Then it is clear that

n

Ln
L
lim G = G .


L
V
However, we are needed to show G G . By definition,
X
Ln (uv ) = 0
vNG (u)

for u V

 

G and integers n 1. Let n on its both sides. Then

lim

vNG (u)

Ln (uv ) =

vNG (u)

lim Ln (uv )

L(uv ) = 0.

vNG (u)

L
V
Thus, G G .

L1

L2
Similarly,
two conservation G -flows G and G are said to be orthogonal if
E

L1
L2
G ,G
= 0. The following result characterizes those of orthogonal pairs of

conservation G -flows.
D

L1
L2
V

L1

L2
Theorem 2.6 let G , G G . Then
 G is orthogonal to G if and only if

hL1 (uv ), L2 (uv )i = 0 for (u, v) X G .

 

Proof Clearly, if hL1 (uv ), L2 (uv )i = 0 for (u, v) X G , then,

D

L1
L2
G ,G
=

(u,v)X


G

hL1 (uv ), L2 (uv )i = 0,

L1

L2
i.e., G is orthogonal to G .

L1

L2
Conversely, if G is indeed orthogonal to G , then
D L1
E
X

L2
G ,G
=
hL1 (uv ), L2 (uv )i = 0



(u,v)X G

 

by definition. We therefore know that hL1 (uv ), L2 (uv )i = 0 for (u, v) X G

because of hL1 (uv ), L2 (uv )i 0.

Theorem 2.7 Let V be a Hilbert space with an orthogonal decomposition V =

V V for a closed subspace V V . Then there is a decomposition

V
e V
e ,
G =V
9

where,

n L
 
o
1
V 

e =
V
G G L1 : X G V

n L2
 
o

e
V = G G  L2 : X G V ,

L
V
i.e., for G G , there is a uniquely decomposition
L2

L
L1
G =G +G
 
 

with L1 : X G V and L2 : X G V .

 

Proof By definition, L(uv ) V for (u, v) X G . Thus, there is a decom-

position

L(uv ) = L1 (uv ) + L2 (uv )

v
v

with uniquely
h L idetermined
h L iL1 (u ) V but L2 (u ) V .
 

Let G
and G
be two labeled graphs on G with L1 : X 1 G V
2
 
h L1 i h L2 i D
E

and L2 : X 1 G V . We need to show that G

, G
G , V . In fact,
2

the conservation laws show that

X
L(uv ) = 0, i.e.,
vNG (u)

 

for u V G . Consequently,
X

vNG (u)

L1 (uv ) +

vNG (u)

(L1 (uv ) + L2 (uv )) = 0

L2 (uv ) = 0.

vNG (u)

Whence,
0 =

L1 (uv ) +

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

L1 (uv ),

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

L1 (uv ),

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

L2 (uv ),

L1 (uv ),

vNG (u)

L1 (uv )
L2 (uv )
L1 (uv )

10

L1 (uv ) +

vNG (u)

L2 (uv )

vNG (u)

L2 (uv ),

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

L2 (uv ),

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

L2 (uv ),

vNG (u)

L2 (uv )
L1 (uv )
L2 (uv )

hL1 (uv ), L2 (uv )i +

vNG (u)

hL2 (uv ), L1 (uv )i

vNG (u)

L1 (uv ),

vNG (u)

L1 (uv )

vNG (u)

L2 (uv ),

vNG (u)

L2 (uv ) .

vNG (u)

Notice that
*
+
*
+
X
X
X
X
L1 (uv ),
L1 (uv ) 0,
L2 (uv ),
L2 (uv ) 0.
vNG (u)

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

We therefore get that

+
*
+
*
X
X
X
X
L2 (uv ),
L2 (uv ) = 0,
L1 (uv ),
L1 (uv ) = 0,
vNG (u)

vNG (u)

i.e.,

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

L1 (uv ) = 0 and

L2 (uv ) = 0.

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

h Li h Li

V
Thus, G
, G
G . This completes the proof.

2.3 Solvable G -Flow Spaces

 


Let G be a G -flow. If for v V G , all flows L (v u ) , u NG+ (v) \ u+

are
0
determined by equations

Fv

L (v u ) ; L (w v ) , w NG (v) = 0

unless L(v u0 ), then G -flow is called

and L(v u0 ) the co-flow at vertex v.
 solvable,


+
Such a G -flow is linear if each L v u , u+ NG+ (v) \ {u+
0 } is determined by
 +
L vu =

with scalars au F for v V

u NG
(v)

au L u

v

 
 +

G unless L v u0 , and is ordinary or partial

differential if L (v u ) is determined by ordinary differential equations




d
+
v

Lv
;1 i n
L(v u ); L u , u NG (v) = 0
dxi

or

Lv




u+
v

; 1 i n L(v ); L u
, u NG (v) = 0
xi
11





 +
 

u0
unless L v
for v V G , where, Lv
; 1 i n , Lv
;1 i n
dxi
xi
denote an ordinary or partial differential operators,
respectively.

 
Notice that a linear equation au+ L v u

+ L (u ) = 0 is solvable for L v u

if and only if au+ 6= 0, such as those shown in Fig.3 following.

(0, 1)

(0, 1)
(1, 0)

v1

? 6(1, 0)

v2

(1, 0)


-

(1, 0)
(0, 1)

v4

? 6(0, 1)
v3

Fig.3

We consequently know the following result on linear solvable G -flows.

L
Theorem 2.8 For a strong-connected graph G , there exist linear G -flows G , not

all flows being zero on G .

Proof Notice that G is strong-connected. There must be a decomposition

!
!
m1
m2
[

[ [

G=
Ci
Ti ,
i=1

i=1

where C i , T j are respectively directed circuit or path in G with

1 1, m2 0.
 m
k

u
For an integer 1 k m1 , let C k = uk1 uk2 uksk and L uki i+1 = vk , where

j j
j
i + 1 (mods). Similarly, for integers 1 j m2 , if T j = w
1 w2 wt , let


t
F wjt , wj+1
= 0. Clearly, the conservation law hold at v V G by definition,
 k 
u
and each flow L uki i+1 , i + 1 (mods) is linear determined by
L

u
uki i+1



X
k
k ui
= L ui1
+0

j6=i vN (uk )
i
C

= vk + 0 +

m2
X
j=1

m2
 k X
ui
+
L v

j=1 vN (uk )
i
T
j

 k
L v ui

0 = vk .

vNT (uki )
j

Thus, G is a linear solvable G -flow and not all flows being zero on G .
12

f(x, t)
v1

v2

f(x, t)

? 6x
v4

x
-

? 6f(x, t)
v3

f(x, t)
Fig.4

All G -flows constructed in Theorem 2.8 can be also replaced by vectors dependent on the time t, i.e., v(t).

According to the theory of ordinary differ-

ential equations ([23]), the differential equation x = f(x,

 t) with x|t=t0 =x0 is
dxn
dx1 dx2
,
,,
always solvable in a neighborhood of x0 , where, x =
and
dt dt
dt 

f(x, t) = (f1 (x, t), f2 (x, t), , fn (x, t)). Thus, if there is a vertex v V G with

(v) 2 and + (v) 2, i.e., v is in at least 2 directed circuits C , C , let flows on

C and C be respectively x and f(x, t). Similar to the proof of Theorem 2.8, we

know the conservation laws hold for vertices in G , and there are indeed flows on

G determined by ordinary differential equations. We therefore know the following

result.

Theorem
2.9 Let G be a strong-connected graph. If there exists a vertex v
 

V G with (v) 2 and + (v) 2 then there exist ordinary differential G -flows

G , not all flows being zero on G .

For example, the G -flow shown in Fig.4 is an ordinary differential G -flow in a

vector space if x = f(x, t) is solvable with x|t=t0 = x0 .

Similarly, we know the result on partial differential G -flows. By the theory of

partial differential equations of first order ([3]), let x = (x1 , x2 , , xn ). If

xi = xi (t, s1 , s2 , , sn1)
u = u(t, s1 , s2 , , sn1 )

p = p (t, s , s , , s ),
i
i
1 2
n1

13

i = 1, 2, , n

is a solution of system
dx1
dx2
dxn
du
=
= =
= P
n
Fp1
Fp2
Fpn
pi Fpi
i=1

dp1
dpn
=
= =
= dt
Fx1 + p1 Fu
Fxn + pn Fu

with initial values

xi0 = xi0 (s1 , s2 , , sn1 )

u0 = u0 (s1 , s2 , , sn1 )

p = p (s , s , , s ),
i0

such that

i0

n1

i = 1, 2, , n

F (x10 , x20 , , xn0 , u, p10 , p20 , , pn0 ) = 0

n
u0 X xi0

pi0
= 0, j = 1, 2, , n 1,
s
s
j
j
i=0

then it is the solution of partial differential equation

F (x1 , x2 , , xn , u, p1, p2 , , pn ) = 0
u
F
and Fpi =
for integers 1 i n.
xi
pi
For partial differential equations of second order, the Cauchy problems on heat

with the same initial values, where pi =

or wave equations

with initial values

X 2u
u
= a2
,
2
t
x
i
i=1

X 2u
2u
2
=
a
t2
x2i
i=1


u 
= (x)
t t=0

u|t=0 = (x) ,

are solvable. For example, we know closed formulae ([3])

Z +
(x1 y1 )2 ++(xn yn )2
1
4t
u (x, t) =
e
(y1 , , yn )dy1 dyn
n
(4t) 2
for heat equations, and

1
u (x1 , x2 , x3 , t) =

t 4a2 t

M
Sat

14

dS +

1
4a2 t

M
Sat

dS

M
for wave equations in n = 3, where Sat
denotes the sphere centered at M (x1 , x2 , x3 )

with radius at. Similar to Theorem 2.9, we get a result on partial G -flows following.

Theorem
2.10 Let G be a strong-connected graph. If there exists a vertex v
 

V G with (v) 2 and + (v) 2 then there exist partial differential G -flows

G , not all flows being zero on G .

3. Operators on G -Flow Spaces

3.1 Linear Continuous Operators
Definition 3.1 Let T O be an operator on Banach space V over a field F . An

V
operator T : G G is bounded if
L
 L 

T G G

L
V
for G G with a constant [0, ) and furthermore, is a contractor if

L
 L
 L 
1
L2

2


T G
G G )
T G

L1
L1
V
for G , G G with [0, 1).

V
Theorem 3.2 Let T : G G be a contractor. Then there is a uniquely

L
V
conservation G-flow G G such that
 L

L
T G
=G .

L0
V
Proof Let G G be a G-flow. Define a sequence
 L

L1

0
G =T G
,
 L
 L
L

0
G =T G
= T2 G
,

n Ln o

G
by

................................ ,
 L0 
 Ln1 

Ln

G =T G
= Tn G
,

................................ .
n Ln o

V
We prove G
is a Cauchy sequence in G . Notice that T is a contractor.

For any integer m 1, we know that

L
 L 
 Lm1 
m+1
Lm

G = T G
T G
G

15

 L
 L 
 L 
m
Lm1

m1

m2

G G
T G
= T G

L



m1
Lm2
L1
L0


2 G
G
m G G .

Applying the triangle inequality, for integers m n we therefore get that

L

m
Ln

G G
L

L

m
Lm1
n1
Ln


G G
G
+ + + G




L1
L0
m + m1 + + n1 G G

n1 m
L1
L0

=
G G
1
L

n1
1
L0

G G for 0 < < 1.

1
L

n Ln o
m
Ln

Consequently, G G 0 if m , n . So the sequence G

L
is a Cauchy sequence and converges to G . Similar to the proof of Theorem 2.5, we

L
V
know it is a G-flow, i.e., G G . Notice that
L
L
L
 L 
 L 

Lm
m

G G + G T G
G T G


L
L

Lm
m1
L


G G + G
G .
L
 L 

Let m . For 0 < < 1, we therefore get that G T G = 0, i.e.,
 L

L
T G
=G .

V
For the uniqueness,
if
there
is
an
another
conservation
G-flow
G

G
 L 

L
holding with T G
= G , by
L

 L
L

 L 

G G = T G T G G G ,

L
L
it can be only happened in the case of G = G for 0 < < 1.

V
Definition 3.3 An operator T : G G is linear if


 L
 L

L1

L2

2
T G + G
= T G
+ T G

L1
L2

L0
for G , G G and , F , and is continuous at a G -flow G if there
always exist a number () for > 0 such that
L

 L
 L0 

L0

T G T G
< if G G < ().
16

The following result reveals the relation between conceptions of linear continuous with that of linear bounded.

V
Theorem 3.4 An operator T : G G is linear continuous if and only if it is
bounded.
Proof If T is bounded, then
 L
 L
 L0 

 L


L0

L0


T
G

T
G
=
T
G

L
L0
V
for an constant [0, ) and G , G G . Whence, if
L

L0

6 0,
G G < () with () = , =

then there must be

 L


L0

T G G
< ,

V
i.e., T is linear continuous on G . However, this is obvious for = 0.

n Ln o

Now if T is linear continuous but unbounded, there exists a sequence G

V
in G such that
L
L
n
n


G n G .
Let

1
Ln
L
n G .

n G
L 1
 L 
n

n


Then G = 0, i.e., T G
0 if n . However, by definition
n

Ln
 L 


G

n




T
T G
=

Ln


n G
 L 
L

n
n


n G
T G

L L = 1,
=
n
n


n G
n G

Ln
G =

a contradiction. Thus, T must be bounded.

The following result is a generalization of the representation theorem of Frechet

V
and Riesz on linear continuous functionals, i.e., T : G C on G -flow space G ,
where C is the complex field.
17


V
Theorem 3.5 Let T : G C be a linear continuous functional. Then there is a

Lb
V
unique G G such that
 L   L Lb 

T G
= G ,G

L
V
for G G .

V
Proof Define a closed subset of G by
  L
n L
o

N (T) = G G  T G
=0

 L

for the linear continuous functional T. If N (T) = G , i.e., T G

= 0 for

L
V

Lb
G G , choose G = O. We then easily obtain the identity
 L   L Lb 

T G
= G ,G
.

V
Whence, we assume that N (T) 6= G . In this case, there is an orthogonal decomposition

V
G = N (T) N (T)

with N (T) 6= {O} and N (T) 6= {O}.

L0

L0
Choose a G -flow G N (T) with G 6= O and define
  L  L0   L0  L

G = T G
G T G
G

L
V
for G G . Calculation shows that
 L    L   L    L   L 

T G
= T G
T G
T G
T G
= 0,

L
i.e., G N (T). We therefore get that
D L
E

L0
0 =
G ,G
D  L  L
  L  L L E

0

0
=
T G
G T G
G ,G
 L D L
E
 L D L L E

0
L0

0

0
= T G
G ,G
T G
G ,G
.
D L
E L 2

0
L0
0

Notice that G , G
= G 6= 0. We find that

 L
 L
*
+

0
D L L0 E
 L
T
G
T
G

L0

G ,G
= G ,
.
T G
=

G
L0 2
L0 2


G
G
18

Let

 L0 

T
G

Lb

L0
L0
G =
G
=
G ,

L0 2

G

 L

0
 L   L Lb 
T G

= G ,G
.
where =
2 . We consequently get that T G
L
0

G




 L

Lb

L
Lb
Now if there is another G G such that T G
= G ,G
for



L
V

L
Lb
Lb
G G , there must be G , G G
= 0 by definition. Particularly, let

L
Lb
Lb
G = G G . We know that



b

L

Lb

Lb
Lb
Lb
Lb


= 0,
G G = G G , G G

Lb
Lb

Lb
Lb
which implies that G G = O, i.e., G = G .

3.2 Differential and Integral Operators

Let V be Hilbert space consisting of measurable functions f (x1 , x2 , , xn ) on a set
= {x = (x1 , x2 , , xn ) Rn |ai xi bi , 1 i n} ,
i.e., the functional space L2 [], with inner product
Z
hf (x) , g (x)i =
f (x)g(x)dx for f (x), g(x) L2 []

and G its G -extension on a topological graph G . The differential operator and

integral operators

n
X

D=

i=1

ai
xi

and

V
on G are respectively defined by

L
DL(uv )
DG = G
and

L
G =

L[y]

K(x, y) G dy = G

K(x,y)L(uv )[y]dy

L[y]

K(x, y) G dy = G

K(x,y)L(uv )[y]dy

L
G =

19

 
ai

C0 () for integers 1 i, j n and K(x, y) :

for (u, v) X G , where ai ,
xj
C L2 ( , C) with
Z
K(x, y)dxdy < .

Such integral operators are usually called adjoint for

by K (x, y) =

L1
L2
V
K (x, y). Clearly, for G , G G and , F ,


 L (uv )+L (uv ) 
2

L1 (uv )

L2 (uv )

D(L1 (uv )+L2 (uv ))

D G
+ G
=D G
=G

D(L1 (uv ))+D(L2 (uv ))

D(L1 (uv ))
D(L2 (uv ))
=G
=G
+G

 (L (uv ))

 L (uv ) 


L2 (uv )

(L2 (uv ))

1
=D G
= D G
+ D G
+G

 

for (u, v) X G , i.e.,



L1

L2

L1

L2
D G + G
= D G + D G .

Similarly, we know also that

Z 
Z
Z


L1

L2

L1

L2
G + G
=
G +
G ,

Z 
Z
Z


L1

L2

L1

L2
G + G
=
G +
G .

Thus, operators D,

and

V
are al linear on G .

L
For example, let f (t) = t, g(t) = et , K(t, ) = t2 + 2 for = [0, 1] and let G

be the G -flow shown on the left in Fig.6. Then, we know that Df = 1, Dg = et ,

Z 1
Z 1
Z 1


t2 1
K(t, )f ( )d =
t2 + 2 d = + = a(t),
K(t, )f ( )d =
2
4
0
0
0
Z 1
Z 1
Z 1


K(t, )g( )d =
K(t, )g( )d =
t2 + 2 e d
0

= (e 1)t + e 2 = b(t)

L
and the actions D G ,

L
G and
[0,1]

L
G are shown on the right in Fig.5.
[0,1]

20

et
-t
et ?
t
=
t e
6 } t
-t

et
-1
t
= et ?1
1 e
}
6
6 -1 

et

et

-et
-t
R
R
, [0,1]
t
t
[0,1]
t 6e
}= e ?t
t
-

a(t)
a(t)
?a(t)
6b(t) =} b(t)
a(t)
-
b(t)

b(t)

et

Fig.5

V
Furthermore, we know that both of them are injections on G .
Z

V
Theorem 3.6 D : G G and
: G G .

L
V

L
Proof For G G , we are needed to show that D G and

DL(u ) = 0 and

vNG (u)

hold with v V

L
V
G G ,

i.e., the conservation laws

X

X Z

vNG (u)

L(uv ) = 0

 

L(uv )
V
G . However, because of G
G , there must be
X

L(u ) = 0 for v V G ,
v

vNG (u)

we immediately know that

0 = D

vNG (u)

and

0=

for v V

G .

vNG (u)

L(uv ) =

L(u ) =
v

21

DL(uv )

vNG (u)

X Z

vNG (u)

L(uv )

4. G -Flow Solutions of Equations

As we mentioned, all G-solutions of non-solvable systems on algebraic, ordinary or

partial differential equations determined in [13]-[19] are in fact G -flows. We show

there are also G -flow solutions for solvable equations in this section.
4.1 Linear Equations
Let V be a field (F ; +, ). We can further define

L1
L2
L1 L2
G G =G
 

with L1 L2 (u ) = L1 (u ) L2 (u ) for (u, v) X G . Then it can be verified

 F


c isomorphic to F if the
easily that G is also a field G ; +, with a subfield F
v

conservation laws is not emphasized, where

n L
 o

v
c
F = G G |L (u ) is constant in F for (u, v) X G
.

 
 




 F
E G 
nE G 


F



if |F | = pn , where p is a
Clearly, G F
. Thus  G  = p

prime number. For this F -extension on G , the linear equation

L
aX = G

a1 L

F
is uniquely solvable for X = G
in G if 0 6= a F . Particularly,
if one views


an element b F as b = G if L(uv ) = b for (u, v) X G and 0 6= a F , then

an algebraic equation

ax = b

a1 L
in F also is an equation in G with a solution x = G
such as those shown in

Fig.6 for G = C 4 , a = 3, b = 5 following.

-3
5

5
3

?53


5
3

Fig.6
22

Let [Lij ]mn be a matrix with entries Lij : uv V . Denoted by [Lij ]mn (uv )

the matrix [Lij (uv )]mn . Then, a general result on G -flow solutions of linear systems
is known following.
n
Theorem 4.1 A linear system (LESm
) of equations

L1

a11 X1 + a12 X2 + + a1n Xn = G

L2
a X +a X ++a X =
G
21 1
22 2
2n n

......................................

Lm
a X +a X ++a X =
G
m1 1
m2 2
mn n

n
(LESm
)

Li
with aij C and G G for integers 1 i n and 1 j m is solvable for

V
Xi G , 1 i m if and only if
v
rank [aij ]mn = rank [aij ]+
m(n+1) (u )

for (u, v) G , where

[aij ]+
m(n+1)

a11

a12

a1n

L1

a21 a22 a2n L2

=

... ... .. ... ...

am1 am2 amn Lm

 

Lx

Proof Let Xi = G i with Lxi (uv ) V on (u, v) X G for integers

 

n
1 i n. For (u, v) X G , the system (LESm
) appears as a common linear
system

a11 Lx1 (uv ) + a12 Lx2 (uv ) + + a1n Lxn (uv ) = L1 (uv )

a L (uv ) + a L (uv ) + + a L (uv ) = L (uv )

21 x1
22 x2
2n xn
2

........................................................

am1 Lx1 (uv ) + am2 Lx2 (uv ) + + amn Lxn (uv ) = Lm (uv )

By linear algebra, such a system is solvable if and only if ([4])

v
rank [aij ]mn = rank [aij ]+
m(n+1) (u )

for (u, v) G .
23

Labeling the
uv respectively by solutions Lx1 (uv ), Lx2 (uv ), , Lxn (uv )
 semi-arc


Lx
Lx

Lxn
for (u, v) X G , we get labeled graphs G 1 , G 2 , , G . We prove that

Lx1
Lx

Lxn
V
G , G 2, , G
G .
Let rank [aij ]mn = r. Similar to that of linear algebra, we are easily know that

m
P

Li

X
=
c
+ c1,r+1 Xjr+1 + c1n Xjn
j1
1i G

i=1

Li
Xj = P c2i
G + c2,r+1 Xjr+1 + c2n Xjn
2
,
i=1

.........................................

Li

cri G + cr,r+1 Xjr+1 + crn Xjn

Xj r =
i=1

Lx

Lx

V
where {j1 , , jn } = {1, , n}. Whence, if G jr+1 , , G jn G , then
X

Lxk (u ) =

m
X X

cki Li (uv )

vNG (u) i=1

vNG (u)

c2,r+1 Lxjr+1 (uv ) + +

vNG (u)

m
X
i=1

cki

+c2,r+1

vNG (u)

c2n Lxjn (uv )

vNG (u)

Li (uv )

Lxjr+1 (uv ) + + c2n

vNG (u)

Lxjn (uv ) = 0

vNG (u)

V
n
Whence, the system (LESm
) is solvable in G .
The following result is an immediate conclusion of Theorem 4.1.
Corollary 4.2 A linear system of equations

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = b1

a x +a x ++a x = b
21 1
22 2
2n n
2

..................................

am1 x1 + am2 x2 + + amn xn = bm

with aij , bj F for integers 1 i n, 1 j m holding with

rank [aij ]mn = rank [aij ]+
m(n+1)

has G -flow solutions on infinitely many topological graphs G .

24

Let the operator D and Rn be the same as in Subsection 3.2. We consider

V
differential equations in G following.

V
Theorem 4.3 For GL G , the Cauchy problem on differential equation
DGX = GL
0

L0

X|
is uniquely solvable prescribed with G xn =xn = G .
 

Proof For (u, v) X G , denoted by F (uv ) the flow on the semi-arc uv .

Then the differential equation DGX = GL transforms into a linear partial differential

equation

n
X

ai

i=1

F (uv )
= L (uv )
xi

By assumption, ai C0 () and L (uv ) L2 [], which

on the semi-arc uv .

implies that there is a uniquely solution F (uv ) with initial value L0 (uv ) by the
characteristic theory of partial differential equation of first order.

In fact, let

i (x1 , x2 , , xn , F ) , 1 i n be the n independent first integrals of its characteristic equations. Then

F (uv ) = F (uv ) L0 x1 , x2 , xn1 L2 [],

where, x1 , x2 , , xn1 and F are determined by system of equations

1 (x1 , x2 , , xn1 , x0n , F ) = 1

(x , x , , x , x0 , F ) =
2
1
2
n1
2
n

...............................

n (x1 , x2 , , xn1 , x0n , F ) = n

Clearly,

vNG (u)

Notice that

F (uv ) =

DF (uv ) =

vNG (u)



X

v 
F (u )

vNG (u)

25

L(uv ) = 0.

vNG (u)

vNG (u)

xn =x0n

L0 (uv ) = 0.

We therefore know that

F (uv ) = 0.

vNG (u)

X
F
V
Thus, we get a uniquely solution G = G G for the equation
DGX = GL
0

L0

X|
prescribed with initial data G xn =xn = G .

We know that the Cauchy problem on heat equation

n

X 2u
u
= c2
t
x2i
i=1
is solvable in Rn R if u(x, t0 ) = (x) is continuous and bounded in Rn , c a non-zero

L
V
constant in R. For G G in Subsection 3.2, if we define

L
G

L
= G t
t

and

L
G

L
= G xi , 1 i n,
xi

V
then we can also consider the Cauchy problem in G , i.e.,
n

X 2X
X
= c2
t
x2i
i=1
with initial values X|t=t0 , and know the result following.

L
V
Theorem 4.4 For G G and a non-zero constant c in R, the Cauchy problems
on differential equations

X 2X
X
= c2
t
x2i
i=1

L
V

V
with initial value X|t=t0 = G  G
is
solvable
in
G if L (uv ) is continuous and


bounded in Rn for (u, v) X G .

 

Proof For (u, v) X G , the Cauchy problem on the semi-arc uv appears as

n

X 2u
u
= c2
t
x2i
i=1
26


F
with initial value u|t=0 = L (uv ) (x) if X = G . According to the theory of partial
differential equations, we know that
Z +
(x1 y1 )2 ++(xn yn )2
1
v
4t
L (uv ) (y1 , , yn )dy1 dyn .
e
F (u ) (x, t) =
n
2
(4t)
 

Labeling the semi-arc uv by F (uv ) (x, t) for (u, v) X G , we get a labeled

F
V
graph G on G . We prove G G .
 

L
V

By assumption, G G , i.e., for u V G ,

X

L (uv ) (x) = 0,

vNG (u)

we know that
X

F (uv ) (x, t)

vNG (u)

vNG

1
n
(4t) 2
(u)

1
n
(4t) 2

(x1 y1 )2 ++(xn yn )2
4t

(x y )2 ++(xn yn )2
1 1
4t

L (uv ) (y1 , , yn )dy1 dyn

vNG (u)

L (uv ) (y1 , , yn ) dy1 dyn

(x1 y1 )2 ++(xn yn )2
1
4t
e
(0) dy1 dyn = 0
n
(4t) 2
 

F
V
for u V G . Therefore, G G and

X 2X
X
= c2
t
x2i
i=1

L
V

V
with initial value X|t=t0 = G G is solvable in G .

Similarly, we can also get a result on Cauchy problem on 3-dimensional wave

V
equation in G following.

L
V
Theorem 4.5 For G G and a non-zero constant c in R, the Cauchy problems
on differential equations
2X
= c2
t2

2X 2X 2X
+
+
x21
x22
x23
27


L
V

v
with initial value X|t=t0 = G  G
 is solvable in G if L (u ) is continuous and

bounded in Rn for (u, v) X G .

For an integral kernel K(x, y), the two subspaces N , N

L2 [] are deter-

mined by
=

(x) L []|

K (x, y) (y)dy = (x) ,



Z
2
=
(x) L []|
K (x, y)(y)dy = (x) .

N
N

Then we know the result following.

V
Theorem 4.6 For GL G , if dimN = 0, then the integral equation
Z

X
G
G = GL

V
is solvable in G with V = L2 [] if and only if
D L L E

L
G ,G
= 0, G N .
 

Proof For (u, v) X G

Z

X
G
G = GL and

L
L
G ,G
= 0,

L
G N

on the semi-arc u respectively appear as

Z
F (x)
K (x, y) F (y) dy = L (uv ) [x]

if X (u ) = F (x) and
Z

L
L (uv ) [x]L (uv ) [x]dx = 0 for G N .

Applying Hilbert and Schmidts theorem ([20]) on integral equation, we know

the integral equation
F (x)

K (x, y) F (y) dy = L (uv ) [x]

is solvable in L [] if and only if

Z
L (uv ) [x]L (uv ) [x]dx = 0

28


L
for G N . Thus, there are functions F (x) L2 [] hold for the integral
equation
F (x)

K (x, y) F (y) dy = L (uv ) [x]

 

for (u, v) X G in this case.

 

For u V G , it is clear that

X 

F (u ) [x]

vNG (u)


X
L (uv ) [x] = 0,
K(x, y)F (u ) [x] =
v

vNG (u)

which implies that,

Z

Thus,

K(x, y)

vNG (u)

F (uv ) [x] =

F (uv ) [x].

vNG (u)

F (uv ) [x] N .

vNG (u)

However, if dimN = 0, there must be

X

F (uv ) [x] = 0

vNG (u)

for u V

 

F
V
G , i.e., G G . Whence, if dimN = 0, the integral equation

X
G

X
G = GL

V
is solvable in G with V = L2 [] if and only if
D L L E

L
G ,G
= 0, G N .
This completes the proof.

Theorem 4.7 Let the integral kernel K(x, y) : C L2 ( ) be given

with

|K(x, y)|2dxdy > 0,

dimN = 0 and K(x, y) = K(x, y)

29

for almost
n allL (x,
o y) . Then there is a finite or countably infinite system

i
G -flows G
L2 (, C) with associate real numbers {i }i=1,2, R such
i=1,2,

that the integral equations

Li [y]

Li [x]
K(x, y) G
dy = i G

hold with integers i = 1, 2, , and furthermore,

|1 | |2 | 0

and

lim i = 0.

Proof Notice that the integral equations

Z

Li [y]

Li [x]
K(x, y) G
dy = i G

is appeared as

K(x, y)Li (uv ) [y]dy = i Li (uv ) [x]

 

on (u, v) X G . By the spectral theorem of Hilbert and Schmidt ([20]), there

is indeed a finite or countably system of functions {Li (uv ) [x]}i=1,2, hold with this

integral equation, and furthermore,

|1 | |2 | 0

with

lim i = 0.

Similar to the proof of Theorem 4.5, if dimN = 0, we know that

X

Li (uv ) [x] = 0

vNG (u)

for u V

 

Li
V
G , i.e., G G for integers i = 1, 2, .

4.2 Non-linear Equations

If G is chosen with a special structure, we can get a general result on G -solutions

of equations, including non-linear equations following.

Theorem 4.8 If the topological graph G can be decomposed into circuits

l

G=
Ci
i=1

30

such that L(u ) = Li (x) for (u, v) X C i , 1 i l and the Cauchy problem
v

Fi (x, u, ux1 , , uxn , ux1 x2 , ) = 0

u|x0 = Li (x)

is solvable in a Hilbert space V on domain Rn for integers 1 i l, then the

Cauchy problem

Fi (x, X, Xx1 , , Xxn , Xx1 x2 , ) = 0

L
X|x0 = G
 

V
such that L (uv ) = Li (x) for (u, v) X C i is solvable for X G .
 

Lu(x)

v
Proof Let X = G
with Lu(x) (u ) = u(x) for (u, v) X G . Notice that
the Cauchy problem

(
then appears as

Fi (x, X, Xx1 , , Xxn , Xx1 x2 , ) = 0

X|x0 = GL

Fi (x, u, ux1 , , uxn , ux1 x2 , ) = 0

u|x0 = Li (x)
 

on the semi-arc uv for (u, v) X G , which is solvable by assumption. Whence,

there exists solution u (uv ) (x) holding with
(
Fi (x, u, ux1 , , uxn , ux1 x2 , ) = 0
u|x0 = Li (x)

 

Lu(x)

Let G
be a labeling on G with u (uv ) (x) on uv for (u, v) X G . We

Lu(x)
V
show that G
G . Notice that
l

G=
Ci
i=1

and all flows on C i is the same, i.e., the solution u (uv ) (x). Clearly, it is holden

with conservation on each vertex in C i for integers 1 i l. We therefore know

that

Lx0 (uv ) = 0,

vNG (u)

31

uV

 

G .


Lu(x)
V
Thus, G
G . This completes the proof.

There are many interesting conclusions on G -flow solutions of equations by

Theorem 4.8. For example, if Fi is nothing else but polynomials of degree n in one
variable x, we get a conclusion following, which generalizes the fundamental theorem
in algebra.

Corollary 4.9(Generalized Fundamental Theorem in Algebra) If G can be decomposed into circuits

l

Ci
G=
i=1

 

and Li (uv ) = ai C for (u, v) X C i and integers 1 i l, then the

polynomial

L1

L2

Ln

Ln+1
F (X) = G X n + G X n1 + + G X + G

L1
always has roots, i.e., X0 G such that F (X0 ) = O if G 6= O and n 1.
Particularly, an algebraic equation
a1 xn + a2 xn1 + + an x + an+1 = 0

C
with a1 6= 0 has infinite many G -flow solutions in G on those topological graphs
l

G with G =
C i.
i=1

Notice that Theorem 4.8 enables one to get G -flow solutions both on those

linear and non-linear equations in physics. For example, we know the spherical
solution


rg  2
1
ds2 = f (t) 1
dt
dr 2 r 2 (d2 + sin2 d2 )
r
1 rrg

for the Einsteins gravitational equations ([9])

1
R Rg = 8GT
2
with R = R = g R , R = g R , G = 6.673108cm3 /gs2, = 8G/c4 =

2.08 1048 cm1 g 1 s2. By Theorem 4.8, we get their G -flow solutions following.
Corollary 4.10 The Einsteins gravitational equations
1
R Rg = 8GT ,
2
32

C
has infinite many G -flow solutions in G , particularly on those topological graphs
l

G=
C i with spherical solutions of the equations on their arcs.
i=1

For example, let G = C 4 . We are easily find C 4 -flow solution of Einsteins

gravitational equations,such as those shown in Fig.7.

-S1

v1

S4

v2

?S2

6
y

v4

v3

S3

Fig.7
where, each Si is a spherical solution

1
rs  2
dr 2 r 2 (d2 + sin2 d2 )
ds2 = f (t) 1
dt
r
1 rrs
of Einsteins gravitational equations for integers 1 i 4.
As a by-product, Theorems 4.5-4.6 can be also generalized on those topological
graphs with circuit-decomposition following.
Corollary 4.11 Let the integral kernel K(x, y) : C L2 ( ) be given
with

|K(x, y)|2 dxdy > 0,

K(x, y) = K(x, y)

for almost all (x, y) , and

l

L [

G =
Ci
i=1

 

such that L(uv ) = L[i] (x) for (u, v) X C i and integers 1 i l. Then, the
integral equation

is solvable in G

X
G

X
G = GL

with V = L2 [] if and only if

D L L E

L
G ,G
= 0, G N .
33

Corollary 4.12 Let the integral kernel K(x, y) : C L2 ( ) be given

with

|K(x, y)|2 dxdy > 0,

K(x, y) = K(x, y)

for almost all (x, y) , and

l

L [

G =
Ci
i=1

such that L(u ) = L[i] (x) for (u, v) X C i and integers 1 i l. Then,
n Lo

i
there is a finite or countably infinite system G -flows G
L2 (, C) with
v

i=1,2,

associate real numbers {i }i=1,2, R such that the integral equations

Z

Li [y]

Li [x]
K(x, y) G
dy = i G

hold with integers i = 1, 2, , and furthermore,

|1 | |2 | 0

and

lim i = 0.

5. Applications to System Control

5.1 Stability of G -Flow Solutions

Lu(x)

Lu (x)
Let X = G
and X2 = G 1 be respectively solutions of
F (x, Xx1 , , Xxn , Xx1 x2 , ) = 0

L1
V
on the initial values X|x0 = G or X|x0 = G in G with V = L2 [], the Hilbert

space. The G -flow solution X is said to be stable if there exists a number () for
any number > 0 such that

if

By definition,

L

u (x)
Lu(x)

kX1 X2 k = G 1 G
<
L

1
L

G G ().

L

1
L

G

G

=

(u,v)X




34

kL1 (uv ) L (uv )k

and

L

u1 (x)
Lu(x)

G
G
=

(u,v)X




ku1 (uv ) (x) u (uv ) (x)k .

Clearly, if these G -flow solutions X are stable, then

ku1 (uv ) (x) u (uv ) (x)k

(u,v)X

if
kL1 (uv ) L (uv )k

(u,v)X


G




ku1 (uv ) (x) u (uv ) (x)k <

kL1 (uv ) L (uv )k (),

 

i.e., u (uv ) (x) is stable on uv for (u, v) X G .

 

Conversely, if u (uv ) (x) is stable on uv for (u, v) X G , i.e., for any number
 

/ G > 0 there always is a number () (uv ) such that

ku1 (uv ) (x) u (uv ) (x)k <
if

 

kL1 (uv ) L (uv )k () (uv ) ,

then there must be
 


ku1 (uv ) (x) u (uv ) (x)k < G 
=

G


(u,v)X G
X

if
kL1 (uv ) L (uv )k
 

where G is the number of arcs of G and

()
 ,

n
 o

() = min () (uv ) |(u, v) X G

.

Whence, we get the result following.

35

Theorem 5.1 Let V be the Hilbert space L2 []. The G -flow solution X of equation
(
F (x, X, Xx1 , , Xxn , Xx1 x2 , ) = 0

L
X|x0 = G

V
in G is stable if and only if the solution u(x) (uv ) of equation
(
F (x, u, ux1 , , uxn , ux1 x2 , ) = 0

L
u|x0 = G
 

is stable on the semi-arc u for (u, v) X G .

v

This conclusion enables one to find stable G -flow solutions of equations. For ex-

ample, we know that the stability of trivial solution y = 0 of an ordinary differential

equation

dy
= [A]y
dx
with constant coefficients, is dependent on the number = max{Re : [A]}
([23]), i.e., it is stable if and only if < 0, or = 0 but m () = m() for all
eigenvalues with Re = 0, where [A] is the set of eigenvalue of the matrix [A],
m() the multiplicity and m () the dimension of corresponding eigenspace of .
Corollary 5.2 Let [A] be a matrix with all eigenvalues < 0, or = 0 but
m () = m() for all eigenvalues with Re = 0. Then the solution X = O of
differential equation

dX
= [A]X
dx

is stable in G , where G is such a topological graph that there are G -flows hold
with the equation.

For example, the G -flow shown in Fig.8 following

v1
v2
b(x)

a(x)

6 6
v46

b(x)

j  a(x)b(x) ? ?a(x)

v6

a(x)

b(x)

Fig.8
36

is a G -flow solution of the differential equation

d2 X
dX
+5
+ 6X = 0
2
dx
dx
with f (x) = C1 e2x + C1 e3x and g(x) = C2 e2x + C2 e3x , where C1 , C1 and C2 , C2
are constants.
Similarly, applying the stability of solutions of wave equations, heat equations
and elliptic equations, the conclusion following is known by Theorem 5.1.

Corollary 5.3 Let V be the Hilbert space L2 []. Then, the G -flow solutions X of
equations following
 2

2
2

c
+
=
G

2
2
t2
x1
x2
,

L(x1 ,x2 )

L(t,x1 ,x2 )

L(x1 ,x2 ) X 

=G
, X| = G
,
X|t0 = G
t t0

2
2X 2X 2X

L
X c2 X =

+
+
=O
G
x21
x22
x23
t2
x1
and

L(x1 ,x2 )

Lg(x1 ,x2 ,x3 )

X| =
X|t0 = G
G

are stable in G , where G is such a topological graph that there are G -flows hold
with these equations.
5.2 Industrial System Control
An industrial system with raw materials M1 , M2 , , Mn , products (including byproducts) P1 , P2 , , Pm but w1 , w2 , , ws wastes after a produce process, such as
those shown in Fig.9 following,
M1
M2

Mn

x1
x2

- ?F (x)
6

xn

w1

w2

Fig.9
37

y1

- P1

y2

- P2

ym

- Pm

ws

i.e., an input-output system, where,

(y1 , y2, , ym ) = F (x1 , x2 , , xn )
determined by differential equations, called the production function and constrained
with the conservation law of matter, i.e.,
m
X
i=1

yi +

s
X

wi =

i=1

n
X

xi .

i=1

Notice that such an industrial system is an opened system in general, which

can be transferred into a closed one by letting the nature as an additional cell, i.e.,
all materials comes from and all wastes resolves by the nature, a classical one on
human beings with the nature. However, the resolvability of nature is very limited.
Such a classical system finally resulted in the environmental pollution accompanied
with the developed production of human beings.
Different from those of classical industrial systems, an ecologically industrial
system is a recycling system ([24]), i.e., all outputs of one of its subsystem, including
products, by-products provide the inputs of other subsystems and all wastes are

disposed harmless to the nature. Clearly, such a system is nothing else but a G -flow

because it is holding with conservation laws on each vertex in a topological graph G ,

where G is determined by the technological process for products, wastes disposal

V
and recycle, and can be characterized by differential equations in Banach space G .

Lu
v
v
Whence, we
 can
 determine such a system by G with Lu : u u (u ) (t, x) for

(u, v) X G , or ordinary differential equations

L0 dk X
L1 dk1X

Lu(t,x)

G k + G k1 + + G
=O
dt
dt

k1 
Lh0 (x) dX 
Lh1 (x)
dX

Lh (x)

,
=G
, , k1 
= G k1
X|t=t0 = G

dt t=t0
dt
t=t0

for an integer k 1, or a partial differential equation

L0 X
L1 X

Ln X

Lu(t,x)

+G
++ G
=G
G
t
x1
xn

Lu(x)

X|t=t0 = G

Li
and characterize its stability by Theorem 5.1, where, the coefficients G , i 0 are
determined by the technological process of production.
38

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40