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recession. Sales growth accelerated in the second half of the year peaking in fourth
quarter with a 6.9 percent increase over the fourth quarter of 2012.[5]
Different systems[edit]
There are a number of different types of computer system in use today.
Personal computer[edit]
Hardware of a modern personal computer
1. Monitor 2.Motherboard 3.CPU 4. RAM 5.Expansion cards6. Power supply7. Optical
disc drive 8. Hard disk drive 9.Keyboard 10.Mouse
Inside a custom-built computer: power supply at the bottom has its own cooling fan.
The personal computer, also known as the PC, is one of the most common types of
computer due to its versatility and relatively low price. Laptops are generally very
similar, although may use lower-power or reduced size components.
Case[edit]
Main article: Computer case
The computer case is a plastic or metal enclosure that houses most of the components.
Those found on desktop computers are usually small enough to fit under a desk,
however in recent years more compact designs have become more common place, such
as the all-in-one style designs from Apple, namely the iMac. Laptops are computers that
usually come in a clamshell form factor, again however in more recent years deviations
from this form factor have started to emerge such as laptops that have a detachable
screen that become tablet computers in their own right.
Power supply[edit]
Main article: Power supply unit (computer)
A power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to lowvoltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Laptops are capable of
running from a built-in battery, normally for a period of hours. [6]
Motherboard[edit]
Main article: Motherboard
The motherboard is the main component of computer. It is a large rectangular board
with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including
the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives(CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any
peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs most of the calculations which
enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the
computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan. Most newer CPUs include an
on-die Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).
The Chipset, which includes the north bridge, mediates communication between
the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.
The Random-Access Memory (RAM) stores the code and data that are being
actively accessed by the CPU.
The Read-Only Memory (ROM) stores the BIOS that runs when the computer
is powered on or otherwise begins execution, a process known as Bootstrapping, or
"booting" or "booting up". The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) includes
boot firmware and power management firmware. Newer motherboards use Unified
Extensible Firmware Interface(UEFI) instead of BIOS.
Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards
for graphics and sound.
The CMOS battery is also attached to the motherboard. This battery is the same
as a watch battery or a battery for a remote to a car's central locking system. Most
batteries are CR2032, which powers the memory for date and time in the BIOS chip.
Expansion cards[edit]
Main article: Expansion card
An expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an
expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a
computer system via the expansion bus.
Storage devices[edit]
Main article: Computer data storage
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components
and recording media that retain digital data. Data storage is a core function and
fundamental component of computers.
Fixed media
Data is stored by a computer using a variety of media. Hard disk drives are found in
virtually all older computers, due to their high capacity and low cost, but solid-state
drives are faster and more power efficient, although currently more expensive than hard
drives, so are often found in more expensive computers. Some systems may use a disk
array controller for greater performance or reliability.
Removable media
To transfer data between computers, a USB flash drive or Optical disc may be used.
Their usefulness depends on being readable by other systems; the majority of machines
have an optical disk drive, and virtually all have a USB port.
Input and output peripherals[edit]
Main article: Peripheral
Input and output devices are typically housed externally to the main computer chassis.
The following are either standard or very common to many computer systems.
Input
Input devices allow the user to enter information into the system, or control its
operation. Most personal computers have a mouse and keyboard, but laptop systems
typically use a touchpad instead of a mouse. Other input devices
include webcams, microphones, joysticks, and image scanners.
Output device
Output devices display information in a human readable form. Such devices could
include printers, speakers, monitors or a Braille embosser.
Mainframe computer[edit]
A mainframe computer is a much larger computer that typically fills a room and may
cost many hundreds or thousands of times as much as a personal computer. They are
designed to perform large numbers of calculations for governments and large
enterprises.
Departmental computing[edit]
In the 1960s and 1970s more and more departments started to use cheaper and
dedicated systems for specific purposes likeprocess control and laboratory automation.
Main article: Minicomputer
Supercomputer[edit]
A supercomputer is superficially similar to a mainframe, but is instead intended for
extremely demanding computational tasks. As of November 2013, the fastest
supercomputer in the world is the Tianhe-2, in Guangzhou, China.[7]
The term supercomputer does not refer to a specific technology. Rather it indicates the
fastest computers available at any given time. In mid 2011, the fastest supercomputers
boasted speeds exceeding one petaflop, or 1000 trillion floating point operations per
second. Super computers are fast but extremely costly so they are generally used by
large organizations to execute computationally demanding tasks involving large data
sets. Super computers typically run military and scientific applications. Although they
cost millions of dollars, they are also being used for commercial applications where huge
amounts of data must be analyzed. For example, large banks employ supercomputers to
calculate the risks and returns of various investment strategies, and healthcare
organizations use them to analyze giant databases of patient data to determine optimal
treatments for various diseases and problems incurring to the country.
hardware and its function
POWER SUPPLY
Form a voltage box listirik that attaches to the back of each computer and have the CPU
power cable to be connected to a hardware component that is in the CPU. Power supply
also supplies electrical energy to one or more energy burden.
function
MOTHERBOARD
Shaped board (board) that has several major electronic individual slots that can be
paired to another board, ranging from the processor, memory, sound card, display
adapter, and so forth. Between the slots on the mother board, there is a special slot for
the installation of the processor, called the socket and slot 1. Socket motherboards have
some kind of different, according to the development of the processor.
function
- The place to put or attach various components such as processors, memory, sound
card, vga card, etc..
- Media data transfer from the working components inside the computer.
PROSSECOR (CPU)
Is a component of the IC chip or a rectangular shape of the brain and the computer
controlling the process performance, with the help of other components. Unit of the
processor speed is the MHz (Mega Hertz) or GHz (1000 Mega Hertz). The larger the
value, the faster the process of execution on the computer
function
1. Main memory
The processor can only store data and instructions in a register that is small so that it
can not store all the information needed for all the programs. To overcome this
processor should be equipped with larger storage capacity, the main memory. Memory
size is indicated by a byte unit.
function
1. As a data storage device and the program is temporary, it only works when the
computer live.
troubleshooting
1. The computer made a sound "beep" a long time without displaying the image on the
screen when the computer starts up
2. Installation of two pieces of RAM that do not fit often cause problems on computers,
among others:
The computer would often hang and blue screen appears when we work in an
application program or are playing games
-Computers are also often do not live or booting bias when lit
1. If installed with a capacity of RAM is not enough, the computer will be slower
performance in the reading of the data or run the application program.
2. Damage to the ROM memory type will result in blank computer or can not live at all
HARDDISK
function
1. One of the computer booting tool.
2. Storage media operation system (OS) used on the computer
3. All of the data storage medium in a large capacity on a computer
Trobleshooting
Many computer problems due to damage to the hard drive so the computer can not be
used. Here are some of the problems caused by damage to the disk, namely:
function
1. Port connecting the data processing equipment with a display output device / monitor
2. Maximize the function of the screen so it can display graphics in resolution and color
quality is best.
3. Can accelerate the performance of all software operation system (Windows)
And 2D and 3D software applications
1. Support the use of computers for games that are now widely based on 3D games
software
2. Display the best image quality for movie playback types of CD and DVD
troubleshooting
There are not any images on the screen because the screen is not attached to the
connector on the VGA card or plug is not installed properly
Sound Card
Is a computer hardware components which form the chipset on the motherboard or card
PCB (printed circuit board) is mounted on a PCI slot on the motherboard, by having
four main components to translate analog and digital.
function
1. Process data in the form of audio or sound.
2. A connector audio output to speakers
troubleshooting
Can not make a sound through the speakers or the sound coming out Akif not clear,
which is caused by:
1. Sound card drivers not installed
2. Installation of sound card in PCI slot on the motherboard that is not right and fitting
embedded in the slot.
3. Installation of the cable jack on the channel out on the sound card in the chassis and
speaker
4. There is a broken connecting cable between the sound card in the chassis and speaker
5. Sound card is damaged or defective active speaker
function
1. Cooling the hardware upon which is placed HSF.
2. Processors will not work if there is no heatsink fan on it.
3. Absorbing the heat generated by the processor at work and is equipped with a cooling
fan on it so that the processor temperature remains stable.
4.Guard air circulation inside the casing.
troubleshooting
Hanay usually occurs on the fan is not spinning or dead. This is a fatal problem that
makes the hardware does not function normally, especially if it occurs on the fan
attached to the processor. Processors will not live and work normally so that the
computer turns off completely.
casing
Brain is putting a wrapper or processing hardware components that serve to protect the
hardware components from outside interference. In general, often called the CPU
casing.
function
1. Putting a hardware component, such as power supply, motherboard, floppy disk, CDRom, DVD-Rom.
2. Sistemkarena performance determinants related to the temperature generated by the
hardware components.
3. Proponents of computer display. If the casing has an attractive design, one would be
more pleased and excited to work with the computer.
Trouble shooting usually occurs on the power supply attached to the rear casing
abgian.
Motherboard
by John Anthony
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a PC. It contains all the circuits and
components that run the PC.
Major Components found on the motherboard are:
RTC - the Real Time Clock chip keeps date, day and time in a 24 hour format just
like your watch. The PC uses this clock to 'time stamp' files as they are created
and modified. When you print a file it time stamps the pages as they are printed.
Chip Set - these are large chip(s) that integrate many functions that used to be
found in separate smaller chips on the motherboard. They save space and cost.
The functions performed by these chip sets often broken into two devices with
one providing an interface from the CPU to the memory and the other providing
controllers for IDE, ISA, PCI and USB devices (see below).
Power - A 20 pin connector accepts a plug from the power supply. This plug
carry DC power to all the circuits on the motherboard.
Display - This connector is not integrated into the motherboard but is included
in this list since its function is absolutely necessary. It is a 15-pin, D-shell type
connector found on a video card that plugs into the AGP connector of the
motherboard (see below).
IDE - stands for Integrated Drive Electronics. These are 40 pin connectors that
provide a place to connect the ribbon cables from the drives (hard and CD/DVD).
All data between the motherboard and the drives is carried in these cables. They
are not accessible unless the PC cover is removed.
DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory connectors for SIMM and DIMM
type memory modules. Not accessible with chassis cover on.
Serial Connectors
o Standard Serial Connector - This connector has been around in PCs
since they first appeared. It was originally located on ISA expansion type
cards (see below). Today it is an integral part of newer motherboards. It is
a 9- pin, D-shell connector that allows you to connect external devices with
serial ports to your PC. The maximum data rate is 115 KB/s.
o USB - Universal Serial Bus This is a relatively new serial bus.
Originally specified as low speed, 1.2 Mb/s, it was enhanced to full speed,
12Mb/s. The latest version 2.0 is specified as high speed, 400 MB/s.
Someday USB will completely replace the standard serial connector that
has been the workhorse serial port in earlier PCs. USB is now a standard
connector on all new motherboards.
Unlike serial and parallel ports, the USB port is designed to power devices
connected to it. The devices must be low power devices and must be able
to reduce their current draw to less than 0.5uAmps when commanded to
do so by the PC.
Parallel Connectors
o Centronix or Standard Parallel - This connector has been around in
PCs since they first appeared. It has 37-pins and is now integrated on new
motherboards. It is usually used to connect your printer to the PC and
moves data at about 1MB/s.
o SCSI - Small Computer System Interface moves data at a maximum of up
to 80Mb/s. It not integrated into most PC motherboards. It can be added
to a PC as an Expansion card (see below). Some printers and hard disk
drives use SCSI interfaces.
Now, let's delve deeper into each category of hardware so that you can fully understand
their function.
Image Credit: Dell
as well so that you do not need to reach to the back of your computer every time you
plug in your camera.
Motherboards come in a variety of different from-factors. The most common are, in
order of size from smallest to largest, mini-ITX, micro-ATX, ATX and extended ATX.
When buying a new motherboard or case, make sure that the two are of compatible size.
An ATX motherboard won't fit in a case designed for micro-ATX boards. The larger your
case the less it will heat up and the more easily you will be able to change or add parts
for repairs or upgrades. Of course, a larger case will take up more room and be heavier.
Fans
Finally, we come to the cooling solution, and important part of any computer.
Most computers at least have a fan placed on the processor heatsink, and it's also
common for a desktop computer to have an intake and exhaust fan installed in the case.
This ensures proper airflow throughout.
There are many different sizes of fans, but 80mm and 120mm are the most common.
Larger fans are quiet when compared to small fans, because small fans have to spin
quicker to generate similar airflow.
Generally speaking, you won't have to mess with the cooling of a pre-built system. If
you're building your own computer or upgrade your PC, however, you should consider
cooling as well. A new video card can generate a lot of excess heat, so you may want to
install an extra case fan. Overclocking a processor is also a common source of extra
warmth, and may require the installation of a larger CPU fan.
Computer Hardware Components And Their Functions
Its an age-old question: hardware or software? On one hand, the hardware is what you
hold or have plugged in. Hardware has all of the components that make your Its the
software that makes your Mac or PC run, and its the software that allows We tackle the
five most pressing problems in each major component category five problems that could
impact each of your computers major hardware or software subsystems and our best
advice on how to fix them. This is our indepth computer repair the computer needs
power in order for its components to operate properly. The device responsible for
supplying power to the computer is the power supply. In short, we could say that the
main function of the power supply is to convert alternating voltage (a A fully optioned
version topped $6,000 with extra hardware PC and its imitators, Intel and Microsoft.
Apple's recommendation of raising the machine a few inches then dropping it to reseat
components and repeating until the machine regained its function NEWS ANALYSIS:
The latest iMacs feature looking to get their hands on a new computer. There are several
all-in-one PCs on the market, but Apple's new iMacs might just be tops. From the iMac's
new design to its outstanding internal components, Apple's Bio-engineers are working
on the development of biological computers with the aim of designing small circuits
made from biological material that can be integrated into cells to change their functions
for
bio-computer
components
that
serve
as
sensors
.
Many users have expressed their disapproval making single player components onlineonly, there isn't much mere mortals like us can do about it. What we can do, however, is
beat the hell out of Diablo III with today's finest hardware. A bunch of PC and
components in the system are, hardware and OS platform power management can begin
to align traffic better. Rather than everyone transacting data whenever it's ready, all of
the components in the system can begin to coalesce their On June 11, Hewlett-Packard
of cheap components. If a chip, hard drive, or stick of memory failed, it didnt matter;
automated software ordered another computer to pick up the work. These companies,
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compact PC (RCP enclosures and hardware subsystem integration along with logistics,
configuration control, component .
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