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M ATHEMATICS IN I NDIA :
F ROM V EDIC PERIOD TO M ODERN TIMES
Lecture 16
Mah
avras Gan
arasangraha
2
. itas
M. S. Sriram
University of Madras, Chennai.
Outline
Gan.itas
arasangraha
of Mahavra 2
Vallk
ara-kut..t
ak
ara - linear indeterminate equatioons
Vicitra-kut..t
ak
ara - Truthful and untruthful statements
Sums of progressions of various types
Vallk
ara-kut..t
ak
ara
Kut..taka
;
a.C+tva.a Ce+de:na .=:a:a.ZMa :pra:Ta:ma:P+l+ma:pa.ea:h:a.a:a:ma:nya.ea:nya:Ba:
M
.~Ta.a:pya +.Dva.Ra:DaH ya:ta.eaY:Da.ea ma: a.ta:gua:Na:ma:yua.$a.a:pea
A:va:a.Za:e ;Da:na:NRa:m,a
Kut..taka
Divide the (given) group-number by the (given) divisor; discard the
first quotient; then put down one below the other (various) quotients
obtained by the successive division (of the various resulting divisions
by the various resulting remainders; again), put down below this the
optionally chosen number, with which the least remainder in the odd
position of order (in the above mentioned process of successive
division) is to be multiplied; and (then put down) below (this again) this
product increased or decreased (as the case may be by the given
known number) and then divided (by the last divisor in the above
mentioned process of successive division. Thus the Vallika or
creeper-like chain of figures is obtained. In this) the sum is obtained by
adding (the lowermost number in the chain) to the product obtained by
the multiplying the number above it with the number (immediately)
above (this upper number; this process of addition, being in the same
way continued till the whole chain is exhausted,) this sum, is to be
divided by the (originally) given divisor. (The remainder in this last
division becomes the multiplier(x ) with which the originally given
group-number is to be multiplied for the purpose of arriving at the
quantity which is to be divided or distributed in the manner indicated in
the problem).
Mutual Division
To solve Bx + b = Ay
A
B
...
r1
q1
A
...
r2
q2
r1
...
r3
q3
r2
...
r4
q4
r3
...
r5
q5
Kut..taka continued
Here it is stopped at the nth remainder r5 which is least (normally
taken to be 1). (In the above n = 5). Discard the first quotient q1 .
Now we should choose a number p, such that pr5 b is divisible
by r4 . Here, + is chosen , when n is odd, while is chosen
when n is even. The number p is written below the column
starting with q2 , q3 below that, . . . and ending with qn . Below this
pr5 + b
the quotient
= Q. Then the penultimate number is
r4
multiplied by the number above it to which the last number is
added. Now discard the last entry Q in the column. Continue
this process till we arrive at the last two top entries. The topmost
T1 is divided by A. The remainder is the least integral value of x
Bx + b
.
satisfying the equation y =
A
Vall
q2
q3
q4
..
.
..
.
..
.
qn1
qn
p
Q
qn p + Q
p
qn1 (qn p + Q) + p
qn p + Q
T1
T2
Example
Example: Solve 63x + 7 = 23y.
23
63
46
17
23
17
6
17
12
5
6
5
1
5
4
1
Example
1
2
1
12
1
1
2
13
12
1
38
13
51
38
Example
51 = 23 2 + 5. So remainder is 5.
x = 5; y =
322
63 5 + 7
=
= 14.
23
23
Rationale
Rationale:
Bx + b
= y(an integer) = q1 x + p1 ,
A
where
(B Aq1 )x + b
.
A
Now B Aq1 = r1 , the first remainder.
p1 =
x=
Ap1 b
.
r1
Rationale
Now
A = q2 r1 + r2 .
x = q2 p1 + p2 , where p2 =
p1 =
r1 p2 + b
.
r2
Using
r1 = r2 q3 + r3 ,
p1 = q3 p2 + p3 ,
where
p3 =
r3 p2 + b
,
r2
p2 =
r2 p3 b
.
r3
or
r2 p1 b
.
r1
Rationale
Using
r2 = r3 q4 + r4 ,
p2 = q4 p3 + p4 ,
where
p4 =
r4 p3 b
,
r3
p3 =
r3 p4 + b
.
r4
or
Using
r3 = r4 q5 + r5 ,
p3 = q5 p4 + p5 = q5 p + p5 .
Rationale
If we stop at the fifth remainder r5 , we call p4 = p.
p5 =
r5 p + b
r5 p4 + b
=
.
r4
r4
= q2 p1 + p2 ,
p1 = q3 p2 + p3 ,
p2 = q4 p3 + p4 ,
p3 = q5 p4 + p5 ,
where we chose p = p4 such that
integer.
r5 p + b
= p5 = Q is an
r4
q2
q3
q4
p3 = pq5 + p5
p
q2
q3
p2 = q4 p3 + p
p3
q2
p1 = q3 p2 + p3
p2
p3
x = q2 p1 + p2
p1
Solutions
A1 d + (s1 s2 )
=k
A2
A1
m
= .
A2
n
A1
A2
,n =
.
p
p
t1 +
A1 A2
= t2 .
p
cA3 +s3 t1
.
l
Example
Example involving one equation
Verse 120 21 :
x :.a:ssa:a:aMa:Za:t,a k+.a.pa:tTa:P+l;=:a:Za:ya.ea va:nea :pa:
a.Ta:k
d
E :H
.sa:a:d:Za.a:pa.ea:h:a &+tea v.yea:k+a:Za.a:tya.Ma:Za:k+.pra:ma.a:NMa ;a.k+.m,a
Example
Example involving two equations
Verse 121 12 :
dx:.a:ma.=:a:a.Za:ma:pa:h.a:ya .
a .sa:a :pa:(
a.a:t,a Ba:e;Y::a.BaH :pua:na.=;a.pa :pra:a.va:h.a:ya ta:sma.a:t,a
a.a:a.Na a:ya.ea:d:Za:a.Ba.+.;
a.l+tea ;a.va:Zua.;d H :pa.a:nTEa:vRa:nea ga:Na:k mea k+.Ta:yEa:k+=:a:a.Za:m,a
:pa.*.
a.a:g{a.a:~tea ya:ta.a:na.Ma .
a:tua.=; a.Da:k+.ta.=:aH :pa.*.
a .tea .sa:a:k+a:na.Ma
k
u +.
*+a:k+a.=:a:TRa:a.va:n}.ea k+.Ta:ya ga:Na:k .sa:
a*.
a:ntya .=:a:a.Za:pra:ma.a:Na:m,a
Problem of Gems
M
for a suitable M.
mi ng
Example
Example in Verses 165 & 166:
:pra:Ta:ma:~ya Za:k
+.na.a:l;aH :Sa.ea:q+Za d:Za ma.=;k+.ta.a ;a.d
:ta.a:ya:~ya
va.$"a.a:~txa:ta.a:ya:pua.+.Sa:~ya.a:.Ea d
.Ea ta.a d.vEa:va 165
.tea:Svea:k
E +.k+eaY:nya.a:Bya.Ma .sa:ma:Ga:na:ta.Ma ya.a:a.n
/
ta .tea a:yaH :pua.+.Sa.aH
ta:.
C+k
+.na.a:l+ma.=;k+.ta:va.$"a.a:Na.Ma ;a.k
M +.a.va:Da.a A:Ga.RaH 166
Solutions
Suvarn
ara: Alligation
. a Kut..tk
Suvarn.a Kut..tk
ara: Gold of various purities. To find the purity of
a mixture and so on.
If weights Wi of varn.a Vi are mixed and if there
P is no loss in
weight (that is total weight of the mixture =
wi ), the varn.a of
the mixture = V , where
X
X
(
wi )V =
wi Vi
.
P
wV
V = P i i.
wi
Vicitra-Kut..tk
ara: Truthful and Untruthful Statements
Verse 216:
:pua.+.Sa.aH .sEa:k
e +.:gua:Na.a ;a.d
/
ta A:sa:tya.a:
a.na
:gua:Nea:.ea:na.a Ba:va:a.n
x +. a.ta:~tEa.+na.a .sa:tya.a:
a.na Ba:va:a.n
:pua.+.Sa:k
/
ta va:.
a:na.a:
a.na 216
Example
Verse 217:
There are 5 men. Among them three are in fact liked
by an woman. She says (separately) to each (of them I
like you (above). How many (of her statements, explicit
as well as implicit) are true ones ?
n = 5, m = 3
Total no. of untruthful statements = 5 4 2 3 = 14
Total no. of statements = 25
Total number of truthful statements = 11.
Combination of r out of n objects
Combinations
Verse 218.
n(n 1) (n r + 1)
n!
=
1 2r
(n r )!r !
Solution: Let xi be the amount that the merchant i has. Let the
amount in the purse be P.
Pa1 + x1 = m(x2 + xn ),
Pa2 + x2 = m(x1 + xn ),
Pan + xn = m(x1 + xn ).
These are n equations for the (n + 1) unknown quantities
x1 , x2 , xn , P. So the solution is indeterminate. Note that if
(x1 , , xn ) is a solution, (x1 , , xn , P) is also a solution.
bi
, where L is the L.C.M of the denominator.
L
(m + 1)Lx1
= mL(x1 + + xn ) Pb1
= mL(x1 + + xn ) [(n 1)m 1](m + 1)b1 L
= m(m + 1)L(b1 + + bn ) [(n 1)m 1](m + 1)Lb1
bi
= L.C.M of the Denominators in ai .
ai
Mah
avras Statement of the Purse Problem
Verse 238:
yea:k+.gua:Nea:.Ma:Za:yua: a.ta:gua:Na:Ga.a:taH
v.yea:k+.pa:d*+:v.
Example
Example in Verse 239-240:
x ::ma.a:h .
Ea:k
;vEa:ZyEaH :pa.*.
M :pa.ea:
*+.l+k
M
d
E +.k:H
a:a.Ba;=e;k
:pa.ea:
*+.l+k+.Sa:;sa:a:ma:na:va:ma.a::ma:d:Za:ma:Ba.a:ga:ma.a:vEa:va 239
Solutions
Here
a1 =
1
1
1
1
1
1
, a2 = , a3 = , a3 = , a4 = , a5 =
. L.C.M = 2520 = L
6
7
9
9
8
10
b1 = 420, b2 = 360, b3 = 280, b4 = 315, b5 = 252
m = 3.
(n 1)m 1 = 4 3 1 = 11
b1 + b2 + b3 + b4 + b5 = 1627.
Hence,
x1 = 3 1627 11b1 = 4881 4620 = 261,
x2 = 3 1627 11b2 = 4881 3960 = 921,
x3 = 3 1627 11b3 = 4881 3080 = 1801,
x4 = 3 1627 11b4 = 4881 3465 = 1416,
x5 = 3 1627 11b5 = 4881 2772 = 2109.
Purse P = L[(n 1)m 1](m + 1) = 2520 44.
Arrangement of Arrows
A problem on the arrangement of arrows in quivers in the
following manner:
Figure: 28
Arrows
6p(p + 1)
2
(n + 3)2 + 3
3n n
+1 =
.
6 6
12
+;a.
d
.a:d:Za:&+teaY:a.pa l+b.DMa Za.=;sa:*
a .~ya.a:t,a k+.l;a:pa:k+a:a.va:.a
Arithmetic Progression
Verse 290 gives the sum of an Arithmetic Progression, A.P
+ [a + (n 1)b]2
(2n 1)b 2
2
+ ab (n 1) + a n.
=
6
n(n 1) 2
; 1 + 22 + (n 1)2
2
(n 1)n(2n 1)
=
.
6
follows from 1 + 2 + + (n 1) =
Sum of Cubes
Verse 301.
13 + 23 + + n 3 =
n2 (n + 1)2
4
Verse 303.
a3 + (a + b)3 + + [a + (n 1)b]3 = Sa|a b| + S 2 b,
where
(n 1)b
S = a + (a + b) + + [a + (n 1)b] = n a +
2
[Try this as an exercise.]
Sum of Sums
Verse 307 21 :
Let S1 = 1 + + n, S2 =
n
X
r (r + 1)
, S3 = n 2 , S4 = n 3 .
2
r =1
S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 =
n(n+1)
.7
2
(n + 1)
gua:Na:
a.
a: a.ta.=;nya.a:a.d:&+ta.a ;a.va:pa:d.a: a.Da:k+.h.a:na:sa:*:
u +Na.a Ba:+a
v.yea:k+.gua:Nea:na.a:nya.a :P+l;=;a.h:ta.a h.a:neaY: a.Da:k
e
tua :P+l+yua:+a
Proof
Proof:
Sum
= a + ar + + ar n1
m mr mr n2
m mr n3
......
=
=
m
1) m(r n1 1) m(r n2 1)
m(r 1)
(r 1)
(r 1)
(r 1)
(r 1)
n
n1
a(r 1)
[r + + r
(n 1)]
m
(r 1)
(r 1)
a(r n
Proof
=
=
=
=
=
a(r n
i
h n1
r r r 11 n + 1
1)
m
(r 1)
(r 1)
n
n
r r
a(r 1)
n+1
(r 1)
(r 1)
n
r 1+1r
n+1
Sm
r 1
n
r 1
Sm
n
r 1
S
n
m
a
S
(r 1).
Example
Example in Verse 315:
2[54 1]
(51)
2624
4
= 312
2 + (2 5 + 3) + (2 5 + 3) 5 + 3 + ((2 5 + 3)5 + 3) 5 + 3
Sum = 312 +
312
2
3
4
152 3
= 312 +
= 312 + 38 3 = 426
4
4
Example
I person
II person
*
u
v
*
u+a
v
*
u + 2a
v
*
u + 3a
v
*
u + a(t 1)
v
a(t 1)
2
v u
+1
(a/2)
1
Incidentally distance traveled by each = vt = ut + at(t 1).
2
[Interesting, Reminds one of the distance traveled by an
1
uniformly accelerating body = ut + at 2 ].
2
:pa.*.
A.a:a.dH :pa.*.
a
*+:na:va
:pr
a
:.
a:ya.
a
e
h
.
a
:na.
a
e
Y:
ya.ea:ga:k+a:l.H k:H
References
1.Gan.itas
arasangraha
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