ST2657

A.T.
Exchange/EPABX
Training System
ST2657
Operating Manual
Ver 1.1
An ISO 9001 : 2000 company
94-101, Electronic Complex Pardesipura,

Indore- 452010, India
Tel : 91-731- 2570301/02, 4211100
Fax: 91- 731- 2555643
email : info@scientech.bz
Website : www.scientech.bz
Toll free : 1800-103-5050
ST2657
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
ST2657
A.T. Exchnge/EPABX Training System

ST2657
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction
2.
Features
3.
Technical Specification
4.
Safety Rules
5.
Technology History
6.
Switching Technology
7.
Getting Started
13
8.
Manual Switching Theory
14
9.
Experiments
10.
11.
12.
Experiment 1
Study of working of a Manual Switch Board (switching)
17
Introduction to EPABX units.
18
Power Supply Unit
18
Trunk Unit
19
Experiment 2
To analyze & measure the Ring Detection Phenomena
20
Experiment 3
To analyze & measure the Trunk Relay Switching
21
Extension Unit
21
Experiment 4
Study of Switching Mechanism of Relay
23
Experiment 5
To analyze & measure the Off Hook Detection
24
Experiment 6
To analyze the working of the flash and its use
25
Experiment 7
Study & analyze the Amplified Receiver Signal
26
Experiment 8
Study of Switching Mechanism of Relay
27
Control Unit/Signal processor unit
27
29
Experiment 9
To analyze and measure the Ring enable Signal
ST2657
13.
14.
Decoder Unit
DTMF Unit
29
30
31
Experiment 10
To analyze that the DTMF receivers are limited to number of
dial tone extensions. (Limitation of space division switching)
Experiment 11
To analyze that dialing of DTMF digits sends out two frequencies.
15. Clock Generation Unit
16. Tone Generation Unit
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
32
32
33
Experiment 12
To analyze the role & measure the frequency for Ring Generation
34
Experiment 13
To Analyze & measure that Ring Back Tone is addition of Dial
& Busy Tone
35
Experiment 14
To measure the frequencies of Dial Tone & Busy Tone
36
17.
24
Experiment 15
To observe the amplified Dial Tone
Music Circuit
37
38
37
Experiment 16
To Analyze the Music Tone
Switching Matrix
Ringer Unit
38
43
Experiment 17
To measure the high negative voltage & to analyze it is generated
all the time
45
Experiment 18
To measure the frequency and its role
46
Experiment 19
To measure the ringing signal
47
CPU
Memory
Software Experiments
Test points
Glossary
FAQ
Warranty
List of Accessories
35
47
47
48
56
57
58
59
59
4
ST2657
Introduction
Scientechs ST2657 is ideal for the study of Telephone Exchange/ EPABX. It
provides the study of basic fundamentals in a unique way. It has been designed to
meet the requirements of technical academics. The analysis of various detection
phenomena such as on hook/Off hook, Ring detection etc. The generation of various
signaling tones i.e. ring, dial, busy & ring back tone is well explained.
The manual switching, basic of exchange technology & also the automatic switching
is well performed using the trainer. The trainer is of 204 configurations that is 2 direct
lines & 4 extensions. The trainer on board consists of one direct line circuit, one
extension line (with direct line ) and one more extension line(without direct line) The
software explains about traffic analysis units and the working presentation of an
EPABX system.
Features
Easy Understanding of Various Units
Use of Functional Blocks than Traditional Circuitry
Study of various Detection Phenomena
Detailed Circuit Study
LED Visualizations
Study of Switching Phenomena
Study of Traffic Units
Switched Faults
CD containing Traffic Analysis Calculator & Working Presentation
ST2657
Technical Specifications
Number of Inputs
2 Trunk / Direct Lines
Number of Extension
4 Lines
Technology
Cross Point Space Division (Microprocessor

based)
Standard Features
Tones such as Dial, Busy, Ring Etc

Dialing - DTMF and Pulse (Ratio 10pps)
Program Memory
64 kb EEPROM
Loop Resistance
Extension -600 Ohms, Co-line- 1200 ohms
Cross Talk Attenuation
>70 dBm
Test Points
More than 25 Nos
Power Supply
230 V 10%, 50 Hz
Switched Faults
8 in numbers
Test Points
38 in numbers
Features that can be set
Line Hunting, Direct Access to trunk line, Redial,

Line Status Indication, Automatic call back, Do
Not Disturb, Call Transfer, Call Pick Up, Direct
Access Trunk Call Forwarding, Call parking,
Conference, Hot line System, Extension Privacy,
Call Transfer, Barge in
Weight
2 Kgs.
Dimension
(L) 435 mm (W) 260 mm (H) 95 mm
Fuse
2A
Power
230V AC 10% 50 Hz
ST2657
Safety Rules
The trainer has been tested for ruggedness. But certain safety rules to be followed.
1.
All extensions should be on Hook when powering on the trainer.
2.
Avoid leaving the trainer On for a long time.
3.
Avoid Ringing in manual mode for a long time or after extension is off hook.
ST2657
Technology History
In the 1876's Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone; a wired system for two
way voice communication between remote locations. You spoke into a unit at one
location and your voice was heard at the other location, immediately this system was
somewhat limited in that .It only allowed communication with one fixed location, so
it was an obvious advance to have lines going to other locations. Initially, this is what
happened-each telephone had lines going to many other telephones, which meant a lot
of wires and there were practical limitations as to the number of phones one could
connect to.
Soon, the idea of central switching thats Manual Switching was developed. Each
telephone connected to a central hub (the exchange) and from there, the operator
would connect your call to another subscriber. Thus switchboards were developed
where upon lifting your receiver, an operator was alerted and you would tell her who
you wished to speak. Apart from other limitations it was very labour intensive and as
the popularity of the telephone grew, the number of operators employed by the Office
grew; large switching centres (exchanges) could have many tens of operators, each
with their own switchboard. In the early days, each telephone user was known as the
'subscriber' and that term is still used today.
The Invention of Automatic Switching :
Almon B. Strowger was an undertaker in Kansas City, USA. The story goes that there
was a competing undertaker locally whose wife was an operator at the local (manual)
telephone exchange. Whenever a caller asked to be put through to Strowger, calls
were deliberately put through to his competitor. This obviously frustrated Strowger
greatly and he set about devising a system for doing away with the human part of the
equation.
Strowger developed a system of automatic switching using an electromechanical
switch. With the help of his nephew (Walter S. Strowger) he produced a working
model in 1888 (US Patent No. 447918 10/6/1891). In this selector, a moving wiper
(with contacts on the end) moved up to and around a bank of many other contacts,
making a connection with any one of them.
Diagram of a simple Selector

Figure 1
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Strowger formed his company 'Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange' in October

1891.The first automatic exchange appeared in 1892 in La Porte Indiana.Almon B.
Strowger died in 1902.
Though it improved upon the performance of a manual exchange, it still had a number
of disadvantages, Such as large number of mechanical parts, limited availability,
bulky in size etc.
Then there were chronological developments in the field such as Analog switching,
Digital switching, Space division switching, Time division switching & the evolution
is still on with the IP PBX.
Switching Technology
Matrix :
A basic switching network or switch is made by arranging components in rows and
columns in the form of a matrix. A connection is set up between a vertical access
point (columns) and a horizontal access point (row) by closing the crosspoint at the
intersection of the row and column, corresponding to the access points. The basic
switch of inlets are equal to the number of outlets, it is called a square matrix. The
matrix and its symbol are shown in figure 2.
(b)
Symbolic Representation of 4 4 matrix

Figure 2
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Cross point :
A cross point is a miniaturized switch, used to connect various links of the speech
path. It has two stable states viz, closed (conducting) and open (blocking). In the open
state, the impedance of the cross point must be as high as possible, over the entire
range of the frequencies being switched. In the closed state, the impedance should be
as low as possible. Appropriate acceptance range of values for the impedances, are
Closed : 0.1-200 Ohms
Open : 10-25 M ohms
Switching networks may use different types of switches. Various types of cross points
have been evolved, keeping in pace with the other developments in SPC exchange
systems. The prime continuing priority is to reduce its size, operating time, and cost.
There are two technological categories of cross points, viz, electromechanical, i.e. a
metallic switch, and electronic device. They are further sub-divided, as shown in
Figure 3.
Figure 3
Electronic Cross point :
Electronic cross point offer considerable advantageous of reduced size, weight, and
power consumption, compared to their electromechanical counterpart. However, they
suffer from high On-resistance and low power handling capacity, compared to
metallic and MOS crosspoints are 0.5 ohms, several ohms, and around a hundred
ohms, respectively. Due to these limitations, they have so far been used limitedly, in
Analogue switching.
10
ST2657
Space Division Switching :

The ST2657 A.T. Exchange / training system works on space division or domain
switching. The space division switching has its own advantages over other switching
domains such as more bandwidth, simple circuits & easy voice handling. In space
division, each subscriber or extension has it own dedicated path in the exchange. The
exchange uses one full physical path & a dedicated cross point for one call this may
result in blocking. As the number of extension increases it directly affects the number
of crosspoints & circuitry.
Erlang :
1.
Erlang is a unit of traffic measurement and represents the continuous use of a

line for one hour.
2.
One Erlang represents the amount of traffic intensity carried by a channel that is
completely occupied.
3.
One hour of telephone traffic in an hour of time. For example, if circuit carries
120 minutes of traffic in an hour, that's two Erlang.
A.K. Erlang the Danish mathematician was the first person to study the problem of
telephone networks. In 1917 by studying a village telephone exchange he worked out
a formula, now known as Erlangs formula, to calculate the fraction of callers
attempting to call someone outside the village that must wait because all of the lines
are in use. Although Erlangs model is a simple one, the mathematics underlying
today's complex telephone networks is still based on his work.
Erlang =
Number of calls Average call duration

One hour (60 min or 3600 sec)
Suppose a system handles 408 calls of 2.5 minutes in duration during busiest 1 hour
So,
Erlang (BHT) =
408 2.5
60 (min)
Erlang = 17
There are two types of trunked systems which are commonly used
1.
The first type offers no queuing for call requests. This type of trunking is called
Blocked calls cleared or Lost call cleared. The probability that a call is blocked
is determined by the Erlang B formula.
2.
The second type of trunked system is one in which a queue is provided to hold
calls which are blocked. This type of trunking is called Blocked calls delayed.
The likelihood of a call not having immediate access to a channel is determined
by the Erlang C formula.
11
ST2657
Erlang B Formula :
The Erlang B model is an established traffic model for predicting Telecommunication
performance. This model makes assumptions about the nature of telephone traffic and
may prove inaccurate under special circumstances. It is widely used to determine the
number of trunks required to handle a known calling load during one hour period. It is
also used to determine the probability that a call is blocked & gives the GOS (Grade
of Service) for a trunked system. The formula assumes that if callers get busy signals,
they go away forever & no retries where as the fact is some callers retry.
Disadvantage :
It under estimates the trunks required.
The Erlang B formula is
(A C / C!)
GoS [blocking] =
C
An / n!
n=0
Where,
C = number of trunked channel
A = Total offered traffic
Erlang C :
This formula also predicts the waiting time (delay) based on three things No. of lines,
No. of people waiting to be served & the average amount of it takes to serve each
person. It can also predict the resources required to keep waiting time with in targeted
limits.
Disadvantage :
It can over estimate the resources required
Traffic Analysis Definitions :
1.
Busy hour :
The busy hour of an exchange is a chosen 60 minute interval in which the
telephone traffic is the highest. The busy hour varies from exchange to exchange
depending on its location, and the community interest of its subscriber.
2.
3.
4.
Busy hour traffic :

This is an amount of call traffic handled by a group of phone lines during the
busiest hour of the busiest day for your system. Busy hour traffic is defined in
units of Erlangs.
Holding time :
Average duration of a typical call. Denoted by H (In seconds)
Grade of service (GOS) :
The Grade of service (GOS) is a measure of the ability of a user to access a
trunked system during the busiest hour.
It is a measure of congestion which is specified as the probability of a call being
blocked, or the probability of a call being delayed beyond a certain amount of
time. The grade of service of .002 means 2 calls per 1000 or 1 in 500 has been
lost.
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ST2657
Getting Started
The ST2657 is of 204 configuration, 2 direct lines & 4 extension lines.
Monitoring Tones :
It is necessary to get familiar with the various "tones" of your EPABX System.
1.
Exchange Dial Tone : The dial tone is a continuous sound and sounds like
uoon continuously with no silence period but gets interrupted interval. It lasts
for 8 seconds during which the exchange waits for dialing to be initiated. If no
dialing takes place during this period the EPABX times the user out and starts
issuing a busy tone.
2.
DOT, P & T, and Central Exchange Dial Tone : On accessing a direct line,
you will obtain the normal P & T dial tone.
3.
Busy Tone : The busy tone is a discontinuous sound (Du-Du) with On & Off
periods. There are kinds of busy tones with differences in On & Off period
or pitch. This tone indicates that the system is too busy to accept any operation.
This tone converts to a dial tone as soon as the system is free enough to accept
your dialing. The type of busy tone (which is the slow one) is encountered when
called subscriber number is busy.
4.
Ring Back Tone : This sound is continuous with silence period. When you dial
extensions, you will hear this ring-back tone till the extension answers.
5.
Ringing Tone : There are two types of rings that can be heard from the
telephone instrument connected to the System.
6.
a.
When your instrument is called by another internal instrument the ring will
be a continuous one with a one second On and 3 seconds Off period.
b.
A ring from a Co. In. (Trunk) Line will ring like a normal telephone.
In-Coming Call Queuing Tone : This tone will be heard when a caller is
waiting for your extension to get free. It is similar to the feature mode tone and
will be heard repeatedly with a long pause. This tone will only be heard only
when there is a Co. In. (Trunk) incoming call.
Intrusion Tone: (Barge in Tone) : This is-a fast beep.
7.
Hook Flash (HF) : The features of your EPABX require the use of a Hook
Flash (HF). This is performed by tapping the hook switch of your extension for
a period less than 0.5 second. Care should be taken not to press the hook switch
for more than 0.5 seconds when a HF is desired. If the exchange hook switch is
pressed for longer than 0.5 seconds it will register a "hang up" or "reset".
Telephone instruments have a built in electronic flash key. It is advisable to use
the flash key instead of the hook switch in order to register a "hook flash".
13
ST2657
Features/Operations :
1.
Access to Trunk Line (0) : (Line hunting)

Extensions are programmed to have access to all trunk lines by dialing 27 for
trunk 0, 28 for trunk 1 & dialing of 0 will accesses the trunk by line hunting.
Extensions can also be denied this access.
2.
Extension to Extension Call (Extension)

When one extension user wishes to talk to another extension, the user has to
proceed as follows :
Lift hand set & hear dial tone. Dial Extension Number Wait for the internal ring
tone. Speak when called party answers.
3.
Redial :
Any extension user can repeatedly dial the last number (whether internal or
external) without pressing all the numbers again. For this follow the procedure
below :
Disconnect previous call. Lift hand set and hear dial tone.
Dial * asterisk key.
The last dialed number will be redialed automatically
Manual Switching Theory
A simple Central Battery system operated by a human being is shown in Figure 4. The
system consists of one switchboard manned by operator. The subscriber lines are
terminated on jacks mounted on the switchboard. There is one jack for every
subscriber line. Associated with each jack is a light indicator to draw the attention of
the operator. When a subscriber lifts the hand set, the off-hook switch is closed,
causing a current to flow through the hand set and the lamp relay coil. The lamp relay
operates and the indicator corresponding to the subscriber lights up. The operator
establishes contact with the subscriber by connecting the head set to the subscriber
line via the headset key and a plug-ended cord pair. A plug-ended cord pair has two
cords that are connected internally and terminated with a plug each at the external
ends. The plugs mate with the jacks. To establish contact, a cord is plugged into the
subscriber jack and the key corresponding to the chosen cord is thrown in position to
connect the head set. On being told the number required by the subscriber, the
operator verifies whether the called party is free, and if so, sends out the ringing
current to the called subscriber using a plug-ended cord pair.
14
ST2657
Figure 4
The ringing, circuit at the subscriber end is usually a bell shown as B in Figure 4, with
a capacitor C, in series. They remain connected to the circuit always. The capacitor
allows the alternating ringing current from the exchange to pass through the bell but
prevents the loop direct current. If the called party is busy, the calling subscriber is
told about the same. When the called party answers, his indicator lamp lights up.
The operator then establishes a connection between the calling and the called party by
plugging in the cord pair to the called party jack. The supervisory lamps used to glow
during conversation and would be extinguished when the subscribers replaced their
handsets. This type of clearing signal used to be called negative. There is another
method in which during conversation both the lamps are off. At the end of
conversation when both the subscribers replace their handsets, both the lamps glow
indicating to the operator that the cord circuit is free. The operator then withdraws the
plugs from the jacks, and may use the cord circuit for establishing another
connection.' The glowing of the supervisory lamp when a subscriber replaces his
handset is called the clearing signal, and a positive clearing signal. . This is called
positive, as the clearing is indicated by a positive appeal to the sense of the operator.
In this particular case the positive appeal is to the eye and the object is glowing lamp.
A positive signal maintains a persistent effect on the nerve of the operator, so that the
operator is very unlikely to forget to unplug the cord circuit.
In a manual switching system, the operator has full control of a connection. He
enables the signaling systems, performs switching and releases a connection after a
conversation.
15
ST2657
Using ST2657 in manual mode :

Procedure for Setup :
Step 1 - Connect the socket of the AC Adapter.
Step 2 - Connect the telephone instruments to all the extensions 30 -33.
Step 3 - Extension 33 is being used to act as an operator.
Step 4 - Operate switch fault 2 to 7 number to On position.
Step 5- Press the switch for manual mode.
Step 6- Connect the black cord provided to the operator jack & keep the other end
open.
Step 7- Connect the red cord provided to the ring jack & keep the other end open.
16
ST2657
Experiment 1
Objective :
Study of working of a manual switch board (switching)
Procedure :
Step 1
Lift the handset of ext 30, The LED (lamp) corresponding to the extension
will glow. Which is an indication to the operator that the subscriber has gone
off hook.
Step 2
Connect the one end of the black cord to extension 30 jack & the other end
is already connected to operator jack.
Step 3
Now DC loop between the subscriber & the operator (Lift the handset) is
formed. Ext 30 subscriber can ask the operator to connect to desired
extensions.
For example let us take, the subscriber wishes to speak to extension 32.
Step 4
The operator has to extend the ring signal (current) to the called extension,
this is done by inserting the other end of the ring cord (red) into the
extension 32 jack. The telephone instrument at the extension 32 starts
ringing.
Step 5
On hearing the ring the extension 32 goes off hook, so lift the handset at
extension 32 & the corresponding LED (Lamp) glows on the switch board.
This is an indication to the operator. Now stop extending the ring, remove
the cord (red) from the extension 32 jack.
Step 6
Now remove the black cord from the operator jack & connect it to extension
32 jacks (Check extension 30 & 32 are interconnected with black cord).
Now the call is formed between 30 & 32. The operator is free to attend the
next call .The LEDs (lamp) glows as long as conversation is On. The
LEDs goes off as the extension goes On hook .The operator removes the
cord.
17
ST2657
Introduction to Epabx Units

A telephone exchange (EPABX) consists of various units. They are.
1.
Power Supply
2.
Trunk Unit
3.
Extension Unit
4.
Control Unit
5.
Decoder Unit
6.
DTMF Unit
7.
Clock Generation Unit
8.
Tone Generation Unit
9.
Ringer Unit
10.
Switching Matrix
11.
Memory
12.
CPU
Power Supply Unit
The Power Supply unit generates the DC & ringer voltages for EPABX system. The
input to the Power Supply may be 230 V AC or 24 V DC battery.
Block diagram of the power supply

Figure 5
Circuit Description :
The AC line is fed to a step down transformer which gives out the voltages 10V & 28
V respectively. This is fed to the Voltage regulator through rectifier. The regulator
circuit consists of LM 317 ICs. The regulator circuit apart from providing different
voltages to the system charges the battery (when not in use) by 24 V DC supply. From
the regulator voltage is supplied to various units of the system. In the absence of AC
power the battery back up is used.
18
ST2657
Trunk Unit
Trunk unit often termed as junction unit/card. It is interfaced to the lines coming from
PSTN or Central exchange or the other exchange.
Circuit diagram of Trunk circuit

Figure 6
Circuit Description :
The protective circuits provides protection against over voltages & other hazards. It
consists of bridge circuit for polarity protection, similar to that of a telephone
instrument. A 24 V Zener diode is used to maintain proper voltage. The optocoupler is
used for an incoming ring detection. As the coupler gets the signal at its pin 1 the 5V
applied to pin 5 is extended to pin 4 which is used as an indication of an incoming
ring .Then after detection the exchange serves its own ring to the extension. When
power is ON the relay is connected to NC terminal & hence it is not connected to any
extension. When trunk line is accessed using 27 or 0. The ground pin of the relay is
grounded & the relay switches & gets connected with the extension through switching
matrix. The relay signal is generated by the control unit under the supervision of CPU.
19
ST2657
Experiment 2
Objective :
To analyze & measure the ring detection phenomena
Procedure :
1.
Connect the trunk line or direct line to the Trunk 0 jack on the trainer.
2.
Power On the trainer.
3.
Make a call to the trunk line connected number.
4.
Observe the LED glowing at TP 11.
5.
Measure the voltage 5 V Approximately at TP11.
Working :
As the coupler gets the signal at its pin 1 the 5V applied to pin 5 is extended to pin 4
which is used as an indication of an incoming ring & measured at TP11. By this the
CPU gets the information through control unit.
We conclude that if a subscriber calls a number located in a different exchange .The
ring is extended till it reaches the called subscriber exchange where the incoming ring
is detected & extends its own ring till the subscriber end.
20
ST2657
Experiment 3
Objective :
To analyze & measure the Trunk Relay Switching
Procedure :
1.
Connect the trunk line or direct line to the Trunk 0 jack on the trainer.
2.
Measure the voltage at TP 1 it will be 12 VDC.
3.
Dial 27 from any extension & listen to the dial tone.
4.
Now measure the voltage TP1 again it will be 0V or it is actually grounded &
TP10 for 4V Approximately with LED glowing.
Working :
When power is On the relay is connected to NC terminal (Similar to normal Power
off position) because its ground pin is not grounded & hence it is not connected to any
extension. When trunk line is accessed using 27 or 0 The ground pin of the relay is
grounded & the relay switches & gets connected with the extension through switching
matrix. The power for switching circuit is provided by Relay CTRL of control unit.
Extension Unit
Extension unit or Subscriber line circuit or line card are the various terms used. It is
the first circuit that is connected to the subscriber among the chain of circuits. It is
used as an interface between individual subscribers (Extensions) lines & the rest of
the telephone exchange. Being apart of both outside and inside telecommunication
network makes it susceptible to transients caused by atmospheric disturbances such as
lightening & those induced by the AC mains like power cross apart from the physical
hazards. So most of the line units incorporate protective circuits such as varistor etc.
The line unit performs following functions :
a.
Protection
b.
Voltage (battery) Feed
c.
Supervision
d.
Ringing
21
ST2657
Circuit diagram of line unit with trunk line

Figure 7
Circuit description :
The surge protectors & hybrid transformers provides protection against over voltages.
The hybrid transformers also help in impedance matching failure of which may result
in echo. A voltage of 20V-60V is being fed to the extension loops. Specifically this
EPABX trainer feeds 24V On Hook & 8-12v (40 mA) Off Hook. When the power
is off the extension 30 is directly connected to trunk 0, So that no calls are missed The
calls will land only on this extension no line hunting is done.
The extension line has an op-Amp which senses the On/Off Hook condition &
passes the information to control unit. Ring is extended to extensions through line
unit under the supervision.
22
ST2657
Experiment 4
Objective :
Study of switching mechanism of relay
Procedure :
1.
Connect Trunk line to the trainer.
2.
Power Off of the trainer.
3.
Lift the handset of the extension 30, listen to the dial tone.
4.
It will be a trunk line tone.
5.
Now power on the trainer.
6.
Lift the handset of extension 30 again, Listen to the dial tone; it will be internal
dial tone.
7.
Now, in order to access trunk 0, dial 27 or 0.
Working :
The normally closed terminals of the relay RL 1 of the extension 30 is connected
between subscriber telephone instrument & the trunk line 0. So in case of power
failure no calls are missed but calls cant be transferred. As soon as power is switched
On the relay switches. Now any switching thats accessing a trunk line or calling
other extension is done by Switching Matrix (for more details refer Switching
Section).
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ST2657
Experiment 5
Objective :
To analyze & measure the Off Hook detection
Procedure :
1.
Measure the voltage at TP 2 & TP 3 it will be 24 V Approximately.
2.
Lift handset of the extension 30 & observe the LED glowing.
3.
Measure the voltage again at TP 3 it will 8- 10 V(where as TP 2 remains the

same).
Working :
As soon as the extension goes off hook the current starts flowing in the telephone
instrument which consists of voltage dropper or current limiter circuits as a result the
voltage present in the line drops down to 8V.This changes the voltage at the negative
terminal TP 3 of the op amp LM 393 thats IC 1(we already know voltage at TP 2 is
17 V positive terminal of Op Amp), which in turn changes the state of the op amp.
Since LM393 is an open collector Op-Amp the 5 V applied to the collector is
forwarded to the hook detection circuit. Which takes it as an Off hook indication &
the information is also fed to 8 bit bi directional data bus for CPU.
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ST2657
Experiment 6
Objective :
To analyze the working of the flash & its use
Procedure :
We already know that voltage at TP 3 is 24V On Hook.
1.
Lift the handset of extension 30.
2.
Measure the Off Hook voltage 8- 10 V at TP 3 & keep the multimeter
connected.
3.
Operate the flash button on the telephone.
4.
Observe the voltage fall & rise.
Working :
The flash button is provided on telephone instrument generates a pause. The duration
of the pause varies from brand to brand & also with countries. Here it generates a
pause of less than 0.5 sec supported by the EPABX. The flash facility is provided for
transfer of call or to get to next call while hanging the first call on hold. Flash can also
performed by tapping the switch. Some PSTN or central exchanges dont provide this
facility.
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ST2657
Experiment 7
Objective :
Study of & analyze the amplified receiver signal
Procedure :
1.
Lift the handset of extension 30, listen to the dial tone.
2.
Connect the Oscilloscope at TP 8, a low amplitude sine wave is observed.
3.
Now connect at TP 6 & observe the amplified dial tone.
Circuit diagram of an extension unit without trunk line

Figure 8
26
ST2657
Experiment 8
Objective :
Study of switching mechanism of relay
Procedure :
1.
Power Off of the trainer.
2.
Lift the handset of the extension 32 and no dial tone is heard.
3.
Now power on the trainer.
4.
Lift the handset of extension 32 again, Listen to the dial tone. It will be internal
dial tone.
5.
Now, in order to access trunk 0, dial 27 or 0.
Working :
The extension 32 is not directly connected to any trunk line since its a 204 the trunk
0 & 1 are connected to extension 30 & 31 respectively. So in the power Off
condition the relay RL2 is in normally closed terminals which are left open. When the
power is On the relay the operates & get in contact with circuitry. Now switching
will take place through matrix.
Control Unit / Signal Processor Unit
This unit consists of digital ICs. It serves as an interpreter between CPU & the analog
circuitry.
The functions performed are.
a.
Receiving supervisory On/Off Hook, Flash signals & decadic dial pulses
from extension DC loops.
b.
Controlling ringing towards extensions & providing automatic ring trip when
extension goes off hook.
c.
Recognizing incoming ring from trunk/ direct lines.
d.
Controlling out pulsing on out going calls.
e.
Relay driving signals.
The signaling information received from the terminal card is encoded into
bidirectional 8 bit data bus.
27
ST2657
Figure 9
28
ST2657
Experiment 9
Note : We have already performed the experiments related to Relay control, Ring
detection, Hook detection control in the trunk / Extension unit section.
Objective :
To analyze & measure the Ring Enable Signal
Procedure :
1.
Lift the extension 30.
2.
Dial the extension Number 32.
3.
Observe the LED glowing.
4.
A signal can be observed or 4 VDC can be measured with multimeter.
Working :
The Ring current signal consisting of highve voltage & AC RMS is all the time
generated in the exchange & forwarded through control signals.
The signal generated by the Ring control unit after sensing the data bus signals is fed
to optocoupler (pin 1) of extension unit. The pin 2 of the coupler is connected with
hook detection pin. If the extension is off hook a voltage of 4 V will be available at
pin 2 as a result the optocoupler will not conduct. Where as when the extension is On
hook no voltage will be available at pin 2, The optocoupler will conduct as soon as
signal is available at its pin 1.
Decoder Unit
This unit also termed as demultiplexer unit it is often integrated in the CPU unit or
card.
Block Diagram of decoder unit

Figure 10
29
ST2657
This unit provides the control & enable signal to the various units. The control signals
relay driver, Intrce, Hook switch detection, Ring enable Touch tone rec 0 & 1, tones
are signals kept high as soon as power is switched On. Where as the CE signals that
chip enable signals are activated on particular function. The ISTB 0 & 1 are voltages
provided to switching matrix through digital circuit.
DTMF Unit
The Dual Tone Multi Frequency Unit it consists of DTMF receiver ICs 2 number the
telephone keypad is divided between two sets lower & higher frequencies. When a
digit is pressed the two frequencies is sent out to reach the exchange.
Note : More experiments of dialing can be performed with DTMF Telephone Trainer
ST2654.
Block diagram of DTMF unit

Figure 11
At the exchange the DTMF unit decodes the frequencies with the help DTMF receiver
ICs which consist of a low pass & high pass filter to differentiate the frequencies.
After detection the DTMF tone pairs are given as a 4 bit code to data bus for CPU.
The numbers of DTMF receivers are limited to the number of extensions served with
the dial tone at the same time.
30
ST2657
Experiment 10
Objective :
To analyze that the DTMF receivers are limited to number of dial tone
extensions. (limitation of Space Division Switching)
Procedure :
1.
Power on the trainer.
2.
Lift the handset of extension 30, hear the dial tone & observe the LED.
3.
TR0 glowing at the switching matrix, exchange is ready to accept the dial digits.
(Maintain off hook)
4.
Lift the handset of extension 31, hear the dial tone & observe the LED.
5.
TR1 glowing at the switching matrix, exchange is ready to accept the dial digits.
(Maintain off hook)
6.
Lift the handset of extension 32, hear the tone it will be a busy tone.
Working :
The dial tone is served only to two extensions at the same time if a third extension
goes off hook simultaneously than it will be served a busy tone. Suppose if a dial tone
is also fed to the third extension the exchange should also be prepared to accept the
dial digits & again to form a call .This in turn increases the circuitry & cost.
31
ST2657
Experiment 11
Objective :
To analyze that dialing of DTMF digits sends out two frequencies.
Procedure :
1.
Connect the CRO at TP 23.
2.
3.
Dial any one digit say 3.
4.
Observe two frequencies on the CRO (keep the digit pressed long for better
result).
Showing two frequencies with digit pressed

Figure 12
Clock Generation Unit
The 4 MHz clock generated by the crystal is divided by using the flip flop IC 74HC
74 (also served to CPU) & the frequency of 2 MHz is generated. The 2 MHz signal is
also fed to dual BCD counter, which is used as an frequency divider. The output at pin
6 is 200 KHz which is by dividing the input frequency 2 MHz by 10 which is again
fed to next counter in the same IC. So 200 KHz again divided by 4 to achieve 40- 50
KHz (Approximately) and also by 10 for 50 KHz.
32
ST2657
Block Diagram of Clock / Tone generation unit

Figure 13
This 20 KHz signal is fed to next counter as input the output of this counter is 200 Hz
achieved by dividing 20 KHz by 10 for 2 KHz & again 2 KHz by 10. The 200 Hz is
fed to next counter for dividing it by 5 to achieve final 40 Hz. This 40 Hz is fed to the
ringer section for ring generation.
The 40-50 KHz (Approximately) is given to the tone generation unit.
Note : In some exchanges even 20 Hz is used a ringer frequency.
Tone Generation Unit
The 40 50 KHz signal is given as input to two synchronous binary counters The
counters U1 gives out a signal of 3.3 KHz thats 40 KHz divided by 12 = 3.3 KHz.
The counter U2 output is divided by 13 & the output is 3. 07 KHz
(Approximately).After inverting through a Not gate both the signal are fed to a Dual
Shift Register U3, Serial in parallel out. The first shift register gives output by
dividing by 8 thats 420-460 Hz approximately as busy tone frequency .The second
shift register output is by dividing by 8 thats 380 - 400 Hz thats dial tone frequency.
The LPF has been connected to the outputs after which the signal is amplified using
an op- Amp.
The DT & BT are mixed to produce the Ring Back Tone (RBT) 480 Hz of after
amplification. The three tones are every time generated & available at the switching
matrix extended to the extensions whenever required.
33
ST2657
Experiment 12
Objective :
To analyze the role & measure the frequency for ring generation
Procedure :
1.
Measure the frequency at TP 22 for 20/40 Hz.
2.
Operate the switch fault 1.
3.
Lift the handset of 30 dial 31.
4.
Observe only ring back tone is heard at 30 but no ringing at 31.
34
ST2657
Experiment 13
Objective :
To analyze & measure that ring back tone is addition of dial tone & busy tone.
Procedure :
1.
Observe the ring back tone at TP 30 as shown in figure 14.
Showing Ring back Tone

Figure 14
2.
Measure with a frequency counter for 480 Hz.
3.
Observe the DT at TP 34 with a CRO.
4.
Operate the switch fault 3 (to remove DT from RBT).
5.
Now again observe at TP 34 with CRO for DT No signal.
6.
Now again observe at TP 30 & observe the change.
7.
Lift the handset of extension 30 ( no dial tone because of switch fault).
8.
Dial 31 & notice a change in the RBT.
Similarly to remove BT operate the switch fault 2 observe at TP33.
35
ST2657
Experiment 14
Objective :
To measure the frequencies of dial tone & busy tone.
Procedure :
1.
Connect the frequency counter at TP 31 to measure DT of 380-400 Hz

Approximately.
2.
Connect the frequency counter at TP 33 to measure BT of 430-460 Hz

Approximately.
36
ST2657
Experiment 15
Objective :
To observe the amplified Dial Tone
Procedure :
1.
Connect the CRO at TP 34 observe the signal as shown in figure 15.
2.
Now , connect the CRO at TP 31 observe a amplified signal.
Showing dial tone before amplification

Figure 15
Showing amplified dial tone

Figure 16
Music Circuit
It can be commercially available melody tone or voice circuit. Or it can be with
recording facility to the subscriber for customized service. Like other tones this is also
all the time generated in the exchange and extended to the required extension through
switching matrix.
37
ST2657
Experiment 16
Objective :
To analyze the music tone
Procedure :
1.
Lift the handset of extension 30, dial 31.
2.
Answer the 31, keep On hold.
3.
Press the flash button on the telephone instrument of ext 30.
4.
Hear the melody tone at extension 31, since its On hold.
5.
Same is all the time visible at TP 32 by connecting CRO.

Switching Matrix
A cross point is usable for establishing more than one connection .It is sharable
among many subscribers.
This sharing leads to a reduction in the number of switching elements required.
Generally an switching element once allotted, remains dedicated to a connection for
its entire duration. As a result sharing of a cross point occurs from one connection to
the next. At a time, a cross point is dedicated to one active speech circuit. A dedicated
cross point is required because continuous analog speech waveform is passed through
it in space division switching.
The cross point switching is achieved by using a combination of IC CD 22100. It
combines a 44 array of crosspoints with a 4 line to 16 line decoder & 16 latch
circuits. Anyone of the sixteen transmission gates (cross points) can be selected by
applying the appropriate four line address.
The selected transmission gate can be turned On & Off by applying logic 1 or 0
respectively, to the data input & strobing the strobe input to a logic 1. Any number of
transmission gates can be On simultaneously.
Functional Diagram
Figure 17
38
ST2657
Switching Matrix
Figure 18
Condition 0 :
All Extensions are in off hook position. We can say that switching matrix is in idle
condition. Where as Dial tone, Ring back Tone, Busy Tone, Music are all time
generated signals are waiting for their respective turn at the switching matrix as
shown in figure 19.
Switching Matrix
Figure 19
39
ST2657
Condition 1 :
The extension 31 goes off hook & the subscriber is served with the dial tone & at the
same time the exchange is ready to receive dialing signals .The path is formed by
closing the switch at the point of intersection at DT, TR0 ,EXT 31 as shown in figure 20.
Switching Matrix
Figure 20
Condition 2 :
If the Subscriber holds the extension off hook for more than the specified time period
without dialing then, the DT & TR0 are disconnected & BT is fed by closing the
switch as shown in figure 21.
Switching Matrix
Figure 21
40
ST2657
Condition 3 :
After operating Hook switch the subscriber gets backs the DT &TR0 Similar to
condition 1.Dialling is accepted & the called subscriber extension is ringing as in
figure 22.
Switching Matrix
Figure 22
Condition 4 :
On getting the ring extension 32 goes off hook & a DC loop of dedicated path is
formed between the extensions 30 & 32 as shown in figure 23.
Switching Matrix
Figure 23
41
ST2657
Condition 5 :
The extension 30 & 32 are busy, Where as the 31 has accessed a trunk line 0
Switching Matrix
Figure 24
Condition 6 :
The extensions 30 & 32 are busy in conversation.
Extension 31 is busy with trunk line. Then the extension 33 goes off hook & if
subscriber tries any internal number it will end in busy tone BT.
Where as the subscriber is free to access & call trunk lines in figure 25.
Figure 25
42
ST2657
Condition 7 :
All extensions are On Hook position in figure 26.
Switching Matrix
Figure 26
Condition 8 :
A call formation between extension 30 & 32, 31 &33 in figure 27.
Switching Matrix
Figure 27
43
ST2657
Ringer Unit
The ringing current is all the time generated in the exchange and extended to
subscriber whenever ringing is required. The ringing current is a 70 / 90 V RMS,
20/40 Hz AC signals.
+5 V
Block diagram of ringer unit

Figure 28
The ringer unit consists of a high negative DC voltage generation circuit -140 to150V. This is used for generation of AC 70 V. A frequency of 20/40 Hz is also
provided to this unit from the clock generation unit. The ringing signal is available at
pin 4 of optocopler of each extension circuit. The ring enable signal under the
supervision of CPU will make the coupler to conduct only if the extension is ON hook
& no voltage is available at pin 2 of opto coupler.
44
ST2657
Experiment 17
Objective :
To measure the high negative voltage & to analyze it is generated all the time.
Procedure :
1.
Switch On the trainer.
2.
Connect the multimeter at TP 21.
3.
Measure the voltage -150V DC Approximately.
45
ST2657
Experiment 18
Objective :
To measure the frequency & its role
Procedure :
1.
Connect the CRO at TP 22 measure the frequency 20 / 40 Hz.
2.
Operate the switch fault 1 ,
3.
Now measure at TP 22 & no frequency is available.
4.
Lift the handset of extension 30,dial 3.1
5.
Observe that 30 will get ring back tone where as there is no ringing at 31.
46
ST2657
Experiment 19
Objective :
To measure the ringing signal
Procedure :
1.
Connect the multimeter & measure at TP 20 for 70 V AC.
2.
Lift the handset of 30, dial 31 starts ringing if the handset is ON hook.
Note : The AC signal can be measured at the subscriber end if DTMF Telephone
Trainer ST2654 is connected.
CPU
The CPU used is Z80 third generation single chip microprocessor .It offers more
efficient memory utilization than compared to other processors. It works with 8 bit
bidirectional data bus & 16 bit address bus. The Z 80 Processor requires only a single
+ 5 V dc supply & its easy to incorporate. All output signals are fully decoded &
timed to control standard memory or peripheral circuits.
Figure 29
Memory
The memories used are EEPROM & RAM.
The 512 kb EEPROM stores embedded program used for operation of exchange &
other necessary information. The CE chip enable signal of the memory is always kept
high.
The RAM 8 kb memory is used for storage operating data such as alarm, operating
changes E.g. Ringing sequence, auto night mode etc.
47
ST2657
Software Experiments
1.
Automatic Call Back on Busy Extension

If the called extension is busy, this feature automatically connects as soon as the
called extension gets free. On hearing a busy tone, wait for a few seconds, for
the dial tone to return. Dial # 13.Hang up. As soon as the called extension gets
free, your extension will ring. Lift handset; you will hear an internal ring tone.
Wait for the called party to answer.
Procedure :
2.
1.
Lift the handset of extension 30 & keep it off hook (to act as busy or
engage).
2.
Now use the extension 31 & dial the extension number 30.
3.
A busy tone is heard, wait for dial tone to return.
4.
Dial # 13.
5.
Hang Up.
6.
As soon as the called extension 30 gets free so now keep back the handset
On hook, observe extension 31 will ring.
7.
Lift the handset of 31, soon the extension 30 will start ringing.
Do not disturb :
If an extension user does not wish to be called, this feature allows the extension
to prevent itself from being called. However, the extension user can call others.
Lift handset and obtain dial tone, dial # 14.Hang up.
Procedure :
1.
Lift handset of extension 30.
2.
Dial # 14.
3.
Hang up.
4.
Use any ext say extension 31.
5.
Dial 30.
6.
The call will end with a busy tone & observe that no Ring Enable signal is
generated for ext 30.
7.
To cancel this feature, Lift handset of ext 30.
8.
Dial # 0, Hang up.
48
ST2657
3.
Call transfer :
Any internal call received/originated at any extension can be transferred from
that extension to any other extension. Even a trunk call can be transferred within
extensions.
Once the call is formed, Use flash button or Hook Flash & hear tone. Dial the
extension number to which you want to transfer the call. Wait for the internal
ring tone. You may then hang up; the call will be transferred automatically. You
may wait for an answer to announce the call and then hang up.
Procedure :
4.
1.
Lift the extension 30
2.
Dial 31, receive the call
3.
Operate the flash button on any of the extension & dial 32.
4.
Wait for the internal ring tone, you may then hang up; the call will be
transferred automatically.
Call forwarding :
This feature allows an extension user to receive calls at any other extension.
5.
1.
Lift the handset of the extension to be forwarded (diverted) say 30.
2.
Dial # 11 extension 31(to which calls are to be diverted). Disconnect.
3.
Use extension 32, Dial 30 & observe the extension 31 to be ringing.
4.
Cancellation of this feature is as follows :
5.
Lift handset of extension 30
6.
Dial # O, hang up.
Call Pick -up :

If another extension is ringing, this feature allows the user to receive that call at
his own extension without physically moving to the ringing extension. Lift the
handset of your extension and hear the dial tone, then just dial 8.
Procedure :
1.
Lift the handset of extension 30, dial 31.
2.
Observe the 31 ringing.
3.
Now lift 32 dial 8 for call pick up.
4.
Now, call is formed between 30 & 32 extensions.
49
ST2657
6.
Follow me :
Incoming calls can be made to follow the extension user. In other words the
extension user can use any extension to receive incoming calls directed at his
original extension. Lift handset where user wants to receive calls. Dial # 16 XY.
(XY is the No. of the original extension being used).All calls for XY will now
ring at the extension from where the above code has been dialed.
Procedure :
1.
2.
Dial # 16 30 (or any extension number).
3.
Use extension 32, dial 30 observe all calls of 30 landing at extension 31.
To cancel this feature

Dial # 17 30 from extension 31
7.
Hot Line :
The Hot Line feature will get activated as soon as the caller picks up his
handset; he need not dial any code. The called party's telephone/ Extension No.
will be dialed automatically.
Procedure :
8.
1.
2.
Dial #12 32 (where 32 is the extension number).
3.
hang up.
4.
Lift handset of extension 30, observe hotline feature activated and

extension 32 ringing itself without dialing.
5.
To cancel this feature operate as follows :
6.
Lift handset of extension 30, hear ring back tone.
7.
Wait till the other extension 32 picks up.
8.
Use flash button of extension 30, Dial # O
Conference
If while conversing with an outside line or an extension you wish to arrange for
a third party to conference, you may do it.
Procedure :
While conversing with party A use the hook-flash; Party A goes on hold. Listen
to the dial tone and dial the Extension Number of party B. Speak to party B &
hook-flash to conference between yourself, party A and party B.
Repeat the procedure to extend the conference to party C and party D in the
same manner.
50
ST2657
Cancellation of all present Features (#0)

If you wish to clear features such as Call Forwarding, Do not Disturb, Extension
Privacy, Line Queuing etc., you should lift the handset and on obtaining the.:
dial tone,' dial # O.
Some Programming Experiments :
The following points should be kept in mind, while programming.
1.
The password should be keyed in before each programming step. The password
is # * 1234.
2.
After the correct password is keyed in, the dial tone of the system will return,
there by indicating correct password entry. The wrong password will generate a
busy tone.
3.
While programming, all extensions should be in an "on hook" condition (not in

use).except the one used for programming.
Exchange Mode :
a.
Normal Mode : In this mode an incoming call on any of the trunk lines
will cause 4 extensions to ring, one after the other. The sequence of
ringing for each trunk line can be changed.
Service Group Selection
In the normal mode, an in-coming call on any of the trunk lines will make
a set of extensions ring one after the other. Each extension rings for 20
seconds before another takes over. This set of extensions (max.4) can be
different for each trunk line and is called the Service Group for that trunk
line. To program a service group dial:
Password + 22 + Trk + Ex + Ex hang up.
Trk = access code i.e. 27, 28 ...etc.
Ex. = Extension.
For example, if you want extension 31,33 and 35 to ring in sequence when
there is an in-coming call on trunk No.27, then dial:
Password + 22 + 27 + 31 + 33 +32 hang up.
When there is an incoming call on trunk line 27, the call will first ring at
extension 31. If it is busy it will automatically go to extension 33 which, if
free, will start ringing. If nobody answers for 20 seconds, the call will go
to extension 32, and then back to 31, and so on.
Similarly, service groups can be set for other trunk lines as well.
Care should be taken in allocating Extension. Nos. as per the exchange
model i.e., Nos. are 30, 31,32,33 .
51
ST2657
b.
Night Mode : In this mode an in-coming call on any of the trunk lines will
make specified extensions (maximum 4) ring simultaneously. We can
specify which extension should ring.
To select either Normal or Night Mode, lift the handset and dial: Password + 10 +0/1
+ Hang up.
100 will select Normal and 101 will select the Night Mode
Night Ring Group :
If the system is in the Night mode, an in-coming call on any trunk line will make
specified extensions ring simultaneously. The specified extensions are called the
Night Ring Group. To program lift the handset and dial:
Password + 12 + Ex. + Ex. + Ex. + Ex.
For example, if you want extensions 30, 32, 33 to ring while there is an incoming call
on any of the trunks in the Night Mode, then dia1:
Password + 12 + 30 + 32 + 33 + hang up
Auto Night Mode :
There is also an Auto Night Mode Selection. In this mode the user can set office
timings. The system will convert the operation to Night mode after office hours
automatically and will change to Normal Mode at the time of opening office.
In order to set this, key in the following:
Password + 11 + 0-6 + 0/1 + HH + MM + 0/1 + HH + MM
0 : Sunday
1 : Monday
2 : Tuesday
3 : Wednesday
4 : Thursday
5 : Friday
6 : Saturday
0 : A.M.
1 : P.M.
HH : Hours
MM : Minutes
For example if on Monday the working hours are between 9.30 AM to 5.00 PM then
dial
Password + 11 + 1 + 0930 1 + 0500
52
ST2657
Date Setting :
To key-in date, dial :
Password + 14 + YY + MM + DD + hang up.
Above Features should only be used if the system is supported by an uninterrupted
power supply unit or a back-up.
Time Setting :
To key in the current time, dial:Password + 13 + 0/1 + HH + MM + SS + Hang up.
0 : A.M.
1 : P.M.
HH : Hours
MM : Minutes
SS : Seconds
For example, if the current time is 15 minutes and 45 seconds past 3 Oclock in the
afternoon, then dial :
Password + 13+1+03+15+45+Hang up.
Note : This sets the clock for the exchange and not for any extension.
Date Setting :
To key-in date, dial :
Password + 14 + YY + MM + DD + hang up.
Features described above should only be used if the system is supported by an UPS
(uninterrupted power 5uply unit) or a battery back-up pack.
Setting of Alarm Clock [#18 + (0/1) + HH + MM] :
Each extension can be pre-set to ring at a pre-determined time. This time can be set by
lifting the receiver, dialing # 18 and then 0 if the alarm time is A.M. or 1 if the alarm
time is P.M., after which the alarm time should De keyed-in. The extension will ring
at the appointed time. On lifting the receiver the user will hear music. HH stands for
hours and MM for minutes (2 digits must be used for each). For example, if the alarm
is to be set for 3.15 PM then key-in # 13, 1, 03and 15.
Note :
In case the extension is in use at 3.15 P.M. the alarm will ring after you go on hook.
This feature should be used only when the Power Supply is uninterrupted or a proper
Battery Back-up system is provided.
MM should be rounded off to nearest 0 or 5 i.e 3.13 to 3.15 and 3.12 to 3.10.
53
ST2657
Denied Table :
This table defines the area dialing codes for local, 95, STD or ISD which are not
available for dialing out by extensions that are in the denied mode. The denied
number has to be added to the denied table, and then each ext has to be programmed
for denied.
Dial as follows :
Password + 16 + Area Code + hang up.
Area code = 95 or any STD code
This will be added to denied table, now programming the ext to be denied
Password+50+Ext.+ 0/1
0 : ALW
1 : DNY
Note : Dialing password + 16* will clear the denied table. This must be done prior to
programming the denied table.
Barge-in Tone :
If A is talking to B and C wants to barge in, all three will hear a warning tone.
However, if C's extension is in the "Barge tone off' condition then C will be able to
barge in without triggering a warning tone. This feature is programmed by dialing :
Password + 54 Ex.+0/1+hang.
0 = barge-in tone off
1 = barge-in tone on
For example, if extension 33 is to be given the facility of barging in without any
warning, then dial :
Password+ 54+33+0+hang up.
If, later, this status is to be changed to barge-in tone on then key in:Pass-word + 54+33+1+hang up.
Note : Initial setting of this function is Barge-in tone On
54
ST2657
Barge in (#Ex) :
If an extension is found busy, this feature allows the caller to interrupt the
conversation of the busy extension. The feature can be used with a warning tone or
without a warning tone. To use this feature operate as follows :
Lift handset, dial Extension No. and on hearing a busy tone, disconnect.
Lift hand set & hear dial tone.
Dial # Extension Number.
Wait for one second. (If the feature is with a warning tone you will hear the same and
if without a warning tone you will not).
Interrupt conversation.
Extension Out-of-Service :
If any extension has not been connected to the system then it is deemed to be "out of
service". This status must be programmed into the exchange otherwise the system will
continue to give an internal ring tone if these extensions are dialed.
To program dial :
Password + 50 + Ex + 0/1 + hang up.
Ex = Extension
0 = Out of service
1 = In service
For example if extension 33 is out - of - service, then dial:
Password + 50 + 33 + 0
Now, if anybody dials 33 he will get an engaged tone.
When subsequently, an instrument is connected to extension 33 then its "in service"
status needs to he programmed, .and is done by dialing :
Password + 50 + 33 + 1 + hang up
55
ST2657
Test Point Details

TP 1
: 12 VDC normal & when accessed 0V and short to GND.
TP 2
: 18V
TP 3
: On Hook 24V / Off Hook 8-10V
TP 4
: 18V
TP 5
: On Hook 24V/Off Hook 8-10 V
TP 6
: On Hook 0 V/ Off Hook 2 V & DT Sine wave, Speech Signals.
TP 7
: On Hook 0V / Off Hook 2V & DT Sine wave, Speech Signals.
TP 8
: On Hook 24V/Off Hook 16 V
TP 9
: On Hook 24V/Off Hook 16V
TP 10
: 4-5 V DC When Trunk Accessed
TP 11
: Incoming Call 2-4 V DC
TP 12
: On Hook 0 VDC /Off Hook 4-5 VDC
TP 13
TP 14
TP 15
TP 16 to 19
: On Hook / Off Hook 0V / Incoming Call 4 V
TP 20
: 60 70 V RMS 40 Hz AC Signal (All Time)
TP 21
: 130 VDC
TP 22
: 20-40 Hz Ringer Frequency
TP 23 24
: DTMF Frequency when digit pressed
TP 25
: Speech signals when accessed, 8V Constant On/Off Hook
TP 26-29
: On Hook 8 V, Off Hook- 8 VDC & DT Sine wave,

Speech signals.
TP 30
: Ring Back Tone 500 Hz (460-480 Hz) Approximately
TP 31
: Dial Tone 2V Sine wave Amplified 384 Hz
TP 32
: Music Tone
TP 33
: Busy Tone Sine wave 416 Hz
TP 34
: Dial Tone 1V Sine wave before Amp 384 Hz
TP 35
: 2 MHz Clock
TP 36
: Sine wave 4 MHz
740 Hz Approximately
56
ST2657
Glossary
Central Office : Refers to either a telephone company switching centre or the type of
telephone switch used in a telephone company switching centre.
Dual Tone Multi frequency : A signaling system that sends pairs of audio
frequencies to represent digits on a telephone keypad. It is often used interchangeably
with the term Touchtone.
EPABX / PABX : (Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange) is a privately
owned telephone switching system for handling multiple telephone lines without
having to pay the PSTN Company to lease each line separately.
Erlang B : A formula developed by A.K. Erlang, widely used to determine the
number of trunks required to handle a known calling load during a one hour period.
The formula assumes that if callers get busy signals, they go away forever, never to
retry (lost calls cleared). Since some callers retry, Erlang B can underestimate trunks
required. However, Erlang B is generally accurate in situations with few busy signals.
Erlang C : Calculates predicted waiting times (delay) based on three things: the
number of servers (reps); the number of people waiting to be served (callers); and the
average amount of time it takes to serve each person. It can also predict the resources
required to keep waiting times within targeted limits. Erlang C assumes no lost calls
or busy signals, so it has a tendency to overestimate staff required.
Erlang, A.K.: A Danish engineer who worked for the Copenhagen Telephone
Company in the early 1900s and developed Erlang B, Erlang C and other telephone
traffic engineering formulas.
Erlang : One hour of telephone traffic in an hour of time. For example, if circuits
carry 120 minutes of traffic in an hour, that's two Erlangs.
Gateway : A server dedicated to providing access to a network.
Grade of Service : The probability that a call will not be connected to a system
because all trunks are busy. Grade of service is often expressed as "p.01" meaning 1%
of calls will be "blocked." Sometimes, grade of service is used interchangeably with
service level, but the two terms have different meanings. See Service Level.
57
ST2657
FAQ
Q. Why the trainer is mimic based rather than circuitry based?
The EPABX is a combination of Analog components, Digital ICs, Mechanical
relays etc, understanding circuit flow & co-ordination between various units
would have been difficult task with a circuitry based trainer.
Q. Why only the 204 configuration system?
The 204 configuration was adopted as a compromise between the 104 & 306
configurations. Since low configurations are most basic & high are just
duplications of the circuits.
Q. Why there is not much with the CPU?
The CPU used in this EPABX is Z80 processor or Atmel or even it can be a PC
just to supervise the task. Dedicating more on Z80 or processor would have
turned the EPABX system to an Embedded Training System. Where as learning
kits are easily available for the same.
Note : More FAQ will be added after feedback.
58
ST2657
Warranty
1)
We guarantee the product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumables like dry cell etc. are
not covered under warranty.
2)
The guarantee will become void, if

a)
The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the operating
manual.
b)
The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c)
The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d)
Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
3)
The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving

full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the
type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
4)
The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.
List of Accessories
1.
Patch Cord 16 (DC Red)...........................................................................1 No.
2.
Patch Cord 16 (DC Black)...................................................................... 2 Nos.
3.
AC Adaptor ...............................................................................................1 No.
4.
Mains Cords ..............................................................................................1 No.
5.
Telephone Instruments ............................................................................. 4 Nos.
6.
e-Manual (CD)...........................................................................................1 No.
Updated on 25-06-2008
59

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A.T.

An ISO 9001 : 2000 company

94-101, Electronic Complex Pardesipura,

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

A.T. Exchnge/EPABX Training System

Manual Switching Theory

Introduction to EPABX units.

Power Supply Unit

Control Unit/Signal processor unit

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Easy Understanding of Various Units

Use of Functional Blocks than Traditional Circuitry

Study of various Detection Phenomena

Detailed Circuit Study

Study of Switching Phenomena

Study of Traffic Units

CD containing Traffic Analysis Calculator & Working Presentation

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

2 Trunk / Direct Lines

Cross Point Space Division (Microprocessor

Tones such as Dial, Busy, Ring Etc

Extension -600 Ohms, Co-line- 1200 ohms

Cross Talk Attenuation

More than 25 Nos

Features that can be set

Line Hunting, Direct Access to trunk line, Redial,

(L) 435 mm (W) 260 mm (H) 95 mm

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

All extensions should be on Hook when powering on the trainer.

Avoid leaving the trainer On for a long time.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Diagram of a simple Selector

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Strowger formed his company 'Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange' in October

Symbolic Representation of 4 4 matrix

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Space Division Switching :

Erlang is a unit of traffic measurement and represents the continuous use of a

Number of calls Average call duration

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Busy hour traffic :

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Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Access to Trunk Line (0) : (Line hunting)

Extension to Extension Call (Extension)

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Using ST2657 in manual mode :

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Introduction to Epabx Units

Clock Generation Unit

Tone Generation Unit

Block diagram of the power supply

Circuit diagram of Trunk circuit

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Power On the trainer.

Make a call to the trunk line connected number.

Observe the LED glowing at TP 11.

Measure the voltage 5 V Approximately at TP11.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Measure the voltage at TP 1 it will be 12 VDC.