CHAPTER 05 Compressible Fluid Flow

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)
May 2014
CHAPTER 5
Compressible Fluid Flow

CLO4: Analyze problems relating to
incompressible and compressible fluid flow.
erniza.rozali@petronas.com.my
May 2014
Subject Planning (Week 8- 14)

Weeks
8-9
10 11
12
12-13
14
14
Topics
Outcomes
CHAPTER 5: COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

Speed of sound and Mach number
Processes of compressible flow: Isentropic Flow, Adiabatic Flow,
Isothermal Flow
CHAPTER 6: FLOW PAST IMMERSED BODIES
Flow around submerged object.
Drag force, terminal velocity, Stokes law
Flow through porous media.
Blake-Kozeny / Carman Kozeny / Ergun equation
Fluidization
TEST 2 August 5, 2015 ( Time: TBA)
CHAPTER 7: TRANSPORTATION OF FLUID
Positive displacement pumps and compressors
Centrifugal pumps and compressors
Axial flow pumps and compressors
Compressor efficiencies
CHAPTER 8: FLUID MIXING
Types of mixing problems
Mixing in stirred tanks
Agitator, impellers, turbine
Power number, Blending and mixing, Suspension, dispersion
CLO4 & CLO5
Group project presentation and report submission
CLO 3, CLO4 &

CLO5
CLO 4
CLO 5
CLO 5
CLO 5
May 2014
Review on incompressible Fluid flow
Reynolds Number, Re
V D
Re
= inertial forces / viscous forces
Laminar flow
Re < 2000
Fluid move in
orderly manner
Transition flow
2000 < Re < 4000
Turbulent flow
Re > 4000
A rapid, chaotic
motions in all
directions
Formation of
eddies / wakes in
the flow
May 2014
Review on incompressible Fluid flow (Contd)
Shear Stress Friction Factor

When the fluid is flowing in a pipe bound to shear
stress which are quantified by the term friction factor, f.
Laminar flow (Re < 2000):
f
16 16
Re VD
Turbulent flow (Re > 4000):

For turbulent only, considering pipe roughness, , the
best approximation is given by:
1
6 3
10
f 0.001375 1 20000

D Re
Moodys Diagram can be used to Calculate friction factor, f
Moodys Diagram
0.00475
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
May 2014
May 2014
Friction Loss (Head loss) for pipeline system

For a pipeline system consists of fittings such as elbows,
valves, enlargement and contraction, overall friction loss
and head loss is determine through:
2
4
f
L
V
F
K fittings Kc K e
D
2
Contraction
Elbows
Valve
Enlargement
Fluid Flow and Transport

Fluid Flow
Processes
and Transport
(CDB 1033)
Processes (CDB 1033) May 2014
May 2014
System Head
W /g is also known as system head.
2
P1
V1
P2
V2
z1
Wp / g
z2
Wturb / g F/ g
g
2
g
2g
For a system that involves pump, overall energy

equation is given as:
P
V2
gz
Wpump F
2
For a system that involves turbine, overall energy equation
is given as:
P
V
gz
Wtur F
2
2
May 2014
Pump efficiency
For pump, actual work and actual power requirement,

can be determined through:
w ideal
w actual
where = efficiency
m w ideal
Power, W
May 2014
CHAPTER 5
Compressible Fluid Flow
erniza.rozali@petronas.com.my
Chapter Outline
The concept of compressible fluid
Processes of compressible fluid flow:
Isentropic flow without friction
Adiabatic flow with friction
Isothermal flow with friction
Mach number, Ma
Analysis of compressible flow
May 2014
May 2014
Learning Outcome
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

Define compressible fluid flow
Determine Mach number of a systems
Characterize the compressible flow
Calculate the properties of gas flow through
various flow processes, such as pressure,
temperature, velocity, flow rate, etc.
May 2014
Compressible flow
The density changes that result from pressure

changes, have a significant influence on the flow.
The changes in the flow that result from the density

changes are often termed compressibility effects.
Factors that should be considered in compressible flow

( but not considered in incompressible flow);
Fluid density
Changes in temperature (e.g., internal energy change)
May 2014
Importance of compressible flow

Design of high speed aircraft
Gas and stream turbines
the flow in the blading and nozzles is treated as compressible
Natural gas transmission lines

compressibility effects important in calculating the flow
Reciprocating engines
the flow of the gases through the valves and intake and exhaust systems
May 2014
Ideal gas thermodynamics: Quick review
Specific heats:
Q = cm T
Q = heat added; c = specific heat;
m= mass and T = changes in temperature
The unit is J/kg Celsius

The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram Celsius. What does it mean?
May 2014
Ideal Gas thermodynamics: Quick review (Cont`d)

Ideal gas specific heat at constant volume is defined as
where, u = internal energy
Ideal gas specific heat at constant pressure is defined as

where, u = enthalpy
From enthalpy definition, h = u + P/ = u + RT

Take derivative with respect to T of above Eqn. we have
c p = cv + R
Again the ratio of specific heat, k = cp / cv
(For air and other diatomic

gases k = 1.4 )
Combining above to relations, w can also obtain,
May 2014
Ideal Gas thermodynamics: Quick review (Cont`d)

Internal energy (u): The energy of unit mass of fluid due to molecular
activity. Change of internal energy,
u2-u1 =cv (T2-T1)
Enthalpy (h) : Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a
thermodynamic system. It is represented as a sum of pressure per unit
mass (P/) and internal energy per unit mass (u).
h = u +p/
for ideal gas, h = cp T
Entropy (s): It is defined as a measure of the availability of energy for

conversion into mechanical work. The entropy changes ds for a perfect
gas is
Tds = dh - dp/
May 2014
Class example 1
Compute the change in internal energy and enthalpy of 101.94 kg of
CO2 if its temperature is increased from 15C to 65C. Take cp =
858 J/(kg.K) and cv = 670 J/(kg..K)
Solution:
Mass of CO2 = 101.94 kg; T1 = 288K and T2 = 338 K
(1) Change in internal energy per nit mass,
u = cv (T1-T2)
= 33,500 J/kg
Total change in internal energy = m u = 3414 kJ
(2) Change in enthalpy per unit mass
h =cp(T2-T1)= 42900 J/kg
Total change in enthalpy = m h = 4373 kJ
May 2014
Self assessment exercises

A gas has a molecular weight of 16 has a cv = 1730 J/(kg.K).
Find the value of the specific heat ratio.
May 2014
Thermodynamics of a Compressible System
The energies involve of a simple compressible

closed system :
Kinetic Energy
V2/2
Potential
Energy, gz
Internal
Energy, u
Energy an object has by

virtue of its motion
Energy an object has by

virtue of its position in a
field of force
Sum of all microscopic

forms of energy, related to
molecular structure
of a system and the
degree of
molecular activity
May 2014
When the system is in a control volume (open

system), i.e. mass and energy in/out; there will be
flow energy involved.
Flow energy
P/
Energy due to the
quantity of mass flowing
in/out
May 2014
Total energy in a compressible open systems
Total energy,
= flow energy(F.E)+ internal E + Kinetic E +
Potential E
P
V2
u
gz
2
We know,
P
Enthalpy, h
u
RT u
V2
h
gz
2
May 2014
Energy balance for an open system, with unit

mass flow in/out:
qin win in qout wout out
V2
qin win h
gz
2
in
V2
qout w out h
gz
2
out
May 2014
Characteristic of Compressible flow: Mach number

In fluid mechanics, Mach number represents the ratio
of velocity of an object moving through a fluid and the
local speed of sound.
V
Ma
c
V= velocity of the source relative to the medium
C = speed of sound in the medium
http://en.wikipedia.org
F/A-18 breaking the sound barrier
May 2014
Speed of sound
A property of a material / compound.

1
2
1
2
P
kP
c kRT
S
Where:
c = sonic velocity
k = specific heat ratio, cp/cv
P = absolute pressure of the fluid (kPa, psi or equivalent)
= density of the fluid (kg/m3 or equivalent)
R = specific gas constant (kJ/kgK or equivalent)
T = absolute temperature of the fluid (K or oR)
Find the speed of sound in oxygen at a pressure of 100kPa(abs)
and 25C. Take R = 260 J/ kg. K and k = 1.40.
[329.4 m/s]
May 2014
Characteristic of compressible fluid flow

Ma < 0.3
: Incompressible flow
0.3 < Ma < 0.8 : Subsonic flow
0.8 < Ma < 1.2 : Transonic flow
1.2 <Ma < 3.0
: Supersonic flow
Ma > 3.0
: Hypersonic flow
Boeing 747, Ma = 0.85-0.95

(high speed, Transonic aircraft)
Concorde, Ma = 2
supersonic aircraft)
Dependency of Ma number on temperature
May 2014
May 2014
Class example 2
An aeroplane is to move at Mach number of 1.5 at a pressure of 89.89 kPa.
If density of fluid is 1.112 kg/m3, calculate the speed of the plane in km/h.
Given, k = 1.4 (if the value of k is not specified, it is usual to assume 1.4.)
[1817 km/h]
Solution: Sonic velocity,
= 336.4 m/s
Mach number, Ma1 = V1/C
or, V1 = C Ma1 = 504.6 m/s

= 1817 km/h
May 2014

1. A airplane is cruising at a speed of 800 km/h at altitude where the air
temperature is 0C. Calculate the Mach number of the flight.
May 2014
Stagnation state
Stagnation state is a reference state used in compressible flow
calculations.
It is the state achieved if a fluid at any other state is brought to rest
isentropically.
For an isentropic flow there will be a unique stagnation state.
Conduit
RESERVOIR
Fluid in this large reservoir is

almost stagnant. This reservoir
is said to be at stagnation state.
Flow
RECEIVER
May 2014
Assumption for compressible flow analysis
The process is a steady flow.

Flow is one-dimensional.
Velocity gradients within a cross section are
neglected.
Friction is restricted to wall shear.
Shaft work is zero.
Gravitational effects are negligible.
Fluid is an ideal gas of constant specific heat.
May 2014
Processes of compressible flow: Isentropic process

Convergent
Reservoir
Divergent
Receiver
Throat
Flow
Thermal insulation
Fig. :Steady, frictionless reversible adiabatic flow
An adiabatic process is any process occurring without gain or loss of heat

within a system (e.g., Q = 0)
thermodynamically isolated
no heat transfer with the surroundings
May 2014
Processes of compressible flow: Adiabatic process

Isentropic
Reservoir
Friction section
Receiver
Flow
Thermal insulation
May 2014
Processes of compressible flow: Isothermal process
Friction section
Reservoir
Flow
Receiver
An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which the

temperature remains constant: T = 0.
May 2014
Isentropic Compressible Flow Analysis

As the process is isentropic, therefore it is:
Steady flow.
Frictionless.
Adiabatic, q = 0
No work interaction, wf = 0.
For gas flows potential energy change is
negligibly small compared to kinetic energy
change, hence z = 0.
May 2014
One dimensional isentropic flow

Consider gas flowing in a duct which varies in size . The pressure and
temperature may change
Applying the steady flow energy equation between 1 and 2 we have:

(1)
Applying conditions for Isentropic adiabatic flow, q= 0 and if no work is done then Wf =0,
we have,
Bernoullis equation for gas
For horizontal flow, Z1=Z2
(2)
May 2014
Stagnation enthalpy
The sum (+2/ 2) is known as stagnation enthalpy and it is constant
inside the duct.
It is called stagnation enthalpy because a stagnation point

has zero velocity and the enthalpy of the gas is equal to R at
such a point.
May 2014
Isentropic Flow Analysis (Cont.)

Consider, gas in the reservoir is in stagnation state
VR, TR. PR, hR,
V1, T1, P1, h1,
Flow
Receiver
Reservoir
From Eq. 2, we can write,
V12 2 h R h1 (3)
or,
or,
or,
2CP TR T1
2Rk
TR T1
V12
k 1
2 TR
V RkT1
1
k 1 T1
2
1
V12
2 TR
RkT1 k 1 T1
(4)
May 2014

Using the definition of speed of sound
c1 kRT1
2
c1 kRT1
Substitute the above Eq. into Eq. (4), and using Ma term,
V12
2 TR
1
2
k 1 T1
c1
TR Ma12 k 1
1
T1
2
Relation between stagnation

(5) temperature and mach number
May 2014

For compressible fluid, pressure and density change
accordingly to the change in temperature:
The isentropic (frictionless, adiabatic) relation is given
by:
PR TR

P1 T1
k
k 1
R TR

1 T1
1
k 1
(a)
(b)

temperature and stagnation pressure

temperature and stagnation density
May 2014
Substituting Eq. (5) into (a) and (b), respectively:
PR Ma12 k 1

1
P1
2
R Ma12 k 1

1
1
2
k
k 1

pressure and mach number
(6)
1
k 1
(7) Relation between stagnation

density and mach number
May 2014
Reservoir
Receiver
Flow
In any flow, mass is conserved.

From continuity equation: AV R AV 1
AR 1 V1
A1 R VR
(8)
May 2014
Class example 3
An air plane is moving in an atmosphere with pressure 44 kPa( abs) and
Density 0.63 kg/m3 . A pitot tube on the plane records the stagnation
pressure as 70 kPa(abs). Estimate the speed of the airplane and stagnation
Temperature. (k = 1.4 and R = 287 J/kg. K)
Solution: (1) stagnation pressure PR is given by
PR Ma k 1

1
P1
2
2
1
Ma1 = 0.8422
Sonic velocity,
= 312.7 m/s
Mach number, Ma1 = V1/C

or, V1 = C Ma1 = 263.4 m/s
k
k 1
May 2014
Class example 3 (cont.)

An air plane is moving in an atmosphere with pressure 44 kPa( abs) and
Density 0.63 kg/m3 . A pitot tube on the plane records the stagnation
pressure as 70 kPa(abs). Estimate the speed of the airplane and stagnation
Temperature. (k = 1.4 and R = 287 J/kg. K)
Solution: (2) stagnation temperature TR is given by
TR Ma12 k 1
1
T1
2
or, TR = 277.87 K = 4.87 C
Temperature of the atmosphere

T1 = p/R = 243.35 K
May 2014

1.
A supersonic plane flies at 1900 km/h in air having a pressure of 28.5 kPa (abs)
and density 0.439 kg/m3. Calculate the (a) temperature, (b) pressure and (c)
density of air at the stagnationpoint on the nose of the plane.
(a) 91.8 C; (b) 151.85 kPa (abs) and (c) 1.45 kg/m3
2.
A conduit conveys air at a Mach number of 0.70. At a certain section the static
pressure is 30 kPa (abs) and the temperature is 25C. (a) calculate the stagnation
temperature and pressure (b) if the stagnation temperature is 90C, what would be
the Mach number of the flow.
(a)TR = 59.7C; PR = 41.61 kPa (abs) (b) M1= 0.995
3.
An aircraft cruises at 12 km altitude. A pitot-static tube on the nose of the aircraft

measures stagnation and static pressures of 2.6 kPa and 19.4 kPa. Calculate
a) the flight Mach number of the aircraft
b) the speed of the aircraft
c) the stagnation temperature that would be sensed by a probe on the aircraft.
May 2014
Critical State
Critical state is the special state where Ma = 1.
It is shown with an asterisk, like , , etc.

Ratios derived previously can be written using the critical
state
PR Ma k 1

1
P1
2
2
1
k
k 1
Ma = 1
TR Ma12 k 1
1
T1
2
Solve problems given in the handout
PR k 1
1
P* 2
TR k 1
1
T*
2
k
k 1
May 2014
Simple area change flow

Relation between area perpendicular to the flow and area at critical
state:
Ma12 k 1
1
A1
1
2
A Ma1 k 1 1
k 1
2k 1
At subsonic to get the fluid go faster, one must reduce the cross
sectional area perpendicular to the flow.
At supersonic to get the fluid go faster, one must increase the cross
sectional area perpendicular to the flow.
May 2014
Simple area change flow (Cont`t)
Mass flow rate of fluid can be determined from

continuity equation with respect to the critical state:
PR
TR R
1
2
k 1
2k 1
k 1
1
For air with k = 1.4:
PR A
m 0.6847
TRR
May 2014
Self assessment exercise

1. A converging duct is fed with air from a large reservoir where the
temperature and pressure are 350 K and 200 kPa. At the exit of the
duct, cross-sectional area is 0.002 2 and Mach number is 0.5.
Assuming isentropic flow
a)Determine the pressure, temperature and velocity at the exit.
b)Find the mass flow rate
2. Air is flowing isentropically in a diverging duct. At the inlet of the duct,
pressure, temperature and velocity are 40 kPa, 220 K and 500 m/s,
respectively. Inlet and exit areas are 0.002 2 and 0.003 2.
a) Determine the Mach number, pressure and temperature at the exit.
b) Find the mass flow rate.
May 2014

Isentropic
Reservoir
Friction section
Receiver
Flow
Thermal insulation
Friction loss are involved when a gas flows through a

length of pipe at high velocity,
If pipe is insulated or flow is fast, heat transfer is

considered negligible adiabatic.
May 2014
Adiabatic flow with friction (Cont`d)

Isentropic
Reservoir
Friction section
Receiver
Flow
Thermal insulation
Effect of friction due to flow will cause the entropy of

flowing gas to increase (entropy is not constant)
Therefore isentropic relation cannot be applied in the
analysis.
May 2014

dFfriction
P
T
V
P + dP
T + dT
V + dV
+ d
dx
Applying the momentum balance:

Mass flow rate x (Velocity out Velocity in) = Net
pressure force Force due to wall shear stress
m V dV V AP dP P dFfriction
May 2014

dFfriction
P
T
V
P + dP
T + dT
V + dV
+ d
dx
Applying the continuity equation:

AV = constant
V = constant (since A is constant)
V = ( + d)(V + dV)
Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CCB 1033)
January 2013

dFfriction
P
T
V
P + dP
T + dT
V + dV
+ d
dx
Applying the energy balance:
V2
V dV
CP T
CP T dT
2
2
Equation of state: (P = RT)

P + dP = ( + d) R (T + dT)
May 2014

dFfriction
P
T
V
P + dP
T + dT
V + dV
+ d
dx
Also from Mach number definition:

2
V
V
Ma Ma2
c
kRT
2
V dV
2
Ma dMa
kRT dT
May 2014

dFfriction
P
T
V
P + dP
T + dT
V + dV
+ d
dx
The equations represents a set of equations with

unknown dP, dT, d, dV and dMa
Have to be solved accordingly to obtain
appropriate expressions.

dFfriction
P
T
V
P + dP
T + dT
V + dV
+ d
dx
In momentum balance, there exist the term wall

shear stress, twall.
In pipeline system, this is expressed as
dimensionless value friction factor, f
Most compressible gas flows in duct involve

turbulent flow
May 2014

Solving from the equation (for circular pipe):
1
2
k 1 Ma2
2 1
4 f x 1 1
1 k 1 Ma1 2
2 2
ln 2
D
k Ma1 Ma2 2k Ma2 1
2
1 k 1 Ma1
The equation describe the change of Ma over a

given length.
When friction is involved, flows tend to reach
sonic condition Ma 1.
May 2014

When friction is involved, flows tend to reach
sonic condition Ma 1 (Ma2 approaching 1)
By setting Ma2 = 1, the length of duct required to
give the value of Ma1 is obtained as maximum
length, Lmax
(or critical length, L*)
4 f L * 1 Ma12 k 1
k 1 Ma12

ln
2
D
kMa1 2k 2 1 1 k 1 Ma2
1
2
May 2014

Air flows in a 5 cm diameter pipe. The air enters at Ma = 2.5 and is to
leave at Ma = 1.5. Determine the length of pipe required. What would
be the maximum length of pipe?
Assume f = 0.002 and adiabatic flow.
Flow is adiabatic
4 f x 1 1
1 k 1 Ma12
2 2
ln 2
D
k Ma1 Ma2 2k Ma2
1
2
1
Ma
2
2
2
1 k 1 Ma1
2

40.002 L
1 1
1 1.4 1 2.5 2
ln 2
2 2
0.05 1.4 2.5 1.5 2(1.4) 1.5
L 0.185 m
1
2
1 1.4 11.5
1
2
1
.
4
1
2.5
May 2014
Maximum pipe length, L*:
4 f L * 1 Ma12 k 1
k 1 Ma12

ln
2
D
kMa1 2k 2 1 1 k 1 Ma2
1
2
2
2
40.002 L * 1 2.5 1.4 1

1.4 12.5

ln
2
0.05
1.42.5 21.4 2 1 1 1.4 12.5 2
2
L* 2.7m
May 2014

Friction section
Reservoir
Flow
Receiver
Occurs in long, small, uninsulated pipe in contact

with environment transmit sufficient heat to keep
the flow isothermal.
E.g.: flow of natural gas through long distance
pipelines.
May 2014
Isothermal flow with friction (Con`t)

dFfriction
dQ
P
V
P + dP
V + dV
+ d
dx
From Bernoullis equation:
V 2 dx
V dV dP -4f
2 D
(I-1)
For long pipelines, V dV is negligible compared to the

other terms:
V 2 dx
(I-2)
dP -4f
2 D
May 2014

dFfriction
P
V
dQ
P + dP
V + dV
+ d
dx
From continuity equation:
m AV
(I-3)
P PMw
RT R uT
(I-4)
May 2014

Substitute (I-3) and (I-4) into (I-2):
2
4 f m dx
dP 2 A D

4 f 1 m dx
dP 2 2 A D

4f
dP 2

m dx
A D

4 f RT m dx
dP 2 P A D

(I-5)
May 2014

Rearrange equation (I-5):
2

4 f RT m dx
PdP 2 A D

(I-6)
Integrate, and taking limit between two locations

in the pipeline:
dx
May 2014

Rearrange equation (I-6)
2

P
4 f RT m L
2
2 A D

(I-7)
Rearranging, by bringing m to the LHS :

2
2 2
P
AD

m
4 f RTL

P2 A 2D
m
4
f
RTL
1
2
(I-8)
May 2014

If the pipe is circular:
P2 A 2D
m
4 f RTL
1
2
P1 2 P2 2 D5 2
m

4 f RTL 4
1
2
(I-9)
May 2014

f
dx
Friction factor can be approximated through

Weymouth equation:
0.0080
D
1
3
Where, D is in inches.
(I-10)
May 2014
Check list for this chapter

Compressible fluid
Mach number and characterization of compressible flow
Steady isentropic adiabatic flow without friction loss.
Stagnation conditions
Critical state
Adiabatic flow with friction loss
Isothermal flow analysis
End of this Chapter

CHAPTER 05 Compressible Fluid Flow

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 05 Compressible Fluid Flow

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Compressible Fluid Flow

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Subject Planning (Week 8- 14)

CHAPTER 5: COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

Agitator, impellers, turbine

Power number, Blending and mixing, Suspension, dispersion

CLO4 & CLO5

Group project presentation and report submission

CLO 3, CLO4 &

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Review on incompressible Fluid flow

= inertial forces / viscous forces

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Review on incompressible Fluid flow (Contd)

Shear Stress Friction Factor

Turbulent flow (Re > 4000):

Moodys Diagram can be used to Calculate friction factor, f

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Review on incompressible Fluid flow (Contd)

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Review on incompressible Fluid flow (Contd)

Friction Loss (Head loss) for pipeline system

Fluid Flow and Transport

Review on incompressible Fluid flow (Contd)

For a system that involves pump, overall energy

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Review on incompressible Fluid flow (Contd)

For pump, actual work and actual power requirement,

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Compressible Fluid Flow

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

The density changes that result from pressure

The changes in the flow that result from the density

Factors that should be considered in compressible flow

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Importance of compressible flow

Natural gas transmission lines

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Ideal gas thermodynamics: Quick review

The unit is J/kg Celsius

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Ideal Gas thermodynamics: Quick review (Cont`d)

Ideal gas specific heat at constant pressure is defined as

From enthalpy definition, h = u + P/ = u + RT

(For air and other diatomic

Combining above to relations, w can also obtain,

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Ideal Gas thermodynamics: Quick review (Cont`d)

for ideal gas, h = cp T

Entropy (s): It is defined as a measure of the availability of energy for

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Self assessment exercises

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)

Thermodynamics of a Compressible System

The energies involve of a simple compressible

Energy an object has by

Energy an object has by

Sum of all microscopic

Fluid Flow and Transport Processes (CDB 1033)